Etnikai identitás, politikai lojalitás: nemzeti és állampolgári kötődések
Saved in:
| Other Authors: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Hungarian |
| Published: |
Budapest
Balassi K.
2005
|
| Series: | Tér és terep :az MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbségkutató Intézete évkönyve
4 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Mit engl. Zusammenfassung. - Literaturangaben. - Enth.: Magyarország és a határon túli magyarok; kronologia 2004. |
| Physical Description: | 417 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9635066546 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text |
Tartalom
Elméleti megközelítések
Salat
Levľntľ:
A politikaelmélet néhány sarkalatos fogalma és a kulturális
megosztottság körülményei között uralkodó identitásszerkezetek
közötti feszültség
. 9
Niedermüller Puter:
Transznacionalizmus: elméletek, mítoszok, valóságok
. 52
KovAcs
Andras:
Identitások és lojalitások
. 67
Majtényi Balázs: StruccpoHiika?
Kisebbségmeghatározás és a magyarországi jogi szabályozás
. 73
A. Gergely AndrAs: Nemzeti vagy etnokulturális kisebbség?
Megfontolások a kisebbségek kezelés- és megértésmódjához
. 87
Szarka LAszló: Identitás ¿s lojalitás nemzetállami konfliktushelyzetei
. 93
Kötődések, identitás, szolidaritás
Tóth Ágnes-Vékás JAnos: Lojalitás és szolidaritás
Államhatalmi
homogenizes
vagy a keresztkötödések erősödése?
.123
Kállai Ernő: Első kísérlet egy konfliktusmodcll alkotására
a roma-nem roma együttélésben
.150
Bindorffer GYÖRGYI: Migráció, identitás, lojalitás
Az identitásstruktúrák változásai a magyarországi németeknél
.163
Szarvas Zsuzsa: Kötelékek
A többes identitás kérdései mai magyarországi zsidó közösségek példáján
. 182
Ilyés Zoltán: „A
Szepessčg
a szepcsieké"
Szepesi német autonómiatörekvések és lqjalitáskényszerek
a két világháború között
.193
Eilľr
Ferenc: Nemzeti kisebbségek és az állammal szembeni lojalitás
a két világháború között
Elvek és gyakorlat az Európai Nemzetiségi Kongresszus tevékenységében
1925-1938.204
Státustörvény
Kántor Zoltán: Nemzet és legitimitás
-
a státustörvény
és a kettős állampolgárság kapcsán
.223
Dobos Ferenc; Adalékok a magyarigazolvány-igénylök rétegződéséhez
.235
Bakó BoglArka: A hatalom határán
-
egy erdélyi roma közösség
lojális kötődései
.
2S3
Papp
Richárd: A „déli végek" népe
Nemzettudat és többes kötődések a Vajdaságban élő magyarok körében
december
5-е
tükrében
.296
Dokumentáció
Bányai Viktória: A rabbinikus responzumirodalomból nyerhető
történeti adalékok
Néhány
18.
századi példa
.317
A magyarországi nemzeti és etnikai kisebbségek
Kronológia,
2004.
Összeállította: Mlecsenkov László
.331
Magyarország és a határon túli magyarok
Kronológia,
2004.
Összeállította; Vékás János
.373
SUMMARY
.409
Summary
A. Gergely András
National or
ethno-cultural
minority?
National
minorities are conceived as forming one, virtual and real entity. The
ethno-cultural definition of national minorities reflects a complexity of role- and
regional consciousness, and a mental, genealogical determination. This pre¬
determination, however, is challenged by a number of different factors, like
migration, the existence of
diasporas
and immigrant societies, and a diversity of
multicultural identities. Isolation and conflict-potentials, which provide internal
tensions for national minority communities, do not necessarily represent open
cleavages. Nevertheless on the outside, the lack of internal cohesion is often
apparent and in many cases it is nothing more, than a construction. In the mean¬
time the "nice and traditional" community is decomposing, the different com¬
munities living next to each other influence each other and change themselves as
well. In this context, "locality" becomes "neighbourliness" and the homogeneous
""étimos"
gives place to multiple identities of the actors in different processes.
Bakó, Boglárka
On the
horder
of power
—
a
Ћ
-ansylvanian
Roma community's loyal attachments
The study analyses the relationships of a South-Transylvanian Gypsy communi¬
ty with the local Romanian and Hungarian authorities. The municipal elections
in
2004
changed the administrative structure of the village. The former Roma¬
nian village mayor has been replaced by a Hungarian one, thus the interest
groups connected to the centre have also been transformed. The Hungarian lead¬
ership took over the organization of administrative life and the relationships with
other localities have been modified as well. The changes in the power structure
410
SUMMARY
entailed the modification of everyday power relationships concerning the
Gypsies, since after the elections the Roma community became dependent on the
local Hungarians both in terms of economy and administration. In connection
with this case, the study analyses the extent to which these changes affect the
inter-ethnic relations of the Roma. Through the investigation of the loyalty of the
Roma, it becomes possible to analyse the place and attitude of the gypsy com¬
munity towards the local power system and its place in the hierarchical social
structure. The study demonstrates that living in between the two ethnic groups
fighting for power, the everyday survival of the Roma is secured if they live
according to the rules of contemporary power. By this, however, they will neither
become Hungarians nor Romanians, but can appear in both ethnic groups as
'invisible'. Thus, adjusting to the contemporary leading ethnic group they can
secure everyday existence for themselves, without conflicts.
Bányai, Viktória
Historical data from rabbinical
responsa
Some cases from ISth centwy Hungary
Rabbinical
responsa
are written answers to questions asked by and of learned
men (rabbis) or legal authorities. They not only answer questions of legal, ritual,
ethical or exegetical character, but offer a wealth of material on the social, polit¬
ical, economic and cultural situation of the Jews in many countries and at various
times, and often deal also with matters pertaining to geography, linguistics and
the like. The paper discusses the methodological problems of using the rabbini¬
cal
responsa
as a source material for historical research. The author summarises
the role and history of the rabbinical
responsa,
and the history of their research
from the dawn of modern Jewish historiography. The second part of the paper
concentrates on the methodological questions posed by the study of this source
material. The problems are in part similar to those of other historical documents
(i.e. authenticity, credibility, the problem of meaning), but some fundamental
characteristics of the
responsa
literature have a special bearing upon methodology.
These points are illustrated with text examples quoted from two rabbis of the
18th century, R. Meir
Eisenstadt (1670—1744),
the author
oîPanim meirot
and
R. Ezekiel Landau
(1713—1793)
the author of Noda bi-Jehuda.
SUMMARY
411
Bjndorffhr,
Györgyi
Migration, identity and loyalty.
The changes in the identity structures of Germans living in Hungary.
Migration, the regional movement of peoples, nations and individuals is not
a recent phenomenon. Originally, the Germans living in Hungary voluntarily
migrated from their homeland to Hungary, though under severe economic con¬
straints, in the
17—
18th centuries. But they were forced to migrate from their
chosen homeland (Hungary) back to the West after WWII. Between these two
periods, migration was not a characteristic feature in German communities living
in Hungary; they lived closely attached to their land, to their village. The first
generation of migrants brought internalised identity patterns from their home¬
land. The question of changing identity emerges only in the second and third gen¬
erations, who are socialised in their new country. This is the period of the devel¬
opment of a dual identity, which needs the positive influence of a number of
different
internai
and external developments. Where do Germans in Hungary
migrate nowadays? How does migration influence their dual identity structure?
The study, besides giving an historical overview of the issue, addresses these
questions, based on data collected in fieldwork in four villages, Csolnok, Duna-
bogdány, Somberek
and
Véménd.
Dobos, Ferenc
Additional data on the social stratification of the applicants
for Hungarian Certificates
From the perspective of Hungarian minorities living in neighbouring countries,
of the national strategic initiatives in the past years, the adoption of the so-called
preferential or Status Law can be considered as a successful symbolic and mate¬
rial initiative. The present analysis
—
building on the database of the applicants
for the Hungarian Certificate
—
gives an overview of the socio-demographic
stratification of those applying for a Hungarian Certificate. In general, the Sub-
Carpathian population showed the greatest interest in obtaining the Hungarian
Certifícate,
since more than three-quarters of all Hungarians living in the region
applied for it. In contrast, only
17%
of the persons belonging to the Hungarian
minority in Slovakia submitted tlieir application. The other Hungarian minority
communities affected by the law reflected a medium interest in this opportunity;
in Romania, Serbia and Croatia, roughly one-third of the local Hungarian popu¬
lation submitted an application, while in Slovenia,
25%
of the smallest Hun¬
garian minority community applied for the Certificate. The present study attemp¬
ted to shed light on the individual and communitarian motivations of applicants
and to explore the influence of specific identity elements on the decision.
412
SUMMARY
Eiler,
Ferenc
National
minorities and their loyalty to the state between the two World Wars
(Principles andpractice in the European Congress of Nationalities
1925—1938)
The European Congress of Nationalities defined itself as a supranational
politi¬
cai
organisation, formed by national minorities, which are loyal to their host
states. The present study makes an attempt to explore the background and the
hidden meaning of "loyalty" in this context, analysing the resolutions, discus¬
sions of the Congress and the activities and thoughts of its leaders. It concludes
that the Congress, despite its public credo, did not consider loyalty as a self-
evident, positive value.
Ilyés, Zoltán
"Spiš
is
Zìpsers
'
land.
"
Movements for autonomy and the force of loyalty
of the Germans of the
Spiš
between the two World Wars
In historical Hungary the Germans of the
Spiš,
unlike other German settlement-
regions in Slovakia, received privileges, various forms of autonomy and inde¬
pendence (universitas saxonum) deriving from the feudal legal system, which
despite their dialectological, social and administrative diversity, contributed to
the development and long-term maintenance of their regional land-consciousness
and coherence-consciousness. Their Hungarian feeling, which appeared in the
political articulation of interests between the two World Wars, was a significant
part of this regional consciousness. This historically created pro-Hungarian
coherence-consciousness was expressed in
1918,
when the claim of
Republica
Scepusia was articulated and the related legal struggle for the autonomy of
Spiš
in Czechoslovakia, in cooperation with the parties of the Hungarian minority,
lasted for two decades.
Kállai, Ernő
A first attempt to create a conflict model in Roma
—
поп
-Roma
coexistence
The main goal of the author is to model the typical features and characteristics of
the conflicts aroused between the Roma community and the majority population
in the past centuries. It seems to be unavoidable that, for various social and eco¬
nomic reasons, every society recurrently experiences crisis situations in its own
development. This presupposition is probably even more applicable for minority
communities, which, living in a socially marginalized situation, are even more
vulnerable to the negative effects of these social changes. The author defines
these crisis situations, in regard to the Roma community in Hungary, as "mod¬
ernization-living [cost-of-living] crises" which, time-to-time, break the more-or-
SUMMARY
413
less peaceful, harmonious coexistence with the majority society. Such a crisis
usually follows a typical scenario: crisis is usually induced by a landslide histor¬
ical event, which is also confirmed by the fact that the overwheiming majority of
the Roma remain without jobs and a living. This provokes political intervention,
which is usually mistargeted, thus the intervention remains unsuccessful, which
leads to the result that the socially marginalized community is usually seen as the
cause of their own misery. Following this logic, majority political elites almost
regularly conclude that the only possible solution of the social problem is the
assimilation and integration of the Roma into the majority population. In this
paper three historical examples are analysed to underline the adaptability of the
author's model.
KAntor, ZoltAn
Nation and legitimacy
—
in relation to the Status Law and the question
of dual citizenship
Although public debates over the Status Law and the extension of Hungarian cit¬
izenship to Hungarian minorities living abroad was dominated by questions
related to the future of Hungarian communities in neighbouring states, migration,
financial matters, etc., in reality the core issue of these initiatives is the legitimate
relationship between the Hungarian State and individuals belonging to
Hungarian minorities living abroad. At the same time, as this relationship is also
influenced by the self-definition of the Hungarian State, political debates on the
matter
—
presuming that political actors express theoretically coherent opinions
-
focus on the Hungarian State's official definition of "nation". Two fundamen¬
tal concepts of "nation" collided in the debates over who should define the
"nation" in Hungary, and how. The Status Law reinforced parliamentary legiti¬
macy, while the extension of Hungarian citizenship was aimed at obtaining a
popular legitimacy. In scientific terms, the debate is open and the political
clashes over the matter are likely to supply researchers with data for a long time.
KovAcs, AndrAs
Identities and loyalties
In this paper, the author addresses the dangers, which may emerge in using the
expressions identity and loyalty in an analytical, simplified way. This study
builds on the analysis of an interview, which reflects a life full of identity crises
and changes. In this respect, the author calls attention to the interactions, which
define identity and loyalty norms in constantly changing social and personal
structures. So the conflict of norms and disloyalty arc often ostensible, like a
person who is able to move freely between identity structures and is constrained
414
SUMMARY
to face new interpretative
efforts
in defining her/his social self every day, is not
necessarily a person with a weak identity.
Majtényi, BalAzs
An ostrich policy?
(The definition of minority and Hungarian legal regulation)
The Hungarian Jaw on minorities, besides offering a definition of "national" and
"ethnic" minorities, enlists all the autochthonous minorities living in the country.
Nevertheless it is not easy to find a close relationship between the definition pro¬
vided and the list of minorities. Besides this problem, in the light of recent migra¬
tory developments, the extent to which the differentiation between autochtho¬
nous and immigrant minorities can be maintained is rather doubtful. Today,
Hungarian minority policy addresses even very small minority communities,
while disregarding the problems of much more numerous immigrant minority
communities. In this regard it is likely that Art.
68
of the Hungarian Constitution
needs to be revised in order to detach from or limit to citizenship holders, the
right to the different special minority rights.
Niedermüller,
Péter
Transnationalism: theories, myths and realities
This study sums up the results of different researches in social sciences and
anthropology, analysing the new, transnational forms of migration. The analysis
departs from the theoretical presumptions, which view migration in the context
of nation-states, i.e. as a movement between nation-states. Cultural assimilation
and social integration are essential issues in these presumptions. In contrast to
them, transnational studies stress new features of migration. Transnational theo¬
ries focus on developing new interpretative structures and models, which may
better explain the new interrelations between culture, territory and social groups.
This paper, indeed, outlines the main theoretical categories of transnational
anthropology.
Papp,
Richárd
The "people of the southern frontiers".
National consciousness and multiple attachments among the Hungarians living
in
Vojvodina in
the light of
5
December
The referendum held in Hungary on
5
December
2004
on the extension of
Hungarian citizenship to Hungarians living abroad has also provoked strong
reactions in the Hungarian community living in
Vojvodina
(Serbia). The
referen-
SUMMARY
415
dum
was not valid, because of the great number of absentees (less than
25%
of
the electorate participated at the vote), thus, despite the slight majority in favour
of the extension of Hungarian citizenship, the final result greatly disappointed
the Hungarians living in
Vojvodina.
The study analyses the effects of the refer¬
endum on the identity structures of the Hungarian minority in Serbia. As a matter
of fact, the result of the referendum was largely conceived by the Hungarian
community as a refusal, as a "no" from the Hungarian state and the Hungarian
population. The Hungarians living in
Vojvodina
have a specific, inclusive men¬
tality, which can be explained by the century-long co-existence with the Serbs
and by the multiethnic, multicultural reaiity they experience everyday. The
author argues that it is not a dual or multiple identity, but a complex identity,
which is influenced by various different factors, including the related political
developments in Hungary. The study concludes that the referendum held on
5
December
2004,
in fact reinforced the specific character, the "southern partic¬
ularities" of this specific, complex Hungarian identity.
Salat,
Levente
The Tension between Fundamental Concepts of Political Theory
and the Ruling Identity Structures in Divided Societies
The world we live in is marked by a deep gap between the ethnopolitical order
and the facts related to the rapidly growing recognition of its cultural diversity.
Consequences of the discrepancy between/aers
—
the linguistic, ethnic and cul¬
tural heterogeneity of our world
—
and political constructs aimed at tackling the
outcomes of this diversity
—
nation states and the international system
—
have
been pointed out not only by experts and influential intergovernmental organiza¬
tions like UNESCO or the UNDP, but also by a growing list of violent acts, and
the disquieting spread of terrorism in all regions of the world. A significant part
of the political institutions widely utilized in the organization of human cohabi¬
tation gradually prove to be inadequate for the efficient management of conse¬
quences that result from cultural diversity, and stability in the case of multicul¬
tural polities can often be only ensured at the expense of serious deficits of
democracy, or measures infringing on freedom and/or equality.
The present paper attempts to formulate a hypothesis regarding one aspect of
this composite of symptoms and to illustrate the consequences of the hypothesis
by using the concrete example of the Hungarians in Romania.
The hypothesis is as follows: essential concepts of political theory, which rep¬
resent the foundations of our most important political institutions, as well as
those that offer an analytical framework for the evaluation of their activity,
remain inadequate within the frames of ethnic diversity, to maintain the sustain¬
able, institutional preconditions necessary for the
revitalisation
of identity
strac-
416
SUMMARY
tures
characteristic in non-dominant communities. Illustrating the consequences
of this hypothesis with the case of the Hungarian community in Romania leads
to a new, inferred hypothesis: the institutional preconditions for the survival of
the Hungarian community in Romania requires that either the meanings of con¬
cepts forming the basis for current political institutions, or ruling identity struc¬
tures in the two communities will have to change.
The underlying arguments for the hypothesis and its application to the men¬
tioned case are being offered according to the following methodology: the author
briefly looks into the intellectual origins and the main impact mechanisms of the
concepts which produce, with respect to the described phenomena, the most
attractive consequences; some relevant data is offered about the global dimen¬
sions of cultural diversity; the consequences of the inadequacies between cultur¬
al heterogeneity and the ethnopolitical arrangement of the world are pointed out;
and finally, the situation of the Hungarian community in Romania is analysed.
The latter analysis is built on conclusions drawn from studies interpreting the
results of public opinion surveys carried out between
1994—1996,
and
2000—
2002
respectively, on representative samples for the Romanian population.
Szarka, László
Conflict situations of identity and ioyally in nation(al) states
For the national minorities and majority nations of Central and Eastern Europe,
the content and meaning of loyalty and national identity from the 20th century
have largely varied along with the ideology of nation-state, the specific concept
of state and the ethnopolitics followed in their state. The present study analyses
the structures and practices of the triadic (home-state; kin-state; national minor¬
ity) identity and loyalty system of minorities. Migration, assimilation, accultura¬
tion, adaptation, dual-language use, multiple bonds, and the change of language
and identity are all different phenomena, observed in this structure. The cultural
and political factors of national identity can be better balanced for the national
majority than for the minorities living in the state. Potential conflicts are more
likely to emerge for minorities in the context of loyalty to their language and
culture in the "old" and "new" state, in their "old" and "ne\v" social community,
in legal or constitutional loyalty (i.e. respect for the laws of the state), etc. In this
respect, patriotism, regionalism, and national commitment can all form potential
threats to the cohesion of the state, in national states, which follow a discrimina¬
tory minority policy. The more-or-less tolerant minority policy followed by
Czechoslovakia between the two World Wars and the high request for dual citi¬
zenship among Hungarian minorities may both confirm these trends.
SUMMARY
417
Szarvas, Zsuzsa
Bonds
The problems of multiple identities in Hungarian Jewish communities today
The study attempts to explore the geographical, historical components of Jewish
identity, and the background of similarities and differences they display. The cons¬
tantly changing community of a Jewish school offered a good example to present
one of the main particularities of Jewish identity, the opportunity for personal
freedom and free interpretation. Today, the question is not so much the discov¬
ery of Jewish identity, but much more the way that this identity can be present¬
ed and expressed. The possible answers and options are clearly visible in a school
with declared Jewish orientation.
These days, the fragmented Jewish identity requires from each person an indi¬
vidual path to finding her/his own identity, which obviously does not exclude
other, different definitions of Jewish identity.
TÓTH, ÁGNES—VÉKÁS, JÁNOS
Loyalty and solidarity1
The authors of the study analyse the effects of the reinforcement of minority
identities on social cohesion, existing social structures, solidarity and loyalty,
based on the results of the
2001
national census held in Hungary. They argue that
a strong minority identity can limit social cohesion and solidarity only if it is
related to the general social-economic conditions of the minority. Based on
recent research, the authors arrived at the following conclusions in this respect:
the social structure in Hungary is pluralized by many different factors, which
leads to an enrichment of identity characters, and not to their plurality; the iden¬
tity characters of national, ethnic minorities are reinforced; stronger national
bonds are usually coupled with a stronger need for group-cohesion, for a more
stable religious identity and a closer attachment to family, though these phenom¬
ena do not necessarily overlap; cross-linkages are reinforced, which is a prereq¬
uisite of social cohesion, this also implies that it is probably better to use the term
solidarity than social cohesion; if general social categorization is coupled with a
determined social-economic situation, a strong identity may limit both loyalty
and solidarity. |
| adam_txt |
Tartalom
Elméleti megközelítések
Salat
Levľntľ:
A politikaelmélet néhány sarkalatos fogalma és a kulturális
megosztottság körülményei között uralkodó identitásszerkezetek
közötti feszültség
. 9
Niedermüller Puter:
Transznacionalizmus: elméletek, mítoszok, valóságok
. 52
KovAcs
Andras:
Identitások és lojalitások
. 67
Majtényi Balázs: StruccpoHiika?
Kisebbségmeghatározás és a magyarországi jogi szabályozás
. 73
A. Gergely AndrAs: Nemzeti vagy etnokulturális kisebbség?
Megfontolások a kisebbségek kezelés- és megértésmódjához
. 87
Szarka LAszló: Identitás ¿s lojalitás nemzetállami konfliktushelyzetei
. 93
Kötődések, identitás, szolidaritás
Tóth Ágnes-Vékás JAnos: Lojalitás és szolidaritás
Államhatalmi
homogenizes
vagy a keresztkötödések erősödése?
.123
Kállai Ernő: Első kísérlet egy konfliktusmodcll alkotására
a roma-nem roma együttélésben
.150
Bindorffer GYÖRGYI: Migráció, identitás, lojalitás
Az identitásstruktúrák változásai a magyarországi németeknél
.163
Szarvas Zsuzsa: Kötelékek
A többes identitás kérdései mai magyarországi zsidó közösségek példáján
. 182
Ilyés Zoltán: „A
Szepessčg
a szepcsieké"
Szepesi német autonómiatörekvések és lqjalitáskényszerek
a két világháború között
.193
Eilľr
Ferenc: Nemzeti kisebbségek és az állammal szembeni lojalitás
a két világháború között
Elvek és gyakorlat az Európai Nemzetiségi Kongresszus tevékenységében
1925-1938.204
Státustörvény
Kántor Zoltán: Nemzet és legitimitás
-
a státustörvény
és a kettős állampolgárság kapcsán
.223
Dobos Ferenc; Adalékok a magyarigazolvány-igénylök rétegződéséhez
.235
Bakó BoglArka: A hatalom határán
-
egy erdélyi roma közösség
lojális kötődései
.
2S3
Papp
Richárd: A „déli végek" népe
Nemzettudat és többes kötődések a Vajdaságban élő magyarok körében
december
5-е
tükrében
.296
Dokumentáció
Bányai Viktória: A rabbinikus responzumirodalomból nyerhető
történeti adalékok
Néhány
18.
századi példa
.317
A magyarországi nemzeti és etnikai kisebbségek
Kronológia,
2004.
Összeállította: Mlecsenkov László
.331
Magyarország és a határon túli magyarok
Kronológia,
2004.
Összeállította; Vékás János
.373
SUMMARY
.409
Summary
A. Gergely András
National or
ethno-cultural
minority?
National
minorities are conceived as forming one, virtual and real entity. The
ethno-cultural definition of national minorities reflects a complexity of role- and
regional consciousness, and a mental, genealogical determination. This pre¬
determination, however, is challenged by a number of different factors, like
migration, the existence of
diasporas
and immigrant societies, and a diversity of
multicultural identities. Isolation and conflict-potentials, which provide internal
tensions for national minority communities, do not necessarily represent open
cleavages. Nevertheless on the outside, the lack of internal cohesion is often
apparent and in many cases it is nothing more, than a construction. In the mean¬
time the "nice and traditional" community is decomposing, the different com¬
munities living next to each other influence each other and change themselves as
well. In this context, "locality" becomes "neighbourliness" and the homogeneous
""étimos"
gives place to multiple identities of the actors in different processes.
Bakó, Boglárka
On the
horder
of power
—
a
Ћ
-ansylvanian
Roma community's loyal attachments
The study analyses the relationships of a South-Transylvanian Gypsy communi¬
ty with the local Romanian and Hungarian authorities. The municipal elections
in
2004
changed the administrative structure of the village. The former Roma¬
nian village mayor has been replaced by a Hungarian one, thus the interest
groups connected to the centre have also been transformed. The Hungarian lead¬
ership took over the organization of administrative life and the relationships with
other localities have been modified as well. The changes in the power structure
410
SUMMARY
entailed the modification of everyday power relationships concerning the
Gypsies, since after the elections the Roma community became dependent on the
local Hungarians both in terms of economy and administration. In connection
with this case, the study analyses the extent to which these changes affect the
inter-ethnic relations of the Roma. Through the investigation of the loyalty of the
Roma, it becomes possible to analyse the place and attitude of the gypsy com¬
munity towards the local power system and its place in the hierarchical social
structure. The study demonstrates that living in between the two ethnic groups
fighting for power, the everyday survival of the Roma is secured if they live
according to the rules of contemporary power. By this, however, they will neither
become Hungarians nor Romanians, but can appear in both ethnic groups as
'invisible'. Thus, adjusting to the contemporary leading ethnic group they can
secure everyday existence for themselves, without conflicts.
Bányai, Viktória
Historical data from rabbinical
responsa
Some cases from ISth centwy Hungary
Rabbinical
responsa
are written answers to questions asked by and of learned
men (rabbis) or legal authorities. They not only answer questions of legal, ritual,
ethical or exegetical character, but offer a wealth of material on the social, polit¬
ical, economic and cultural situation of the Jews in many countries and at various
times, and often deal also with matters pertaining to geography, linguistics and
the like. The paper discusses the methodological problems of using the rabbini¬
cal
responsa
as a source material for historical research. The author summarises
the role and history of the rabbinical
responsa,
and the history of their research
from the dawn of modern Jewish historiography. The second part of the paper
concentrates on the methodological questions posed by the study of this source
material. The problems are in part similar to those of other historical documents
(i.e. authenticity, credibility, the problem of meaning), but some fundamental
characteristics of the
responsa
literature have a special bearing upon methodology.
These points are illustrated with text examples quoted from two rabbis of the
18th century, R. Meir
Eisenstadt (1670—1744),
the author
oîPanim meirot
and
R. Ezekiel Landau
(1713—1793)
the author of Noda bi-Jehuda.
SUMMARY
411
Bjndorffhr,
Györgyi
Migration, identity and loyalty.
The changes in the identity structures of Germans living in Hungary.
Migration, the regional movement of peoples, nations and individuals is not
a recent phenomenon. Originally, the Germans living in Hungary voluntarily
migrated from their homeland to Hungary, though under severe economic con¬
straints, in the
17—
18th centuries. But they were forced to migrate from their
chosen homeland (Hungary) back to the West after WWII. Between these two
periods, migration was not a characteristic feature in German communities living
in Hungary; they lived closely attached to their land, to their village. The first
generation of migrants brought internalised identity patterns from their home¬
land. The question of changing identity emerges only in the second and third gen¬
erations, who are socialised in their new country. This is the period of the devel¬
opment of a dual identity, which needs the positive influence of a number of
different
internai
and external developments. Where do Germans in Hungary
migrate nowadays? How does migration influence their dual identity structure?
The study, besides giving an historical overview of the issue, addresses these
questions, based on data collected in fieldwork in four villages, Csolnok, Duna-
bogdány, Somberek
and
Véménd.
Dobos, Ferenc
Additional data on the social stratification of the applicants
for Hungarian Certificates
From the perspective of Hungarian minorities living in neighbouring countries,
of the national strategic initiatives in the past years, the adoption of the so-called
preferential or Status Law can be considered as a successful symbolic and mate¬
rial initiative. The present analysis
—
building on the database of the applicants
for the Hungarian Certificate
—
gives an overview of the socio-demographic
stratification of those applying for a Hungarian Certificate. In general, the Sub-
Carpathian population showed the greatest interest in obtaining the Hungarian
Certifícate,
since more than three-quarters of all Hungarians living in the region
applied for it. In contrast, only
17%
of the persons belonging to the Hungarian
minority in Slovakia submitted tlieir application. The other Hungarian minority
communities affected by the law reflected a medium interest in this opportunity;
in Romania, Serbia and Croatia, roughly one-third of the local Hungarian popu¬
lation submitted an application, while in Slovenia,
25%
of the smallest Hun¬
garian minority community applied for the Certificate. The present study attemp¬
ted to shed light on the individual and communitarian motivations of applicants
and to explore the influence of specific identity elements on the decision.
412
SUMMARY
Eiler,
Ferenc
National
minorities and their loyalty to the state between the two World Wars
(Principles andpractice in the European Congress of Nationalities
1925—1938)
The European Congress of Nationalities defined itself as a supranational
politi¬
cai
organisation, formed by national minorities, which are loyal to their host
states. The present study makes an attempt to explore the background and the
hidden meaning of "loyalty" in this context, analysing the resolutions, discus¬
sions of the Congress and the activities and thoughts of its leaders. It concludes
that the Congress, despite its public credo, did not consider loyalty as a self-
evident, positive value.
Ilyés, Zoltán
"Spiš
is
Zìpsers
'
land.
"
Movements for autonomy and the force of loyalty
of the Germans of the
Spiš
between the two World Wars
In historical Hungary the Germans of the
Spiš,
unlike other German settlement-
regions in Slovakia, received privileges, various forms of autonomy and inde¬
pendence (universitas saxonum) deriving from the feudal legal system, which
despite their dialectological, social and administrative diversity, contributed to
the development and long-term maintenance of their regional land-consciousness
and coherence-consciousness. Their Hungarian feeling, which appeared in the
political articulation of interests between the two World Wars, was a significant
part of this regional consciousness. This historically created pro-Hungarian
coherence-consciousness was expressed in
1918,
when the claim of
Republica
Scepusia was articulated and the related legal struggle for the autonomy of
Spiš
in Czechoslovakia, in cooperation with the parties of the Hungarian minority,
lasted for two decades.
Kállai, Ernő
A first attempt to create a conflict model in Roma
—
поп
-Roma
coexistence
The main goal of the author is to model the typical features and characteristics of
the conflicts aroused between the Roma community and the majority population
in the past centuries. It seems to be unavoidable that, for various social and eco¬
nomic reasons, every society recurrently experiences crisis situations in its own
development. This presupposition is probably even more applicable for minority
communities, which, living in a socially marginalized situation, are even more
vulnerable to the negative effects of these social changes. The author defines
these crisis situations, in regard to the Roma community in Hungary, as "mod¬
ernization-living [cost-of-living] crises" which, time-to-time, break the more-or-
SUMMARY
413
less peaceful, harmonious coexistence with the majority society. Such a crisis
usually follows a typical scenario: crisis is usually induced by a landslide histor¬
ical event, which is also confirmed by the fact that the overwheiming majority of
the Roma remain without jobs and a living. This provokes political intervention,
which is usually mistargeted, thus the intervention remains unsuccessful, which
leads to the result that the socially marginalized community is usually seen as the
cause of their own misery. Following this logic, majority political elites almost
regularly conclude that the only possible solution of the social problem is the
assimilation and integration of the Roma into the majority population. In this
paper three historical examples are analysed to underline the adaptability of the
author's model.
KAntor, ZoltAn
Nation and legitimacy
—
in relation to the Status Law and the question
of dual citizenship
Although public debates over the Status Law and the extension of Hungarian cit¬
izenship to Hungarian minorities living abroad was dominated by questions
related to the future of Hungarian communities in neighbouring states, migration,
financial matters, etc., in reality the core issue of these initiatives is the legitimate
relationship between the Hungarian State and individuals belonging to
Hungarian minorities living abroad. At the same time, as this relationship is also
influenced by the self-definition of the Hungarian State, political debates on the
matter
—
presuming that political actors express theoretically coherent opinions
-
focus on the Hungarian State's official definition of "nation". Two fundamen¬
tal concepts of "nation" collided in the debates over who should define the
"nation" in Hungary, and how. The Status Law reinforced parliamentary legiti¬
macy, while the extension of Hungarian citizenship was aimed at obtaining a
popular legitimacy. In scientific terms, the debate is open and the political
clashes over the matter are likely to supply researchers with data for a long time.
KovAcs, AndrAs
Identities and loyalties
In this paper, the author addresses the dangers, which may emerge in using the
expressions identity and loyalty in an analytical, simplified way. This study
builds on the analysis of an interview, which reflects a life full of identity crises
and changes. In this respect, the author calls attention to the interactions, which
define identity and loyalty norms in constantly changing social and personal
structures. So the conflict of norms and disloyalty arc often ostensible, like a
person who is able to move freely between identity structures and is constrained
414
SUMMARY
to face new interpretative
efforts
in defining her/his social self every day, is not
necessarily a person with a weak identity.
Majtényi, BalAzs
An ostrich policy?
(The definition of minority and Hungarian legal regulation)
The Hungarian Jaw on minorities, besides offering a definition of "national" and
"ethnic" minorities, enlists all the autochthonous minorities living in the country.
Nevertheless it is not easy to find a close relationship between the definition pro¬
vided and the list of minorities. Besides this problem, in the light of recent migra¬
tory developments, the extent to which the differentiation between autochtho¬
nous and immigrant minorities can be maintained is rather doubtful. Today,
Hungarian minority policy addresses even very small minority communities,
while disregarding the problems of much more numerous immigrant minority
communities. In this regard it is likely that Art.
68
of the Hungarian Constitution
needs to be revised in order to detach from or limit to citizenship holders, the
right to the different special minority rights.
Niedermüller,
Péter
Transnationalism: theories, myths and realities
This study sums up the results of different researches in social sciences and
anthropology, analysing the new, transnational forms of migration. The analysis
departs from the theoretical presumptions, which view migration in the context
of nation-states, i.e. as a movement between nation-states. Cultural assimilation
and social integration are essential issues in these presumptions. In contrast to
them, transnational studies stress new features of migration. Transnational theo¬
ries focus on developing new interpretative structures and models, which may
better explain the new interrelations between culture, territory and social groups.
This paper, indeed, outlines the main theoretical categories of transnational
anthropology.
Papp,
Richárd
The "people of the southern frontiers".
National consciousness and multiple attachments among the Hungarians living
in
Vojvodina in
the light of
5
December
The referendum held in Hungary on
5
December
2004
on the extension of
Hungarian citizenship to Hungarians living abroad has also provoked strong
reactions in the Hungarian community living in
Vojvodina
(Serbia). The
referen-
SUMMARY
415
dum
was not valid, because of the great number of absentees (less than
25%
of
the electorate participated at the vote), thus, despite the slight majority in favour
of the extension of Hungarian citizenship, the final result greatly disappointed
the Hungarians living in
Vojvodina.
The study analyses the effects of the refer¬
endum on the identity structures of the Hungarian minority in Serbia. As a matter
of fact, the result of the referendum was largely conceived by the Hungarian
community as a refusal, as a "no" from the Hungarian state and the Hungarian
population. The Hungarians living in
Vojvodina
have a specific, inclusive men¬
tality, which can be explained by the century-long co-existence with the Serbs
and by the multiethnic, multicultural reaiity they experience everyday. The
author argues that it is not a dual or multiple identity, but a complex identity,
which is influenced by various different factors, including the related political
developments in Hungary. The study concludes that the referendum held on
5
December
2004,
in fact reinforced the specific character, the "southern partic¬
ularities" of this specific, complex Hungarian identity.
Salat,
Levente
The Tension between Fundamental Concepts of Political Theory
and the Ruling Identity Structures in Divided Societies
The world we live in is marked by a deep gap between the ethnopolitical order
and the facts related to the rapidly growing recognition of its cultural diversity.
Consequences of the discrepancy between/aers
—
the linguistic, ethnic and cul¬
tural heterogeneity of our world
—
and political constructs aimed at tackling the
outcomes of this diversity
—
nation states and the international system
—
have
been pointed out not only by experts and influential intergovernmental organiza¬
tions like UNESCO or the UNDP, but also by a growing list of violent acts, and
the disquieting spread of terrorism in all regions of the world. A significant part
of the political institutions widely utilized in the organization of human cohabi¬
tation gradually prove to be inadequate for the efficient management of conse¬
quences that result from cultural diversity, and stability in the case of multicul¬
tural polities can often be only ensured at the expense of serious deficits of
democracy, or measures infringing on freedom and/or equality.
The present paper attempts to formulate a hypothesis regarding one aspect of
this composite of symptoms and to illustrate the consequences of the hypothesis
by using the concrete example of the Hungarians in Romania.
The hypothesis is as follows: essential concepts of political theory, which rep¬
resent the foundations of our most important political institutions, as well as
those that offer an analytical framework for the evaluation of their activity,
remain inadequate within the frames of ethnic diversity, to maintain the sustain¬
able, institutional preconditions necessary for the
revitalisation
of identity
strac-
416
SUMMARY
tures
characteristic in non-dominant communities. Illustrating the consequences
of this hypothesis with the case of the Hungarian community in Romania leads
to a new, inferred hypothesis: the institutional preconditions for the survival of
the Hungarian community in Romania requires that either the meanings of con¬
cepts forming the basis for current political institutions, or ruling identity struc¬
tures in the two communities will have to change.
The underlying arguments for the hypothesis and its application to the men¬
tioned case are being offered according to the following methodology: the author
briefly looks into the intellectual origins and the main impact mechanisms of the
concepts which produce, with respect to the described phenomena, the most
attractive consequences; some relevant data is offered about the global dimen¬
sions of cultural diversity; the consequences of the inadequacies between cultur¬
al heterogeneity and the ethnopolitical arrangement of the world are pointed out;
and finally, the situation of the Hungarian community in Romania is analysed.
The latter analysis is built on conclusions drawn from studies interpreting the
results of public opinion surveys carried out between
1994—1996,
and
2000—
2002
respectively, on representative samples for the Romanian population.
Szarka, László
Conflict situations of identity and ioyally in nation(al) states
For the national minorities and majority nations of Central and Eastern Europe,
the content and meaning of loyalty and national identity from the 20th century
have largely varied along with the ideology of nation-state, the specific concept
of state and the ethnopolitics followed in their state. The present study analyses
the structures and practices of the triadic (home-state; kin-state; national minor¬
ity) identity and loyalty system of minorities. Migration, assimilation, accultura¬
tion, adaptation, dual-language use, multiple bonds, and the change of language
and identity are all different phenomena, observed in this structure. The cultural
and political factors of national identity can be better balanced for the national
majority than for the minorities living in the state. Potential conflicts are more
likely to emerge for minorities in the context of loyalty to their language and
culture in the "old" and "new" state, in their "old" and "ne\v" social community,
in legal or constitutional loyalty (i.e. respect for the laws of the state), etc. In this
respect, patriotism, regionalism, and national commitment can all form potential
threats to the cohesion of the state, in national states, which follow a discrimina¬
tory minority policy. The more-or-less tolerant minority policy followed by
Czechoslovakia between the two World Wars and the high request for dual citi¬
zenship among Hungarian minorities may both confirm these trends.
SUMMARY
417
Szarvas, Zsuzsa
Bonds
The problems of multiple identities in Hungarian Jewish communities today
The study attempts to explore the geographical, historical components of Jewish
identity, and the background of similarities and differences they display. The cons¬
tantly changing community of a Jewish school offered a good example to present
one of the main particularities of Jewish identity, the opportunity for personal
freedom and free interpretation. Today, the question is not so much the discov¬
ery of Jewish identity, but much more the way that this identity can be present¬
ed and expressed. The possible answers and options are clearly visible in a school
with declared Jewish orientation.
These days, the fragmented Jewish identity requires from each person an indi¬
vidual path to finding her/his own identity, which obviously does not exclude
other, different definitions of Jewish identity.
TÓTH, ÁGNES—VÉKÁS, JÁNOS
Loyalty and solidarity1
The authors of the study analyse the effects of the reinforcement of minority
identities on social cohesion, existing social structures, solidarity and loyalty,
based on the results of the
2001
national census held in Hungary. They argue that
a strong minority identity can limit social cohesion and solidarity only if it is
related to the general social-economic conditions of the minority. Based on
recent research, the authors arrived at the following conclusions in this respect:
the social structure in Hungary is pluralized by many different factors, which
leads to an enrichment of identity characters, and not to their plurality; the iden¬
tity characters of national, ethnic minorities are reinforced; stronger national
bonds are usually coupled with a stronger need for group-cohesion, for a more
stable religious identity and a closer attachment to family, though these phenom¬
ena do not necessarily overlap; cross-linkages are reinforced, which is a prereq¬
uisite of social cohesion, this also implies that it is probably better to use the term
solidarity than social cohesion; if general social categorization is coupled with a
determined social-economic situation, a strong identity may limit both loyalty
and solidarity. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author2 | Kovács, Nóra |
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| author2_variant | n k nk |
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| callnumber-search | DAW1026 DB919 |
| callnumber-sort | DAW 41026 |
| callnumber-subject | DAW - Central Europe |
| classification_rvk | PR 2335 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)71257587 (DE-599)BSZ252354133 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| era | Geschichte 1925-2004 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1925-2004 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Europe, Central Ethnic relations Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 gnd Pannonisches Becken (DE-588)4044475-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europe, Central Ethnic relations Ungarn Pannonisches Becken |
| id | DE-604.BV023040716 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:20:33Z |
| indexdate | 2025-03-11T17:02:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9635066546 |
| language | Hungarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016244268 |
| oclc_num | 71257587 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M494 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M494 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 417 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Balassi K. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Tér és terep :az MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbségkutató Intézete évkönyve |
| series2 | Tér és terep :az MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbségkutató Intézete évkönyve |
| spelling | Etnikai identitás, politikai lojalitás nemzeti és állampolgári kötődések szerk. Kovács Nóra ... Budapest Balassi K. 2005 417 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Tér és terep :az MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbségkutató Intézete évkönyve 4 Mit engl. Zusammenfassung. - Literaturangaben. - Enth.: Magyarország és a határon túli magyarok; kronologia 2004. Geschichte 1925-2004 gnd rswk-swf Minderheit Allegiance Group identity Identity (Psychology) Minorities Europe, Central Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Rechtsstellung (DE-588)4134078-4 gnd rswk-swf Loyalität (DE-588)4168194-0 gnd rswk-swf Minderheit (DE-588)4752223-9 gnd rswk-swf Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd rswk-swf Europe, Central Ethnic relations Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 gnd rswk-swf Pannonisches Becken (DE-588)4044475-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 g Minderheit (DE-588)4752223-9 s Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 s Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Loyalität (DE-588)4168194-0 s Geschichte 1925-2004 z DE-604 Pannonisches Becken (DE-588)4044475-2 g Rechtsstellung (DE-588)4134078-4 s Kovács, Nóra edt Tér és terep :az MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbségkutató Intézete évkönyve 4 (DE-604)BV023484533 4 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016244268&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016244268&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Etnikai identitás, politikai lojalitás nemzeti és állampolgári kötődések Tér és terep :az MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbségkutató Intézete évkönyve Minderheit Allegiance Group identity Identity (Psychology) Minorities Europe, Central Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Rechtsstellung (DE-588)4134078-4 gnd Loyalität (DE-588)4168194-0 gnd Minderheit (DE-588)4752223-9 gnd Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4134078-4 (DE-588)4168194-0 (DE-588)4752223-9 (DE-588)4153096-2 (DE-588)4078541-5 (DE-588)4044475-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Etnikai identitás, politikai lojalitás nemzeti és állampolgári kötődések |
| title_auth | Etnikai identitás, politikai lojalitás nemzeti és állampolgári kötődések |
| title_exact_search | Etnikai identitás, politikai lojalitás nemzeti és állampolgári kötődések |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Etnikai identitás, politikai lojalitás nemzeti és állampolgári kötődések |
| title_full | Etnikai identitás, politikai lojalitás nemzeti és állampolgári kötődések szerk. Kovács Nóra ... |
| title_fullStr | Etnikai identitás, politikai lojalitás nemzeti és állampolgári kötődések szerk. Kovács Nóra ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Etnikai identitás, politikai lojalitás nemzeti és állampolgári kötődések szerk. Kovács Nóra ... |
| title_short | Etnikai identitás, politikai lojalitás |
| title_sort | etnikai identitas politikai lojalitas nemzeti es allampolgari kotodesek |
| title_sub | nemzeti és állampolgári kötődések |
| topic | Minderheit Allegiance Group identity Identity (Psychology) Minorities Europe, Central Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Rechtsstellung (DE-588)4134078-4 gnd Loyalität (DE-588)4168194-0 gnd Minderheit (DE-588)4752223-9 gnd Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Minderheit Allegiance Group identity Identity (Psychology) Minorities Europe, Central Politik Rechtsstellung Loyalität Ethnische Identität Europe, Central Ethnic relations Ungarn Pannonisches Becken Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016244268&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016244268&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023484533 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kovacsnora etnikaiidentitaspolitikailojalitasnemzetiesallampolgarikotodesek |