Agent technology for e-commerce:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester
Wiley
c2007
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents only Contributor biographical information Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. [413]-443) and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXV, 453 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780470030301 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Fasli, Maria |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Agent technology for e-commerce |c Maria Fasli |
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester |b Wiley |c c2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXV, 453 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. [413]-443) and index | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Agentia |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Agents intelligents (Logiciels) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Commerce électronique | |
| 650 | 7 | |a E-commerce |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Electronic commerce | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Intelligent agents (Computer software) | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Agent |g Informatik |0 (DE-588)4455835-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Electronic Commerce |0 (DE-588)4592128-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Agent |g Informatik |0 (DE-588)4455835-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Electronic Commerce |0 (DE-588)4592128-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
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| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0741/2006032523-b.html |3 Contributor biographical information | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0741/2006032523-d.html |3 Publisher description | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137289834561536 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of Figures xv
List of Tables xvii
Preface xix
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
1.1 A paradigm shift 3
1.1.1 A brief history 5
1.1.2 The novelty in agents 8
1.1.3 Agent applications 9
1.2 Electronic commerce 10
1.2.1 E commerce and organizations 12
1.2.2 E commerce and the individual 14
1.3 Agents and e commerce 16
1.4 Further reading 18
1.5 Exercises and topics for discussion 19
CHAPTER2 Software Agents 21
2.1 Characteristics of agents 22
2.2 Agents as intentional systems 25
2.3 Making decisions 26
2.3.1 Environments 26
2.3.2 Performance measure and rationality 30
2.3.3 Rational decision making and optimal policies 32
2.3.4 Optimal policies in MDPs 34
2.4 Planning 37
2.5 Learning 38
2.6 Agent architectures 41
2.6.1 Logic based architecture 41
2.6.2 Reactive architecture 45
2.6.3 Belief Desire Intention architecture 49
2.6.4 Hybrid architecture 54
2.7 Agents in perspective 57
2.7.1 Agents and objects 58
2.7.2 Agents and expert systems 59
2.7.3 Agents, Web Services and the Semantic Web 60
CONTENTS
2.8 Methodologies and languages 62
2.8.1 Methodologies 62
2.8.2 Agent oriented methodologies 62
2.8.3 Object oriented based methodologies 66
2.8.4 Knowledge engineering based and other methodologies 61
2.8.5 Programming languages and environments 61
2.8.6 From legacy systems to agents 69
2.9 Further reading 71
2.10 Exercises and topics for discussion 72
CHAPTER 3 Multi agent Systems 75
3.1 Characteristics of multi agent systems 76
3.1.1 Potential and challenges 77
3.1.2 Closed multi agent systems 79
3.1.3 Open multi agent systems 79
3.2 Interaction 80
3.2.1 Elements of interactions 80
3.2.2 Modes of interaction 81
3.2.3 Interaction protocols 83
3.3 Agent communication 84
3.3.1 Speech Act theory 85
3.3.2 Agent communication languages 85
3.3.3 Knowledge and Query Manipulation Language (KQML) 86
3.3.4 FIPA ACL 90
3.3.5 Comparing KQML and FIPA ACL 93
3.3.6 Knowledge Interchange Format Language (KIF) 93
3.3.7 Dialogues 94
3.3.8 A layered model of communication 95
3.4 Ontologies 97
3.4.1 Explicit ontologies 98
3.4.2 Developing ontologies 99
3.4.3 OWL 100
3.5 Cooperative problem solving 103
3.5.1 Task decomposition and distribution 104
3.5.2 The ContractNet Protocol 104
3.6 Virtual organizations as multi agent systems 107
3.7 Infrastructure requirements for open multi agent systems 108
3.8 Further reading 111
3.9 Exercises and topics for discussion 111
CHAPTER 4 Shopping Agents 115
4.1 Consumer buying behaviour model 116
4.2 Comparison shopping 117
4.3 Working for the user 119
CONTENTS
4.4 How shopping agents work 120
4.5 Limitations and issues 122
4.6 Further reading 125
4.7 Exercises and topics for discussion 125
CHAPTER 5 Middle Agents 127
5.1 Matching 128
5.1.1 Middle agent architecture 129
5.1.2 Interacting through a middle agent 130
5.2 Classification of middle agents 131
5.2.1 Matchmaker 132
5.2.2 Broker 134
5.2.3 Broadcaster 135
5.2.4 FIPA Directory Facilitator 136
5.3 Describing capabilities 136
5.4 LARKS 137
5.4.1 Matching in LARKS 139
5.4.2 Matching methods 140
5.5 OWL S 144
5.6 Further reading 147
5.7 Exercises and topics for discussion 147
CHAPTER6 Recommender Systems 149
6.1 Information needed 151
6.2 Providing recommendations 152
6.3 Recommendation technologies 153
6.4 Content based filtering 153
6.5 Collaborative filtering 155
6.5.1 How collaborative filtering systems work 155
6.5.2 Neighbourhood based algorithms 156
6.5.3 Problems in collaborative filtering 158
6.5.4 Collaborative filtering systems 159
6.6 Combining content and collaborative filtering 161
6.7 Recommender systems in e commerce 162
6.8 A note on personalization 163
6.9 Further reading 165
6.10 Exercises and topics for discussion 165
CHAPTER7 Elements of Strategic Interaction 167
7.1 Elements of Economics 168
7.1.1 A simple market economy 168
7.1.2 Consumption bundles and preferences 173
7.1.3 Utilities 177
7.1.4 Equilibrium 178
CONTENTS
7.2 Elements of Game Theory 180
1 81
7.2.1 Strategic games 1O1
7.2.2 Extensive form representation 10J
7.2.3 Information 184
7.2.4 Categories of games *°*
7.2.5 Solution concepts 185
7.2.6 Mixed strategies ] 88
7.2.7 The prisoner s dilemma 1°1
7.2.8 Repeated games 193
7.2.9 Dynamic games 194
7.2.10 Bayesian Nash games 196
7.2.11 Beliefs and sequential rationality 200
7.3 Further reading ^
7.4 Exercises and topics for discussion 204
CHAPTER8 Negotiation I 209
8.1 Negotiation protocols 211
8.2 Desired properties of negotiation protocols 212
8.3 Abstract architecture for negotiating agents 213
8.4 Auctions 215
8.5 Classification of auctions 217
8.6 Basic auction formats 220
8.6.1 English auction 220
8.6.2 Dutch auction 221
8.6.3 First price sealed bid auction 222
8.6.4 Vickrey auction 222
8.6.5 Allocation and revenue comparisons 223
8.6.6 Disadvantages of auctions 225
8.7 Double auctions 228
8.7.1 Mth and (M+l)st price rules 229
8.7.2 Implementation of the Mth and (M + 1 )st price rules 231
8.8 Multi attribute auctions 234
8.9 Combinatorial auctions 236
8.10 Auction platforms 239
8.10.1 AuctionBot 239
8.10.2 e Game 240
8.10.3 Trading agent competition 242
8.10.4 Online auctions 243
8.11 Issues in practical auction design 244
8.12 Further reading 247
8.13 Exercises and topics for discussion 248
CHAPTER 9 Negotiation II 251
9.1 Bargaining 252
CONTENTS
9.1.1 Bargaining power 253
9.1.2 Axiomatic bargaining 255
9.1.3 Strategic bargaining 256
9.1.4 The Strategic Negotiation Protocol 258
9.2 Negotiation in different domains 260
9.2.1 Task oriented domains 260
9.2.2 Worth oriented domains 266
9.3 Coalitions 267
9.3.1 Coalition formation 267
9.3.2 Coalition structure generation 268
9.3.3 Division of payoffs 271
9.4 Applications of coalition formation 272
9.4.1 Customer coalitions 273
9.4.2 Coalition Protocols 275
9.4.3 Post negotiation protocol 277
9.4.4 Pre negotiation protocol 278
9.4.5 Distribution of costs and utility 279
9.4.6 Other applications 280
9.5 Social choice problems 280
9.5.1 Making a social choice 281
9.5.2 Voting protocols 282
9.5.3 Maximizing social welfare 286
9.6 Argumentation 287
9.6.1 Generating arguments 289
9.6.2 The PERSUADER system 291
9.6.3 Logic based argumentation 293
9.6.4 Negotiation as dialogue games 295
9.7 Further reading 299
9.8 Exercises and topics for discussion 300
CHAPTER 10 Mechanism Design 305
10.1 The mechanism design problem 306
10.2 Dominant strategy implementation 308
10.3 The Gibbard Satterthwaite Impossibility Theorem 311
10.4 The Groves Clarke mechanisms 312
10.4.1 Quasilinear environments 312
10.4.2 The Groves mechanism 313
10.4.3 The Clarke mechanism 314
10.4.4 The Generalized Vickrey Auction 315
10.4.5 Inducing truth telling in voting mechanisms 318
10.5 Mechanism design and computational issues 319
10.6 Further reading 322
10.7 Exercises and topics for discussion 322
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 11 Mobile Agents 325
11.1 Introducing mobility 326
11.2 Facilitating mobility 328
11.2.1 Migration 329
11.2.2 Modes of migration 330
11.3 Mobile agent systems 331
11.3.1 Non Java mobile agent systems 332
11.3.2 Java based mobile agent systems 333
11.4 Aglets 335
11.4.1 Programming model 336
11.4.2 Communication 337
11.4.3 Security 338
11.5 Mobile agent security 339
11.5.1 Threats 340
11.5.2 Security services 343
11.5.3 Protecting the host 344
11.5.4 Protecting the mobile agent 345
11.5.5 Dealing with the perpetrators 347
11.6 Issues on mobile agents 348
11.7 Further reading 350
11.8 Exercises and topics for discussion 350
CHAPTER 12 Trust, Security and Legal Issues 351
12.1 Perceived risks 353
12.2 Trust 355
12.3 Trust in e commerce 356
12.3.1 Trust in agent technology 357
12.3.2 Trust in the marketplace 359
12.4 Electronic institutions 360
12.4.1 Norms, institutions and organizations 361
12.4.2 From norms to institutions 362
12.4.3 Formalizing norms 364
12.4.4 Agents in electronic institutions 365
12.5 Reputation systems 366
12.5.1 Reputation systems in practice 367
12.5.2 Issues and problems 369
12.6 Security 370
12.7 Cryptography 373
12.7.1 Symmetric cryptosystems . 374
12.7.2 Asymmetric cryptosystems 375
12.7.3 Applications of public key cryptography 376
12.7.4 Digital signatures 378
12.7.5 Digital certificates 380
CONTENTS
12.8 Privacy, anonymity and agents 381
12.8.1 Agents and privacy 381
12.8.2 Anonymity 383
12.8.3 Protecting privacy 384
12.9 Agents and the law 386
12.10 Agents as legal persons 389
12.11 Closing remarks 391
12.12 Further reading 392
12.13 Exercises and topics for discussion 394
APPENDIXA Introduction to Decision Theory 395
A.I Probability theory 396
A.I.I Prior probability 397
A.1.2 Conditional probability 397
A. 1.3 Independence 398
A.1.4 Bayes rule 398
A.2 Making decisions 399
A.2.1 Non probabilistic decision making under uncertainty 401
A.2.2 Probabilistic decision making under uncertainty 403
A.3 Utilities 403
A.3.1 Preferences 404
A.3.2 Utility functions 405
A.3.3 Utility and money 407
A.3.4 Multi attribute utility functions 411
A.4 Further reading 411
Bibliography 413
Index 445
List of Figures
1.1 Agents and multi agent systems: an interdisciplinary area 8
2.1 An agent and the interaction with its environment 26
2.2 The grid world problem 35
2.3 The grid world problem: (a) utilities; (b) optimal policy 37
2.4 The Maze World 43
2.5 Reactive architecture: mapping of perceptions (situations) to actions 46
2.6 Subsumption relation between behaviours in the distant planet explo¬
ration scenario 48
2.7 The BDI architecture for agents 51
2.8 Information and control flow in horizontal and vertical layered architec¬
tures: (a) horizontal layering; (b) vertical one pass; (c) vertical two pass.
Source (Miiller et al. 1995, p. 265) with kind permission of Springer
Science and Business Media 54
2.9 The architecture of TouringMachines 55
2.10 The architecture of InterRRaP 57
2.11 Working together: Agents and Web Services on the Semantic Web 61
2.12 Agentification methods: (a) transducer; (b) wrapper; (c) rewrite 70
3.1 Elements and modes of interaction 82
3.2 A layered model for agent communication 96
3.3 The exchange of messages between manager and contractor agents in the
ContracrNet protocol 105
3.4 Infrastructure requirements for open MASs 108
4.1 How current shopping agents work 12 5
5.1 The components of a middle agent 129
5.2 The matchmaker ] 3 3
5.3 The broker i M
5.4 The broadcaster 135
5.5 The OWL. S service description MS
6.1 The recommender 151
1 The demand curve for the market of flats 170
7.2 The supply curve in the short term for the market of flats 1 ~1
7.3 Equilibrium price in the market of flats: supply meets demand 1 ~2
7.4 Indifference curve and weakly preferred set 1 ~6
7.5 Properties of well behaved preferences: (a) monotonicity: more is always
preferred to less; (b) convexity: average bundles are preferred to extremes 176
7.6 Extensive form representation of the simple game 183
7.7 The sequential version of the prisoner s dilemma game 195
7.8 The entrant incumbent game 196
LIST OF FIGURES
7.9 Example game 201
7.10 Dynamic game for Exercise 6 206
8.1 Negotiation protocols enable the transition from one state in a market
to another 210
8.2 Abstract architecture for negotiating agents 214
8.3 Auction typology 218
8.4 Example of buy and sell bids in a double auction 229
8.5 Determining the Mth and (M + l)st clearing prices 230
8.6 The organization of bids into four ordered lists 232
8.7 (a) The four ordered lists after the insertion of the new sell bid 5. (b) The
four ordered lists after the removal of buy bid 8 233
8.8 The architecture of AuctionBot 239
8.9 The architecture of e Game 240
9.1 A typical bargaining situation 253
9.2 The alternating offers bargaining situation as an extensive form game 257
9.3 The Monotonic Concession Protocol 262
9.4 Binary voting protocols: different agendas may lead to different outcomes 284
9.5 Abstract architecture for argumentation based negotiating agents 291
11.1 Hierarchical structure for mobile agent creation and execution 329
11.2 The process of migration 330
11.3 Statefull migration 331
11.4 Stateless migration 331
11.5 The Oasis execution environment 335
12.1 The relationships between norms, institutions and organizations 362
A.I Tree diagram for the umbrella example 400
A.2 Utility function for money 408
A.3 The utility function of a risk averse agent 409
A.4 The utility function of a risk prone agent 410
A.5 The utility function of a risk neutral agent 410
List of Tables
3.1 Reserved keywords in KQML 88
3.2 FIPA ACL Communicative Acts 91
3.3 A classification of dialogues based on Walton and Krabbe (1995) 95
5.1 A LARKS specification for finding information on laptops 138
6.1 Example of user item matrix 156
6.2 User item matrix 166
7.1 Example of assigning utilities to consumption bundles 178
7.2 Normal form representation of the simple game 182
7.3 Game with a dominant strategy equilibrium 186
7.4 The battle of the sexes (BoS) game 187
7.5 The prisoner s dilemma game 191
7.6 The battle of the sexes game: (a) Sally is a basketball fan; (b) Sally is a
shopping fan 199
7.7 The normal form representation of the example game 201
7.8 The game for Exercise 3 205
7.9 The game for Exercise 4 205
7.10 The game for Exercise 5 205
7.11 The battle of the sexes game for Exercise 7: (a) Kevin is a basketball fan;
(b) Kevin is a shopping fan 206
7.12 The battle of the sexes game for Exercise 8: (a) Kevin is a basketball fan;
(b) Kevin is a shopping fan 207
8.1 Common auction terminology 216
9.1 Coalition structures for four agents 270
9.2 Example preferences 283
9.3 Borda voting protocol example 284
9.4 Locutions in the dialogue game protocol of McBurney et al. (2003) 298
11.1 Aglet events 338
A.I Payoff table for the umbrella example 399
A.2 Loss table for the umbrella example 400
A.3 Payoff table for the stocks example 401
A.4 Payoff table for the modified stocks example 402
A.5 Loss table for the modified stocks example 402
A.6 Utilities for the umbrella example 407
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
List of Figures xv
List of Tables xvii
Preface xix
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
1.1 A paradigm shift 3
1.1.1 A brief history 5
1.1.2 The novelty in agents 8
1.1.3 Agent applications 9
1.2 Electronic commerce 10
1.2.1 E commerce and organizations 12
1.2.2 E commerce and the individual 14
1.3 Agents and e commerce 16
1.4 Further reading 18
1.5 Exercises and topics for discussion 19
CHAPTER2 Software Agents 21
2.1 Characteristics of agents 22
2.2 Agents as intentional systems 25
2.3 Making decisions 26
2.3.1 Environments 26
2.3.2 Performance measure and rationality 30
2.3.3 Rational decision making and optimal policies 32
2.3.4 Optimal policies in MDPs 34
2.4 Planning 37
2.5 Learning 38
2.6 Agent architectures 41
2.6.1 Logic based architecture 41
2.6.2 Reactive architecture 45
2.6.3 Belief Desire Intention architecture 49
2.6.4 Hybrid architecture 54
2.7 Agents in perspective 57
2.7.1 Agents and objects 58
2.7.2 Agents and expert systems 59
2.7.3 Agents, Web Services and the Semantic Web 60
CONTENTS
2.8 Methodologies and languages 62
2.8.1 Methodologies 62
2.8.2 Agent oriented methodologies 62
2.8.3 Object oriented based methodologies 66
2.8.4 Knowledge engineering based and other methodologies 61
2.8.5 Programming languages and environments 61
2.8.6 From legacy systems to agents 69
2.9 Further reading 71
2.10 Exercises and topics for discussion 72
CHAPTER 3 Multi agent Systems 75
3.1 Characteristics of multi agent systems 76
3.1.1 Potential and challenges 77
3.1.2 Closed multi agent systems 79
3.1.3 Open multi agent systems 79
3.2 Interaction 80
3.2.1 Elements of interactions 80
3.2.2 Modes of interaction 81
3.2.3 Interaction protocols 83
3.3 Agent communication 84
3.3.1 Speech Act theory 85
3.3.2 Agent communication languages 85
3.3.3 Knowledge and Query Manipulation Language (KQML) 86
3.3.4 FIPA ACL 90
3.3.5 Comparing KQML and FIPA ACL 93
3.3.6 Knowledge Interchange Format Language (KIF) 93
3.3.7 Dialogues 94
3.3.8 A layered model of communication 95
3.4 Ontologies 97
3.4.1 Explicit ontologies 98
3.4.2 Developing ontologies 99
3.4.3 OWL 100
3.5 Cooperative problem solving 103
3.5.1 Task decomposition and distribution 104
3.5.2 The ContractNet Protocol 104
3.6 Virtual organizations as multi agent systems 107
3.7 Infrastructure requirements for open multi agent systems 108
3.8 Further reading 111
3.9 Exercises and topics for discussion 111
CHAPTER 4 Shopping Agents 115
4.1 Consumer buying behaviour model 116
4.2 Comparison shopping 117
4.3 Working for the user 119
CONTENTS
4.4 How shopping agents work 120
4.5 Limitations and issues 122
4.6 Further reading 125
4.7 Exercises and topics for discussion 125
CHAPTER 5 Middle Agents 127
5.1 Matching 128
5.1.1 Middle agent architecture 129
5.1.2 Interacting through a middle agent 130
5.2 Classification of middle agents 131
5.2.1 Matchmaker 132
5.2.2 Broker 134
5.2.3 Broadcaster 135
5.2.4 FIPA Directory Facilitator 136
5.3 Describing capabilities 136
5.4 LARKS 137
5.4.1 Matching in LARKS 139
5.4.2 Matching methods 140
5.5 OWL S 144
5.6 Further reading 147
5.7 Exercises and topics for discussion 147
CHAPTER6 Recommender Systems 149
6.1 Information needed 151
6.2 Providing recommendations 152
6.3 Recommendation technologies 153
6.4 Content based filtering 153
6.5 Collaborative filtering 155
6.5.1 How collaborative filtering systems work 155
6.5.2 Neighbourhood based algorithms 156
6.5.3 Problems in collaborative filtering 158
6.5.4 Collaborative filtering systems 159
6.6 Combining content and collaborative filtering 161
6.7 Recommender systems in e commerce 162
6.8 A note on personalization 163
6.9 Further reading 165
6.10 Exercises and topics for discussion 165
CHAPTER7 Elements of Strategic Interaction 167
7.1 Elements of Economics 168
7.1.1 A simple market economy 168
7.1.2 Consumption bundles and preferences 173
7.1.3 Utilities 177
7.1.4 Equilibrium 178
CONTENTS
7.2 Elements of Game Theory 180
1 81
7.2.1 Strategic games 1O1
7.2.2 Extensive form representation 10J
7.2.3 Information 184
7.2.4 Categories of games *°*
7.2.5 Solution concepts 185
7.2.6 Mixed strategies ] 88
7.2.7 The prisoner's dilemma 1°1
7.2.8 Repeated games 193
7.2.9 Dynamic games 194
7.2.10 Bayesian Nash games 196
7.2.11 Beliefs and sequential rationality 200
7.3 Further reading ^
7.4 Exercises and topics for discussion 204
CHAPTER8 Negotiation I 209
8.1 Negotiation protocols 211
8.2 Desired properties of negotiation protocols 212
8.3 Abstract architecture for negotiating agents 213
8.4 Auctions 215
8.5 Classification of auctions 217
8.6 Basic auction formats 220
8.6.1 English auction 220
8.6.2 Dutch auction 221
8.6.3 First price sealed bid auction 222
8.6.4 Vickrey auction 222
8.6.5 Allocation and revenue comparisons 223
8.6.6 Disadvantages of auctions 225
8.7 Double auctions 228
8.7.1 Mth and (M+l)st price rules 229
8.7.2 Implementation of the Mth and (M + 1 )st price rules 231
8.8 Multi attribute auctions 234
8.9 Combinatorial auctions 236
8.10 Auction platforms 239
8.10.1 AuctionBot 239
8.10.2 e Game 240
8.10.3 Trading agent competition 242
8.10.4 Online auctions 243
8.11 Issues in practical auction design 244
8.12 Further reading 247
8.13 Exercises and topics for discussion 248
CHAPTER 9 Negotiation II 251
9.1 Bargaining 252
CONTENTS
9.1.1 Bargaining power 253
9.1.2 Axiomatic bargaining 255
9.1.3 Strategic bargaining 256
9.1.4 The Strategic Negotiation Protocol 258
9.2 Negotiation in different domains 260
9.2.1 Task oriented domains 260
9.2.2 Worth oriented domains 266
9.3 Coalitions 267
9.3.1 Coalition formation 267
9.3.2 Coalition structure generation 268
9.3.3 Division of payoffs 271
9.4 Applications of coalition formation 272
9.4.1 Customer coalitions 273
9.4.2 Coalition Protocols 275
9.4.3 Post negotiation protocol 277
9.4.4 Pre negotiation protocol 278
9.4.5 Distribution of costs and utility 279
9.4.6 Other applications 280
9.5 Social choice problems 280
9.5.1 Making a social choice 281
9.5.2 Voting protocols 282
9.5.3 Maximizing social welfare 286
9.6 Argumentation 287
9.6.1 Generating arguments 289
9.6.2 The PERSUADER system 291
9.6.3 Logic based argumentation 293
9.6.4 Negotiation as dialogue games 295
9.7 Further reading 299
9.8 Exercises and topics for discussion 300
CHAPTER 10 Mechanism Design 305
10.1 The mechanism design problem 306
10.2 Dominant strategy implementation 308
10.3 The Gibbard Satterthwaite Impossibility Theorem 311
10.4 The Groves Clarke mechanisms 312
10.4.1 Quasilinear environments 312
10.4.2 The Groves mechanism 313
10.4.3 The Clarke mechanism 314
10.4.4 The Generalized Vickrey Auction 315
10.4.5 Inducing truth telling in voting mechanisms 318
10.5 Mechanism design and computational issues 319
10.6 Further reading 322
10.7 Exercises and topics for discussion 322
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 11 Mobile Agents 325
11.1 Introducing mobility 326
11.2 Facilitating mobility 328
11.2.1 Migration 329
11.2.2 Modes of migration 330
11.3 Mobile agent systems 331
11.3.1 Non Java mobile agent systems 332
11.3.2 Java based mobile agent systems 333
11.4 Aglets 335
11.4.1 Programming model 336
11.4.2 Communication 337
11.4.3 Security 338
11.5 Mobile agent security 339
11.5.1 Threats 340
11.5.2 Security services 343
11.5.3 Protecting the host 344
11.5.4 Protecting the mobile agent 345
11.5.5 Dealing with the perpetrators 347
11.6 Issues on mobile agents 348
11.7 Further reading 350
11.8 Exercises and topics for discussion 350
CHAPTER 12 Trust, Security and Legal Issues 351
12.1 Perceived risks 353
12.2 Trust 355
12.3 Trust in e commerce 356
12.3.1 Trust in agent technology 357
12.3.2 Trust in the marketplace 359
12.4 Electronic institutions 360
12.4.1 Norms, institutions and organizations 361
12.4.2 From norms to institutions 362
12.4.3 Formalizing norms 364
12.4.4 Agents in electronic institutions 365
12.5 Reputation systems 366
12.5.1 Reputation systems in practice 367
12.5.2 Issues and problems 369
12.6 Security 370
12.7 Cryptography 373
12.7.1 Symmetric cryptosystems . 374
12.7.2 Asymmetric cryptosystems 375
12.7.3 Applications of public key cryptography 376
12.7.4 Digital signatures 378
12.7.5 Digital certificates 380
CONTENTS
12.8 Privacy, anonymity and agents 381
12.8.1 Agents and privacy 381
12.8.2 Anonymity 383
12.8.3 Protecting privacy 384
12.9 Agents and the law 386
12.10 Agents as legal persons 389
12.11 Closing remarks 391
12.12 Further reading 392
12.13 Exercises and topics for discussion 394
APPENDIXA Introduction to Decision Theory 395
A.I Probability theory 396
A.I.I Prior probability 397
A.1.2 Conditional probability 397
A. 1.3 Independence 398
A.1.4 Bayes' rule 398
A.2 Making decisions 399
A.2.1 Non probabilistic decision making under uncertainty 401
A.2.2 Probabilistic decision making under uncertainty 403
A.3 Utilities 403
A.3.1 Preferences 404
A.3.2 Utility functions 405
A.3.3 Utility and money 407
A.3.4 Multi attribute utility functions 411
A.4 Further reading 411
Bibliography 413
Index 445
List of Figures
1.1 Agents and multi agent systems: an interdisciplinary area 8
2.1 An agent and the interaction with its environment 26
2.2 The grid world problem 35
2.3 The grid world problem: (a) utilities; (b) optimal policy 37
2.4 The Maze World 43
2.5 Reactive architecture: mapping of perceptions (situations) to actions 46
2.6 Subsumption relation between behaviours in the distant planet explo¬
ration scenario 48
2.7 The BDI architecture for agents 51
2.8 Information and control flow in horizontal and vertical layered architec¬
tures: (a) horizontal layering; (b) vertical one pass; (c) vertical two pass.
Source (Miiller et al. 1995, p. 265) with kind permission of Springer
Science and Business Media 54
2.9 The architecture of TouringMachines 55
2.10 The architecture of InterRRaP 57
2.11 Working together: Agents and Web Services on the Semantic Web 61
2.12 Agentification methods: (a) transducer; (b) wrapper; (c) rewrite 70
3.1 Elements and modes of interaction 82
3.2 A layered model for agent communication 96
3.3 The exchange of messages between manager and contractor agents in the
ContracrNet protocol 105
3.4 Infrastructure requirements for open MASs 108
4.1 How current shopping agents work 12 5
5.1 The components of a middle agent 129
5.2 The matchmaker ] 3 3
5.3 The broker i M
5.4 The broadcaster 135
5.5 The OWL. S service description MS
6.1 The recommender 151
"\1 The demand curve for the market of flats 170
7.2 The supply curve in the short term for the market of flats 1 ~1
7.3 Equilibrium price in the market of flats: supply meets demand 1 ~2
7.4 Indifference curve and weakly preferred set 1 ~6
7.5 Properties of well behaved preferences: (a) monotonicity: more is always
preferred to less; (b) convexity: average bundles are preferred to extremes 176
7.6 Extensive form representation of the simple game 183
7.7 The sequential version of the prisoner's dilemma game 195
7.8 The entrant incumbent game 196
LIST OF FIGURES
7.9 Example game 201
7.10 Dynamic game for Exercise 6 206
8.1 Negotiation protocols enable the transition from one state in a market
to another 210
8.2 Abstract architecture for negotiating agents 214
8.3 Auction typology 218
8.4 Example of buy and sell bids in a double auction 229
8.5 Determining the Mth and (M + l)st clearing prices 230
8.6 The organization of bids into four ordered lists 232
8.7 (a) The four ordered lists after the insertion of the new sell bid 5. (b) The
four ordered lists after the removal of buy bid 8 233
8.8 The architecture of AuctionBot 239
8.9 The architecture of e Game 240
9.1 A typical bargaining situation 253
9.2 The alternating offers bargaining situation as an extensive form game 257
9.3 The Monotonic Concession Protocol 262
9.4 Binary voting protocols: different agendas may lead to different outcomes 284
9.5 Abstract architecture for argumentation based negotiating agents 291
11.1 Hierarchical structure for mobile agent creation and execution 329
11.2 The process of migration 330
11.3 Statefull migration 331
11.4 Stateless migration 331
11.5 The Oasis execution environment 335
12.1 The relationships between norms, institutions and organizations 362
A.I Tree diagram for the umbrella example 400
A.2 Utility function for money 408
A.3 The utility function of a risk averse agent 409
A.4 The utility function of a risk prone agent 410
A.5 The utility function of a risk neutral agent 410
List of Tables
3.1 Reserved keywords in KQML 88
3.2 FIPA ACL Communicative Acts 91
3.3 A classification of dialogues based on Walton and Krabbe (1995) 95
5.1 A LARKS specification for finding information on laptops 138
6.1 Example of user item matrix 156
6.2 User item matrix 166
7.1 Example of assigning utilities to consumption bundles 178
7.2 Normal form representation of the simple game 182
7.3 Game with a dominant strategy equilibrium 186
7.4 The battle of the sexes (BoS) game 187
7.5 The prisoner's dilemma game 191
7.6 The battle of the sexes game: (a) Sally is a basketball fan; (b) Sally is a
shopping fan 199
7.7 The normal form representation of the example game 201
7.8 The game for Exercise 3 205
7.9 The game for Exercise 4 205
7.10 The game for Exercise 5 205
7.11 The battle of the sexes game for Exercise 7: (a) Kevin is a basketball fan;
(b) Kevin is a shopping fan 206
7.12 The battle of the sexes game for Exercise 8: (a) Kevin is a basketball fan;
(b) Kevin is a shopping fan 207
8.1 Common auction terminology 216
9.1 Coalition structures for four agents 270
9.2 Example preferences 283
9.3 Borda voting protocol example 284
9.4 Locutions in the dialogue game protocol of McBurney et al. (2003) 298
11.1 Aglet events 338
A.I Payoff table for the umbrella example 399
A.2 Loss table for the umbrella example 400
A.3 Payoff table for the stocks example 401
A.4 Payoff table for the modified stocks example 402
A.5 Loss table for the modified stocks example 402
A.6 Utilities for the umbrella example 407 |
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| author | Fasli, Maria |
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| classification_rvk | ST 520 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)71947859 (DE-599)BVBBV023055190 |
| dewey-full | 658.8/72028563 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 658 - General management |
| dewey-raw | 658.8/72028563 |
| dewey-search | 658.8/72028563 |
| dewey-sort | 3658.8 872028563 |
| dewey-tens | 650 - Management and auxiliary services |
| discipline | Informatik Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Informatik Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
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| id | DE-604.BV023055190 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:26:17Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:09:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470030301 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2006032523 |
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| oclc_num | 71947859 |
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| owner | DE-703 DE-526 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-526 |
| physical | XXV, 453 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Fasli, Maria Verfasser aut Agent technology for e-commerce Maria Fasli Chichester Wiley c2007 XXV, 453 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. [413]-443) and index Agentia gtt Agents intelligents (Logiciels) Commerce électronique E-commerce gtt Electronic commerce Intelligent agents (Computer software) Agent Informatik (DE-588)4455835-1 gnd rswk-swf Electronic Commerce (DE-588)4592128-3 gnd rswk-swf Agent Informatik (DE-588)4455835-1 s Electronic Commerce (DE-588)4592128-3 s DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip072/2006032523.html Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0741/2006032523-b.html Contributor biographical information http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0741/2006032523-d.html Publisher description HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016258491&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Fasli, Maria Agent technology for e-commerce Agentia gtt Agents intelligents (Logiciels) Commerce électronique E-commerce gtt Electronic commerce Intelligent agents (Computer software) Agent Informatik (DE-588)4455835-1 gnd Electronic Commerce (DE-588)4592128-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4455835-1 (DE-588)4592128-3 |
| title | Agent technology for e-commerce |
| title_auth | Agent technology for e-commerce |
| title_exact_search | Agent technology for e-commerce |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Agent technology for e-commerce |
| title_full | Agent technology for e-commerce Maria Fasli |
| title_fullStr | Agent technology for e-commerce Maria Fasli |
| title_full_unstemmed | Agent technology for e-commerce Maria Fasli |
| title_short | Agent technology for e-commerce |
| title_sort | agent technology for e commerce |
| topic | Agentia gtt Agents intelligents (Logiciels) Commerce électronique E-commerce gtt Electronic commerce Intelligent agents (Computer software) Agent Informatik (DE-588)4455835-1 gnd Electronic Commerce (DE-588)4592128-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Agentia Agents intelligents (Logiciels) Commerce électronique E-commerce Electronic commerce Intelligent agents (Computer software) Agent Informatik Electronic Commerce |
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