Funkcje centralne i hierarchia funkcjonalna miast w Polsce:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Toruń
Wydawnictwpo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika
2006
|
| Edition: | Wyd. 1. |
| Series: | Rozprawa Habilitacyjna / Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Central functions and functional hierarchy of cities and towns in Poland |
| Physical Description: | 276 s., [13] k. tabl. skł. graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 8323120412 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Funkcje centralne i hierarchia funkcjonalna miast w Polsce |c Dariusz Sokołowski |
| 250 | |a Wyd. 1. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Toruń |b Wydawnictwpo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika |c 2006 | |
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| 490 | 0 | |a Rozprawa Habilitacyjna / Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Central functions and functional hierarchy of cities and towns in Poland | ||
| 502 | |a Zugl.: Toruń, Uniw. M. Kopernika, Habil.-Schr. | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a Bibliogr. s. 245-263 | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Bieguny wzrostu / badania / Polska / rozprawy akademickie |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Miasta / zróżnicowanie regionalne / Polska / 1990- / rozprawy akademickie |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Bieguny wzrostu - badania - Polska - rozprawy akademickie |2 jhpk | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804137271619747840 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
1.
ZAGADNIENIA WSTĘPNE
..................................................................................................7
1.1.
Zarys problematyki
..............................................................................................7
1.2.
Założenia wstępne i cele badawcze
.................................................................. 11
1.3.
Hipotezy badawcze
............................................................................................15
2.
TEORETYCZNO-METODOLOGICZNE PODSTAWY BADAŃ
STRUKTURY SYSTEMU MIEJSKIEGO
............................................................................. 19
2.1.
Pojęcie i rodzaje funkcji miejskich
....................................................................19
2.2.
Badania funkcji miejskich oraz hierarchii funkcjonalnej polskich miast
........27
2.3.
Wybrane koncepcje badawcze dotyczące problematyki rozwoju miast
i funkcji miejskich
.............................................................................................32
2.3.1.
Teoria bazy ekonomicznej
......................................................................33
2.3.2.
Reguła wielkości-kolejności
..................................................................35
2.3.3.
Teoria kumulatywnej przyczynowości
...................................................36
2.3.4.
Model centrum-peryferie
.......................................................................37
2.3.5.
Teoria biegunów wzrostu (rozwoju spolaryzowanego)
..........................39
2.3.6.
Inne teorie
...............................................................................................40
2.4.
Teoria miejsc centralnych, jako podstawa analizy systemu obsługi
.................41
2.4.1.
Podstawowe założenia
............................................................................41
2.4.2.
Centralność a węzłowość
.......................................................................46
2.4.3.
Charakter oddziaływań w systemie obsługi
...........................................48
2.4.4.
Granice zasięgu oddziaływania miasta
...................................................52
2.4.5.
Podstawowe pojęcia związane z funkcjami obsługi
...............................53
2.5.
Badania funkcji miejskich na gruncie koncepcji systemowej
............................57
2.5.1.
Próby integracji głównych teorii wyjaśniających rozmieszczenie
i zróżnicowanie miast w postaci teorii systemu osadniczego
.................57
2.5.2.
Miejsce systemu obsługi wśród innych systemów terytorialnych
..........60
2.6.
Uwarunkowania rozwoju sieci osadniczej i sieci ośrodków obsługi
.................66
3.
PODSTAWY METODYCZNE
...............................................................................................70
3.1.
Przegląd metod pomiaru centralności
.................................................................70
3.2.
Teoretyczne aspekty konstrukcji wskaźników
....................................................72
3.3.
Wskaźniki zastosowane w pracy
........................................................................76
3.4.
Ocena materiałów źródłowych
...........................................................................81
4.
STRUKTURA FUNKCJONALNA MIAST
W ZAKRESIE DZIAŁALNOŚCI CENTRALNYCH
.................................................................83
4.1.
Ogólna charakterystyka funkcji centralnych
......................................................83
4.2.
Zmiany struktury zatrudnienia
...........................................................................91
4.2.1.
Działalności centralne na tle zatrudnienia całkowitego
i liczby ludności
......................................................................................91
4.2.2.
Struktura działalności centralnych
..........................................................96
4.2.3.
Relacje między składnikiem endo-a egzogenicznym
............................101
4.3.
Specjalizacja funkcjonalna
miast
......................................................................
Hl
4.3.1.
Zróżnicowanie nadwyżek zatrudnienia w zakresie obsługi
..................111
4.3.2.
Ośrodki wyspecjalizowane w zakresie funkcji centralnych
..................118
4.3.3.
Funkcje dominujące
..............................................................................129
4.3.4.
Funkcje deficytowe
...............................................................................134
5.
HIERARCHIA FUNKCJONALNA MIAST
A STRUKTURA FUNKCJI CENTRALNYCH
.................................................................... 136
5.1.
Centralność i węzłowość miast
........................................................................136
5.2.
Poziomy hierarchiczne
.....................................................................................155
5.3.
Struktura regionalnych podsystemów miejsc centralnych
................................168
5.4.
Miejsca centralne i ich obszary obsługi a teoretyczny
i empiryczne układy odniesienia
......................................................................191
5.5.
Próba ustalenia podstawowych zależności
.......................................................201
5.5.1.
Centralność i węzłowość a zaludnienie ośrodka obsługi
.....................201
5.5.2.
Centralność a wielkość obszarów obsługi
............................................203
5.5.3.
Centralność a ranga administracyjna
....................................................206
5.5.4.
Centralność a poziom konsumpcji lokalnej (miejscowej)
..................208
5.6.
Struktura funkcji centralnych
..........................................................................211
5.7.
Funkcje wielkomiejskie
...................................................................................215
5.8.
Struktury hierarchiczne a struktury sieciowe
...................................................221
5.9.
Wpływ procesów globalizacji i internacjonalizacji na strukturę krajowego
systemu obsługi
................................................................................................222
6.
WNIOSKI KOŃCOWE
......................................................................................................226
6.1.
Struktura krajowego systemu obsługi w świetle hipotez badawczych
...........226
6.2.
Główne tendencje zmian w systemie obsługi
..................................................237
LITERATURA
.................................................................................
%
......................................245
SPIS RYCIN
..........................................................................................................................264
SPIS TABEL
...........................................................................................................................267
SUMMARY
.......................................................................................... ....... 269
CENTRAL
FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL HIERARCHY
OF CITIES AND TOWNS IN POLAND
SUMMARY
During the period of political system transformation in Poland a number of conditions
have come into being, changing the structure of the service system. The former factors of
town development have been losing in importance, which results in a reduction of the range
of state interference and of the role of spatial and economic planning, in changes of forms
of management and of property structure. At the same time the progress in technology as
well as the processes going on in world economy (globalization, internationalization) induce
increased mobility, a reduction of transport and communication costs and force competi¬
tiveness among economic subjects on an unprecedented scale. Those new experiences and
problems also concern to a large extent subjects carrying out service functions but they also
have their own specificity. In the first place their attachment to a particular place, which is
stronger than in the case of specialized functions, makes that they are less dependent on
economic changes and are also to a lesser extent concerned with problems resulting from the
monofunctional development or economic backwardness of some regions or from the flood
of cheap products mainly of Asiatic origin.
An analysis of the centrality, nodality and other parameters characterizing urban func¬
tions made it possible to define the functional hierarchy of towns and to verify the hypo¬
theses formulated in the introduction.
The hypothesis on the consolidation of the endogenous sector in most towns has been
verified positively. That is conditioned both by the increase in local consumption and by
a better availability of consumer goods and services, resulting from the increase in number
of outlets which provide them. Another hypothesis that has found confirmation concerns
the weakening of the hierarchic connections among settlement units, which is interpreted
as a factor disintegrating the settlement system. At the same time horizontal connections
have intensified thanks to greater freedom of choice and the consumer s greater easiness
of travelling between central places of similar order. However, no decrease has been ob¬
served in the number of centres of the particular orders in consequence of the improve¬
ment in availability of central goods and services. The density of the network of mesore-
gional centres and the fragmentation of their service areas in Poland are considerable. The
tendency towards spatial concentration is observed only in specialized functions (such
as banking, finance and business handling, advertising), in which there is an increase in
integration of the national settlement system.
The hypothesis about the relationship between centrality and the level of local con¬
sumption has found no confirmation. The income surplus remain at the consumer s dis¬
posal is used for
superstandard
goods, such as luxury objects, expensive holidays and the
like. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that the determinant of centrality is the
number of inhabitants in the service area, which confirms the validity of the basic rule of
distribution of central places, while centrality shows no relationship with the size of the
service area, which shows that the distance resistance is of lesser importance in contem¬
porary realities. On the centrality scale there is a strong dominance of the state capital city,
which is particularly attractive as a site for the location of economic activity, and for that
270
Summary
reason polarizes the settlement system. The validity of the hierarchy structure of central
places has been confirmed. It can be seen in the form of several hierarchical orders (Tab.
5.9,
Fig.
5.7).
It has also been demonstrated that the relationship between centrality and
rank in administration has become weaker.
Growth in population is associated with a change in the town s functional structure, also
towards greater diversification. However, no confirmation has been found, with reference
to the service function, of the so-called rale of the town s economic basis structure saying
that with growth in population the part of the exogenous sector decreases while that of the
endogenous one increase. Those changes depend to a large extent on the rank in administra¬
tion: towns situated higher in administrative hierarchy as a rale are larger, perform more
diversified functions and have wider areas of influence.
The hypothesis about the relationship between the towns internationalization degree
and the development dynamics of some service functions has been positively verified.
The growing intensity of international economic connections has brought about increased
demand on activities related to banking, finance and business handling, and some cities
have gained more importance in that domain.
The particular groups of cities and towns have been characterized as follows:
S
(the state capital city)
-
the most dynamic economic development, also in the range of
service function; increase in dominance over other centres; overtaking a considerable part
of specialized functions (banking, finance, business handling) and an increasing degree
of internationalization of those functions; the highest degree of economic openness in the
country, pointing to a strong integration of the capital s economy with that of the country
at large; a considerable degree of diversification of the service functions.
W1-W2 (provincial cities)
-
two hierarchical levels have been distinguished: regional
centres and mesoregional ones; the degree and directions of functional changes are diver¬
sified: a decrease in importance of some cities, particularly of Lublin and
Łódź,
the latter,
being situated in the shadow of the capital city, loses in confrontation with its privileged
neighbour. The high centrality of some other regional centres (Cracow,
Wrocław, Poznań)
follows from their role as development poles; most provincial capitals have a highly diver¬
sified structure of economy, which helps them suffer comparatively less from the effects
of economic transformations. The growing part of the endogenous constituent results to
a certain extent from the overtaking of some activities by the capital city as well as from
the growing functional independence of smaller towns.
PI
-
cities deprived in
1999
of the status of provincial centre (presently county centres)
were most severely affected by the effects
ofthat
administrative degradation. The part of the
endogenous constituent has increased in those cities from ca
60
to
72%,
which to a certain
extent is the effect of the weakening of their connections with their base (limitation of size of
service areas, transferring part of the functions to provincial cities following the reform).
P2
-
county centres deprived of their own base constitute a distinctive group because of
their centrality level, lower than in other towns of similar size as well as because of the
considerable degree of endogenity of their economy resulting from their functional iso¬
lation (lack of base) and their developing service· activities, mainly to meet the demands
of the internal market.
P3-P4
-
the degree of centrality of the remaining county towns has (increased recently;
particularly the larger units
ofthat
group (P3) have shown a more dynamic growth, which
has reduced the distance separating them from the degraded provincial centres (PI). In
towns of groups P3 and P4 the endogenity level has increased: in
2001
in larger units
Summary
271
(РЗ)
the endogenous constituent reached
74%,
while in the smaller ones (P4) it was
12
per cent lower. That is accounted for mainly by difference in the demand on the internal
markets while the absolute values of the external demand were similar.
N1-N2-N3
-
the centrality of towns with no administrative rank of a county centre have
only slightly changed; the mean value, however, is related with considerable dispersion
inside the group. Many small towns are going through a deep crisis following the collapse
of many major, state or cooperative companies. The small range of their bases (district
centre rank) makes that the degree of openness of their economy is low. The smallest of
them
(N3)
are characterized by a low degree of diversification of service functions, though
a certain improvement of the situation has been noted in recent years.
Seven hierarchical levels have been distinguished in the set of towns in Poland. A par¬
ticularly great difference in centrality separates the capital city from the regional centres,
and that distance is still growing. The centrality level of a large number of towns has de¬
clined in recent years. The heaviest losses in that respect were observed the former provin¬
cial cities (degraded in
1999).
On the other hand, increasing centrality has characterized in
the first place county centres as well as towns situated on the outskirts of some large cities
(particularly Warsaw). Some of them develop functions with a wider range of influence,
such as higher education, finance and insurance, wholesale trade etc.
The rank of towns in the service system is determined by the coincidence of two basic
types of central functions. The first of them includes standard functions with a high degree
of inertia, understood as comparative stability of the kind and number of institutions provid¬
ing service to the surrounding area at a given level. The second type of central functions is
non-standard in character and is associated with concentration of employment surpluses in
only some centres of a given rank. While standard functions are characterized by a tendency
to spatial and temporal inertia, caused by their attachment to a certain area, functions of the
second type dynamize the system, leading to increased disproportions between the particular
centres. Those processes are discussed in the framework of the polarization theory.
Market areas are not strictly subordinated to a given superior centre, which means that
not all residents of a given service area (or not always) purchase goods and services in
the nearest centre. The choice of place where a given good or service is purchased can be
considered in the probability categories, where the chance of contact between two points
in space increases in direct proportion to the mass of the target place (understood as the
possibility of satisfying needs), and in inverse proportion to the distance (more often in the
economic and temporal than spatial sense). Even though the behavior of some individual
consumers can be shaped by extra-economic factors, that does not change the spatial rela¬
tionships viewed from the point of view of mass phenomena. That is why as long as cov¬
ering the distance involves people s traveling and incurring financial and temporal costs,
central places will have definite areas of influence. However, the size of those areas can
change depending on the costs of traveling and the attractiveness of the centre.
The decrease in centrality in most towns is the effect of revalorizations in the structure
of service functions in spite of the growth of employment in that branch of economy. That
is related to the drop in rank (point scale) of many central activities as a result of their
spreading (spatial dispersion). The factor favoring the formation and lasting of a dispersed
network of outlets is the economic freedom, started in Poland by the political transforma¬
tions in
1989.
The growth in mobility of the general public following the development of
transport has not brought about a reduction in the number of central places. In some kinds
of activities the introduction of free market rules makes that some towns lose in
competi-
274
Summary
The present condition of urban functions is the effect of overlapping of three kinds
of phenomena and processes representing two opposing tendencies. The first of them is
petrifying in character, the second and third show dynamizing properties:
1)
the existing structures, which are the effect of many centuries of settlement, economic
and social processes, transformed in some respects in the period of centrally controlled
economy; they show a considerable degree of stability and therefore petrify the exist¬
ing spatial structures and socio-economic relationships,
2)
the adaptation of the national economy and of the economies of the particular towns to
the new free market rules of economy, including rivalry among towns,
3)
gradual increase in the part of external factors in making decisions concerning Polish
economy and its dependence on foreign capital.
Those processes have both positive and negative social consequences. Among the
positive ones are the better availability of many kinds of services resulting from their
dispersed distribution as well as the improvement of their quality. At the same time there
is a reduction in the reach of the activity of particular outlets, which can result in a decline
of their profitability. The fragmentation of service areas is related to the increase in endog¬
enous employment. The effect of such functional changes is the weakening of the hierar¬
chic relationships between settlement units. Increased integration of the service system is
observed only in the range of specialized activities. Parallel to spatial dispersion occurs
the concentration of some kinds of activities, resulting in a certain limitation of their avail¬
ability. That shows among other things in the elongation of queues of clients waiting to be
served in retail bank outlets or in telecommunication service points, which is the result of
the liquidation of many outposts.
It is difficult to prognosticate the development of spatial systems related to the econo¬
my because of their great variability and of the difficulty of stimulating the development
in a direction that would be desirable from the point of view of social needs. The service
system is based both on extremely dynamically changing economic conditions and on an¬
other, much more stable element
-
the settlement pattern. The social and economic proc¬
esses observed in recent years lead to:
1)
spatial dispersion,
2)
specialization of some kinds
of activities and some towns,
3)
partial metropolization of some towns,
4)
a decrease in
the part of distance resistance. Those processes, except perhaps the first one, will probably
intensify in the coming years. As a result, the hierarchic relationships within the settlement
system framework will become weaker. In spite of that, the town hierarchy, understood
as diversification of their importance, of their equipment with central outlets and as the
diversification of the rank of those outlets, will still exist. It seems that centrality and the
ensuing hierarchization are everlasting phenomena related to human civilization, the same
as the diversification in the size of towns.
In future, increased computerization and social mobility may result in the disappear¬
ance of the mediation of medium-sized and small towns in some domains and in the weak¬
ening of their rank as central points. They will not, however, completely disappear as
central places because of the time costs of covering the distances, which in practice cannot
be significantly reduced. That is why as far as basic services are concerned, the local and
supralocal centres will remain the main places for purchasing central goods and services,
and the factor limiting the density of outlets of a given kind will be the economic cost-
effectiveness threshold. A larger town will stay attractive to its more distant base mainly
as the place where to purchase goods and satisfy the needs of a higher order. The service
areas of various towns more and more overlap, and their boundaries become obliterated.
Summary
275
Purchases and services carried out as just in time and door to door need not be attached
to a concrete outlet (the mediation of freight forwarding companies and postal service),
and the relevant spatial relations do not show a hierarchical structure. The obliteration of
the boundaries of the influence areas concerns to a lesser extent services needing direct
contacts between the contractor and the consumer.
The largest towns in the country, particularly the regional centres, are characterized
by a comparatively high degree of internationalization of the economy, which creates
favorable conditions for establishing foreign connections in the service system frame¬
work. Those towns are simultaneously members of two systems: an international and
a national one. The part of their activity which is the international service system is
dominated by the network system of connections. The national system is dominated by
vertical, hierarchical connections (characteristic of the
Christaller
model), but even in
that case obliteration and overlapping of the zones of influence of the particular towns
are observed. Moreover, some activities, also those within the country, change in char¬
acter so that vertical, hierarchic relations can be replaced by network ones. In that situa¬
tion, from the model typical of the theory of central places the only element that remains
valid is hierarchy, understood as diversification of the importance of the particular towns
but with no account being taken of the kind and directions of the relations between them.
The isolation of many world metropolies from their natural surroundings, consisting in
intensifying their functional connections with other metropolies (network) at the cost of
weakening those with their own territorial bases started in Poland in the period of sys¬
tem transformation. That refers only to some kinds of activities, and the process seems
to be still in its initial phase.
The problems discussed above throw some light the validity of the
Christaller
model
of space organization. At the present stage of civilization development that model can
constitute a point of reference for further discussion of service functions. The author
of the theory of central places did not expect the phenomena that started at the begin¬
ning of 20th century, such as globalization and internationalization, leading to the for¬
mation of network structures and thus disturbing the hierarchic structures. Basing his
model on perfect competition in space, he did not take into account the possibility of
the development of multi-faceted cooperation (only in some domains) between towns
of equal status. Neither did he expect such reduction of transport and communication
costs would allow the merging of the towns service areas, and such increase in the af¬
fluence of societies and diversification of offer of commodities and services would lead
to the emergence of international demand, satisfied thanks to the consumers traveling
long distances (cuff
Berg, Lassen 1989).
That demand is satisfied to a large extent by
horizontal accessibility, which makes that certain offers are accessible to only
part
of
the society, mainly to those who live or work in towns being
part
of international net¬
work structures. To most ordinary consumers the most common, often the only, may of
purchasing central goods is traveling in accordance with vertical connections, which is
conducive to consolidating hierarchy, or horizontally, in the local or regional scale, to
competing centres.
It is hard to imagine that hierarchy should be a phenomenon characteristic of only
a certain stage in town development. It seems justified to assume that a specific kind
of functional and spatial organization will continue as long as hierarchically organized
institutions, such as public administration, are in existence. Town hierarchy, on the other
hand, understood as diversification of centrality level, will exist as long as there are large
276
Summary
and small towns, as long as institutions and economic subjects choose locations concen¬
trated in certain points, and not dispersed. Some centres will always have wider ranges
of functions than others. In that sense, hierarchy is a permanent characteristic, immanent
to settlements, which shows in the development of towns since their beginnings until the
present times. It seems therefore obvious that differences in importance (rank) among set¬
tlement units will also stay in future, though the social significance of those differences
may diminish as a result of alternative (e.g. vertical) ways of purchasing central goods and
services.
|
| adam_txt |
SPIS TREŚCI
1.
ZAGADNIENIA WSTĘPNE
.7
1.1.
Zarys problematyki
.7
1.2.
Założenia wstępne i cele badawcze
. 11
1.3.
Hipotezy badawcze
.15
2.
TEORETYCZNO-METODOLOGICZNE PODSTAWY BADAŃ
STRUKTURY SYSTEMU MIEJSKIEGO
. 19
2.1.
Pojęcie i rodzaje funkcji miejskich
.19
2.2.
Badania funkcji miejskich oraz hierarchii funkcjonalnej polskich miast
.27
2.3.
Wybrane koncepcje badawcze dotyczące problematyki rozwoju miast
i funkcji miejskich
.32
2.3.1.
Teoria bazy ekonomicznej
.33
2.3.2.
Reguła wielkości-kolejności
.35
2.3.3.
Teoria kumulatywnej przyczynowości
.36
2.3.4.
Model centrum-peryferie
.37
2.3.5.
Teoria biegunów wzrostu (rozwoju spolaryzowanego)
.39
2.3.6.
Inne teorie
.40
2.4.
Teoria miejsc centralnych, jako podstawa analizy systemu obsługi
.41
2.4.1.
Podstawowe założenia
.41
2.4.2.
Centralność a węzłowość
.46
2.4.3.
Charakter oddziaływań w systemie obsługi
.48
2.4.4.
Granice zasięgu oddziaływania miasta
.52
2.4.5.
Podstawowe pojęcia związane z funkcjami obsługi
.53
2.5.
Badania funkcji miejskich na gruncie koncepcji systemowej
.57
2.5.1.
Próby integracji głównych teorii wyjaśniających rozmieszczenie
i zróżnicowanie miast w postaci teorii systemu osadniczego
.57
2.5.2.
Miejsce systemu obsługi wśród innych systemów terytorialnych
.60
2.6.
Uwarunkowania rozwoju sieci osadniczej i sieci ośrodków obsługi
.66
3.
PODSTAWY METODYCZNE
.70
3.1.
Przegląd metod pomiaru centralności
.70
3.2.
Teoretyczne aspekty konstrukcji wskaźników
.72
3.3.
Wskaźniki zastosowane w pracy
.76
3.4.
Ocena materiałów źródłowych
.81
4.
STRUKTURA FUNKCJONALNA MIAST
W ZAKRESIE DZIAŁALNOŚCI CENTRALNYCH
.83
4.1.
Ogólna charakterystyka funkcji centralnych
.83
4.2.
Zmiany struktury zatrudnienia
.91
4.2.1.
Działalności centralne na tle zatrudnienia całkowitego
i liczby ludności
.91
4.2.2.
Struktura działalności centralnych
.96
4.2.3.
Relacje między składnikiem endo-a egzogenicznym
.101
4.3.
Specjalizacja funkcjonalna
miast
.
Hl
4.3.1.
Zróżnicowanie nadwyżek zatrudnienia w zakresie obsługi
.111
4.3.2.
Ośrodki wyspecjalizowane w zakresie funkcji centralnych
.118
4.3.3.
Funkcje dominujące
.129
4.3.4.
Funkcje deficytowe
.134
5.
HIERARCHIA FUNKCJONALNA MIAST
A STRUKTURA FUNKCJI CENTRALNYCH
. 136
5.1.
Centralność i węzłowość miast
.136
5.2.
Poziomy hierarchiczne
.155
5.3.
Struktura regionalnych podsystemów miejsc centralnych
.168
5.4.
Miejsca centralne i ich obszary obsługi a teoretyczny
i empiryczne układy odniesienia
.191
5.5.
Próba ustalenia podstawowych zależności
.201
5.5.1.
Centralność i węzłowość a zaludnienie ośrodka obsługi
.201
5.5.2.
Centralność a wielkość obszarów obsługi
.203
5.5.3.
Centralność a ranga administracyjna
.206
5.5.4.
Centralność a poziom konsumpcji lokalnej (miejscowej)
.208
5.6.
Struktura funkcji centralnych
.211
5.7.
Funkcje wielkomiejskie
.215
5.8.
Struktury hierarchiczne a struktury sieciowe
.221
5.9.
Wpływ procesów globalizacji i internacjonalizacji na strukturę krajowego
systemu obsługi
.222
6.
WNIOSKI KOŃCOWE
.226
6.1.
Struktura krajowego systemu obsługi w świetle hipotez badawczych
.226
6.2.
Główne tendencje zmian w systemie obsługi
.237
LITERATURA
.
%
.245
SPIS RYCIN
.264
SPIS TABEL
.267
SUMMARY
. . 269
CENTRAL
FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL HIERARCHY
OF CITIES AND TOWNS IN POLAND
SUMMARY
During the period of political system transformation in Poland a number of conditions
have come into being, changing the structure of the service system. The former factors of
town development have been losing in importance, which results in a reduction of the range
of state interference and of the role of spatial and economic planning, in changes of forms
of management and of property structure. At the same time the progress in technology as
well as the processes going on in world economy (globalization, internationalization) induce
increased mobility, a reduction of transport and communication costs and force competi¬
tiveness among economic subjects on an unprecedented scale. Those new experiences and
problems also concern to a large extent subjects carrying out service functions but they also
have their own specificity. In the first place their attachment to a particular place, which is
stronger than in the case of specialized functions, makes that they are less dependent on
economic changes and are also to a lesser extent concerned with problems resulting from the
monofunctional development or economic backwardness of some regions or from the flood
of cheap products mainly of Asiatic origin.
An analysis of the centrality, nodality and other parameters characterizing urban func¬
tions made it possible to define the functional hierarchy of towns and to verify the hypo¬
theses formulated in the introduction.
The hypothesis on the consolidation of the endogenous sector in most towns has been
verified positively. That is conditioned both by the increase in local consumption and by
a better availability of consumer goods and services, resulting from the increase in number
of outlets which provide them. Another hypothesis that has found confirmation concerns
the weakening of the hierarchic connections among settlement units, which is interpreted
as a factor disintegrating the settlement system. At the same time horizontal connections
have intensified thanks to greater freedom of choice and the consumer's greater easiness
of travelling between central places of similar order. However, no decrease has been ob¬
served in the number of centres of the particular orders in consequence of the improve¬
ment in availability of central goods and services. The density of the network of mesore-
gional centres and the fragmentation of their service areas in Poland are considerable. The
tendency towards spatial concentration is observed only in specialized functions (such
as banking, finance and business handling, advertising), in which there is an increase in
integration of the national settlement system.
The hypothesis about the relationship between centrality and the level of local con¬
sumption has found no confirmation. The income surplus remain at the consumer's dis¬
posal is used for
superstandard
goods, such as luxury objects, expensive holidays and the
like. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that the determinant of centrality is the
number of inhabitants in the service area, which confirms the validity of the basic rule of
distribution of central places, while centrality shows no relationship with the size of the
service area, which shows that the "distance resistance" is of lesser importance in contem¬
porary realities. On the centrality scale there is a strong dominance of the state capital city,
which is particularly attractive as a site for the location of economic activity, and for that
270
Summary
reason polarizes the settlement system. The validity of the hierarchy structure of central
places has been confirmed. It can be seen in the form of several hierarchical orders (Tab.
5.9,
Fig.
5.7).
It has also been demonstrated that the relationship between centrality and
rank in administration has become weaker.
Growth in population is associated with a change in the town's functional structure, also
towards greater diversification. However, no confirmation has been found, with reference
to the service function, of the so-called rale of the town's economic basis structure saying
that with growth in population the part of the exogenous sector decreases while that of the
endogenous one increase. Those changes depend to a large extent on the rank in administra¬
tion: towns situated higher in administrative hierarchy as a rale are larger, perform more
diversified functions and have wider areas of influence.
The hypothesis about the relationship between the towns' internationalization degree
and the development dynamics of some service functions has been positively verified.
The growing intensity of international economic connections has brought about increased
demand on activities related to banking, finance and business handling, and some cities
have gained more importance in that domain.
The particular groups of cities and towns have been characterized as follows:
S
(the state capital city)
-
the most dynamic economic development, also in the range of
service function; increase in dominance over other centres; overtaking a considerable part
of specialized functions (banking, finance, business handling) and an increasing degree
of internationalization of those functions; the highest degree of economic openness in the
country, pointing to a strong integration of the capital's economy with that of the country
at large; a considerable degree of diversification of the service functions.
W1-W2 (provincial cities)
-
two hierarchical levels have been distinguished: regional
centres and mesoregional ones; the degree and directions of functional changes are diver¬
sified: a decrease in importance of some cities, particularly of Lublin and
Łódź,
the latter,
being situated in the shadow of the capital city, loses in confrontation with its privileged
neighbour. The high centrality of some other regional centres (Cracow,
Wrocław, Poznań)
follows from their role as development poles; most provincial capitals have a highly diver¬
sified structure of economy, which helps them suffer comparatively less from the effects
of economic transformations. The growing part of the endogenous constituent results to
a certain extent from the overtaking of some activities by the capital city as well as from
the growing functional independence of smaller towns.
PI
-
cities deprived in
1999
of the status of provincial centre (presently county centres)
were most severely affected by the effects
ofthat
administrative degradation. The part of the
endogenous constituent has increased in those cities from ca
60
to
72%,
which to a certain
extent is the effect of the weakening of their connections with their base (limitation of size of
service areas, transferring part of the functions to provincial cities following the reform).
P2
-
county centres deprived of their own base constitute a distinctive group because of
their centrality level, lower than in other towns of similar size as well as because of the
considerable degree of "endogenity" of their economy resulting from their functional iso¬
lation (lack of base) and their developing service· activities, mainly to meet the demands
of the internal market.
P3-P4
-
the degree of centrality of the remaining county towns has (increased recently;
particularly the larger units
ofthat
group (P3) have shown a more dynamic growth, which
has reduced the distance separating them from the degraded provincial centres (PI). In
towns of groups P3 and P4 the "endogenity" level has increased: in
2001
in larger units
Summary
271
(РЗ)
the endogenous constituent reached
74%,
while in the smaller ones (P4) it was
12
per cent lower. That is accounted for mainly by difference in the demand on the internal
markets while the absolute values of the external demand were similar.
N1-N2-N3
-
the centrality of towns with no administrative rank of a county centre have
only slightly changed; the mean value, however, is related with considerable dispersion
inside the group. Many small towns are going through a deep crisis following the collapse
of many major, state or cooperative companies. The small range of their bases (district
centre rank) makes that the degree of openness of their economy is low. The smallest of
them
(N3)
are characterized by a low degree of diversification of service functions, though
a certain improvement of the situation has been noted in recent years.
Seven hierarchical levels have been distinguished in the set of towns in Poland. A par¬
ticularly great difference in centrality separates the capital city from the regional centres,
and that distance is still growing. The centrality level of a large number of towns has de¬
clined in recent years. The heaviest losses in that respect were observed the former provin¬
cial cities (degraded in
1999).
On the other hand, increasing centrality has characterized in
the first place county centres as well as towns situated on the outskirts of some large cities
(particularly Warsaw). Some of them develop functions with a wider range of influence,
such as higher education, finance and insurance, wholesale trade etc.
The rank of towns in the service system is determined by the coincidence of two basic
types of central functions. The first of them includes standard functions with a high degree
of inertia, understood as comparative stability of the kind and number of institutions provid¬
ing service to the surrounding area at a given level. The second type of central functions is
non-standard in character and is associated with concentration of employment surpluses in
only some centres of a given rank. While standard functions are characterized by a tendency
to spatial and temporal inertia, caused by their attachment to a certain area, functions of the
second type dynamize the system, leading to increased disproportions between the particular
centres. Those processes are discussed in the framework of the polarization theory.
Market areas are not strictly subordinated to a given superior centre, which means that
not all residents of a given service area (or not always) purchase goods and services in
the nearest centre. The choice of place where a given good or service is purchased can be
considered in the probability categories, where the chance of contact between two points
in space increases in direct proportion to the mass of the target place (understood as the
possibility of satisfying needs), and in inverse proportion to the distance (more often in the
economic and temporal than spatial sense). Even though the behavior of some individual
consumers can be shaped by extra-economic factors, that does not change the spatial rela¬
tionships viewed from the point of view of mass phenomena. That is why as long as cov¬
ering the distance involves people's traveling and incurring financial and temporal costs,
central places will have definite areas of influence. However, the size of those areas can
change depending on the costs of traveling and the attractiveness of the centre.
The decrease in centrality in most towns is the effect of revalorizations in the structure
of service functions in spite of the growth of employment in that branch of economy. That
is related to the drop in rank (point scale) of many central activities as a result of their
spreading (spatial dispersion). The factor favoring the formation and lasting of a dispersed
network of outlets is the economic freedom, started in Poland by the political transforma¬
tions in
1989.
The growth in mobility of the general public following the development of
transport has not brought about a reduction in the number of central places. In some kinds
of activities the introduction of free market rules makes that some towns lose in
competi-
274
Summary
The present condition of urban functions is the effect of overlapping of three kinds
of phenomena and processes representing two opposing tendencies. The first of them is
petrifying in character, the second and third show dynamizing properties:
1)
the existing structures, which are the effect of many centuries of settlement, economic
and social processes, transformed in some respects in the period of centrally controlled
economy; they show a considerable degree of stability and therefore petrify the exist¬
ing spatial structures and socio-economic relationships,
2)
the adaptation of the national economy and of the economies of the particular towns to
the new free market rules of economy, including rivalry among towns,
3)
gradual increase in the part of external factors in making decisions concerning Polish
economy and its dependence on foreign capital.
Those processes have both positive and negative social consequences. Among the
positive ones are the better availability of many kinds of services resulting from their
dispersed distribution as well as the improvement of their quality. At the same time there
is a reduction in the reach of the activity of particular outlets, which can result in a decline
of their profitability. The fragmentation of service areas is related to the increase in endog¬
enous employment. The effect of such functional changes is the weakening of the hierar¬
chic relationships between settlement units. Increased integration of the service system is
observed only in the range of specialized activities. Parallel to spatial dispersion occurs
the concentration of some kinds of activities, resulting in a certain limitation of their avail¬
ability. That shows among other things in the elongation of queues of clients waiting to be
served in retail bank outlets or in telecommunication service points, which is the result of
the liquidation of many outposts.
It is difficult to prognosticate the development of spatial systems related to the econo¬
my because of their great variability and of the difficulty of stimulating the development
in a direction that would be desirable from the point of view of social needs. The service
system is based both on extremely dynamically changing economic conditions and on an¬
other, much more stable element
-
the settlement pattern. The social and economic proc¬
esses observed in recent years lead to:
1)
spatial dispersion,
2)
specialization of some kinds
of activities and some towns,
3)
partial metropolization of some towns,
4)
a decrease in
the part of distance resistance. Those processes, except perhaps the first one, will probably
intensify in the coming years. As a result, the hierarchic relationships within the settlement
system framework will become weaker. In spite of that, the town hierarchy, understood
as diversification of their importance, of their equipment with central outlets and as the
diversification of the rank of those outlets, will still exist. It seems that centrality and the
ensuing hierarchization are everlasting phenomena related to human civilization, the same
as the diversification in the size of towns.
In future, increased computerization and social mobility may result in the disappear¬
ance of the mediation of medium-sized and small towns in some domains and in the weak¬
ening of their rank as central points. They will not, however, completely disappear as
central places because of the time costs of covering the distances, which in practice cannot
be significantly reduced. That is why as far as basic services are concerned, the local and
supralocal centres will remain the main places for purchasing central goods and services,
and the factor limiting the density of outlets of a given kind will be the economic cost-
effectiveness threshold. A larger town will stay attractive to its more distant base mainly
as the place where to purchase goods and satisfy the needs of a higher order. The service
areas of various towns more and more overlap, and their boundaries become obliterated.
Summary
275
Purchases and services carried out as just in time and door to door need not be attached
to a concrete outlet (the mediation of freight forwarding companies and postal service),
and the relevant spatial relations do not show a hierarchical structure. The obliteration of
the boundaries of the influence areas concerns to a lesser extent services needing direct
contacts between the contractor and the consumer.
The largest towns in the country, particularly the regional centres, are characterized
by a comparatively high degree of internationalization of the economy, which creates
favorable conditions for establishing foreign connections in the service system frame¬
work. Those towns are simultaneously members of two systems: an international and
a national one. The part of their activity which is the international service system is
dominated by the network system of connections. The national system is dominated by
vertical, hierarchical connections (characteristic of the
Christaller
model), but even in
that case obliteration and overlapping of the zones of influence of the particular towns
are observed. Moreover, some activities, also those within the country, change in char¬
acter so that vertical, hierarchic relations can be replaced by network ones. In that situa¬
tion, from the model typical of the theory of central places the only element that remains
valid is hierarchy, understood as diversification of the importance of the particular towns
but with no account being taken of the kind and directions of the relations between them.
The isolation of many world metropolies from their natural surroundings, consisting in
intensifying their functional connections with other metropolies (network) at the cost of
weakening those with their own territorial bases started in Poland in the period of sys¬
tem transformation. That refers only to some kinds of activities, and the process seems
to be still in its initial phase.
The problems discussed above throw some light the validity of the
Christaller
model
of space organization. At the present stage of civilization development that model can
constitute a point of reference for further discussion of service functions. The author
of the theory of central places did not expect the phenomena that started at the begin¬
ning of 20th century, such as globalization and internationalization, leading to the for¬
mation of network structures and thus disturbing the hierarchic structures. Basing his
model on perfect competition in space, he did not take into account the possibility of
the development of multi-faceted cooperation (only in some domains) between towns
of equal status. Neither did he expect such reduction of transport and communication
costs would allow the merging of the towns' service areas, and such increase in the af¬
fluence of societies and diversification of offer of commodities and services would lead
to the emergence of international demand, satisfied thanks to the consumers' traveling
long distances (cuff
Berg, Lassen 1989).
That demand is satisfied to a large extent by
horizontal accessibility, which makes that certain offers are accessible to only
part
of
the society, mainly to those who live or work in towns being
part
of international net¬
work structures. To most ordinary consumers the most common, often the only, may of
purchasing central goods is traveling in accordance with vertical connections, which is
conducive to consolidating hierarchy, or horizontally, in the local or regional scale, to
competing centres.
It is hard to imagine that hierarchy should be a phenomenon characteristic of only
a certain stage in town development. It seems justified to assume that a specific kind
of functional and spatial organization will continue as long as hierarchically organized
institutions, such as public administration, are in existence. Town hierarchy, on the other
hand, understood as diversification of centrality level, will exist as long as there are large
276
Summary
and small towns, as long as institutions and economic subjects choose locations concen¬
trated in certain points, and not dispersed. Some centres will always have wider ranges
of functions than others. In that sense, hierarchy is a permanent characteristic, immanent
to settlements, which shows in the development of towns since their beginnings until the
present times. It seems therefore obvious that differences in importance (rank) among set¬
tlement units will also stay in future, though the social significance of those differences
may diminish as a result of alternative (e.g. vertical) ways of purchasing central goods and
services. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Sokołowski, Dariusz |
| author_facet | Sokołowski, Dariusz |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Sokołowski, Dariusz |
| author_variant | d s ds |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023042579 |
| contents | Bibliogr. s. 245-263 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)169658272 (DE-599)BVBBV023042579 |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV023042579 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:21:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:09:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8323120412 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016246080 |
| oclc_num | 169658272 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 276 s., [13] k. tabl. skł. graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwpo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Rozprawa Habilitacyjna / Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika |
| spelling | Sokołowski, Dariusz Verfasser aut Funkcje centralne i hierarchia funkcjonalna miast w Polsce Dariusz Sokołowski Wyd. 1. Toruń Wydawnictwpo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika 2006 276 s., [13] k. tabl. skł. graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Rozprawa Habilitacyjna / Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Central functions and functional hierarchy of cities and towns in Poland Zugl.: Toruń, Uniw. M. Kopernika, Habil.-Schr. Bibliogr. s. 245-263 Bieguny wzrostu / badania / Polska / rozprawy akademickie jhpk Miasta / zróżnicowanie regionalne / Polska / 1990- / rozprawy akademickie jhpk Bieguny wzrostu - badania - Polska - rozprawy akademickie jhpk Miasta - zróżnicowanie regionalne - Polska - 1990- - rozprawy akademickie jhpk Funktion (DE-588)4195664-3 gnd rswk-swf Hierarchie (DE-588)4024842-2 gnd rswk-swf Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 s Funktion (DE-588)4195664-3 s Hierarchie (DE-588)4024842-2 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016246080&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016246080&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Sokołowski, Dariusz Funkcje centralne i hierarchia funkcjonalna miast w Polsce Bibliogr. s. 245-263 Bieguny wzrostu / badania / Polska / rozprawy akademickie jhpk Miasta / zróżnicowanie regionalne / Polska / 1990- / rozprawy akademickie jhpk Bieguny wzrostu - badania - Polska - rozprawy akademickie jhpk Miasta - zróżnicowanie regionalne - Polska - 1990- - rozprawy akademickie jhpk Funktion (DE-588)4195664-3 gnd Hierarchie (DE-588)4024842-2 gnd Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4195664-3 (DE-588)4024842-2 (DE-588)4056723-0 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Funkcje centralne i hierarchia funkcjonalna miast w Polsce |
| title_auth | Funkcje centralne i hierarchia funkcjonalna miast w Polsce |
| title_exact_search | Funkcje centralne i hierarchia funkcjonalna miast w Polsce |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Funkcje centralne i hierarchia funkcjonalna miast w Polsce |
| title_full | Funkcje centralne i hierarchia funkcjonalna miast w Polsce Dariusz Sokołowski |
| title_fullStr | Funkcje centralne i hierarchia funkcjonalna miast w Polsce Dariusz Sokołowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Funkcje centralne i hierarchia funkcjonalna miast w Polsce Dariusz Sokołowski |
| title_short | Funkcje centralne i hierarchia funkcjonalna miast w Polsce |
| title_sort | funkcje centralne i hierarchia funkcjonalna miast w polsce |
| topic | Bieguny wzrostu / badania / Polska / rozprawy akademickie jhpk Miasta / zróżnicowanie regionalne / Polska / 1990- / rozprawy akademickie jhpk Bieguny wzrostu - badania - Polska - rozprawy akademickie jhpk Miasta - zróżnicowanie regionalne - Polska - 1990- - rozprawy akademickie jhpk Funktion (DE-588)4195664-3 gnd Hierarchie (DE-588)4024842-2 gnd Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bieguny wzrostu / badania / Polska / rozprawy akademickie Miasta / zróżnicowanie regionalne / Polska / 1990- / rozprawy akademickie Bieguny wzrostu - badania - Polska - rozprawy akademickie Miasta - zróżnicowanie regionalne - Polska - 1990- - rozprawy akademickie Funktion Hierarchie Stadt Polen Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016246080&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016246080&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sokołowskidariusz funkcjecentralneihierarchiafunkcjonalnamiastwpolsce |