State procedure and union rights: a comparison of the European Union and the United States
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| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Uppsala
Iustus
2007
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 386 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789176786604 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Lindholm, Johan |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a State procedure and union rights |b a comparison of the European Union and the United States |c Johan Lindholm |
| 264 | 1 | |a Uppsala |b Iustus |c 2007 | |
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| 502 | |a Zugl.: Uppsala, Univ., Diss., 2007 | ||
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| _version_ | 1804137278172299264 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table
of Contents
Acknowledgements
5
List of Abbreviations
15
PART I. INTRODUCTION
19
1
Introduction
21
1.1
The Study
21
1.1.1
Introduction
21
1.1.2
Aim and Questions
23
1.1.3
Importance or the Study
24
1.1.4
Rights, Remedies, Procedure, and Sanctions
25
1.2
Choosing a Comparison with the United States
28
1.2.1
Choosing the Comparative Method and Novelty
of the Study
28
1.2.2
Choice of Comparandum:
lhe
United States
30
1.3
Completing the Comparison
32
1.3.1
Comparability, Functionalism, and the Tertium
Comparationis
32
1.3.2
The Process of Comparison
33
1.4
Structure and Disposition of the Comparison
37
1
A.
1
Introduction
37
1.4.2
Comparison or Interests Considered
37
1.4.3
Comparison of Mechanisms Used
37
1.4.4
Descriptive Part
38
1.5
Other Methodological Concerns
39
1.5.1
Two Types of Comparison: Constitutional and
Procedural
39
1.5.2
Union Command and Local Reality
41
1.5-3
Special Methodological Consideration Pertaining
to Community Law
41
1.6 Material 45
1.6.1
Choice of
Material 45
1.6.2
Using Case-law as a Source
46
1.6.3
Citation and References
49
1.7
Terminology
49
1.7.1
The European Doctrine and the American
Doctrine
49
1.7.2
Comparative Terminology
53
PART II. THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
55
2
Overview of European Conditions
57
2.1
Introduction
57
2.2
Community Legislation
58
2.2.1
Introduction
58
2.2.2
Generally About the Community s Legislative
Competence
58
2.2.3
Who Determines the Community s
Competence?
62
2.2.4
Realizing Community Law
63
2.3
Centralized Enforcement of Community Law
64
2.3.1
Introduction
64
2.3.2
Actions before the European Judiciary
65
2.3.3
Limits of the Centralized Enforcement
System
68
2.4
Private Enforcement of Community Law
72
2.4.1
Background: Problem of Effective Enforcement
of Community Law
72
2.4.2
First Element: Preliminary Rulings
73
2.4.3
Second Element: Application of Community
Law in Member States
81
2.4.4
Third Element: Supremacy of Community
Law
89
2.4.5
Fourth Element: Member State Loyalty and
Judicial Cooperation
93
2.4.6
Conclusion: Four Elements as One
Construction
95
2.5
From Private Enforcement to the European
Doctrine
96
The European Doctrine
98
3.1
Introduction
98
3.2
General Rule: National Procedural Autonomy
100
3.3
Exception I: General Principles of Community Law
102
3.3.1
Introduction
102
3.3.2
Right of Access to a Judicial Process:
Introduction
106
3.3.3
Central Element of the Right of Access to a
Judicial Process: A Right to a Hearing
107
3.3.4
Extended Protection of the Right of Access to a
Judicial Process: Rights of the Defense
109
3.3.5
Principle of Equality
113
3.4
Exception II: Community Regulation
115
3.4.1
Introduction
115
3.4.2
Procedural Regulation Supporting Community
Policies
115
3.4.3
Independent Procedural Regulation
118
3.5
Exception III: Equivalence
121
3.5.1
Introduction
121
3.5.2
Identifying Comparable National Claims
122
3.5.3
Determining Equivalence
125
3.6
Exception IV: Effectiveness
126
3.6.1
Introduction
126
3.6.2
The Full Effectiveness-Approach
128
3.6.3
The Excessively Difficult-Approach
133
3.6.4
The Contextual Approach
142
3.6.5
Summary and Conclusions: When Does National
Procedure Unacceptably Impair Community Law s
Effectiveness?
147
3.7
Summary and Conclusions
150
PART III. THE UNITED STATES
153
4
Overview of American Conditions
155
4.1
Introduction
155
4.2
Historical Background of the State Judiciary
156
4.3
Structure and Jurisdiction of die Federal Judiciary
158
4.3.1
Introduction
158
4.3.2
Creation and Development of a Federal
System of Courts
158
4.3.3
Jurisdiction of Federal Courts
160
4.3.4
Choice of Law under Diversity
Jurisdiction
164
4.4
State Courts Applying Federal Law
171
4.4.1
Introduction
171
4.4.2
Status and Content of Federal Law in
State Courts
172
4.4.3
State Courts Right to Apply Federal Law
174
4.4.4
State Courts Duty to Apply Federal Law
175
4.5
Understanding the American Doctrine
179
4.5.1
Introduction
179
4.5.2
The Erie doctrine
179
4.5.3
Erie, Converse Erie, and the American
Doctrine
184
5
The American Doctrine
186
5.1
Introduction
186
5.2
Track I: Constitutional Requirements of State
Procedure
187
5.2.1
Introduction
187
5.2.2
Right to Due Process
189
5.2.3
Right to Equal Protection
193
5.2.4
Right to a Jury Trial
194
5.2.5
Duty for States to Provide Courts
195
5.2.6
Summary and Conclusion
196
5.3
Track II: Constitutional Limits of Federal Power
overStates
197
5.3.1
Introduction
197
5.3.2
Generally About Federal Commandeering
197
5.3.3
Commandeering State Judiciaries and
Federal Supremacy
201
5.4
Track III: Federal Regulation of State Procedure
202
5.4.1
Introduction
202
5.4.2
The Federal Government Regulating State
Procedure
203
5.4.3
Beyond Regulation I: Preemptive Effect of
Federal Regulation
206
5.4.4
Beyond Regulation II: Part and Parcel
211
10
5.5 Track
IV: Analogous Rights and Otherwise Valid
Excuses
218
5.5.1
Introduction
218
5.5.2
Limits on the Regulation of State Court
Jurisdiction
218
5.5.3
Die Analogous-Rights Test
220
5.5.4
The Otherwise-Valid-Excuse Test
221
5.5.5
Summary and Conclusion
223
5.6
Track V: The State Grounds Doctrine
224
5.6.1
Introduction
224
5.6.2
Constitutional Limits on Federal Review
of StateDecisions
224
5.6.3
The State Grounds Doctrine as a Test of
the Adequacy of State Procedure
226
5.6.4
Summary and Conclusions
235
5.7
Concluding Remarks
235
PART IV. COMPARISON
237
6
Comparison of Interests Considered in the European
and American Doctrines
239
6.1
Introduction
239
6.2
Identifying and Comparing Interests Considered:
Union, States, and Individuals
240
6.2.1
Introduction
240
6.2.2
Interests of the Union Contra Interests of
States
240
6.2.3
Interests of Individuals Contra Interests of
States
246
6.2.4
Interests of Individuals Contra Interests of the
Union
247
6.2.5
Summary and Conclusion
249
6.3
Explaining Differences in Interests Considered
250
6.3.1
Introduction: Who Owns the Problem?
250
6.3.2
Development of the European Doctrine
250
6.3.3
Conclusions and Explanations
251
6.4
Comparative Evaluation and Suggestions for a More
Balanced European Doctrine
253
6.4.1
Introduction
253
11
6.4.2 Proper Division
of
Power
253
6.4.3
Clear and Foreseeable Procedure
255
6.4.4
Individual Right Protection
256
6.4.5
Relevance of Differences between the Legal Systems
for the Comparability
256
6.5
Summary and Conclusions
258
7
Comparison of Mechanisms: Union Regulation of
Procedure
259
7.1
Introduction
259
7.2
Identification: How Do the Mechanisms Differ?
260
7.2.1
Introduction
260
7.2.2
Union Regulation of State Procedure
260
7.2.3
Preemption Theory
263
7.2.4
Summary and Conclusions
268
7.3
Explanation: Why These Differences?
269
7.3.1
Union Regulation of State Procedure
269
7.3.2
Preemption Theory
271
7.4
Evaluation: How Do the Mechanisms Balance
Involved Interests?
272
7.4.1
Union Regulation of State Procedure
272
7.4.2
Preemption Theory
275
7.5
Summary and Conclusion
277
8
Comparison of Mechanisms: General Principles
279
8.1
Introduction
279
8.2
Identification: How Do the Mechanisms Differ?
280
8.2.1
Principles Protecting Individuals
280
8.2.2
Principles Preventing Discrimination of
Union Law
284
8.2.3
Summary
286
8.3
Explanation: Why These Differences?
287
8.4
Evaluation: How Do die Mechanisms Balance
Involved Interests?
288
8.4.1
Principles Protecting Individuals
288
8.4.2
Principles Preventing Discrimination of
Union Law
289
8.5
Summary and Conclusion
291
12
Comparison of Mechanisms: Beyond Regulation and
Principles
293
9.1
Introduction
293
9.1.1
Subject and Contents of This Chapter
293
9.1.2
Why More Mechanisms and How Do They
Operate?
294
9.2
Identifying and Comparing Other Mechanisms
296
9.2.1
Introduction
296
9.2.2
State Procedure Burdens Union Law
297
9.2.3
State Court Discretion Is Not Used to Further
Union Law
302
9.2.4
State Procedure Is Novel or Inconsistently
Applied
303
9.2.5
Summary and Conclusion
304
9.3
Explaining Difference in Approach
304
9.4
Evaluating the Different Approaches of the Two
Doctrines
307
9.4.1
Introduction
307
9.4.2
State Procedure Burdens Union law
308
9.4.3
State Procedure is Novel or Inconsistently
Applied
311
9.4.4
Summary and Conclusion
314
9.5
Other Lessons for Europe: Approaches Tried and Failed in
the American Doctrine
315
9.5.1
Introduction
315
9.5.2
The Substance/Procedure Approach
315
9.5.3
The Outcome Determination Approach
318
9.6
The Principle of Effectiveness and Preemption Theory
320
9.7
Summary and Conclusions
323
PART IV. SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSIONS
325
10
Summary and Concluding Observations
327
10.1
Summary of Findings
327
10.1.1
Introduction
327
10.1.2
What Interests Should Be Taken into Consideration
in Shaping the European Doctrine?
328
13
10.1.3
Suggestions
for a More Balanced Approach:
Comparison of Mechanisms
329
10.2
Concluding Observations
332
Table of Cases
333
Case Law
333
European Case-Law (chronological)
333
European Case-law (alphabetical)
342
U.S. Case-Law (chronological)
352
U.S. Case-Law (alphabetical)
357
Bibliography
364
Boob
364
Articles
368
European Community Legislative Acts (excluding Treaties)
379
Legislative Acts in the United States (excluding the
U.S. Constitution)
381
Index
383
14
|
| adam_txt |
Table
of Contents
Acknowledgements
5
List of Abbreviations
15
PART I. INTRODUCTION
19
1
Introduction
21
1.1
The Study
21
1.1.1
Introduction
21
1.1.2
Aim and Questions
23
1.1.3
Importance or the Study
24
1.1.4
Rights, Remedies, Procedure, and Sanctions
25
1.2
Choosing a Comparison with the United States
28
1.2.1
Choosing the Comparative Method and Novelty
of the Study
28
1.2.2
Choice of Comparandum:
lhe
United States
30
1.3
Completing the Comparison
32
1.3.1
Comparability, Functionalism, and the Tertium
Comparationis
32
1.3.2
The Process of Comparison
33
1.4
Structure and Disposition of the Comparison
37
1
A.
1
Introduction
37
1.4.2
Comparison or Interests Considered
37
1.4.3
Comparison of Mechanisms Used
37
1.4.4
Descriptive Part
38
1.5
Other Methodological Concerns
39
1.5.1
Two Types of Comparison: Constitutional and
Procedural
39
1.5.2
Union Command and Local Reality
41
1.5-3
Special Methodological Consideration Pertaining
to Community Law
41
1.6 Material 45
1.6.1
Choice of
Material 45
1.6.2
Using Case-law as a Source
46
1.6.3
Citation and References
49
1.7
Terminology
49
1.7.1
The "European Doctrine" and the "American
Doctrine"
49
1.7.2
Comparative Terminology
53
PART II. THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
55
2
Overview of European Conditions
57
2.1
Introduction
57
2.2
Community Legislation
58
2.2.1
Introduction
58
2.2.2
Generally About the Community's Legislative
Competence
58
2.2.3
Who Determines the Community's
Competence?
62
2.2.4
Realizing Community Law
63
2.3
Centralized Enforcement of Community Law
64
2.3.1
Introduction
64
2.3.2
Actions before the European Judiciary
65
2.3.3
Limits of the Centralized Enforcement
System
68
2.4
Private Enforcement of Community Law
72
2.4.1
Background: Problem of Effective Enforcement
of Community Law
72
2.4.2
First Element: Preliminary Rulings
73
2.4.3
Second Element: Application of Community
Law in Member States
81
2.4.4
Third Element: Supremacy of Community
Law
89
2.4.5
Fourth Element: Member State Loyalty and
Judicial Cooperation
93
2.4.6
Conclusion: Four Elements as One
Construction
95
2.5
From Private Enforcement to the European
Doctrine
96
The European Doctrine
98
3.1
Introduction
98
3.2
General Rule: National Procedural Autonomy
100
3.3
Exception I: General Principles of Community Law
102
3.3.1
Introduction
102
3.3.2
Right of Access to a Judicial Process:
Introduction
106
3.3.3
Central Element of the Right of Access to a
Judicial Process: A Right to a Hearing
107
3.3.4
Extended Protection of the Right of Access to a
Judicial Process: Rights of the Defense
109
3.3.5
Principle of Equality
113
3.4
Exception II: Community Regulation
115
3.4.1
Introduction
115
3.4.2
Procedural Regulation Supporting Community
Policies
115
3.4.3
Independent Procedural Regulation
118
3.5
Exception III: Equivalence
121
3.5.1
Introduction
121
3.5.2
Identifying Comparable National Claims
122
3.5.3
Determining Equivalence
125
3.6
Exception IV: Effectiveness
126
3.6.1
Introduction
126
3.6.2
The Full Effectiveness-Approach
128
3.6.3
The Excessively Difficult-Approach
133
3.6.4
The Contextual Approach
142
3.6.5
Summary and Conclusions: When Does National
Procedure Unacceptably Impair Community Law's
Effectiveness?
147
3.7
Summary and Conclusions
150
PART III. THE UNITED STATES
153
4
Overview of American Conditions
155
4.1
Introduction
155
4.2
Historical Background of the State Judiciary
156
4.3
Structure and Jurisdiction of die Federal Judiciary
158
4.3.1
Introduction
158
4.3.2
Creation and Development of a Federal
System of Courts
158
4.3.3
Jurisdiction of Federal Courts
160
4.3.4
Choice of Law under Diversity
Jurisdiction
164
4.4
State Courts Applying Federal Law
171
4.4.1
Introduction
171
4.4.2
Status and Content of Federal Law in
State Courts
172
4.4.3
State Courts' Right to Apply Federal Law
174
4.4.4
State Courts' Duty to Apply Federal Law
175
4.5
Understanding the American Doctrine
179
4.5.1
Introduction
179
4.5.2
The Erie doctrine
179
4.5.3
Erie, Converse Erie, and the American
Doctrine
184
5
The American Doctrine
186
5.1
Introduction
186
5.2
Track I: Constitutional Requirements of State
Procedure
187
5.2.1
Introduction
187
5.2.2
Right to Due Process
189
5.2.3
Right to Equal Protection
193
5.2.4
Right to a Jury Trial
194
5.2.5
Duty for States to Provide Courts
195
5.2.6
Summary and Conclusion
196
5.3
Track II: Constitutional Limits of Federal Power
overStates
197
5.3.1
Introduction
197
5.3.2
Generally About Federal Commandeering
197
5.3.3
Commandeering State Judiciaries and
Federal Supremacy
201
5.4
Track III: Federal Regulation of State Procedure
202
5.4.1
Introduction
202
5.4.2
The Federal Government Regulating State
Procedure
203
5.4.3
Beyond Regulation I: Preemptive Effect of
Federal Regulation
206
5.4.4
Beyond Regulation II: "Part and Parcel"
211
10
5.5 Track
IV: "Analogous Rights" and "Otherwise Valid
Excuses"
218
5.5.1
Introduction
218
5.5.2
Limits on the Regulation of State Court
Jurisdiction
218
5.5.3
'Die Analogous-Rights Test
220
5.5.4
The Otherwise-Valid-Excuse Test
221
5.5.5
Summary and Conclusion
223
5.6
Track V: The State Grounds Doctrine
224
5.6.1
Introduction
224
5.6.2
Constitutional Limits on Federal Review
of StateDecisions
224
5.6.3
The State Grounds Doctrine as a Test of
the Adequacy of State Procedure
226
5.6.4
Summary and Conclusions
235
5.7
Concluding Remarks
235
PART IV. COMPARISON
237
6
Comparison of Interests Considered in the European
and American Doctrines
239
6.1
Introduction
239
6.2
Identifying and Comparing Interests Considered:
Union, States, and Individuals
240
6.2.1
Introduction
240
6.2.2
Interests of the Union Contra Interests of
States
240
6.2.3
Interests of Individuals Contra Interests of
States
246
6.2.4
Interests of Individuals Contra Interests of the
Union
247
6.2.5
Summary and Conclusion
249
6.3
Explaining Differences in Interests Considered
250
6.3.1
Introduction: Who Owns the Problem?
250
6.3.2
Development of the European Doctrine
250
6.3.3
Conclusions and Explanations
251
6.4
Comparative Evaluation and Suggestions for a More
Balanced European Doctrine
253
6.4.1
Introduction
253
11
6.4.2 Proper Division
of
Power
253
6.4.3
Clear and Foreseeable Procedure
255
6.4.4
Individual Right Protection
256
6.4.5
Relevance of Differences between the Legal Systems
for the Comparability
256
6.5
Summary and Conclusions
258
7
Comparison of Mechanisms: Union Regulation of
Procedure
259
7.1
Introduction
259
7.2
Identification: How Do the Mechanisms Differ?
260
7.2.1
Introduction
260
7.2.2
Union Regulation of State Procedure
260
7.2.3
Preemption Theory
263
7.2.4
Summary and Conclusions
268
7.3
Explanation: Why These Differences?
269
7.3.1
Union Regulation of State Procedure
269
7.3.2
Preemption Theory
271
7.4
Evaluation: How Do the Mechanisms Balance
Involved Interests?
272
7.4.1
Union Regulation of State Procedure
272
7.4.2
Preemption Theory
275
7.5
Summary and Conclusion
277
8
Comparison of Mechanisms: General Principles
279
8.1
Introduction
279
8.2
Identification: How Do the Mechanisms Differ?
280
8.2.1
Principles Protecting Individuals
280
8.2.2
Principles Preventing Discrimination of
Union Law
284
8.2.3
Summary
286
8.3
Explanation: Why These Differences?
287
8.4
Evaluation: How Do die Mechanisms Balance
Involved Interests?
288
8.4.1
Principles Protecting Individuals
288
8.4.2
Principles Preventing Discrimination of
Union Law
289
8.5
Summary and Conclusion
291
12
Comparison of Mechanisms: Beyond Regulation and
Principles
293
9.1
Introduction
293
9.1.1
Subject and Contents of This Chapter
293
9.1.2
Why More Mechanisms and How Do They
Operate?
294
9.2
Identifying and Comparing Other Mechanisms
296
9.2.1
Introduction
296
9.2.2
State Procedure Burdens Union Law
297
9.2.3
State Court Discretion Is Not Used to Further
Union Law
302
9.2.4
State Procedure Is Novel or Inconsistently
Applied
303
9.2.5
Summary and Conclusion
304
9.3
Explaining Difference in Approach
304
9.4
Evaluating the Different Approaches of the Two
Doctrines
307
9.4.1
Introduction
307
9.4.2
State Procedure Burdens Union law
308
9.4.3
State Procedure is Novel or Inconsistently
Applied
311
9.4.4
Summary and Conclusion
314
9.5
Other Lessons for Europe: Approaches Tried and Failed in
the American Doctrine
315
9.5.1
Introduction
315
9.5.2
The Substance/Procedure Approach
315
9.5.3
The Outcome Determination Approach
318
9.6
The Principle of Effectiveness and Preemption Theory
320
9.7
Summary and Conclusions
323
PART IV. SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSIONS
325
10
Summary and Concluding Observations
327
10.1
Summary of Findings
327
10.1.1
Introduction
327
10.1.2
What Interests Should Be Taken into Consideration
in Shaping the European Doctrine?
328
13
10.1.3
Suggestions
for a More Balanced Approach:
Comparison of Mechanisms
329
10.2
Concluding Observations
332
Table of Cases
333
Case Law
333
European Case-Law (chronological)
333
European Case-law (alphabetical)
342
U.S. Case-Law (chronological)
352
U.S. Case-Law (alphabetical)
357
Bibliography
364
Boob
364
Articles
368
European Community Legislative Acts (excluding Treaties)
379
Legislative Acts in the United States (excluding the
U.S. Constitution)
381
Index
383
14 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Lindholm, Johan |
| author_facet | Lindholm, Johan |
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| author_sort | Lindholm, Johan |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023046977 |
| classification_rvk | PL 625 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)185217679 (DE-599)BSZ267059957 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023046977 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:22:59Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:09:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789176786604 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016250418 |
| oclc_num | 185217679 |
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| physical | 386 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
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| publisher | Iustus |
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| spelling | Lindholm, Johan Verfasser aut State procedure and union rights a comparison of the European Union and the United States Johan Lindholm Uppsala Iustus 2007 386 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zugl.: Uppsala, Univ., Diss., 2007 Lagstiftning - EU-länderna sao Lagstiftning - Förenta staterna sao (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016250418&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lindholm, Johan State procedure and union rights a comparison of the European Union and the United States Lagstiftning - EU-länderna sao Lagstiftning - Förenta staterna sao |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | State procedure and union rights a comparison of the European Union and the United States |
| title_auth | State procedure and union rights a comparison of the European Union and the United States |
| title_exact_search | State procedure and union rights a comparison of the European Union and the United States |
| title_exact_search_txtP | State procedure and union rights a comparison of the European Union and the United States |
| title_full | State procedure and union rights a comparison of the European Union and the United States Johan Lindholm |
| title_fullStr | State procedure and union rights a comparison of the European Union and the United States Johan Lindholm |
| title_full_unstemmed | State procedure and union rights a comparison of the European Union and the United States Johan Lindholm |
| title_short | State procedure and union rights |
| title_sort | state procedure and union rights a comparison of the european union and the united states |
| title_sub | a comparison of the European Union and the United States |
| topic | Lagstiftning - EU-länderna sao Lagstiftning - Förenta staterna sao |
| topic_facet | Lagstiftning - EU-länderna Lagstiftning - Förenta staterna Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016250418&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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