Holdings: Modern treaty law and practice

Modern treaty law and practice:

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Main Author:	Aust, Anthony (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2007
Edition:	2. ed.
Subjects:	Treaties Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag Internationales Vertragsrecht
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Item Description:	Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke
Physical Description:	LXII, 547 S.
ISBN:	9780521860970 9780521678063

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adam_text	CONTENTS Foreword to the first edition by Sir Arthur Watts xxiii Preface to the second edition xxvi Articles of the Convention cited in the text xxviii Table of treaties xxxii Table ofMOUs xlviii Table of cases 1 Glossary of legal terms lv List of abbreviations lix Introduction 1 How to use this book 4 The footnotes and references 4 Emphasis 5 Errors, omissions, comments and material 5 1 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 6 Flexibility of the Convention 7 Scope of the Convention 8 Treaties with or between other subjects of international law 8 International organisations 8 Oral agreements 9 No retrospective effect 9 State succession, state responsibility and the outbreak of hostilities 10 Bilateral and multilateral treaties 10 The Convention and customary international law 11 To what extent does the Convention express rules of customary international law? 12 vii viu CONTENTS Effect of emerging customary law on prior treaty rights and obligations 13 Reference material on the Convention 14 2 What is a treaty? 16 Definition of 'treaty' 17 'an international agreement' 17 'concluded between states' 18 'in written form' 19 'governed by international law' 20 'whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments' 22 'whatever its particular designation' 23 A treaty does not have to be signed 24 Memorandum of Understanding 25 Exchange of notes 27 Protocol 27 Optional Protocol 28 Less usual treaty names 28 Colloquial names 29 Treaties between states governed by, or referring to, domestic law 30 Pactum de contrahendo 31 Modus vivendi 31 3 MOUs 32 Evidence of intention to conclude (or not conclude) a treaty 33 Content 34 Express provisions as to status 34 Circumstances in which the instrument was concluded 35 Registration and non-registration 36 Disagreement as to status 37 The practice of states 38 Commonwealth states 38 European Union states 38 The United States 39 How and why MOUs are used rather than treaties 42 CONTENTS IX Confidentiality 43 Lack of formality 45 Amendment 45 Termination 46 Dispute settlement 46 Interpretation 47 Agreements with non-states 47 Dangers in using MOUs 47 Respect for MOUs may be seen as less important than for treaties 47 Possible lack of care in drafting 48 Lack of implementing legislation 48 Difficulty in finding MOUs 49 Are MOUs really treaties? 49 Are MOUs'soft law'? 52 The possible legal consequences of MOUs 53 Estoppel 54 MOUs in domestic courts 55 4 Capacity to conclude treaties 58 Odd cases 59 The Cook Islands and Niue 59 Vatican City/Holy See 60 Taiwan 61 Palestine 61 TRNC 62 Western Sahara 63 Federations (and analogous entities) 63 Belgium 65 Scotland and Northern Ireland 66 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 67 Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions 67 Overseas territories 71 Agreements with the parent state or between its overseas territories 74 CONTENTS 5 Full powers 75 Credentials 76 Meaning of full powers 76 General rule 77 Bilateral treaties 77 Multilateral treaties 78 When full powers are never required 78 General full powers 79 Procedure 80 Sending full powers by telegram, fax or e-mail 82 Proxy signature 82 Invalid acts 83 6 Adoption and authentication 84 Adoption 84 Bilateral treaties 85 Treaties adopted at international conferences 85 Consensus 86 Authentication 89 Bilateral treaties 89 Multilateral treaties 89 Treaties adopted within an international organisation 90 Final Act 91 When is a treaty 'concluded'? 92 7 Consent to be bound 94 Participation in a treaty 94 Signature 96 'Open for signature' 98 Signature ad referendum 98 Place of signature 98 Doubt about signature 100 Initialling 100 The Dayton Agreement 101 Witnessing 101 Exchange of instruments constituting a treaty 102 Ratification 103 CONTENTS Xl Exchange or deposit of instruments of ratification 105 Conditional ratification? 106 No obligation to ratify 106 Period for ratification 106 Ratification of part of a treaty 107 Instrument of ratification 107 Who can sign it? 107 Form and content of an instrument of ratification 108 Place of depositor instruments 109 Acknowledgment and date of deposit 109 Acceptance or approval 109 Provisional or definitive application 110 Accession 110 Preconditions for accession 111 Any other agreed means 113 'Signatory', 'party', 'signed-up to' and 'adherence' 1 1 4 The 'all states' and 'Vienna' formulas 115 Rights and obligations prior to entry into force 116 Obligation not to defeat the object and purpose of a treaty prior to its entry into force (Article 18) 117 Withdrawal of consent to be bound before entry into force 119 Withdrawal and re-ratification? 121 Unratified treaties 121 Development of treaties 121 Framework treaties 122 Measures 122 Internationa] tribunals 124 8 Reservations 125 Interpretative declarations 126 Political declarations 129 Disguised reservations 129 Reservations 131 Bilateral treaties 131 Multilateral treaties 132 Reservations generally not prohibited 133 XU CONTENTS Exception (a): the reservation is prohibited by the treaty 134 Exception (b): the treaty provides that only specified reservations may be made 135 Exceptions (a) and (b) do not apply, and the reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty (compatibility test) 136 Acceptance of, and objection to, reservations 138 Plurilateral treaties 139 Constituent instrument of an international organisation 139 AË other cases 140 The law before the Convention 140 The rules of the Convention 141 The legal effect of reservations and objections to reservations 143 Some unresolved issues 144 Reservations to human rights treaties 146 Treaty-monitoring bodies 150 Some ways of minimising the problem of reservations 151 Procedure 153 Reservations 154 Objections to reservations 155 Withdrawal of reservations and of objections to reservations 156 Functions of the depositary in relation to reservations 156 Treaties with provisions on reservations 157 Treaties silent as to reservations 158 Late reservations 158 Can a reservation be made on 're-accession'? 159 The International Law Commission study 160 9 Entry into force 162 Express provisions 163 No provision or agreement on entry into force 168 Date of entry into force 168 Ratification after the treaty has entered into force 169 Who determines the date of entry into force? 170 CONTENTS Xlii Time of entry into force 170 Date from which the treaty speaks 171 Effect of withdrawal of an instrument or extinction of astate 171 Reservations attached to instruments 172 Provisional application 172 Preparatory commissions 175 Retroactive effect of a treaty 176 Revival of a treaty 177 10 Treaties and domestic law 178 Duty to perform treaties 179 Constitutional provisions 181 Monism 183 France 183 Germany 184 The Netherlands 185 Poland 185 Russia 185 Switzerland 186 Dualism 187 UK constitutional practice 189 Scotland and Northern Ireland 192 Interpretation and application of treaties by UK courts 193 EU law and the United Kingdom 194 Other dualist states 194 Is one approach better? 195 The United States 196 Treaties as the law of the land 197 Hierarchy of norms 198 Interpretation of treaties by US courts 198 Implementation by states of the United States 199 11 Territorial application 200 Territorial extension clauses 202 Bilateral treaties 202 XIV CONTENTS Multilateral treaties 202 Transfer of an overseas territory 205 Declaration on signature or ratification 205 UK practice 206 Application of a treaty to an overseas territory alone 209 Objections to territorial extensions 209 Political sub-divisions of metropolitan territory 209 Territorial clauses 210 Federal clauses 211 Federal reservations or statements 212 Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions 213 12 Successive treaties 215 Bilateral treaties 216 Multilateral treaties 216 Express provisions 218 The treaty prevails over all other treaties, past and future 219 The treaty is subordinate to an earlier one 220 The parties shall not enter into later inconsistent treaties 220 An existing treaty shall not be affected 221 For parties to the treaty it prevails over earlier treaties 223 Compatible supplementary treaties are permitted 224 Comprehensive provisions 225 The best of both worlds 226 Neutral provisions 226 The residual rules of Article 30 227 13 Interpretation 230 Article 31 (General rule of interpretation) 233 Article 32 (Supplementary means of interpretation) 233 Article 31 234 Paragraph 1 (basic rule) 234 Paragraph 2 (context) 235 Paragraph 3 (subsequent agreements and practice) 238 Subsequent agreements 238 CONTENTS XV Subsequent practice 241 Relevant rules of international law 243 Special meaning 244 Article 32 (Supplementary means of interpretation) 244 Other supplementary means of interpretation 248 Implied terms 249 Interpretation of treaties in more than one language 250 Article 33 253 14 Third states 256 General rule 256 Treaties providing for obligations for third states 257 Treaties providing for rights for third states 257 Erga omnes status or regime 258 Revocation or modification of obligations or rights of third states 259 Rules in a treaty becoming binding on third states through international custom 260 Third state nationals 260 15 Amendment 262 Bilateral treaties 264 Multilateral treaties 266 Automatically and comprehensively binding amendment mechanisms 266 Deemed acceptance of amendment 2 70 The percentage problem 270 No effective amendment procedure 271 Review clauses 272 Residual rules 272 Proposal to amend a treaty as between all the parties 272 Supplementary treaties 273 Agreement to modify a multilateral treaty between certain parties only 274 Amendment before entry into force 275 XVI CONTENTS 16 Duration and termination 277 Express provisions 278 Indefinite duration with right to terminate 278 Duration for a fixed period with possibility of extension 281 Indefinite duration with conditional right to withdraw 281 Duration until a specific event 283 Duration for a specified period of years with no provision for extension or withdrawal 283 Extension of treaties 283 Comprehensive clauses 284 Differing termination formulas 286 Duration for an indefinite period with no withdrawal clause 286 Transitional provisions 286 Termination or withdrawal by consent 288 Reduction of parties below the number necessary for entry into force 289 No provision for termination or withdrawal 289 Termination or suspension by conclusion of later treaty 292 Termination or suspension for breach 293 Bilateral treaties 293 Multilateral treaties 294 Material breach 295 Fundamental breach 296 Supervening impossibility of performance 296 Fundamental change of circumstances (rebus sic stantibus) 297 Paragraph 1 298 Paragraph 2 299 Paragraph 3 300 Procedure 300 Artide 66 301 Instruments for termination, withdrawal or suspension 301 Consequences of termination, suspension or withdrawal 302 Miscellaneous 303 CONTENTS XVII Obligations imposed by international law independently of a treaty 303 Separability of treaty provisions 304 Loss of rights by acquiescence 304 Can one validly withdraw from a treaty and then immediately accede to it? 305 Other grounds for termination 305 By implication 305 Execution 306 Desuetude (disuse) or obsolescence 306 Extinction of the international legal personality of a party 307 Severance of diplomatic or consular relations 307 Outbreak of hostilities 308 17 Invalidity 312 Violation of internal law on competence to conclude treaties 312 Violation of specific restrictions on authority to express consent 315 Error 315 Fraud 316 Corruption 316 Coercion of a representative of a state ( duress) 317 Coercion of a state by the threat or use of force 317 Peace treaties 318 Conflict with a peremptory norm of general international law ( jus cogens) 319 'Unequal treaties' 320 Consequences of invalidity (other than for jus cogens) 321 Procedure 321 General points 322 Separability of treaty provisions 323 Loss of rights by acquiescence 323 18 The depositary 324 Bilateral treaties 324 Designation of the depositary 325 CONTENTS One or more states as depositary 326 An international organisation as depositary 327 The UN Secretary-General as depositary 328 Duty to act impartially 329 Functions of the depositary 331 Notifications and communications 334 The depositary as state 334 Correction of errors 335 Administrative functions 338 19 Registration and publication 339 Registration 339 Registration regulations and procedure 341 Associated documents 343 Joint registration 343 Legal effect of registration or non-registration, and disputes 344 Publication 346 Publication by the United Nations 347 Publication by states 348 Other sources of treaty texts 350 Treaty indexes 351 20 Dispute settlement and remedies 352 Voluntary settlement 352 Negotiations and consultations 352 Involvement of third parties 354 Conciliation 354 Compulsory binding settlement 355 Arbitration 355 Judicial settlement 358 Failure to provide for a compulsory dispute settlement mechanism 360 Remedies 361 Countermeasures 362 Objects and limits of countermeasures 364 Proportionality 364 Procedural conditions 365 Sacrosanct obligations 366 CONTENTS XIX 21 Succession to treaties 367 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties 1978 368 Customary law principles 369 Former colonies and other overseas territories 372 The two German states 374 The former Soviet Union 375 Russia 375 Former Soviet republics 376 The Baltic States 377 Former Yugoslav republics 378 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia and Slovenia 378 The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) 379 Former Czechoslovakia 381 The European Community 383 Multilateral treaties: role of the depositary 384 'Yugoslavia' 384 Date of succession 385 Domestic implications of treaty succession 385 Hong Kong and Macau 386 Continued application of treaties 386 Multilateral treaties 387 Bilateral treaties with third states 390 Legal effect of the arrangements for third states 391 22 International Organisations 392 Establishment by treaty 393 Interpretation of the constituent instrument 394 Membership 396 International legal personality 398 Treaties between states and international organisations or between international organisations: the 1986 Convention 399 Negotiation of multilateral treaties 403 Treaties adopted within an international organisation 403 UN Sixth Committee 404 UN International Law Commission 404 XX CONTENTS UN Specialised Agencies 405 Regional international organisations 405 Authentication of treaties adopted within an international organisation 406 Responsibility for the acts of an international organisation 406 Dispute settlement 407 United Nations 408 UN Specialised Agencies 409 Staffdisputes 410 Human rights treaty-monitoring bodies 410 Special cases 411 The European Community/European Union 414 What's in a name? 414 Capacity of the EC and the EU to conclude treaties 417 23 Drafting and final clauses 420 Title 421 Name 421 Purpose 421 Preamble 424 Bilateral treaties 424 Multilateral treaties 424 Preambular paragraphs 425 MOUs 427 Main text 427 Layout 428 Headings 429 Numbering 429 Paragraph numbering 430 Cross-references 430 Footnotes 431 MOUs 431 Terminology 431 Definitions 432 Privileges and immunities 432 Table of contents 433 Final clauses 434 CONTENTS XXI MOUs 435 Relationship to other treaties 436 Settlement of disputes 436 Amendment and revision 436 Status of annexes 436 Signature 437 Ratification 438 Accession 438 Entry into force 439 Duration and denunciation, withdrawal or termination 439 Provisional application 439 Territorial application 439 Reservations 440 Depositary 440 Registration 440 Authentic texts 441 Testimonium 441 Bilateral treaties 442 MOUs 444 Attachments 444 Exchanges of notes 445 MOUs 446 Procedure 447 Drafting techniques 448 How to begin 449 Style 449 Numbering 450 Languages 450 Amendment/consolidation 450 Substance 451 Presenting the draft 451 Appendices 453 A Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1 969 453 В Single instrument treaty 488 С Single instrument MOU 489 D Model single instrument MOU 492 Xxii CONTENTS E Treaty constituted by an exchange of notes 493 F Model exchange of notes recording an understanding 495 G Treaty and MOU terminology: comparative table 496 H Credentials 497 I Full powers 498 J General full powers 499 К Final Act of the Vienna Conference 500 L Instrument of ratification 503 M Certificate of exchange of instruments of ratification 505 N Model exchange of notes correcting an error 506 О Procès-verbal of rectification 507 P UN Registration Regulations 508 Q List of overseas territories 513 Index 515 Treaties have always been an indispensable tool of diplomacy. The Egyptian and Hittite kings concluded a treat)" in 1272 БС, and since 1945 some 54,000 treaties have been registered with the United Nations. The number continues to grow. This new edition of a book first published in 2000 provides a comprehensive account of the law of treaties. Written from the viewpoint of an experienced practitioner, this edition updates existing information and refines previous arguments. New material is included covering topics such as the use of memorandums of understanding (MOUsJ in litigation, the treaty-making capacity of entities such as the Vatican, Taiwan and Palestine, and the effect of hostilities on treaties. Given their increasing importance, there is also a new chapter on international organisations, including an attempt to explain the sometimes baffling roles in treaty-making played by the European Community and European Union.
adam_txt	CONTENTS Foreword to the first edition by Sir Arthur Watts xxiii Preface to the second edition xxvi Articles of the Convention cited in the text xxviii Table of treaties xxxii Table ofMOUs xlviii Table of cases 1 Glossary of legal terms lv List of abbreviations lix Introduction 1 How to use this book 4 The footnotes and references 4 Emphasis 5 Errors, omissions, comments and material 5 1 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 6 Flexibility of the Convention 7 Scope of the Convention 8 Treaties with or between other subjects of international law 8 International organisations 8 Oral agreements 9 No retrospective effect 9 State succession, state responsibility and the outbreak of hostilities 10 Bilateral and multilateral treaties 10 The Convention and customary international law 11 To what extent does the Convention express rules of customary international law? 12 vii viu CONTENTS Effect of emerging customary law on prior treaty rights and obligations 13 Reference material on the Convention 14 2 What is a treaty? 16 Definition of 'treaty' 17 'an international agreement' 17 'concluded between states' 18 'in written form' 19 'governed by international law' 20 'whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments' 22 'whatever its particular designation' 23 A treaty does not have to be signed 24 Memorandum of Understanding 25 Exchange of notes 27 Protocol 27 Optional Protocol 28 Less usual treaty names 28 Colloquial names 29 Treaties between states governed by, or referring to, domestic law 30 Pactum de contrahendo 31 Modus vivendi 31 3 MOUs 32 Evidence of intention to conclude (or not conclude) a treaty 33 Content 34 Express provisions as to status 34 Circumstances in which the instrument was concluded 35 Registration and non-registration 36 Disagreement as to status 37 The practice of states 38 Commonwealth states 38 European Union states 38 The United States 39 How and why MOUs are used rather than treaties 42 CONTENTS IX Confidentiality 43 Lack of formality 45 Amendment 45 Termination 46 Dispute settlement 46 Interpretation 47 Agreements with non-states 47 Dangers in using MOUs 47 Respect for MOUs may be seen as less important than for treaties 47 Possible lack of care in drafting 48 Lack of implementing legislation 48 Difficulty in finding MOUs 49 Are MOUs really treaties? 49 Are MOUs'soft law'? 52 The possible legal consequences of MOUs 53 Estoppel 54 MOUs in domestic courts 55 4 Capacity to conclude treaties 58 Odd cases 59 The Cook Islands and Niue 59 Vatican City/Holy See 60 Taiwan 61 Palestine 61 TRNC 62 Western Sahara 63 Federations (and analogous entities) 63 Belgium 65 Scotland and Northern Ireland 66 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 67 Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions 67 Overseas territories 71 Agreements with the parent state or between its overseas territories 74 CONTENTS 5 Full powers 75 Credentials 76 Meaning of full powers 76 General rule 77 Bilateral treaties 77 Multilateral treaties 78 When full powers are never required 78 General full powers 79 Procedure 80 Sending full powers by telegram, fax or e-mail 82 Proxy signature 82 Invalid acts 83 6 Adoption and authentication 84 Adoption 84 Bilateral treaties 85 Treaties adopted at international conferences 85 Consensus 86 Authentication 89 Bilateral treaties 89 Multilateral treaties 89 Treaties adopted within an international organisation 90 Final Act 91 When is a treaty 'concluded'? 92 7 Consent to be bound 94 Participation in a treaty 94 Signature 96 'Open for signature' 98 Signature ad referendum 98 Place of signature 98 Doubt about signature 100 Initialling 100 The Dayton Agreement 101 Witnessing 101 Exchange of instruments constituting a treaty 102 Ratification 103 CONTENTS Xl Exchange or deposit of instruments of ratification 105 Conditional ratification? 106 No obligation to ratify 106 Period for ratification 106 Ratification of part of a treaty 107 Instrument of ratification 107 Who can sign it? 107 Form and content of an instrument of ratification 108 Place of depositor instruments 109 Acknowledgment and date of deposit 109 Acceptance or approval 109 Provisional or definitive application 110 Accession 110 Preconditions for accession 111 Any other agreed means 113 'Signatory', 'party', 'signed-up to' and 'adherence' 1 1 4 The 'all states' and 'Vienna' formulas 115 Rights and obligations prior to entry into force 116 Obligation not to defeat the object and purpose of a treaty prior to its entry into force (Article 18) 117 Withdrawal of consent to be bound before entry into force 119 Withdrawal and re-ratification? 121 Unratified treaties 121 Development of treaties 121 Framework treaties 122 Measures 122 Internationa] tribunals 124 8 Reservations 125 Interpretative declarations 126 Political declarations 129 Disguised reservations 129 Reservations 131 Bilateral treaties 131 Multilateral treaties 132 Reservations generally not prohibited 133 XU CONTENTS Exception (a): the reservation is prohibited by the treaty 134 Exception (b): the treaty provides that only specified reservations may be made 135 Exceptions (a) and (b) do not apply, and the reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty (compatibility test) 136 Acceptance of, and objection to, reservations 138 Plurilateral treaties 139 Constituent instrument of an international organisation 139 AË other cases 140 The law before the Convention 140 The rules of the Convention 141 The legal effect of reservations and objections to reservations 143 Some unresolved issues 144 Reservations to human rights treaties 146 Treaty-monitoring bodies 150 Some ways of minimising the problem of reservations 151 Procedure 153 Reservations 154 Objections to reservations 155 Withdrawal of reservations and of objections to reservations 156 Functions of the depositary in relation to reservations 156 Treaties with provisions on reservations 157 Treaties silent as to reservations 158 Late reservations 158 Can a reservation be made on 're-accession'? 159 The International Law Commission study 160 9 Entry into force 162 Express provisions 163 No provision or agreement on entry into force 168 Date of entry into force 168 Ratification after the treaty has entered into force 169 Who determines the date of entry into force? 170 CONTENTS Xlii Time of entry into force 170 Date from which the treaty speaks 171 Effect of withdrawal of an instrument or extinction of astate 171 Reservations attached to instruments 172 Provisional application 172 Preparatory commissions 175 Retroactive effect of a treaty 176 Revival of a treaty 177 10 Treaties and domestic law 178 Duty to perform treaties 179 Constitutional provisions 181 Monism 183 France 183 Germany 184 The Netherlands 185 Poland 185 Russia 185 Switzerland 186 Dualism 187 UK constitutional practice 189 Scotland and Northern Ireland 192 Interpretation and application of treaties by UK courts 193 EU law and the United Kingdom 194 Other dualist states 194 Is one approach better? 195 The United States 196 Treaties as the law of the land 197 Hierarchy of norms 198 Interpretation of treaties by US courts 198 Implementation by states of the United States 199 11 Territorial application 200 Territorial extension clauses 202 Bilateral treaties 202 XIV CONTENTS Multilateral treaties 202 Transfer of an overseas territory 205 Declaration on signature or ratification 205 UK practice 206 Application of a treaty to an overseas territory alone 209 Objections to territorial extensions 209 Political sub-divisions of metropolitan territory 209 Territorial clauses 210 Federal clauses 211 Federal reservations or statements 212 Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions 213 12 Successive treaties 215 Bilateral treaties 216 Multilateral treaties 216 Express provisions 218 The treaty prevails over all other treaties, past and future 219 The treaty is subordinate to an earlier one 220 The parties shall not enter into later inconsistent treaties 220 An existing treaty shall not be affected 221 For parties to the treaty it prevails over earlier treaties 223 Compatible supplementary treaties are permitted 224 Comprehensive provisions 225 The best of both worlds 226 Neutral provisions 226 The residual rules of Article 30 227 13 Interpretation 230 Article 31 (General rule of interpretation) 233 Article 32 (Supplementary means of interpretation) 233 Article 31 234 Paragraph 1 (basic rule) 234 Paragraph 2 (context) 235 Paragraph 3 (subsequent agreements and practice) 238 Subsequent agreements 238 CONTENTS XV Subsequent practice 241 Relevant rules of international law 243 Special meaning 244 Article 32 (Supplementary means of interpretation) 244 Other supplementary means of interpretation 248 Implied terms 249 Interpretation of treaties in more than one language 250 Article 33 253 14 Third states 256 General rule 256 Treaties providing for obligations for third states 257 Treaties providing for rights for third states 257 Erga omnes status or regime 258 Revocation or modification of obligations or rights of third states 259 Rules in a treaty becoming binding on third states through international custom 260 Third state nationals 260 15 Amendment 262 Bilateral treaties 264 Multilateral treaties 266 Automatically and comprehensively binding amendment mechanisms 266 Deemed acceptance of amendment 2 70 The percentage problem 270 No effective amendment procedure 271 Review clauses 272 Residual rules 272 Proposal to amend a treaty as between all the parties 272 Supplementary treaties 273 Agreement to modify a multilateral treaty between certain parties only 274 Amendment before entry into force 275 XVI CONTENTS 16 Duration and termination 277 Express provisions 278 Indefinite duration with right to terminate 278 Duration for a fixed period with possibility of extension 281 Indefinite duration with conditional right to withdraw 281 Duration until a specific event 283 Duration for a specified period of years with no provision for extension or withdrawal 283 Extension of treaties 283 Comprehensive clauses 284 Differing termination formulas 286 Duration for an indefinite period with no withdrawal clause 286 Transitional provisions 286 Termination or withdrawal by consent 288 Reduction of parties below the number necessary for entry into force 289 No provision for termination or withdrawal 289 Termination or suspension by conclusion of later treaty 292 Termination or suspension for breach 293 Bilateral treaties 293 Multilateral treaties 294 Material breach 295 Fundamental breach 296 Supervening impossibility of performance 296 Fundamental change of circumstances (rebus sic stantibus) 297 Paragraph 1 298 Paragraph 2 299 Paragraph 3 300 Procedure 300 Artide 66 301 Instruments for termination, withdrawal or suspension 301 Consequences of termination, suspension or withdrawal 302 Miscellaneous 303 CONTENTS XVII Obligations imposed by international law independently of a treaty 303 Separability of treaty provisions 304 Loss of rights by acquiescence 304 Can one validly withdraw from a treaty and then immediately accede to it? 305 Other grounds for termination 305 By implication 305 Execution 306 Desuetude (disuse) or obsolescence 306 Extinction of the international legal personality of a party 307 Severance of diplomatic or consular relations 307 Outbreak of hostilities 308 17 Invalidity 312 Violation of internal law on competence to conclude treaties 312 Violation of specific restrictions on authority to express consent 315 Error 315 Fraud 316 Corruption 316 Coercion of a representative of a state ( duress) 317 Coercion of a state by the threat or use of force 317 Peace treaties 318 Conflict with a peremptory norm of general international law ( jus cogens) 319 'Unequal treaties' 320 Consequences of invalidity (other than for jus cogens) 321 Procedure 321 General points 322 Separability of treaty provisions 323 Loss of rights by acquiescence 323 18 The depositary 324 Bilateral treaties 324 Designation of the depositary 325 CONTENTS One or more states as depositary 326 An international organisation as depositary 327 The UN Secretary-General as depositary 328 Duty to act impartially 329 Functions of the depositary 331 Notifications and communications 334 The depositary as state 334 Correction of errors 335 Administrative functions 338 19 Registration and publication 339 Registration 339 Registration regulations and procedure 341 Associated documents 343 Joint registration 343 Legal effect of registration or non-registration, and disputes 344 Publication 346 Publication by the United Nations 347 Publication by states 348 Other sources of treaty texts 350 Treaty indexes 351 20 Dispute settlement and remedies 352 Voluntary settlement 352 Negotiations and consultations 352 Involvement of third parties 354 Conciliation 354 Compulsory binding settlement 355 Arbitration 355 Judicial settlement 358 Failure to provide for a compulsory dispute settlement mechanism 360 Remedies 361 Countermeasures 362 Objects and limits of countermeasures 364 Proportionality 364 Procedural conditions 365 Sacrosanct obligations 366 CONTENTS XIX 21 Succession to treaties 367 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties 1978 368 Customary law principles 369 Former colonies and other overseas territories 372 The two German states 374 The former Soviet Union 375 Russia 375 Former Soviet republics 376 The Baltic States 377 Former Yugoslav republics 378 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia and Slovenia 378 The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) 379 Former Czechoslovakia 381 The European Community 383 Multilateral treaties: role of the depositary 384 'Yugoslavia' 384 Date of succession 385 Domestic implications of treaty succession 385 Hong Kong and Macau 386 Continued application of treaties 386 Multilateral treaties 387 Bilateral treaties with third states 390 Legal effect of the arrangements for third states 391 22 International Organisations 392 Establishment by treaty 393 Interpretation of the constituent instrument 394 Membership 396 International legal personality 398 Treaties between states and international organisations or between international organisations: the 1986 Convention 399 Negotiation of multilateral treaties 403 Treaties adopted within an international organisation 403 UN Sixth Committee 404 UN International Law Commission 404 XX CONTENTS UN Specialised Agencies 405 Regional international organisations 405 Authentication of treaties adopted within an international organisation 406 Responsibility for the acts of an international organisation 406 Dispute settlement 407 United Nations 408 UN Specialised Agencies 409 Staffdisputes 410 Human rights treaty-monitoring bodies 410 Special cases 411 The European Community/European Union 414 What's in a name? 414 Capacity of the EC and the EU to conclude treaties 417 23 Drafting and final clauses 420 Title 421 Name 421 Purpose 421 Preamble 424 Bilateral treaties 424 Multilateral treaties 424 Preambular paragraphs 425 MOUs 427 Main text 427 Layout 428 Headings 429 Numbering 429 Paragraph numbering 430 Cross-references 430 Footnotes 431 MOUs 431 Terminology 431 Definitions 432 Privileges and immunities 432 Table of contents 433 Final clauses 434 CONTENTS XXI MOUs 435 Relationship to other treaties 436 Settlement of disputes 436 Amendment and revision 436 Status of annexes 436 Signature 437 Ratification 438 Accession 438 Entry into force 439 Duration and denunciation, withdrawal or termination 439 Provisional application 439 Territorial application 439 Reservations 440 Depositary 440 Registration 440 Authentic texts 441 Testimonium 441 Bilateral treaties 442 MOUs 444 Attachments 444 Exchanges of notes 445 MOUs 446 Procedure 447 Drafting techniques 448 How to begin 449 Style 449 Numbering 450 Languages 450 Amendment/consolidation 450 Substance 451 Presenting the draft 451 Appendices 453 A Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1 969 453 В Single instrument treaty 488 С Single instrument MOU 489 D Model single instrument MOU 492 Xxii CONTENTS E Treaty constituted by an exchange of notes 493 F Model exchange of notes recording an understanding 495 G Treaty and MOU terminology: comparative table 496 H Credentials 497 I Full powers 498 J General full powers 499 К Final Act of the Vienna Conference 500 L Instrument of ratification 503 M Certificate of exchange of instruments of ratification 505 N Model exchange of notes correcting an error 506 О Procès-verbal of rectification 507 P UN Registration Regulations 508 Q List of overseas territories 513 Index 515 Treaties have always been an indispensable tool of diplomacy. The Egyptian and Hittite kings concluded a treat)" in 1272 БС, and since 1945 some 54,000 treaties have been registered with the United Nations. The number continues to grow. This new edition of a book first published in 2000 provides a comprehensive account of the law of treaties. Written from the viewpoint of an experienced practitioner, this edition updates existing information and refines previous arguments. New material is included covering topics such as the use of memorandums of understanding (MOUsJ in litigation, the treaty-making capacity of entities such as the Vatican, Taiwan and Palestine, and the effect of hostilities on treaties. Given their increasing importance, there is also a new chapter on international organisations, including an attempt to explain the sometimes baffling roles in treaty-making played by the European Community and European Union.
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index_date	2024-07-02T19:24:03Z
indexdate	2025-04-15T12:10:40Z
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isbn	9780521860970 9780521678063
language	English
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spelling	Aust, Anthony Verfasser (DE-588)1025615115 aut Modern treaty law and practice Anthony Aust 2. ed. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2007 LXII, 547 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Treaties Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag (DE-588)4063696-3 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Vertragsrecht (DE-588)4027458-5 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Vertragsrecht (DE-588)4027458-5 s DE-604 Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag (DE-588)4063696-3 s Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016252819&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016252819&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext
spellingShingle	Aust, Anthony Modern treaty law and practice Treaties Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag (DE-588)4063696-3 gnd Internationales Vertragsrecht (DE-588)4027458-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4063696-3 (DE-588)4027458-5
title	Modern treaty law and practice
title_auth	Modern treaty law and practice
title_exact_search	Modern treaty law and practice
title_exact_search_txtP	Modern treaty law and practice
title_full	Modern treaty law and practice Anthony Aust
title_fullStr	Modern treaty law and practice Anthony Aust
title_full_unstemmed	Modern treaty law and practice Anthony Aust
title_short	Modern treaty law and practice
title_sort	modern treaty law and practice
topic	Treaties Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag (DE-588)4063696-3 gnd Internationales Vertragsrecht (DE-588)4027458-5 gnd
topic_facet	Treaties Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag Internationales Vertragsrecht
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016252819&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016252819&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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