The Russian Revolution:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2008
|
| Edition: | 3. ed., 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | VIII, 224 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780199237678 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Russian Revolution |c Sheila Fitzpatrick |
| 250 | |a 3. ed., 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Oxford Univ. Press |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a VIII, 224 S. | ||
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1917-1932 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1917-1939 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Record in the Search Index
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Contents
Acknowledgements
v
Introduction
ι
ι
The Setting
15
The society
16
The revolutionary tradition
24
The
1905
Revolution and its aftermath;
the First World War
32
2
1917: The Revolutions of February and October
40
The February Revolution and 'dual power'
44
The Bolsheviks
49
The popular revolution
52
The political crises of the summer
57
The October Revolution
61
3
The Civil War
68
The Civil War, the Red Army, and the Cheka
72
War Communism
78
Visions of the new world
84
The Bolsheviks in power
87
4
NEP
and the Future of the Revolution
93
The discipline of retreat
96
The problem of bureaucracy
102
The leadership struggle
107
Building socialism in one country in
viii Contents
5
Stalin's Revolution
120
Stalin versus the Right
124
The industrialization drive
130
Collectivization
135
Cultural Revolution
141
6
Ending the Revolution
149
'Revolution accomplished'
151
'Revolution betrayed'
157
The Terror
163
Notes
173
Select Bibliography
185
Index
193
Index
ABC
of Communism (Bukharin
&
Preobrazhensky)
79, 83, 85,
116
abdication
ι,
45
abortion
86, 87
legalized
160
abuses
161, 168-9
acquisitiveness
161
administration
47, 71,103,106
Bolsheviks* early approach to
84-5
food
92
adolescents
86
agitators
28,119,142
agrarian reform
36-7, 56
agriculture
17
basis for capitalist development
in
36
capitalist* market-oriented
21
farge-scale
83, 154
state's ability to exploit
148
subsistence
112
see
àtso
collectivization; state farms
Alarmist rumours
121
Alckseev, Gen. Mikhail
60-1
Aleksei Petrovich3 Tsarevich
45
Alexander
Π,
Emperor of Russia
23,
assassination of
32
Alexandra, Empress of Russia
38
alien
residente
37
alienation
16
AU-Russian Extraordinary
Commission,
see Cheka
Allied Powers
41,46, 50, 72, 74
extremely hostile to new regime in
Russia
75
Alma-Ata
122
see United States
55
41, 55,79,
animals:
collectivized
137, 138
draught
131,139
slaughter of
131,153, 154
anti-Bolshevik forces
74, 77
anti-expert campaign
123
anti-imperialism
171
anti-religious campaigns
143
anti-semitic pogroms
25
apartments
163
special blocks
161
'apparats'
102, 104, 105, 106-7,
142
ARCOS
(Soviet trade mission)
120
Arkhangelsk
74
armed forces committees
52-3
armed pacification
77
armed struggle
136
Army
37, 41,
97>
159
Bolshevik absolute majority in
Northern and Western Fronts
66
call for democratization of
47-8
crushing defeats and losses
38
encouraged to mount major
offensive on
Galicían
Front
57
inadequate supplies
53
mandate to restore order and
discipline
59
mutinies
33
new democratic committees
52-3
problems of supply
80
see also Army High Command;
German Army; Green Armies;
officers; Red Army; troops;
White Armies
Army High Command 44~5>
46»
47>
59, 61
demoralized and confused
60
resistance to Allied pressure to take
initiative
57
194
Index
arrests
13, 35, 54,
бо,
88, 169
Bolsheviks
38>
58
clergymen
98
Duma deputies
38
house
45
mass
25, 49, 76, 163, 165
Mensheviks
97
naval officers
48
political opponents
121
private entrepreneurs for
*
speculation'
131
artisans
131
assassination
23, 25, 32, 121, 163
assembly-line production
134
atheistic communism
171
atrocities
77
Aurora (battleship)
64
Austria
74
Austria-Hungary
37, 72
authoritarianism
31
link between Civil War and
72
repressive
42, 90
Soviet and Stalinist, origins of
71
auto factories
134
autocracy
15—16, 34, 35, 68—9
anachronistic traits of
38
collapse of
40
least tolerable when perceived as
incompetent and inefficient
32—3
middle-class liberals* drive
against
20
modernization-minded opponents
of
29
overthrow of
29
'People's
Wilľ
against
25, 26
precarious situation on eve of First
World War
39
seized by panic and confusion
33
small-scale conspiratorial
organization to fight
22
struggle against
40
support for
23
avant-garde artists
86
Azerbaijan
70
backwardness
15, 19, 27, 39, 135
agricultural
130
aim of dragging Russia out of
148
cultural
130
industrial
130
military
130
peasant
83
political
130
revolution as a means of escaping
from
9
war against
120
Baku
17
Balkans
32
Baltic
50, 73
Baltic Fleet
48
Bolshevik absolute majority in
66
'class vengeance' of sailors
dealing with officers
77
workers disproportionately
represented in
53
bandits
93
banking
15, 79, 96
barter
80, 82
beggars
96
belligerence
37, 43, 51, 73, 129,
137
new policy of
*
class against
class'
141
youth
142
besprizornye
146
Black Earth region
19
Black Hundreds
98
black market
95
Black Sea i6,
66
blacklists
166
Bloody Sunday
(1905) 33
blue-collar workers
141, 145
Bogdanov,
Aleksandr
98
Bolshevik Central Committee
58,
59, 62, 66, 73, 99, 125, 126,
147, 166, 168
bureaux for organizational and
political affairs
88
February-March plenum
(1937) 165
leadership of professional
revolutionaries sent out by
105
secret letter to local party
organizations
164
Secretariat
88, 101, 102, 104, 109
Index
1
95
tending to usurp government's
powers
89
see also Orgburo; Politburo
Bolshevik intellectuals
86, 88, 90, 91,
98, 119
non-Russians prominent in
leadership
30—1
proletarian manners cultivated
by
158-9
Bolsheviks
2-3, 9, 34, 36, 40-1,
49-52, 97* 114* 167
aim to abolish private property
78
all against 'bureaucracy'
102
approach to peasantry during
NEP
113
arrested
38, 58
associated with armed
confrontation and violence
72
assumptions of
10
battered by patriotic denunciations
in the press
59
behaviour and policies after
October Revolution
70
breaking a previous taboo in the
Party
121
building socialist economy
130
capital moved to Moscow
74
centralized organization and strict
party discipline
42, 71
cold-shouldered
38
conscious of gaining workers'
support
37
contempt for Mussolini and Italian
Fascists
107
denounced the politics of coalition
and compromise
43
egalitarian instincts in regard to
wages
8
1
émigré
37, 50, 98, 99
enemies of revolution
conceptualized in terms of
class
12
established dictatorship
102-3
factions within
100
final emergence from
underground
42
first experience of ruling
71
forthright about use of terror
77
Great Purge trials of
6
identity defined by Lenin's ideas
and personality
31
ideological justification
76, 79, 80,
81
imperative to obtain support from
peasantry
94
influence in factory committees
5$
intermittently egalitarian,
libertarian and Utopian
158
Jewish leaders
41
July Days a disaster for
58
leaders gaoled or in hiding
61
left wing
59, 99
legendary figures in mythology
of
94
Lenin urging the party to prepare
for armed insurrection
62
natural to support workers*
soviets
in Ukraine
70
Nicholas II and family executed on
orders of Urals Soviet
45
Old
72, 99, 158, 162
one-party rule the result of
historical accident
65
Party membership increase
42, 52
police round-up at beginning of
war
54
power to
87-92
prerevoluti
onary history
6
revolutionary economic and social
goals
118
right wing
59, 99
signs of drifting into loose coalition
around
Petrograd
Soviet
50
split between Mensheviks and
(1903) 99
strong theoretical emphasis on
party discipline
98
success
(1917)
owed to support of
workers, soldiers and sailors
72
swing of popular opinion
towards
61
upsurge of support for
60
working class and
6-7, 10-11, 31,
81, 90, 95, 100
see
aho
Civil War; October
Revolution; February Revolution
Index
Bonapartism
107
book-keeping offices
85
bourgeois experts
89, 103—4,
JI9
disgraced, Communists who had
worked with
167
economists
132
financial
96
professors
145
qualified engineers
123
re-examination of the role of
142
show trials, first in series of
122
bourgeois falsification
7
bourgeois intelligentsia
141, 159
charges of disloyalty directed
against
122
old
162, 166
Rightists depicted as protectors
of
142
treachery of
144
'wrecking' by
162
'bourgeois Philistines'
143
bourgeois revolution
27, 43, 47
bourgeois values
5, 86, 142
bourgeoisie
io,
21
arrested
98
Bolsheviks the only party
uncompromised by association
with
61
capitalist
90, 155
class enemies
76, 120
deference to
47
disadvantage to
156
expropriated
116
fight against cultural dominance
of
142
high-school students
146
hostility to
55
industrial revolution
116
influence of the old family
84
liberal
29, 30, 31, 40
mealy-mouthed hypocrisy of
77
Mensheviks' closer links to
31
nationalist
70
overthrow of
51, 68
philistine morality of
87
proletariat and
34, 43, 70
protest against
86
Provisional Government
49, 53
reactionary
98
subordination of cultural
institutions to party control
144
white-collar activists scornful
of
143
see
aho
petty bourgeoisie
bread rationing
163
Brest-Litovsk Peace (1918)
69, 70,
73>
74
Brezhnev, Leonid I.
7, 145
brigades
82
Brinton, Crane
2, 149, 150
Britain
15, 19, 74, 120
anti-Soviet conspiracy led by
121
capitalists
130
Conservative leaders
129
enclosures and peasant
uprooting
140
Intelligence Service
165
see also Allied Powers; First World
War; Second World War
Brumaire
(18th)
170
Bukharin, Nikolai
79, 85, 116-18,
121, 135, 159, 164
characterization of Stalin as
'Genghis Khan*
127
discrediting of theories associated
with
143
removed from positions in
Comintern and
Pravda
editorial
board
128
Stalin's last major opponent in
leadership
73
bullying
169
bossing and
72
bureaucracy
22, 46, 92
conflict with
23, 32
emergent class
5
fragile and overstrained
structure
39
increasing professionalization of
21
inherited
103
intensive purge of
128
largest and best-functioning
76
pockets of support for Trotsky
in
109
Index
197
problem of
102—7
technical experts
89
trade-union
146
word as pejorative
102
business class
21
Cadets (Constitutional
Democrats)
33-4, 38, 44, 45-6,
59, 72
forcibly deported
97, 167
withdrawal of all ministers
57
cadres
92, 102, 105, 106, 122, 129,
154
leading
145, 146, 157
capital accumulation
116,124
capitalism
5, 152
destructive impact on traditional
rural communities
24
inevitability of
10
international
70, 91
modern and on grand scale
143
objective to restore
165
only possible path towards
socialism
26
overthrown
130
partial revival of
113
'progressive' phenomenon to
Marxists
27
proletarian socialist revolution
after
29
rural
82, 113
sworn enemies of
143
transformation wrought by
111
urban
37
capitalist encirclement
71, 155
'careerists'
ι ο
1-2
Carlyle, Thomas
164, 166
Carr, E. H.
6
catching-up process
134
Caucasus
74
Northern
139
censorship
5
census
(1926) 112
Central Council of Trade
Unions
108, 128
Central Industrial Region i8,
52
Central Volga region
139
centralization/centrally planned
economy
42, 69, 71, 79, 80, 81,
85
importance of
31
institutional foundations of
132
centrist groups
99
Chamberlin, W. H.
5
chauffeur-driven cars
161
Cheka (Chrezvychainaya
Kommissia)
72, 88, 92, 94, 114
historical parallels for activities
of
77
persons shot without trial by
76
replaced by GPU
77, 121
Chelyabinsk
74
children
19, 160
abandoned and orphaned
162-3
collectivist upbringing
84
homeless
84, 146
potential victims of oppression
86
stigmatized
146
China
26, 120—1
Red Guards of Cultural Revolution
(1960s) 142
chinovniki
102
chistki, see purges
Church:
collectivizers likely to desecrate
137
lands/property
56, 97—8
civil liberties
155
civil society
21
Civil War
(1918-20) 2, 4,
n,
45,
68-92,
97s
101,
із6-7>
149
backbone of Bolshevik
administration during
93
emigration of large numbers of
educated Russians during and
immediately after
41
nostalgia for old heroic days of
119
party faction
fìghts
at the end of
12
reasons for Red Army's victory in
5
terror against class enemies part
of
165
class 9i
43, 53
Bolsheviks* political thinking
revolved around
90
198
Index
class
(cowř.)
coercion of
77
criterion applied to all
bureaucracies
106
differentiation within peasantry
82,
113
discriminatory policies and
practices
156—7
see
aho
middle class; upper classes;
working class; also following
headings prefixed 'class'
class antagonism
90, 136
disappearance of
155
class conflict
10, 160
class enemies
3, 91, 166
armed struggle with
136
bourgeois
76, 120
collectivizers likely to insult
137
Communists afraid of
118
complete victory over
47
conceptualized in terms of the
revolution
12
dangerous
168
eliminated
141
hatred and suspicion of
90
internal threat from
122
persecution of
148
probable
25
replacements for
145
strength and determination of
70
struggle against
141
terror against
10, 13, 165
war against
120
weeding out
102
class hostility
54
class justice
91
class struggle
113
disappeared
155
class vengeance
77
class war
48, 70, 82, 158
aggressive
127
call for
51
cessation of
155
intense
155
policies intended to
stimulate
126-7
Clemenceau,
Georges
121
clergymen
97, 98
cloak-and-dagger activities
122
coal production
93, 153
coalitions
43, 49, 50, 51, 52,
58
liberal-socialist
59
coercion
37, 68, 77, 116, 125,
138
opposed
126
procurement methods favoured by
Stalin
136
readiness to resort to
71
substitution of conciliation
for
96—7
cold war
6, 7, 171
collectivization {see also Kolkhoz)
2, 12, 113, 117,
I2O,
125,
135-41, 146, 151, 154, 158,
170
anti-religious campaigns to villages
at the height of
143
simultaneous
132
terror against class enemies part
of
165
unplanned consequence of
153
Comintern
95, 96, 108, 115, 120,
121, 127
Bukharin removed from position
in
128
prerequisites for admission
99
Second Congress
(1920) 99
Commissariats:
Enlightenment
87—8
Finance
96, 106, 126
Food
88
Foreign Affairs
121
Heavy Industry
130, 133, 164
Internal Affairs, see NKVD
Committee of Public Safety
68
Committees of the Poor
82
communal issues
144
apartments
163
land tenure
17
communes, see
mir
Communism/Communists
io,
104,
105, 129
administrators
81, 103
Index
199
ambivalence about
collectivization
140
atheistic
41
deeply disillusioned
96
discipline re-examined
98
drafted into Red Army
75
essential attribute of
164
fall of the regime (1991)
1
fear of class enemies
118
full members and candidates
106
incomes constrained by 'party
maximum'
161
intellectual
162
intimidation of kulak families
137
Left
73
legalization of trade a repudiation
of principles
95
loyal
121
number in Red Army during Civil
War
71
orthodoxy to be absorbed by all
5
Party upheaval and longing for
'return to Normalcy'
4
people who managed to worm their
way into top positions
165
political commissars
76
primitive
24-5
privileged classes
123
'proletarian' as a synonym for
144
public appraisals of loyalty
13
responsible positions in party
apparat
106-7
retaining party membership 101-2
Right-leaning
153
rules of polite behaviour
15
sent to countryside to run
collective farms
146
Siberian
126
theoretical distinction between
socialism and
155
vigilance in the cultural sphere
142
violation of discipline within the
Party
97
withering away of money under
84
working-class, promotion to
white-collar
n
young
86, 87»
Ï19,
141
see also War Communism
Communist Academy
142
concessions
96, 160, 163
constitutional
20
foreign companies
113
trade union
129
confessions
123
Congress of Victors
(1934) 162, 165
Conquest, Robert
7
conscription
55, 76, 78, 94, 115
selective
75
conspicuous consumption
161
conspiracies
5, 12, 22, 76, 100, 119,
164
constant
166
counter-revolutionary
91
evidence of
121
external
124
foreign powers
122
implausible charges of
123
intelligence agencies said to be
behind
165
internal
121, 124
potential factions automatically
became
147
conspiracy theories
41, 42
Constantinople and Straits
48
Constituent Assembly
40,
43~4>
45*
57,67
elections for
66
unceremoniously dispersed by
Bolsheviks
41
constitutional monarchy
15
constitutional reform
33
Constitutions:
Russian Republic (1918)
40, 91,
156
Soviet
(1936)
I55>
156
construction
134, 146
acute production
153
projects
133, 138
sites everywhere
152
contracts and obligations
133
conveyor belts
134-5
convicts
146, 148, 166
cooperatives:
consumer
80
state-supervised
131
2OO
Index
Cossacks
74, 75
Council of Labour and Defence
133
Council of Ministers
45, 88-9
Council of People's Commissars
65,
66, 88, 89, 107, 108
counter-revolutionaries
12, 91, 143,
164
punishment for crimes
13
coups
46, 59, 63, 64, 68, 72, 122
abortive
43, 60, 61
allegedly backed by
émigré
capitalists
123
attempted
40, 60
backed by
émigré
capitalists
123
conspiratorially organized
42
failed
60
party
6, 88
successful
40
unambiguous
66
courts martial
34, 35
secret
164
credit
15, 79
Crimea
45
Crimean War
(1853—6) 32
crimes:
against the state
97
counter-revolutionary
166
extraordinary
164
flamboyant
164
punishment for
13
Criminal Code
125
Cubism
86, 87
cult of Stalin
131,146—7
Cultural Revolution
(1928—31) 2,
141-8
anti-expert bias that made it
possible
162
channel for upward mobility
11
Industrial Party trials
165
terror during and after
158, 165,
166
wildly experimental
developments
159
culture
8, 118, 159, 162
national
70
currency:
devaluation
84
stabilization
95, 96
Czech Legion
74
dachas
161
Danilov, V. P.
139
death
3, 13, 45, 89
famine
93, 140
Rasputin's stubborn resistance
to
38—9
death sentences
97, 164
deception
165
'defeatists'
37—8
defence plants/production
54, 79
'defensist' position
48
dekulakization
126, 139, 146, 168
demobilized soldiers
83, 93
democracy
47, 102, 111
bourgeois
152
direct workers'
55
local (soviet)
155
parliamentary
44
revolutionary
51
democratic centralism
98
democratization
:
army
47—8
political
40
demographics
93, 141, 146
demonstrations
:
mass
57
street
44, 48, 49
student
33
violent
98
Denisov, A.
123
denunciations
6, 8, 118, 148, 168
press
59
self-interested
169
snowballing
170
deportations
122, 139, 140, 146
forcible
97, 167
mass
138
desertions
52, 57, 59, 78
mass
78
de-Stalinization
6
Deutscher,
Isaac
6
'dictator class'
94
dictatorship
107
established
102-3
law-and-order
59
Index
2OI
minority
71-2
perceived alternatives to consensus
and compromise
44
permanent
31-2
repressive
67
totalitarian
42
dictatorship of the proletariat
55, 68,
69, 88, 92, 105-6, 157, 158
law-courts of
91
transition to socialism
155
diplomacy
69
discipline
59, 90, 99, 104,
159
military
76
strict
31, 42, 71
discrimination
113
class
156—7
disenfranchised persons
156
disloyalty
122
displacement
16
dissidents
165, 167
authors/scholars
7
organized factions
90
distribution
78, 80, 131
closed systems
161
daggers drawn over
134
holding up
164
secret
101
divorce
86, 87
legalized
160
Djilas,
Milovan
161
Dnieper
152
Dnieper (Zaporozhe) Steel
133
Don region
74
Donbass
16-17, 18, 19, 20, 159
coal industry crisis
(1932)
see also Shakhty
drinking and looting
58
drought
93
dual power
40, 43, 44-9, 58
due process
35
Duma
16, 33, 34,
Э9з
44_5
deputies arrested
38
dissolution of
46
limited powers
35
a importance of
35
¡„-1^
Feliks
114
Eastern Europe
9—10
economic autarchy
147
economic development io5 in,
114,
134
centralized planning of
69
great breakthrough under way
135
town the key to
113
economic growth:
first spurt of
15
'planning' component of
132
economic policies
78
economic theory
116
Economism
29
education
15, 21, 23, 27-8, 91, 143,
146, 159
good Marxist
47
higher, young workers and
Communists to
11, 145
primary, universal and
compulsory
150
under-utilized
22
egalitarianism
24-5, 81, 91, 158
Eighteenth Party Congress
(1939) 157» 165-6
disclosure of 'excesses' of
vigilance
169
Ekaterinburg, see Sverdlovsk
electricity
154
electrification
114
elites
22, 129—30
administrative
106, 141,
r
44
bureaucratic
23
disciplined
42
educated
93
managerial 11-12,
157
national
70
new
162
party
119
political
145
privileged
161
professional 11-12,
141, 157
ruling
108
social
33
specialist
144
withdrawal of support for
regime
40
wives of members of 160-1
Emancipation
(1861) 17, 19* 21, 56
2O2
Index
embourgeoisement
158, 163
émigrés/émigration
8,
1
6, 28,
зо,
49»
5О,
93
allegedly planned coup backed by
capitalises
123
forced
35
intellectual
98,
і сю
large numbers of educated
Russians
41
leaders
29, 37, 99
prickly and contentious
36
revoit
inspired by
95
weak and isolated
37
enemies
12, 125, 130, 155, 160
campaign against
(1928-9) 123
external and internal
122
hidden
168
liquidated
150
natural
90
political, killing
170
potential
168
rounding up of
121
suspected
121, 166
see oho class enemies
'enemies of the people'
13, 169, 170
top officials denounced and
arrested as
165
Engels, Friedrich
26, 67, 84, 86
engineering
145, 152
young workers drafted to study
146
entrepreneurial activity
15, 23
ste
aho
Nepmen
epidemics
93
equal rights
155, 156
Esperanto
87
'estates'
15
euphemisms
102
euphoria
9, 79, 158
European Russia
16, 112
literacy higher in less fertile
areas
18-19
mir
dissolved in villages of
56
persons shot without trial by
Cheka
76
European Social Democracy
29, 36
executions
34, 45, 76, 98, 164,
1
66
exile
13, 49-50,
1
21-2, 143
forced emigration to avoid
35
expansionist powers
32
expl
otta ti
on
1
54
class
90, 91, 155
victims of
92
expropriation
56—7, 79, 116, 137, 138,
146,168
resisted
155
expulsion
13,
no,
121
extreme left
43, 51, 58
Ezhov, Nikolai
165, 169
factions
12, 76, 98, 100, 108
ban on
ιοί,
109, 147
defeated
101, 102
minority
99
opposition leaders and supporters
expelled for breaking the rule
against no
organized dissident
90
penalties for
127
potential
147
struggles
(mid-i92os)
114
factory committees
52, 54—5, 69, 81,
92
false identity documents
101
family
86, 160
patriarchal
17, 83
famine
32, 84, 97, 146, 153, 163
deaths from
93
legacy of enormous bitterness
139
news kept out of papers
147
relief from
98
Far East
32, 34
February Revolution
(1917) 1, 2, 4,
41, 99, 149
Bolshevik Party membership at
time of
52
Bolsheviks the only party
uncompromised by association
with the regime
61
dual power
40, 44—9
final emergence of Bolshevik Party
from underground
42
first serious military undertaking
since
57
peasant response to news of
55-6
Index
203
Petrograd
workers' revolutionary
spirit in
53
regime overthrown
64
shaky consensus seriously
undermined
43
workers' organizations in industrial
centres
54
feminists
87, 161
feudalism
15
field courts martial
34, 35
Fifteenth Party Congress
(1927) 125
Fifth Columns
166
financial experts
96
financial resources
27
Finland
59, 62, 73
firing squads
98
First Five-Year Plan
(Г929-32)
2,
n,
no,
125, 129,
131-6,
141» 147,
*49> *53,
158, 161
declared successfully completed
(1932) 152
demographic and social
upheaval
146
economic transformation
117,120,
focus on iron and steel
130^ 131
high targets set
123
industrialization and economic
modernization
152
slogan taken seriously
144
social transformation
117, 120
targets should be kept
'realistic*
127
workers moving into white-collar
jobs during
145
first-generation workers
19
First World War
(1914-18) 16, 37-9,
94»121
casualties
93
Russian industry quite advanced
by
19
Fischer, Louis
5
flaunting
161
foodstuffs
80
rationing
146
requisitioning
93
shortages
124, 136
Ford, Henry
134
foreign intervention
71, 91
threat of
122
foreign investment
15, 26, 96
government protection of
20
large-scale
19
foreign policy
120
Stalin blamed for disasters
121
foreign powers
122
suspicion of enemies in the pay
of
166
foreigners
70, 113, 115
suspicion of
147
France
15, 24, 130
see also Allied Powers; First World
War; French Revolution; Second
World War
fraternization
44, 52
'free love'
87
free market/free trade
78, 80
freedom and equality
156
French Revolution
1, 3, 12, 167, 170,
171, 172
Carlyle on
163-4, 166
degeneration of
107, 119
Law of Suspects
122
see also Jacobin Terror
frivolity
147
frondeurs
no
Frumkin,
Moshe 126
Fundamental Laws
(1906) 35
Futurism
85, 86
Galícián
offensive
(19
r
7) 57
gangs
146
Gapon, Fr
Georgii
33
garrisons
53
German Army
38, 57
fraternization
52
Fronts
53,
59>
69, 72-3
invasion by
4
Petrograd
threatened
63
unexpected capture of Riga
60
Germany
15, 29, 45
Communists
95
Hitler's accession to power
162
iost conquests in me East
74
sealed train offer to Lenin
50
Social Democracy
51
2O4
Index
Germany
(cont.}
uprising in protest against peace
treaty signed with
66
war against Russia
72
see also Brest-Litovsk; First World
War; Second World War
Gerschenkron, Alexander
19
Gestapo
165
*
gigantomania'
134
Gogol, Nikolai
16
Gorbachev, Mikhail S.
117, 171
Gorky, Maxim
63, 143, 150,
164
government contracts
79
government regulation
129
GPU (Chief Political
Administration)
77, 121—2
see also OGPU
grain
139,
Σ54
commitment to export
136
hoarded
82, 125, 135
jeopardized plans for large-scale
export
125
kulaks1 dominance in the
market
126
peasants withholding from the
market
121
procurements of
81—2, 124, 125,
126, 135, 136, 153
reliable deliveries needed
135
requisitioning
78, 82
state monopoly on
80
great powers
15, 32
Great Purges
(1937-8) 2, 3, 4, 7, 13,
145, 149, 151, 165,
i663
169,
170
'enemies' uncovered in
167
lives cost during
161
prelude to the first show trial
of
164
trials of Old Bolsheviks
6
'great retreat'
149,151,158
greed
161
Green Armies
75
grievances
169
Guchkov,
Aleksandr i63
47
guerrilla resistance
73
Gukasov, P.
123
Gulags
2, 8, 148, 165, 166,
170
harassment
7, 88
legal and financial
131
heavy industry
130
emphasis on building
150— 1
heroes
160
'heroic period'
(1920) 136—7
hierarchy
158
high-status professions
22
hired labour
56
history
41, 160
intellectual
8
political
6
prerevolutionary
6
revolutionary
119
social
6, 7, 8
Hitler, Adolf
162
hoarding
82, 125, 135
homelessness
84, 146
homosexuality
160
hostage-taking
76
Hotel Luxe
96
house arrest
45
human degradation
24
Hungary
70
see
caso
Austria-Hungary
hunger
94
demobilized soldiers or workers
fleeing
83, 93
hydroelectric dams
152
hysterical accusations
169
ideology
6, 24, 81, 87
anarchist
79
balance between pragmatism
and
78
Bolshevik
99
economic development
10
importance of unity
31
justification of
79, 80
radical
22
revolutionary
10, 26
ruling class
160
scientific
79
illegal movements
33
Index
205
illegitimacy
86
illiteracy
143
imperialism
70
impoverishment
15, 24
imprisonment:
emigration to avoid
35
Tsarist Ministers
46
India z6
Industrial Party
123, 165
industrial working class
94
dispersed and demoralized
92
expanded
37
reabsorbed
into the peasantry
112
shambles (1921)
106
special role to
10
industrialists
39, 133
leading
43
liberals moving to right under
pressure from
59
prominent
46, 55
industrialization
15, 23, 150
drive to
2, 123,
I24>
130-5, 148,
152-3, 162
financing of
115—16
rapid
19, 26,
no,
114, 135, 140
strategy and policy no
Western-style
io,
24
industry:
almost at a standstill
93
drive for complete
nationalization
96
exhorted to 'overfulfil' Plan
132
foreign domination of many
sectors
37
large-scale
96
mass arrests in
165
munitions
54
quite advanced by First World
War
19
wrecking and sabotage in
164
inflation
81, 84
instability
16
Institute of Red Professors
142
insurrection
31-2
armed
62
attempt at
58
call for
6 г—
2
disagreements on desirability of
42
doubts about
63
Lenin urging
64
intelligence agencies
165
intelligentsia/intellectuals
6, 22, 26,
27, 31, 81, 88, 90, 118, 155
arrests and fear quickly spread
into
13
Communist
162, 166
concessions to
96
Cultural Revolution directed
primarily against
2
emigré
98, 100
Europeanized
142
idealization of peasantry
24,25
Jewish
8,
no,
115
knowledge of revolutionary
history
119
Marxist
10, 25
non-Communist
142
publishing abroad
147
radical
24, 85, 86
revolutionary
28
socialist
47
Soviet
157
talk about abandoning
revolutionary dream
36
technical
162
see also Bolshevik intellectuals;
bourgeois intelligentsia
International Women's Day
44, 53
internationalism
37
proletarian
70
'proof
оГ
I
15-16
interrogation of experts
123
intimidation
77, 88
intolerance
8
Jacobin
30
intransigence
99
investigative missions
125
Iskra
(party newspaper)
30
isolation
69, 115
contact with the West restricted
and dangerous
147
cultural
147, 170
'isolation from the masses*
48
2Об
Index
Italy
143
Fascists
107
Socialist Party
99
Ivan IV (the Terrible), Tsar of
Russia
160
Jacobin Terror
(1794)
4> *3>
Зо,
77>
166, 167, 169
Japan
32, 33,
τ^ο,
165
troops to Siberia
75
Jews
8, 31,
no,
115
international conspiracy
41
liberation from Tsarist
restrictions
92
migration out of the Pale
93
soviets
dominated by
70
jingoistic flag-waving
38
judges
91
judicial system
23
July Days (1917)
49, 57-8, 62
heroes of
94
Kaganovich,
Lazar
128, 134
Kamenev, Lev
63, 108,
no,
164
Kazakhstan
139
Kerensky,
Aleksandr
46, 47, 57,
59-60, 63-4, 73
Kharkov
16, 133, 134
Khlevnyuk,
Oleg
8
Khrushchev, Nikita S.
145, 159
denunciation of Stalin
6, 118
Secret Speech
7, 165
Kiev
16
Kirov, Sergei
163, 164
Koestler, Arthur
6
Kolchak, AdmL
Aleksandr
74, 75
kolkhoz
83, 135, 138-9, 151, 154
denunciations of chairmen
169
flight from
141
immediate requirements of
131
organized
137, 141
persecution of class enemies in
148
regarded with suspicion by
peasants
83
work of Antichrist
143
Kolkhoz Charter
163
Kołlontai, Aleksandra
87
Komsomol
86, 104, 137, 168
Central Committee and
secretariat
142
*
Cultural Army' and 'Light
Cavalry*
143
Komsomolsk-na-
Amure
158
Kornilov, Gen. Lavr
40, 43, 59—60,
61, 63
Kosygin, Aleksei
N. 145
Kotkin3 Stephen
8
Krasnov,
Gen. Petr
72
Kremlin
96, 161
Kronstadt
revolt (1921)
11, 48,
58-9>
94, 95
Krupskaya, Nadezhda
108
Krymov,
Gen. Aleksandr
60
Krzhizhanovsky,
Gleb
131
Kseshinskaya Palace
58
Kuban region
74
kulaks
10, 12, 90, 91, 116, 125
arrest of
166
attacks on
136
campaign against
123
class enemies
120
deportation of
139
disappearance of millers
154
discrimination of
113
dominance in grain market
126
eliminated
155
expropriated
137, 138, 146, 168
hoarder as villain
135
intensive efforts to discredit
136
liquidating
136, 141, 168
magnets for
164
radical measures against
126
showdown with
137
Stalin's line on
117
see also dekulakization
kuľiurnosť
162
Kuomintang 120—
ι
Kuznetsk
133
labour-camps
13, 148, 166
Labour Exchange
96
labour force:
industrial
19
urban, rapidly expanding
140
labour movement
28
Index
207
land commissions
36
land reform
56—7
land seizures
55, 57, 82
mass desertions closely related
to
78
spontaneous
51
unauthorized
56
landlords
18
landowners
21
j
59, 78
alarm and fear of peasantry
55
attacks on
34
compensation to
57
confiscation of estates and
redistribution
51
land retained in Emancipation
settlement
56
large-scale farming
113
law and order
40, 43, 59
laws
89
class-discriminatory
156
historical
5-6
no need for
85
lawyers
23, 35
socialist
46
leadership struggle 107-11
League of Militant Atheists
142
Left Opposition
12, 61, 153
excommunication of
125
final defeat of
126
imprisoned politicians released
62
ruthless onslaught on
147
secret discussions with leaders
127
troublemakers
60
legal Marxism
29
legal profession
23
legal reforms (1860s)
35
legality
77
legitimacy
46
shaky
39
Lenin, Vladimir I.
6, 7, 20, 21, 41, 52,
63, 64-8, 72, 73, 76, 78, 91, 94,
96, 102, 117-18, 119, 129,
170
advocacy of centralized party
organization and strict
discipline
71
archive-based biographies of
8
Bolsheviks who disagreed with
90,
99
continual petty bickering
36
defeat of Trotsky's faction and
majority on new Central
Committee
101
'defeatism'
37—8
disapproval of new style of party
politics
roo
electrification plan
114
factions implicitly challenging his
personal leadership
100
first distinctive trait as Marxist
theoretician
31
Germany's sealed train offer
50
hard-headed realism about
government
85
illness and death
3, 89, 107, 108,
no, in,
127
national self-determination
principle
69
orders issued for arrest of
58
political legacy
117
profession as'man of letters'
87
refuge in Finland
59, 62
revolutionary terror
77, 167
rumours that he was a German
agent
58-9
secret letter to Politburo
(1922)
97
sectarian habits
50
strongly opposed to legalization of
trade
95
tension between Plekhanov and
30
writings:
32;
'April Theses'
51;
The
Development of Capitalism in
Russia
26-7;
State and
Revolution
84-5, 155;
'Testament* io8, nr; Two Tactics
of Social Democracy
31-2;
What
Is To Be Done? (pamphlet)
31,
42,98
Lenin Levy
106
Lenin Mausoleum
111
Leningrad
16, 108, 138, 163, 164
Communists and urban workers
recruited from big plants of
138
see oho
Petrograd
2O8
Index
Leninism/Leninists
7,
ιοί,
126
fundamental divergence between
Stalinism and
117-18
liberal democracy
100
Russian people cheated of
41
liberalism/liberals
24, 27, 34-5, 43
j
47
banquet campaign
33
bourgeois
29, 30, 31, 40
claim to leadership of revolutionary
movement
33
coalition of socialists and
49
expropriation of private lands
56^7
moderate
45
moving to right under pressure
from industrialists
59
'rotten'
142
special interest in political
democratization
40
traumatic shock
41
Liberation movement
27, 29
zemstvo
nobility and professionals
rallied behind
33
liberté, égalité, fraternité
8, 157, 158
liquidation
113
lishentsy, see disenfranchised persons
literacy
18—19, 28,
in,
150
Lithuanian gentry
130
living standards
119
decline in
146
dropped sharply
145, 154
elite status
161
high
161
urban
11
loans
37
local authorities
138
Lodz
17
London
120
Louis Bonaparte, King of
Holland
170
Louis Philippe, King of France
33
loyalty
46, 60, 107, 122
dubious
157
suspect
76
Lunacharsky,
Anatolu
87-8
Luxemburg, Rosa
51
Lvov, Prince
Georgii
45—6, 57
machine-building plants:
investment monies for
134
massive new
152
machine-tool industry
131
Machine-Tractor Stations
154
machines/machinery
85, 114
import of
125, 131
Magnitogorsk
131, 133, 146, 153,
158
Makhno, Nestor
94
'malicious suspiciousness*
30
Manchuria
33
Manicheans
9
manners
158—9
manor houses
34
sacked and burned
55
manufacturing
z
13
private, curtailment of
131
marketing procedures
139
marriage
160
martial law
34
Martin, Terry
8
Martov, Yulii
30, 65
Marx, Karl
26, 31, 84, 116, 140, 158,
170
Marxism/Marxists n,
20, 40, 43, 53,
56, 82, 151-2
claim that revolution was
historically necessary
9
conceptual problems about
emergence of privileged
bureaucratic class
161
early contacts with the
workers
27—8
emergence as a distinct group
25
formulaic
5
history
160
inherently scientific nature of
84
initial impact in intellectual
debate
26
label used by intelligentsia groups
that disagreed with
24
logical complement of
10
love with Western-style
industrialization
10
means to an end for
10
nationalism a form of false
consciousness
69
Index
209
non-Bolshevik
41
orthodox 30
predictions
2бэ
29
'progressive*
reforms
36
scientific ideology
79
theory
12, 29, 31, 84, 115,
ii63
127,
158
masked balls
163
material incentives
159
Mayakovsky, Vladimir
86
mechanization
138
Medvedev, Roy A.
7
Mensheviks
34, 36, 41, 47, 49, 65, 68,
111-12,
144
arrest of
97
Central Committee
97
conscious of losing workers'
support
37
displaced leadership
60
forcibly deported
97, 167
lost working-class support to
Bolsheviks
31
non-Russians prominent in
intelligentsia-dominated
leadership
30—1
orthodox Marxism
30
revolutionaries in Switzerland
50
split between Bolsheviks and
(1903) 99
state planning agencies ruthlessly
purged of
132
Menzhinskii, Vyacheslav
123
metallurgical plants
17, 20, 54.,
130
investment monies for
complexes
134
massive new
152
metalworkers
60, 114
Meyerhold,
Vsevolod
86
Michael Alexandrovich, Grand
Duke
45
middle class
20, 21
new unions of professionals
33
Whites' active support from
78
migration
19, 141
Mikoyan, Anastas I.
100
militancy
20, 31, 34, 53, 55, 143
military commanders
59
military drafting
54
military intervention
162
foreign
123
Military Opposition faction
76
military threats
124
militia units
61
Milyukov, Pavel
38, 45-6, 48
mining
16-17, 18
accidents organized in
164
concessions for enterprises
96,
113
deliberate sabotage of
122
investment monies for
134
new settlements
152
Ministries
88
Agriculture
49
Finance
23, 46
Foreign
46, 48
Industry
114
Justice
46
Labour
49
Trade and Industry
23, 46
War
47* 57
mir 17, 112
abolished
(1930) 139
evident vitality of
56
internal disintegration
26
peasants encouraged to consolidate
holdings and separate from
36
perceived as a true peasant
institution
82—3
wish to save from the ravages of
capitalism
24
modernization
9, 10, 23, 27, 29, 115,
152
banking and credit structure
15
ideology of
26
modes of production
151
Mogilev
44
Molotov,
Vyachesiav M.
50,
goy
100-1, 102, 128, 131,
i6i5
165,
170
monarchists
41, 46
money
80, 88
withering away under
communism
84
Mongol khans
130
monuments
86
morale
57
damaged/disintegrated
58, 60
2IO
Index
Moscow i6,
19, 66, 75, 96, 103, 126,
130
Bolshevik capital moved to
74
Bolshevik Party membership
52
city directory
149—50
Communists and urban workers
recruited from big plants of
138
heavy fighting in
72
nudists on crowded trams
87
Party organization
128
population of
146
revolutionary institutions
20
show trials
170
workers' organizations in industrial
centres
54
working class radicalized
ι1
Moscow Soviet:
armed uprising by
34
Bolshevik majority in
61
motherhood
160
munitions industry
54
murder
38-9, 164
Murmansk
74
Mussolini,
Benito 107
mutinies
33
see also
Kronstadt
revolt
Napoleon Bonaparte,
Emperor of
France
3, 107, 112
narod
24
National Congress of Soviets
(1917)
52, 61, 62, 64-5,
б7
national languages/minorities
70
national wealth
15
nationalism/nationalists
120—1
disarming by 'granting forms of
nationhood*
69—70
nationalization
78, 79—80, 124
abandoned drive for
96
complete
151
Nazi Germany
6
NEP
(New Economic Policy)
4, 11,
124, 131, 149,
15З
abandoning many basic policy
assumptions of
127
and future of the revolution
93-119
converting peasants to collectivized
agriculture
135
militant Communist organizations
whose drive had been thwarted
by party leadership during
142
old mixed economy fast
disappearing
132
policies of retreat
129
political framework and basic social
policies
126
repudiation of unheroic
compromises of
120
society highly volatile and unstable
during
3
'strategic retreat' marked by
introduction of
2
War Communism jettisoned in
favour of
79
Nepmen
113, 116, 119, 141
drive against
131
expropriated
146
policies of liquidating
168
Neva, River
64
'new class*
161
newspapers
60, 63, 122, 124, 163
Western-style advertisements no
longer carried
147
see also
Iskra;
Novaya zhizn';
Pravda
Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia
15,
16, 23, 32, 36
abdication i,
45
absences from capital as Army
commander-in-chief
38, 44
belief that Russia was still an
autocracy
35
constitutional concessions
20
execution
45
October Manifesto
(1905) 33
nightclubs
96
Nizhny Novgorod (Gorky) Auto
13З
NKVD (Soviet Peopled
Commissariat for Internal
Affairs)
165, 166, 169
Nobel, A.
123
nobility
15, 90
egalitarian redistribution of lands
held by
56
Index
111
electoral
system heavily
over-represented
35
intrigues of
38
lesson learnt from events
(1905-6) 34
'new Service*
ΙΟΙ—
2
offspring of
25
released from obligation of
compulsory service to state
22
upper ranks of state bureaucracy
dominated by
21
see
aho
zemstvos
non-persons 63
7
non-Russians;
policy towards
69
prominent in
intelligentsia-dominated
leadership
30—1
troops
74
Northern and Western Front
armies
53
Northern Caucasus
139
nostalgia
23, 119
Novaya zhizn' (newspaper)
63
nudists
87
oblasť
107
obligation
22
occupational choice
22
October Revolution
(1917) 2, 4,
11,
їв,
27, 61-7, 68, 72, 131,
149
Bolsheviks' behaviour and policies
after
70
essentially unfair disaster of
41
first members of intelligentsia to
accept
86
illegitimacy of
42
interpretation of
5
party coup belief
6, 88
scars left by
41
Octobrists
33-4
Odessa
16
officers
61, 74, 91
'class vengeance' of sailors dealing
with
77
former Tsarist
89
naval
48
old Tsarist
41, 75, 76, 78, 89
relations between and men and
53,
60
official rebukes
168
officials
46, 55, 91, 119, 126
abuses of power
168—9
attacks on
34, 35
beaten, stoned or shot at
138
denounced and arrested
165
disgraced i6i
encouraging peasants to organize
voluntarily into collectives
137
inherited
103
minor
104
not encouraged to 'go by the
book'
105
numbers of workers became
145
old regime and Provisional
Government
76
rural
169
visible marks of elite status
162
OGPU (United State Political
Administration)
Г23,
138
oil
17
old-age pensions
96
one-party state
99—100
Oppositionists
102,
n
6, 120
danger of coup
122
delegates no
expelled leaders
121
harassment of
121
Lenin intolerant of
167
magnet for groups who hated
Soviet power
164
membership of
168
pretending to have renounced
views
165
struggle between party leadership
and
119
tolerance of persons who had once
been
167
see
abo
Left Opposition; Military
Opposition, Right Opposition
oppression
171
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo
130, 164
Orgburo
88, 104, 109
orphanages
84
Orthodox Church
97
212
Index
Orwell, George
6, 85
otkhodniki
18, 19
Our Achievements (journal)
150
output
133, 152-3
bonuses for
159
defective
153
overpopulation
140
panic buying
121
paranoia
71
party committees
104
party membership
13
passive resistance
139
passports
18, 140
patriotism
38, 53
focus of
171
history used to inculcate
160
overnight
37
unreserved
51
peasant revolts
(1905—7) 36, 37, 94
peasantry
6, 15, 19, 155
alienated
94
Bolsheviks and
81-2
class differentiation within
82, 113
coercion of
126
concessions to
96, 163
conciliatory overtures towards
151
confrontation with
116, 117, 122,
125, 136, 138
conscripted
78
demoralization of
141
driven out of villages
146
enlighteners of
25
enlisted men in armed forces
53
hostility between regime and
136
industrial working class
reabsorbed
into
112
industrializers without any special
tenderness towards no
intelligentsia's idealization of
24,
25
peasantry landowners' alarm and
fear of
55
new managerial and professional
elite recruited from
157
party leadership divided on policy
towards
124
Party's one-sided love affair
with
27
patriarchal structure of family
17
petitions to Provisional
Government
56
political imperative of winning
over
83
rebellious
ЗГ,
35
relatively prosperous
135
resentful and unwilling to work
15З
richer
82, 113, 137
rioting
34
seasonal labour
18
single-issue voters
67
small-capitalist farming
112-13
'squeezing'
154
SRs much better known to
67
Stalin's attitude to
r
16-17
strained relations between Soviet
regime and
82
'Urals-Siberian method' of dealing
with
125
vengeful
34
violent, anarchic tradition
21
warned not to take the law into
own hands
57
working class and
19, 20, 27, 28
penalties
136
People's Commissariat, see
Comissariats
'People's Will'
25, 26
perestroïka
117
permanent workers
19
Peter I (the Great), Tsar of
Russia
148, 160
Petersburg Region
18, 19
see also St Petersburg
Petersburg Soviet
(1905) 34, 46
Petrenko, Lena
169
Petrograd 16, 58, 60, 72, 73, 74
Bolshevik control in
66, 68, 70
Bolshevik Party membership
52
crowds onto the streets
43
factory committees
54
Finland Station
50
mass demonstrations
57
Index
213
politicians in state of high
excitement and frenetic
activity
45
popular revolution/uprising
9,
57-8, 59
radicalized working class
11
strikes
37, 44, 94
troops dispatched from front to
60
workers' revolutionary
spirit/organizations in industrial
centres
53, 54
Petrograd
Soviet
50-5, 62
Bolshevik majority in 6i,
63
Congress of Soviets (October
1917)
65
dual power relationship of
Provisional Government and
40,
43>
46,
48-9>
58
Executive Committee
47, 48-9,
60
groups jostling for position
43
Military-Revolutionary
Committee
63, 64-5
newly revived
40
Order
N0.1
issued in the name
of
47-8
socialist and liberal groups jostled
for position in
43
taunt directed at moderates who
controlled
61
petty bourgeoisie
36, 83, 85, 113
concessions to
96
Philistinism of
160
reliable producers for urban
market
112
Philistine morality
87
philosophy
143
pickpockets
96
piecework
81
pig-iron production
131
planning
132
rational
153
sober,, transition to
159
see also centralization
Plekhanov,
Georgii
26, 30, 51
plots:
anti-Soviet
124
counter-revolutionary
12
Pokrovsky, Mikhail
160
Poland
16, 121
gentry
130
Red Army march into
(1920) 70
see
aho
Warsaw
police
34
disintegrating
44
greatly strengthened
148
no need for
85
renegade priest with connections
to
33
risk of harassment from
28
round-up of Bolsheviks at
beginning of war
54
security
76
unions frequently closed down
by
35
untrammelled power
23
see also police state; secret police
police state
25, 31
Politburo
8, 88, 101, 104, 109,
121-8,
13З»
161
collective leadership io8,
127
Lenin's secret letter to
97
role of first among equals in in
tending to usurp government's
powers
89
political change
15
acceptance of liberalism as an
ideology of
24
political parties
39, 52, 65, 66
Bolsheviks outstripping all others
in recruitment
42
bourgeois
86
factions playing the role in
multi-party system
100
freedom to express views
publicly
97
legalized i6,
35
little room for other
88
major problems raised by
continued existence of
68
opposition, loyalty suspect
76
outlawed for supporting Whites
88
parliamentary immunity
58
prerevolutionary connections
with
168
socialist
28, 35
214
Index
political struggle
90
political theory
55, 116, 143
political troublemakers
54
political upheaval
16, 129
politics:
coalition
43
compromise
43, 44
crises
32, 57—61
disaffection
22
fragile and overstrained
structure
39
growing polarization of
43—4
internal party
133
leadership
102
Lenin's disapproval of new style
of
100
military jargon into the language
of
71
open, democratic and pluralist
42
parliamentary
100
problems
44
reforms
(1905-7) 35
revolutionary
86
socialist
51
Polytechnical Institutes
23
popular resistance
8
population in
urban rise
146
Populists
24, 28, 82, 144
core of Marxist argument with
10
determination to serve the
people
25
revolutionary voluntarism
27
upsurge of revolutionary terrorism
by
25
Portsmouth^ Treaty of
(1905) 33
power struggle
127
Pravda
127, 128
Preobrazhensky, Evgenii
79
}
85,
ііб,
117, 135
prerevolutionary years
16
press
133,
t35,
138
blatant distortion of reality and
manipulation of statistics
147
claims
94—5
constant theme in
120
foreign
170
vilification of Nepmen in
131
pressure groups
98
prices
124, 125, 126
effectively negotiable
135
priests
146, 168
printers
60
prisons
63, 166
no need for
85
private sector:
allowed to re-form
96
Bolsheviks' attitude to
113
privileged classes
90, 91, 122—3
privileges
1583 161
shared
162
production
113, 114
account kept of
85
acute problems
Γ53
artisan
132
capitalist, advanced
20
coal
93
defence
79
future, investment in
135
maximizing
81
productivity:
exhortations for
147
increasing
159
insistent demands for
11
professional class
22, 27, 34—5, 40,
161
modernization-minded
23
new unions of
33
military
76
non-Communist
162
professors
145, 159—60
profiteers
113
Progressive Bloc
44
proletarian hegemony
141, 1449
157
'proletarian promotion' policy ri,
144
proletariat
io,
21, 37, 53, 77, 91-2,
120
absolute necessity of seizing power
in the name of
118
alliance between bourgeoisie
and
43
Bolshevik Party and
5, 67, 90
bourgeoisie against
70
core
94
Index
215
defined
93
definitive abandonment of
157
essential antagonism of bourgeoisie
and
34
exploited
24
highly concentrated
20
industrial
117
invoking the name of
144
landless
17, 24
non-upwardly mobile
159
only class capable of bringing
about true socialist revolution
26
overthrow of bourgeoisie by
51
promises to give power to
145
regime's identification with
158
revolution as the mission of
9
self-conscious
143
Soviet regime turned on
95
temporary disintegration and
dispersal of
71
trade-union consciousness
31
urban
90, 117, 140
see also dictatorship of the
proletariat
propaganda
6, 25, 119, 124,150,
154
barrage at home and abroad
152
planned blitz
163
posters
86
property
78
Church
97—8
confiscated
137
prostitutes
96
Provisional Government
1, 45, 51,
52, 61-2, 64, 65, 80, 88
bourgeois
49, 53
call for removal of power from
49
credit undermined
57
dual power relationship of
Petrograd
Soviet and
40, 43, 46,
48-9,58
formation announced
46
land reform
56-7
politicians of centre and right
reaffirm loyalty to
60
problem of dislodging
63
resignation of head of
57
socialist and liberal groups jostle
for position in
43
socialists intended to act as
watchdogs over
47
strong popular sentiment
against
58
threat to
59
workers rejected
63
provocateurs
164
Pskov
44
public opinion
160
public spending limitations
96
Pugachev revolt
(1773-4)
2i>
34
Pulkovo Heights, Battle of
(1918)
punishment
13, 147
intentionally visited
139-40
opposition factions
102
severe
96, 120
purges
13, 99, 128, 132, 167
party
1
о
1-2, 167-8
replacements for class enemies
145
see
aho
Great Purges
Pushkin,
Aleksandr
162
Putilov
20, 79
Putin, Vladimir V.
172
Pyatakov, Yurii
136, 164
quality of life
146
quotas
136, 139
rabochii kontrol,
see workers* control
radicalism n,
22, 23, 24, 30, 48,
54
innovation in any field
143
intellectual
85, 86
intransigent
43
policy
79
prospects for change
118
return to
126
social change
105
railways/railwaymen
60, 93
ambushed freight trains
133
stations
64, 963, 162-3
see also Trans-Siberian; Turksib
rank
22
2l6
Index
RAPP
(Russian
Association
of
Proletarian Writers)
142, 143,
144
Rasputin, Grigorii Yefimovich
38—9
rationing
80, 81
life in towns made miserable
by
146
lifted
163
reintroduced in towns
120
raw materials
80, 131
real wages
11,145
recruitment
52
relatively industrialized
53
voluntary
75
Red Army
72-8, 80, 81, 84, 92, 96,
125, 131
Communists serving in Civil
War
71
creator of
107
feeding of
82
march into Poland
(1920) 70
men who learnt their ideology
in
87
most of Bolsheviks' organizational
talents into
88
numbers serving in
71, 93
pockets of support for Trotsky
in
109
reasons for victory in Civil War
5
strong Bolshevik opposition to use
of military professionals
89
Red Guards
61, 72, 75, 76
Chinese
142
Red October
41
redemption payments
17, 18, 26
redistribution
51, 56, 78
egalitarian
82
re-education
86—7
Reed, John
5
reformist tendencies
29
refugees
38
regency
45
regional competition
133, 134
regulations
156
religious superstitions
87
repression i,
25, 67, 68-9
authoritarian
42, 90
heavy-handed
153
requisitions
93, 94, 95
grain
78, 82
resource allocation
132
retail trade
80
'return to normalcy'
151, 162, 163
revisionist tendencies
29
'revolution from above*
3, 4
'revolutionary avantgardism'
142
revolutionary professionalism
99
revolutionary terrorism
4, 9, 12, 23,
77, 167, 169, 170
primarily directed against class
enemies
10, 13
upsurge of
25
usual suspects in
166
revolutions
3, 22, 69
accomplished
151—7
assertion of workers' primacy in
55
betrayal of
119,
15г,
157-63
bourgeois
27, 43, 47
call to arms for salvation of
72
countryside
82
downfall of
119
elite
40
ideology of
26
industrial
1x6
international
70, 115
interpreting
8-13
life cycle of
2
peasant
83
permanent
31-2
popular
9, 40, 49, 52-7, 99
premature
112
proletarian
5, 31, 41, 43, 84, 115
prominence no guarantee of
security in
167
radical
40
socialist
41
successful
84
urban and rural not
simultaneous
34
violence inherent in
12
world
84, 155
writings about
4—8
see also Cultural Revolution; French
Revolution; Russian Revolution
rewards
161
rhetorical imagery
143
Riabushinskii, P.
123
Index
217
Riga
17,
бо
fall of
63-4
Rigby, T. H.
102
Right Opposition
99, 153
counter-revolutionary threat
from
61
former leaders
164, 167
ideological struggle with
134
punishment after defeat
147
rational platform
129
Stalin versus
124-30, 142
state planning agencies ruthlessly
purged of
132
rivalries
134
roadblocks
64
Rostov
17
Rostow, Walt
152
rule of law
23
Russia
6
Allied Powers extremely hostile to
new regime
75
capitalist industrialization
inevitable in
26
central, chaotic outflow of refugees
into
38
backwardness
9, 130, 148
descent from civilization
41
Far East expansion
32
foreign domination of many sectors
of industry
37
future democratic government
40
Germany's interest to let
revolutionaries opposed to war
return to
50
great power status
15
internal political crisis (1870s)
32
Marxism an ideology of revolution
and of economic
development
10
peasant farmers' land tenure
36
population
(1897) 16
radical domestic reforms
(1860s)
32
revolutionary parties
9
rural
68
schizoid nature of society
21
transport and communications
systems
75
yardstick for future of
24
see also European Russia
Russian Empire
89
Bolsheviks in exile in remote
regions
49
German Army penetration into
western territories
38
incorporation of territories in new
Soviet republic
70
non-Russian and outlying areas
33,
68
vast expanse of territory
16
Russian Revolution
(1905) 16, 27, 28,
4°, 55
beginning and aftermath
32-9
Lenin and Two Tactics of Social
Democracy
31-2
peasant uprisings/rioting
21, 34
political outcome of
35
revolutionary institutions
20
see also February Revolution;
October Revolution
Russian Social-Democratic Labour
Party
28
legal Marxism roundly denounced
by
29
Second Congress
(1903) 30
Russo-Japanese War
(1904-5)
32
ruthlessness
97,
no, in,
132, 147
Rykov,
Aleksei
Г07,
io8,
117, 121,
125, 127, 128, 129, 164
sabotage/saboteurs
77, 103
danger from
127
economic
164
implausible charges of
123
magnets for
164
mining industry
122
need for vigilance against
120
sacking and burning
34
St Petersburg i6,
19,
зз>
70» 75
city directories
21-2
revolutionary institutions
20
salaries:
high
161
paid partly in kind
80
specialists'
159
Samara
74
samizdat
7
2l8
Index
scandals
36, 38, 168
scapegoating
169
school uniforms
159
schools in
science
94
scientific ideology
79
'scissors crisis'
(1923-4) 124
seasonal work
18, 19
Second Comintern Congress
(1920) 99
Second Five-Year Plan
(1933-7)
150-1, 159
second-generation workers
19
Second World War
(1939-45) 4
see also Nazi Germany
secret addresses
101
secret police
16, 77, 164
coercive organs comparable in
function to
68
renamed
(1934) 165
used against Trotskyites
167
Secret Treaties (Tsarist government
and Allies
1915-17) 48
sectarianism
50, 52
security
105
seizure of power
65, 68, 76, 171
unlawful
42
self-censorship
5
self-criticism
148, 169
self-determination:
cautiously endorsed by Lenin
69
limits to
70
self-identifications
21—2
serfdom
17, 18, 25, 565 112
abolition of
21
golden age before the advent of
112
second
140, 154
service prerogatives
21
Seventeenth Party Congress
(1934) 151
Sex
casual
87
'glass of water' approach
87
promiscuous
87
sexual liberation
87, 160
Shakhty
122, 127, 144,165
Shlyapnikov,
Aleksandr
100
shortages
81, 124, 136, 146
acute
161
chronic
170
dire
153
show trials
122, 170
last of
164
prelude to first
164
suspicion of foreigners a strong
motif in
147
theatricality of proceedings
170
Shuya
97-8
Shvernik, Nikolai
134
Siberia
33, 45, 75, 125, 126
anti-Bolshevik government
74
Bolshevik leaders exiled in
50
mass deportations to
138
sickness benefits
96
siege mentality
147
Sixteenth Party Conference
(1929) 134
Slezkine, Yuri
8
slogans
41, 51, 58, 87, 115, 129,
144
noble
8
peace
63
provocative
61
rejected
49
reservations about
68
revolutionary
86, 158
small shopkeepers
131
smokestacks
9-10, 152
Smolny
Institute
64
social change
16
radical
105
social fabric
24
social labour
85
social mobility, see upward mobility
social order
85
social perfectibility
36
social reform
40
social science
143, 145
socialism:
accomplished
155
building
io, 111-19,
126, 150, 154,
158
capitalism a necessary stage on the
way to
27
Index
219
devotion to
156
intelligentsia generally accepted
24
milestone on the road to
132
path to
25, 26
pre-Marxist
24
scientific
84
socialist economy would
automatically produce
152
symbol of
171
theoretical distinction between
communism and
155
transition to
91
true
156
'socialist cities*
144
Socialist International
99
socialist movement
37, 38
liberals' attitude to
35
socialist parties
28, 35, 43, 67
major
49
revolutionary
34
socialist workers' revolution
30
socialists
43, 46
coalition
49, 50, 52, 58
contempt for those could not
understand the necessity of
terror
77
illusions of unity
51
intellectual
47
liberals traditionally tended to see
as allies
40
moderate
58
pushed to the left
59
solidarity
20, 33, 40
patriotic
53, 120
village
82
Solzhenitsyn,
Aleksandr
7
Lenin in Zurich
41-2
Soviet Union:
adult literacy
150
beginning of engagement in
Second World War
4
conspiracies against
5
conspiracy likely to end in
concerted military onslaught
ОП
121
dangerous accomplices of external
and internal enemies of
122
dissolution/break-up/collapse
(1991)
1, 8, 171
evocation of the spirit
(1936-7)
164
giant smokestacks that clutter the
landscape
9—10
histories of
5—8
ideas that became widely
disseminated in
124
interpretation of the Russian
Revolution
171
'leader of the progressive forces of
mankind
170
leading cadres and specialists
145
new industrial and mining
settlements
152
no need or desire to beg favours
from capitalist West
116
obsession with hugeness
134
organs of power'
102
Perestroika 117
postrevolutionary era
4
pre-
1939
territories
4
recurrent war scares
124
redrawing the economic map
of
133
repressive authoritarianism
42, 90
resistance to regime's policies
120
socialism an accomplished fact
in
155
socialist base
151
territorial boundaries
69
ultimate objective to launch
military attack on
165
unofficial circulation of
manuscripts within
7
urban population
140, 141, 146
soviets
20, 47, 66, 88, 103
call for transfer of power to
65
Central Executive Committee
88
created at city level and at lower
level of urban district
54
dominated by 'foreigners'
70
key institutions in transferring
power from bourgeoisie to
proletariat
51
22O
Index
soviets
(cont.)
local
level role
89
party committees becoming
dominant over
89
plants expropriated on their own
authority
79-80
quasi-legal transfer of power to
61
still to follow capitals' lead in
overthrowing bourgeoisie
68
uncooperative and often
chaotic
104
see also Moscow Soviet;
Petrograd
Soviet
sovkhozy> see state farms
specialization
103, 105
spies
7,122
caught on train
169
danger from
127
magnets for
164
military leaders accused of
being
164
vigilance against
120
SR (Socialist-Revolutionary)
Party
27, 47, 49, 50, 65, 67, 68,
74.98
displaced leadership
60
left
66, 73, 88
right
97
Stakhanovite Movement
159
Stalin, Joseph V.
1, 2, 11, 101, 102,
105, 108-9,
m,
153»
I54> i6i,
163, 165, 169-70
archive-based biographies of
8
break with Zinoviev and
Kamenev no
Cultural Revolutionaries used to
discredit Trotsky
143
exile in Siberia
50
indictment of
5
industrialization policy
10,114-15,
116,117
Khrushchev's denunciation of
6,
118
Medvedev's work critical of
7
new Constitution
155
new history textbooks
160
revolution
3, 4, 120-48, 149, 150,
157» 168
secret police used against
Trotskyites
167
self-promotion
159
'Six Conditions' speech (1931)
162
special secret order to arrest former
kulaks and criminals
166
state terror initiated by
4
totalitarian dictatorship
42
Trotsky deported by
122, 167
united opposition to no
writings: 'Dizzy with Success'
(article)
138;
Short Course in the
History of the Soviet Communist
Party
5
Stalingrad Tractor plant
132, 133,
153
Stalinism/Stalinists
4, 8,
n6,
128,
130, 156, 162
authoritarianism
71
fundamental divergence between
Leninism and
117-18
orthodox
16
1
standing armies
32
starvation
93, 97
State Bank
96
state control
132
state farms
83, 135
State Planning Commission
131
State Prosecutor
122
state sponsorship
26
statistical bureaux
85
Stavka
46
steel
131, 152
Stolypin,
Petr
36-7, 56, 77, 83, 112,
ІЗ«
street demonstrations
44, 48, 49
street-fighting
68
strikes
28, 33, 94
general
34, 37
large-scale
20, 37
state authorities quick to provide
troops
20
women workers
44, 53
Struve,
Petr
29, 33
student demonstrations
33
suicide
60
Sukhanov, Nikolai
47, 48, 109
summary justice
34, 71,
j6y
77
Index
221
Suny,
Ronald 8
supply priorities
132-3
Supreme Economic Council
80, 114,
130
Sverdlovsk
134, 146
Swan Lake (Tchaikovsky)
162
Swedish feudal rulers
130
Switzerland
50
Syrtsov, Sergei
125
Tambov revolt
(1920-1) 94, 95
tamizdat
7
tank production
131
Tauride Palace
46-7
taxes
26, 95, 96
technical expertise
89, 103
technical schools
145
entrance requirements
159
technology:
advanced
19
modern
134
telegraph offices
64
Tenth Army
46
Tenth Party Congress (1921)
94-5,
100, 101, 102
territorial boundaries
69
terror
3, 23, 33, 163-72
anti-Soviet
121
main purpose of
12
move associated with abandonment
of
77
new wave of
158
organ of
76
Red
77
repudiation of
26
small-scale
12
tactics
25
totalitarian
4
using against class enemies
13
textile industry
131
theatres
86, 143 "
Thermidor
2, 4, 5,
ii9ł
I49, I5Z,
Іуо
Third World
10
liberation movements
171
Thirteenth Party Conference
(1924) 109
TimasherT, Nicholas S.
149, 151
Tomsky, Mikhail
108, 128, 145
totalitarianism
4, 6, 42, 166
tractors
131, 132, 134, 138-9, 152
real kolkhoz lacking in
154
trade
13 г,
132
legalization of
95
private, elimination of
146
retail
80
wholesale
80
trade-union consciousness
20, 21,
Зі
trade unions
16,
54>
69, 81, 92
debate on the status of
100
made legal in principle
35
major concessions to
129
national leadership of
134
reined-in
145
see also Central Council of Trade
Unions
traditions
9
traitors
6, 64, 163
transfer of power
65
effectiveness of
46
quasi-legal
61, 62
transition and experimentation
132
Trans-Siberian Railway
33, 74, 75
treachery
120, 170
treason
38, 121
troops
74, 75, 76
fraternizing with crowd
44
loyalist
72
reserve
53
unreliability of
60
village-by-village pacification
campaign
34
Trotsky, Leon
34, 41, 58, 765
9Oj
100,
roí,
Γ07,
114, 117, 125, 127, 153,
157, 158, 165, 171
classic biography of
6
Commissar for War (1918)
75
Commissar of Foreign Affairs
(1917)
65, 69
contempt for socialists who could
not understand the necessity of
terror
77
critics consigned to 'dust-heap of
history*
65
deported from the country
122,
167
222
Index
Trotsky, Leon
{cont.)
discrediting of theories associated
with
143
exile
121-2
internationalism
115—16
peace negotiations with
Germans
73
People's Commissar
65
permanent 'dictatorship',
'insurrection', and 'civil war'
theory
31-2
possible to mention as non-person
but only in pejorative context
7
prerevolutionary polemic
30
release from prison and admission
to Bolshevik Party
membership
63
stabilization policies labelled
'Soviet
Thermidor'
by
149,151,
170
Stalin's struggle with
121
tries to discredit party's General
Secretary
104-5
triumvirate pitted against
108, 109
united opposition to Stalin no
writings: History of the Russian
Revolution
5;
The New
Course
108;
The Revolution
Betrayed
5, 161
Trotskyites
101, 136, 153, 164
Stalin used secret police
against
167
Tucker, Robert
162
Tukhachevsky, Marshal Mikhail
164
Turkish beys
130
Turksib railway
152
Twentieth Party Congress
(1956) 6,
118
Khrushchev's Secret Speech to
165
udarnye
133
Uglanov, Nikolai
126, 128
Ukraine
66, 74, 128, 138
anti-semitic pogroms
25, 54
Bolshevik support for workers'
soviets
70
German occupation of
73
major grain-producing areas
139
metallurgical plants
17, 20, 130
party organizations
134
peasant revolt
94
see also Donbass; Kharkov; Kiev;
Odessa
Ulam, Adam
10
underdevelopment
19
undesirable relatives
168
unemployment
150
unemployment benefits
96
United States:
admiration of
143
political science
6
Republican plan to extend Federal
controls
129
Sovietology
7
troops to Siberia
75
Utopian agricultural
communities
83
unity
90, 99, 101
'administrative methods' to
reinforce
102
ideological
31
lack of, in party leadership
118
party, scruples about
129
socialist illusions of
51
universities
109
admissions discrimination in favour
of workers
156
entrance requirements
159
history reappeared in curricula
160
major upheaval in
145
unrest:
non-Russian regions of Empire
33
political, potential for
54
upper classes:
charitable work
161
urban
27
Whites' active support from
78
uprisings
21, 34, 57, 59, 64, 66
armed
62
upward mobility
21, 28
channel for
11
Uralmash (Urals Machine-Building
Plant)
134
Urals
45, 74, 126, 129, 131, 146
deportations to
138
party organizations
134
Index
223
'Urals-Siberian method'
125
urban working class
19
new intelligentsia recruited
from
144
permanent
111
urbanization
m
USSR, see Soviet Union
utopianism
8, 24, 83-4, 158
repudiating the idealism
25
visionary
r
44
values:
bourgeois
5, 86, 142
Communist
103
cultural
141, 162
family
160, 162
inherent tendency to develop
35
liberal-democratic
100
moral
1
60
revolutionary
151
Vesenkha, see Supreme Economic
Council
violence
37
Bolsheviks associated with armed
confrontation and
72
organized
12
popular
12, 169
pride in being tough-minded
about
77
revolutionary
9,
Г2
spontaneous
169
street
57, 59
visionaries
144
Vladivostok
74
Volga region
74, 93, 126, 139
volunteer organizers
161
voting rights
113
Vyborg
44
wages
її,
81, 83, 145
average
159, 161
delays in payment of
164
differentiation of
159
paid partly in kind
80
War Communism
78-83, 93, 118,
120, 126,131, 137
collapse of market under
94
wholesale abandonment of the
system
95-6
War Industries Committee
38, 46
war metaphors
120
war scare
(1927) 120
wars
9, 84
casualties
34, 38, 57, 93
desertion rate
52, 57
European imperialist
73
neither successful nor
strengthening confidence in
government
32
revolutionary
73
see also Civil War; Crimean War;
First World War; Russo-Japanese
War; Second World War
Warsaw
17, 70, 84
Weber, Max
105
Western Europe
24
j
112
history of
41
Marxism
26
White Armies
70, 82, 91
conscripted peasants
78
officers
91, 95
old middle and upper classes
support
78
political parties outlawed for
supporting
88
Soviet Republic threatened
by
74-5
white-collar jobs
іоб,
141, 143
workers moving into
145
White Guards
77, 164
wholesale trade
80
Wildman, Allan K.
53
Winter Palace
33, 64
witchhunts
165
Witte,
Count Sergei
23, 26, 37, 116,
130
negotiates peace with Japan
(1905) 33
women:
emancipation of
22, 86, 160
equal rights and equal pay
86
literacy
18-19
peasant
137—8
right to work
160
224
Index
women
(cont.)
striking
53
zhenotdely
86
workers' control
54, 69, 81
revised meaning of
55
workers' movement:
liberals' attitude to
35
savage crushing of
37
*
Workers' Opposition'
100,
ιοί,
102
working class
31, 115, 155
Bolshevik Party and
6-7, 10—11, 31,
8i,
90, 95, 100
cadres from
106
channels of communication
between professional writers
and
144
demand that Soviet take power in
the name of
43
ethnic composition of
70
fate of the core proletariat of
94
favoured group called sons of
145
grievances against the regime
37
irrefutable proof that the
Revolution had fulfilled its
promises to
12
Marxists having some success in
organizing
29
militant
го,
31, 34, 53, 55
new managerial and professional
elite recruited from
157
party-political organization and
protest
28
peasant component of
21
policies affecting
81
political demands
37
power taken in the name of
67
pre-modern
20
prewar male in factories
54
privileged classes endemic in
122—3
protecting the interests of
47
revolutionary 2O3
34
sense that workers should be sole
masters
55
status and relationship to Soviet
power
157
strength demonstrated
61
terrorized
28
tiny in comparison with
peasantry
27
war changed the composition of
53
see also industrial working class;
urban working class
wreckers
162, 164
conspirators against
165
vigilance against
147
xenophobia
71, 147
Yagoda, Genrikh
164
Young Pioneers 863
169
youthful rebellion
87
Yudenich, Gen. Nikolai
74
zakonomernosti
5-6
Zamyatin, Evgenii
85
zealots
8, 9
zemstvos
23, 27, 32-3, 39, 45, 46,
104
Zinoviev, Grigorii
7,
4I3
57, 58, 63,
io8,
109, 115, 125, 127, 133»
164
orders issued for arrest of
58
Stalin breaks with no
( Bayerische
і
Staatsbibliothek |
| adam_txt |
Contents
Acknowledgements
v
Introduction
ι
ι
The Setting
15
The society
16
The revolutionary tradition
24
The
1905
Revolution and its aftermath;
the First World War
32
2
1917: The Revolutions of February and October
40
The February Revolution and 'dual power'
44
The Bolsheviks
49
The popular revolution
52
The political crises of the summer
57
The October Revolution
61
3
The Civil War
68
The Civil War, the Red Army, and the Cheka
72
War Communism
78
Visions of the new world
84
The Bolsheviks in power
87
4
NEP
and the Future of the Revolution
93
The discipline of retreat
96
The problem of bureaucracy
102
The leadership struggle
107
Building socialism in one country in
viii Contents
5
Stalin's Revolution
120
Stalin versus the Right
124
The industrialization drive
130
Collectivization
135
Cultural Revolution
141
6
Ending the Revolution
149
'Revolution accomplished'
151
'Revolution betrayed'
157
The Terror
163
Notes
173
Select Bibliography
185
Index
193
Index
ABC
of Communism (Bukharin
&
Preobrazhensky)
79, 83, 85,
116
abdication
ι,
45
abortion
86, 87
legalized
160
abuses
161, 168-9
acquisitiveness
161
administration
47, 71,103,106
Bolsheviks* early approach to
84-5
food
92
adolescents
86
agitators
28,119,142
agrarian reform
36-7, 56
agriculture
17
basis for capitalist development
in
36
capitalist* market-oriented
21
farge-scale
83, 154
state's ability to exploit
148
subsistence
112
see
àtso
collectivization; state farms
Alarmist rumours
121
Alckseev, Gen. Mikhail
60-1
Aleksei Petrovich3 Tsarevich
45
Alexander
Π,
Emperor of Russia
23,
assassination of
32
Alexandra, Empress of Russia
38
alien
residente
37
alienation
16
AU-Russian Extraordinary
Commission,
see Cheka
Allied Powers
41,46, 50, 72, 74
extremely hostile to new regime in
Russia
75
Alma-Ata
122
see United States
55
41, 55,79,
animals:
collectivized
137, 138
draught
131,139
slaughter of
131,153, 154
anti-Bolshevik forces
74, 77
anti-expert campaign
123
anti-imperialism
171
anti-religious campaigns
143
anti-semitic pogroms
25
apartments
163
special blocks
161
'apparats'
102, 104, 105, 106-7,
142
ARCOS
(Soviet trade mission)
120
Arkhangelsk
74
armed forces committees
52-3
armed pacification
77
armed struggle
136
Army
37, 41,
97>
159
Bolshevik absolute majority in
Northern and Western Fronts
66
call for democratization of
47-8
crushing defeats and losses
38
encouraged to mount major
offensive on
Galicían
Front
57
inadequate supplies
53
mandate to restore order and
discipline
59
mutinies
33
new democratic committees
52-3
problems of supply
80
see also Army High Command;
German Army; Green Armies;
officers; Red Army; troops;
White Armies
Army High Command 44~5>
46»
47>
59, 61
demoralized and confused
60
resistance to Allied pressure to take
initiative
57
194
Index
arrests
13, 35, 54,
бо,
88, 169
Bolsheviks
38>
58
clergymen
98
Duma deputies
38
house
45
mass
25, 49, 76, 163, 165
Mensheviks
97
naval officers
48
political opponents
121
private entrepreneurs for
*
speculation'
131
artisans
131
assassination
23, 25, 32, 121, 163
assembly-line production
134
atheistic communism
171
atrocities
77
Aurora (battleship)
64
Austria
74
Austria-Hungary
37, 72
authoritarianism
31
link between Civil War and
72
repressive
42, 90
Soviet and Stalinist, origins of
71
auto factories
134
autocracy
15—16, 34, 35, 68—9
anachronistic traits of
38
collapse of
40
least tolerable when perceived as
incompetent and inefficient
32—3
middle-class liberals* drive
against
20
modernization-minded opponents
of
29
overthrow of
29
'People's
Wilľ
against
25, 26
precarious situation on eve of First
World War
39
seized by panic and confusion
33
small-scale conspiratorial
organization to fight
22
struggle against
40
support for
23
avant-garde artists
86
Azerbaijan
70
backwardness
15, 19, 27, 39, 135
agricultural
130
aim of dragging Russia out of
148
cultural
130
industrial
130
military
130
peasant
83
political
130
revolution as a means of escaping
from
9
war against
120
Baku
17
Balkans
32
Baltic
50, 73
Baltic Fleet
48
Bolshevik absolute majority in
66
'class vengeance' of sailors
dealing with officers
77
workers disproportionately
represented in
53
bandits
93
banking
15, 79, 96
barter
80, 82
beggars
96
belligerence
37, 43, 51, 73, 129,
137
new policy of
*
class against
class'
141
youth
142
besprizornye
146
Black Earth region
19
Black Hundreds
98
black market
95
Black Sea i6,
66
blacklists
166
Bloody Sunday
(1905) 33
blue-collar workers
141, 145
Bogdanov,
Aleksandr
98
Bolshevik Central Committee
58,
59, 62, 66, 73, 99, 125, 126,
147, 166, 168
bureaux for organizational and
political affairs
88
February-March plenum
(1937) 165
leadership of professional
revolutionaries sent out by
105
secret letter to local party
organizations
164
Secretariat
88, 101, 102, 104, 109
Index
1
95
tending to usurp government's
powers
89
see also Orgburo; Politburo
Bolshevik intellectuals
86, 88, 90, 91,
98, 119
non-Russians prominent in
leadership
30—1
proletarian manners cultivated
by
158-9
Bolsheviks
2-3, 9, 34, 36, 40-1,
49-52, 97* 114* 167
aim to abolish private property
78
all against 'bureaucracy'
102
approach to peasantry during
NEP
113
arrested
38, 58
associated with armed
confrontation and violence
72
assumptions of
10
battered by patriotic denunciations
in the press
59
behaviour and policies after
October Revolution
70
breaking a previous taboo in the
Party
121
building socialist economy
130
capital moved to Moscow
74
centralized organization and strict
party discipline
42, 71
cold-shouldered
38
conscious of gaining workers'
support
37
contempt for Mussolini and Italian
Fascists
107
denounced the politics of coalition
and compromise
43
egalitarian instincts in regard to
wages
8
1
émigré
37, 50, 98, 99
enemies of revolution
conceptualized in terms of
class
12
established dictatorship
102-3
factions within
100
final emergence from
underground
42
first experience of ruling
71
forthright about use of terror
77
Great Purge trials of
6
identity defined by Lenin's ideas
and personality
31
ideological justification
76, 79, 80,
81
imperative to obtain support from
peasantry
94
influence in factory committees
5$
intermittently egalitarian,
libertarian and Utopian
158
Jewish leaders
41
July Days a disaster for
58
leaders gaoled or in hiding
61
left wing
59, 99
legendary figures in mythology
of
94
Lenin urging the party to prepare
for armed insurrection
62
natural to support workers*
soviets
in Ukraine
70
Nicholas II and family executed on
orders of Urals Soviet
45
Old
72, 99, 158, 162
one-party rule the result of
historical accident
65
Party membership increase
42, 52
police round-up at beginning of
war
54
power to
87-92
prerevoluti
onary history
6
revolutionary economic and social
goals
118
right wing
59, 99
signs of drifting into loose coalition
around
Petrograd
Soviet
50
split between Mensheviks and
(1903) 99
strong theoretical emphasis on
party discipline
98
success
(1917)
owed to support of
workers, soldiers and sailors
72
swing of popular opinion
towards
61
upsurge of support for
60
working class and
6-7, 10-11, 31,
81, 90, 95, 100
see
aho
Civil War; October
Revolution; February Revolution
Index
Bonapartism
107
book-keeping offices
85
bourgeois experts
89, 103—4,
JI9
disgraced, Communists who had
worked with
167
economists
132
financial
96
professors
145
qualified engineers
123
re-examination of the role of
142
show trials, first in series of
122
bourgeois falsification
7
bourgeois intelligentsia
141, 159
charges of disloyalty directed
against
122
old
162, 166
Rightists depicted as protectors
of
142
treachery of
144
'wrecking' by
162
'bourgeois Philistines'
143
bourgeois revolution
27, 43, 47
bourgeois values
5, 86, 142
bourgeoisie
io,
21
arrested
98
Bolsheviks the only party
uncompromised by association
with
61
capitalist
90, 155
class enemies
76, 120
deference to
47
disadvantage to
156
expropriated
116
fight against cultural dominance
of
142
high-school students
146
hostility to
55
industrial revolution
116
influence of the old family
84
liberal
29, 30, 31, 40
mealy-mouthed hypocrisy of
77
Mensheviks' closer links to
31
nationalist
70
overthrow of
51, 68
philistine morality of
87
proletariat and
34, 43, 70
protest against
86
Provisional Government
49, 53
reactionary
98
subordination of cultural
institutions to party control
144
white-collar activists scornful
of
143
see
aho
petty bourgeoisie
bread rationing
163
Brest-Litovsk Peace (1918)
69, 70,
73>
74
Brezhnev, Leonid I.
7, 145
brigades
82
Brinton, Crane
2, 149, 150
Britain
15, 19, 74, 120
anti-Soviet conspiracy led by
121
capitalists
130
Conservative leaders
129
enclosures and peasant
uprooting
140
Intelligence Service
165
see also Allied Powers; First World
War; Second World War
Brumaire
(18th)
170
Bukharin, Nikolai
79, 85, 116-18,
121, 135, 159, 164
characterization of Stalin as
'Genghis Khan*
127
discrediting of theories associated
with
143
removed from positions in
Comintern and
Pravda
editorial
board
128
Stalin's last major opponent in
leadership
73
bullying
169
bossing and
72
bureaucracy
22, 46, 92
conflict with
23, 32
emergent class
5
fragile and overstrained
structure
39
increasing professionalization of
21
inherited
103
intensive purge of
128
largest and best-functioning
76
pockets of support for Trotsky
in
109
Index
197
problem of
102—7
technical experts
89
trade-union
146
word as pejorative
102
business class
21
Cadets (Constitutional
Democrats)
33-4, 38, 44, 45-6,
59, 72
forcibly deported
97, 167
withdrawal of all ministers
57
cadres
92, 102, 105, 106, 122, 129,
154
leading
145, 146, 157
capital accumulation
116,124
capitalism
5, 152
destructive impact on traditional
rural communities
24
inevitability of
10
international
70, 91
modern and on grand scale
143
objective to restore
165
only possible path towards
socialism
26
overthrown
130
partial revival of
113
'progressive' phenomenon to
Marxists
27
proletarian socialist revolution
after
29
rural
82, 113
sworn enemies of
143
transformation wrought by
111
urban
37
capitalist encirclement
71, 155
'careerists'
ι ο
1-2
Carlyle, Thomas
164, 166
Carr, E. H.
6
catching-up process
134
Caucasus
74
Northern
139
censorship
5
census
(1926) 112
Central Council of Trade
Unions
108, 128
Central Industrial Region i8,
52
Central Volga region
139
centralization/centrally planned
economy
42, 69, 71, 79, 80, 81,
85
importance of
31
institutional foundations of
132
centrist groups
99
Chamberlin, W. H.
5
chauffeur-driven cars
161
Cheka (Chrezvychainaya
Kommissia)
72, 88, 92, 94, 114
historical parallels for activities
of
77
persons shot without trial by
76
replaced by GPU
77, 121
Chelyabinsk
74
children
19, 160
abandoned and orphaned
162-3
collectivist upbringing
84
homeless
84, 146
potential victims of oppression
86
stigmatized
146
China
26, 120—1
Red Guards of Cultural Revolution
(1960s) 142
chinovniki
102
chistki, see purges
Church:
collectivizers likely to desecrate
137
lands/property
56, 97—8
civil liberties
155
civil society
21
Civil War
(1918-20) 2, 4,
n,
45,
68-92,
97s
101,
із6-7>
149
backbone of Bolshevik
administration during
93
emigration of large numbers of
educated Russians during and
immediately after
41
nostalgia for old heroic days of
119
party faction
fìghts
at the end of
12
reasons for Red Army's victory in
5
terror against class enemies part
of
165
class 9i
43, 53
Bolsheviks* political thinking
revolved around
90
198
Index
class
(cowř.)
coercion of
77
criterion applied to all
bureaucracies
106
differentiation within peasantry
82,
113
discriminatory policies and
practices
156—7
see
aho
middle class; upper classes;
working class; also following
headings prefixed 'class'
class antagonism
90, 136
disappearance of
155
class conflict
10, 160
class enemies
3, 91, 166
armed struggle with
136
bourgeois
76, 120
collectivizers likely to insult
137
Communists afraid of
118
complete victory over
47
conceptualized in terms of the
revolution
12
dangerous
168
eliminated
141
hatred and suspicion of
90
internal threat from
122
persecution of
148
probable
25
replacements for
145
strength and determination of
70
struggle against
141
terror against
10, 13, 165
war against
120
weeding out
102
class hostility
54
class justice
91
class struggle
113
disappeared
155
class vengeance
77
class war
48, 70, 82, 158
aggressive
127
call for
51
cessation of
155
intense
155
policies intended to
stimulate
126-7
Clemenceau,
Georges
121
clergymen
97, 98
cloak-and-dagger activities
122
coal production
93, 153
coalitions
43, 49, 50, 51, 52,
58
liberal-socialist
59
coercion
37, 68, 77, 116, 125,
138
opposed
126
procurement methods favoured by
Stalin
136
readiness to resort to
71
substitution of conciliation
for
96—7
cold war
6, 7, 171
collectivization {see also Kolkhoz)
2, 12, 113, 117,
I2O,
125,
135-41, 146, 151, 154, 158,
170
anti-religious campaigns to villages
at the height of
143
simultaneous
132
terror against class enemies part
of
165
unplanned consequence of
153
Comintern
95, 96, 108, 115, 120,
121, 127
Bukharin removed from position
in
128
prerequisites for admission
99
Second Congress
(1920) 99
Commissariats:
Enlightenment
87—8
Finance
96, 106, 126
Food
88
Foreign Affairs
121
Heavy Industry
130, 133, 164
Internal Affairs, see NKVD
Committee of Public Safety
68
Committees of the Poor
82
communal issues
144
apartments
163
land tenure
17
communes, see
mir
Communism/Communists
io,
104,
105, 129
administrators
81, 103
Index
199
ambivalence about
collectivization
140
atheistic
41
deeply disillusioned
96
discipline re-examined
98
drafted into Red Army
75
essential attribute of
164
fall of the regime (1991)
1
fear of class enemies
118
full members and candidates
106
incomes constrained by 'party
maximum'
161
intellectual
162
intimidation of kulak families
137
Left
73
legalization of trade a repudiation
of principles
95
loyal
121
number in Red Army during Civil
War
71
orthodoxy to be absorbed by all
5
Party upheaval and longing for
'return to Normalcy'
4
people who managed to worm their
way into top positions
165
political commissars
76
primitive
24-5
privileged classes
123
'proletarian' as a synonym for
144
public appraisals of loyalty
13
responsible positions in party
apparat
106-7
retaining party membership 101-2
Right-leaning
153
rules of polite behaviour
15
sent to countryside to run
collective farms
146
Siberian
126
theoretical distinction between
socialism and
155
vigilance in the cultural sphere
142
violation of discipline within the
Party
97
withering away of money under
84
working-class, promotion to
white-collar
n
young
86, 87»
Ï19,
141
see also War Communism
Communist Academy
142
concessions
96, 160, 163
constitutional
20
foreign companies
113
trade union
129
confessions
123
Congress of Victors
(1934) 162, 165
Conquest, Robert
7
conscription
55, 76, 78, 94, 115
selective
75
conspicuous consumption
161
conspiracies
5, 12, 22, 76, 100, 119,
164
constant
166
counter-revolutionary
91
evidence of
121
external
124
foreign powers
122
implausible charges of
123
intelligence agencies said to be
behind
165
internal
121, 124
potential factions automatically
became
147
conspiracy theories
41, 42
Constantinople and Straits
48
Constituent Assembly
40,
43~4>
45*
57,67
elections for
66
unceremoniously dispersed by
Bolsheviks
41
constitutional monarchy
15
constitutional reform
33
Constitutions:
Russian Republic (1918)
40, 91,
156
Soviet
(1936)
I55>
156
construction
134, 146
acute production
153
projects
133, 138
sites everywhere
152
contracts and obligations
133
conveyor belts
134-5
convicts
146, 148, 166
cooperatives:
consumer
80
state-supervised
131
2OO
Index
Cossacks
74, 75
Council of Labour and Defence
133
Council of Ministers
45, 88-9
Council of People's Commissars
65,
66, 88, 89, 107, 108
counter-revolutionaries
12, 91, 143,
164
punishment for crimes
13
coups
46, 59, 63, 64, 68, 72, 122
abortive
43, 60, 61
allegedly backed by
émigré
capitalists
123
attempted
40, 60
backed by
émigré
capitalists
123
conspiratorially organized
42
failed
60
party
6, 88
successful
40
unambiguous
66
courts martial
34, 35
secret
164
credit
15, 79
Crimea
45
Crimean War
(1853—6) 32
crimes:
against the state
97
counter-revolutionary
166
extraordinary
164
flamboyant
164
punishment for
13
Criminal Code
125
Cubism
86, 87
cult of Stalin
131,146—7
Cultural Revolution
(1928—31) 2,
141-8
anti-expert bias that made it
possible
162
channel for upward mobility
11
Industrial Party trials
165
terror during and after
158, 165,
166
wildly experimental
developments
159
culture
8, 118, 159, 162
national
70
currency:
devaluation
84
stabilization
95, 96
Czech Legion
74
dachas
161
Danilov, V. P.
139
death
3, 13, 45, 89
famine
93, 140
Rasputin's stubborn resistance
to
38—9
death sentences
97, 164
deception
165
'defeatists'
37—8
defence plants/production
54, 79
'defensist' position
48
dekulakization
126, 139, 146, 168
demobilized soldiers
83, 93
democracy
47, 102, 111
bourgeois
152
direct workers'
55
local (soviet)
155
parliamentary
44
revolutionary
51
democratic centralism
98
democratization
:
army
47—8
political
40
demographics
93, 141, 146
demonstrations
:
mass
57
street
44, 48, 49
student
33
violent
98
Denisov, A.
123
denunciations
6, 8, 118, 148, 168
press
59
self-interested
169
snowballing
170
deportations
122, 139, 140, 146
forcible
97, 167
mass
138
desertions
52, 57, 59, 78
mass
78
de-Stalinization
6
Deutscher,
Isaac
6
'dictator class'
94
dictatorship
107
established
102-3
law-and-order
59
Index
2OI
minority
71-2
perceived alternatives to consensus
and compromise
44
permanent
31-2
repressive
67
totalitarian
42
dictatorship of the proletariat
55, 68,
69, 88, 92, 105-6, 157, 158
law-courts of
91
transition to socialism
155
diplomacy
69
discipline
59, 90, 99, 104,
159
military
76
strict
31, 42, 71
discrimination
113
class
156—7
disenfranchised persons
156
disloyalty
122
displacement
16
dissidents
165, 167
authors/scholars
7
organized factions
90
distribution
78, 80, 131
closed systems
161
daggers drawn over
134
holding up
164
secret
101
divorce
86, 87
legalized
160
Djilas,
Milovan
161
Dnieper
152
Dnieper (Zaporozhe) Steel
133
Don region
74
Donbass
16-17, 18, 19, 20, 159
coal industry crisis
(1932)
see also Shakhty
drinking and looting
58
drought
93
dual power
40, 43, 44-9, 58
due process
35
Duma
16, 33, 34,
Э9з
44_5
deputies arrested
38
dissolution of
46
limited powers
35
a importance of
35
¡„-1^
Feliks
114
Eastern Europe
9—10
economic autarchy
147
economic development io5 in,
114,
134
centralized planning of
69
great breakthrough under way
135
town the key to
113
economic growth:
first spurt of
15
'planning' component of
132
economic policies
78
economic theory
116
Economism
29
education
15, 21, 23, 27-8, 91, 143,
146, 159
good Marxist
47
higher, young workers and
Communists to
11, 145
primary, universal and
compulsory
150
under-utilized
22
egalitarianism
24-5, 81, 91, 158
Eighteenth Party Congress
(1939) 157» 165-6
disclosure of 'excesses' of
vigilance
169
Ekaterinburg, see Sverdlovsk
electricity
154
electrification
114
elites
22, 129—30
administrative
106, 141,
r
44
bureaucratic
23
disciplined
42
educated
93
managerial 11-12,
157
national
70
new
162
party
119
political
145
privileged
161
professional 11-12,
141, 157
ruling
108
social
33
specialist
144
withdrawal of support for
regime
40
wives of members of 160-1
Emancipation
(1861) 17, 19* 21, 56
2O2
Index
embourgeoisement
158, 163
émigrés/émigration
8,
1
6, 28,
зо,
49»
5О,
93
allegedly planned coup backed by
capitalises
123
forced
35
intellectual
98,
і сю
large numbers of educated
Russians
41
leaders
29, 37, 99
prickly and contentious
36
revoit
inspired by
95
weak and isolated
37
enemies
12, 125, 130, 155, 160
campaign against
(1928-9) 123
external and internal
122
hidden
168
liquidated
150
natural
90
political, killing
170
potential
168
rounding up of
121
suspected
121, 166
see oho class enemies
'enemies of the people'
13, 169, 170
top officials denounced and
arrested as
165
Engels, Friedrich
26, 67, 84, 86
engineering
145, 152
young workers drafted to study
146
entrepreneurial activity
15, 23
ste
aho
Nepmen
epidemics
93
equal rights
155, 156
Esperanto
87
'estates'
15
euphemisms
102
euphoria
9, 79, 158
European Russia
16, 112
literacy higher in less fertile
areas
18-19
mir
dissolved in villages of
56
persons shot without trial by
Cheka
76
European Social Democracy
29, 36
executions
34, 45, 76, 98, 164,
1
66
exile
13, 49-50,
1
21-2, 143
forced emigration to avoid
35
expansionist powers
32
expl
otta ti
on
1
54
class
90, 91, 155
victims of
92
expropriation
56—7, 79, 116, 137, 138,
146,168
resisted
155
expulsion
13,
no,
121
extreme left
43, 51, 58
Ezhov, Nikolai
165, 169
factions
12, 76, 98, 100, 108
ban on
ιοί,
109, 147
defeated
101, 102
minority
99
opposition leaders and supporters
expelled for breaking the rule
against no
organized dissident
90
penalties for
127
potential
147
struggles
(mid-i92os)
114
factory committees
52, 54—5, 69, 81,
92
false identity documents
101
family
86, 160
patriarchal
17, 83
famine
32, 84, 97, 146, 153, 163
deaths from
93
legacy of enormous bitterness
139
news kept out of papers
147
relief from
98
Far East
32, 34
February Revolution
(1917) 1, 2, 4,
41, 99, 149
Bolshevik Party membership at
time of
52
Bolsheviks the only party
uncompromised by association
with the regime
61
dual power
40, 44—9
final emergence of Bolshevik Party
from underground
42
first serious military undertaking
since
57
peasant response to news of
55-6
Index
203
Petrograd
workers' revolutionary
spirit in
53
regime overthrown
64
shaky consensus seriously
undermined
43
workers' organizations in industrial
centres
54
feminists
87, 161
feudalism
15
field courts martial
34, 35
Fifteenth Party Congress
(1927) 125
Fifth Columns
166
financial experts
96
financial resources
27
Finland
59, 62, 73
firing squads
98
First Five-Year Plan
(Г929-32)
2,
n,
no,
125, 129,
131-6,
141» 147,
*49> *53,
158, 161
declared successfully completed
(1932) 152
demographic and social
upheaval
146
economic transformation
117,120,
focus on iron and steel
130^ 131
high targets set
123
industrialization and economic
modernization
152
slogan taken seriously
144
social transformation
117, 120
targets should be kept
'realistic*
127
workers moving into white-collar
jobs during
145
first-generation workers
19
First World War
(1914-18) 16, 37-9,
94»121
casualties
93
Russian industry quite advanced
by
19
Fischer, Louis
5
flaunting
161
foodstuffs
80
rationing
146
requisitioning
93
shortages
124, 136
Ford, Henry
134
foreign intervention
71, 91
threat of
122
foreign investment
15, 26, 96
government protection of
20
large-scale
19
foreign policy
120
Stalin blamed for disasters
121
foreign powers
122
suspicion of enemies in the pay
of
166
foreigners
70, 113, 115
suspicion of
147
France
15, 24, 130
see also Allied Powers; First World
War; French Revolution; Second
World War
fraternization
44, 52
'free love'
87
free market/free trade
78, 80
freedom and equality
156
French Revolution
1, 3, 12, 167, 170,
171, 172
Carlyle on
163-4, 166
degeneration of
107, 119
Law of Suspects
122
see also Jacobin Terror
frivolity
147
frondeurs
no
Frumkin,
Moshe 126
Fundamental Laws
(1906) 35
Futurism
85, 86
Galícián
offensive
(19
r
7) 57
gangs
146
Gapon, Fr
Georgii
33
garrisons
53
German Army
38, 57
fraternization
52
Fronts
53,
59>
69, 72-3
invasion by
4
Petrograd
threatened
63
unexpected capture of Riga
60
Germany
15, 29, 45
Communists
95
Hitler's accession to power
162
iost conquests in me East
74
sealed train offer to Lenin
50
Social Democracy
51
2O4
Index
Germany
(cont.}
uprising in protest against peace
treaty signed with
66
war against Russia
72
see also Brest-Litovsk; First World
War; Second World War
Gerschenkron, Alexander
19
Gestapo
165
*
gigantomania'
134
Gogol, Nikolai
16
Gorbachev, Mikhail S.
117, 171
Gorky, Maxim
63, 143, 150,
164
government contracts
79
government regulation
129
GPU (Chief Political
Administration)
77, 121—2
see also OGPU
grain
139,
Σ54
commitment to export
136
hoarded
82, 125, 135
jeopardized plans for large-scale
export
125
kulaks1 dominance in the
market
126
peasants withholding from the
market
121
procurements of
81—2, 124, 125,
126, 135, 136, 153
reliable deliveries needed
135
requisitioning
78, 82
state monopoly on
80
great powers
15, 32
Great Purges
(1937-8) 2, 3, 4, 7, 13,
145, 149, 151, 165,
i663
169,
170
'enemies' uncovered in
167
lives cost during
161
prelude to the first show trial
of
164
trials of Old Bolsheviks
6
'great retreat'
149,151,158
greed
161
Green Armies
75
grievances
169
Guchkov,
Aleksandr i63
47
guerrilla resistance
73
Gukasov, P.
123
Gulags
2, 8, 148, 165, 166,
170
harassment
7, 88
legal and financial
131
heavy industry
130
emphasis on building
150— 1
heroes
160
'heroic period'
(1920) 136—7
hierarchy
158
high-status professions
22
hired labour
56
history
41, 160
intellectual
8
political
6
prerevolutionary
6
revolutionary
119
social
6, 7, 8
Hitler, Adolf
162
hoarding
82, 125, 135
homelessness
84, 146
homosexuality
160
hostage-taking
76
Hotel Luxe
96
house arrest
45
human degradation
24
Hungary
70
see
caso
Austria-Hungary
hunger
94
demobilized soldiers or workers
fleeing
83, 93
hydroelectric dams
152
hysterical accusations
169
ideology
6, 24, 81, 87
anarchist
79
balance between pragmatism
and
78
Bolshevik
99
economic development
10
importance of unity
31
justification of
79, 80
radical
22
revolutionary
10, 26
ruling class
160
scientific
79
illegal movements
33
Index
205
illegitimacy
86
illiteracy
143
imperialism
70
impoverishment
15, 24
imprisonment:
emigration to avoid
35
Tsarist Ministers
46
India z6
Industrial Party
123, 165
industrial working class
94
dispersed and demoralized
92
expanded
37
reabsorbed
into the peasantry
112
shambles (1921)
106
special role to
10
industrialists
39, 133
leading
43
liberals moving to right under
pressure from
59
prominent
46, 55
industrialization
15, 23, 150
drive to
2, 123,
I24>
130-5, 148,
152-3, 162
financing of
115—16
rapid
19, 26,
no,
114, 135, 140
strategy and policy no
Western-style
io,
24
industry:
almost at a standstill
93
drive for complete
nationalization
96
exhorted to 'overfulfil' Plan
132
foreign domination of many
sectors
37
large-scale
96
mass arrests in
165
munitions
54
quite advanced by First World
War
19
wrecking and sabotage in
164
inflation
81, 84
instability
16
Institute of Red Professors
142
insurrection
31-2
armed
62
attempt at
58
call for
6 г—
2
disagreements on desirability of
42
doubts about
63
Lenin urging
64
intelligence agencies
165
intelligentsia/intellectuals
6, 22, 26,
27, 31, 81, 88, 90, 118, 155
arrests and fear quickly spread
into
13
Communist
162, 166
concessions to
96
Cultural Revolution directed
primarily against
2
emigré
98, 100
Europeanized
142
idealization of peasantry
24,25
Jewish
8,
no,
115
knowledge of revolutionary
history
119
Marxist
10, 25
non-Communist
142
publishing abroad
147
radical
24, 85, 86
revolutionary
28
socialist
47
Soviet
157
talk about abandoning
revolutionary dream
36
technical
162
see also Bolshevik intellectuals;
bourgeois intelligentsia
International Women's Day
44, 53
internationalism
37
proletarian
70
'proof
оГ
I
15-16
interrogation of experts
123
intimidation
77, 88
intolerance
8
Jacobin
30
intransigence
99
investigative missions
125
Iskra
(party newspaper)
30
isolation
69, 115
contact with the West restricted
and dangerous
147
cultural
147, 170
'isolation from the masses*
48
2Об
Index
Italy
143
Fascists
107
Socialist Party
99
Ivan IV (the Terrible), Tsar of
Russia
160
Jacobin Terror
(1794)
4> *3>
Зо,
77>
166, 167, 169
Japan
32, 33,
τ^ο,
165
troops to Siberia
75
Jews
8, 31,
no,
115
international conspiracy
41
liberation from Tsarist
restrictions
92
migration out of the Pale
93
soviets
dominated by
70
jingoistic flag-waving
38
judges
91
judicial system
23
July Days (1917)
49, 57-8, 62
heroes of
94
Kaganovich,
Lazar
128, 134
Kamenev, Lev
63, 108,
no,
164
Kazakhstan
139
Kerensky,
Aleksandr
46, 47, 57,
59-60, 63-4, 73
Kharkov
16, 133, 134
Khlevnyuk,
Oleg
8
Khrushchev, Nikita S.
145, 159
denunciation of Stalin
6, 118
Secret Speech
7, 165
Kiev
16
Kirov, Sergei
163, 164
Koestler, Arthur
6
Kolchak, AdmL
Aleksandr
74, 75
kolkhoz
83, 135, 138-9, 151, 154
denunciations of chairmen
169
flight from
141
immediate requirements of
131
organized
137, 141
persecution of class enemies in
148
regarded with suspicion by
peasants
83
work of Antichrist
143
Kolkhoz Charter
163
Kołlontai, Aleksandra
87
Komsomol
86, 104, 137, 168
Central Committee and
secretariat
142
*
Cultural Army' and 'Light
Cavalry*
143
Komsomolsk-na-
Amure
158
Kornilov, Gen. Lavr
40, 43, 59—60,
61, 63
Kosygin, Aleksei
N. 145
Kotkin3 Stephen
8
Krasnov,
Gen. Petr
72
Kremlin
96, 161
Kronstadt
revolt (1921)
11, 48,
58-9>
94, 95
Krupskaya, Nadezhda
108
Krymov,
Gen. Aleksandr
60
Krzhizhanovsky,
Gleb
131
Kseshinskaya Palace
58
Kuban region
74
kulaks
10, 12, 90, 91, 116, 125
arrest of
166
attacks on
136
campaign against
123
class enemies
120
deportation of
139
disappearance of millers
154
discrimination of
113
dominance in grain market
126
eliminated
155
expropriated
137, 138, 146, 168
hoarder as villain
135
intensive efforts to discredit
136
liquidating
136, 141, 168
magnets for
164
radical measures against
126
showdown with
137
Stalin's line on
117
see also dekulakization
kuľiurnosť
162
Kuomintang 120—
ι
Kuznetsk
133
labour-camps
13, 148, 166
Labour Exchange
96
labour force:
industrial
19
urban, rapidly expanding
140
labour movement
28
Index
207
land commissions
36
land reform
56—7
land seizures
55, 57, 82
mass desertions closely related
to
78
spontaneous
51
unauthorized
56
landlords
18
landowners
21
j
59, 78
alarm and fear of peasantry
55
attacks on
34
compensation to
57
confiscation of estates and
redistribution
51
land retained in Emancipation
settlement
56
large-scale farming
113
law and order
40, 43, 59
laws
89
class-discriminatory
156
historical
5-6
no need for
85
lawyers
23, 35
socialist
46
leadership struggle 107-11
League of Militant Atheists
142
Left Opposition
12, 61, 153
excommunication of
125
final defeat of
126
imprisoned politicians released
62
ruthless onslaught on
147
secret discussions with leaders
127
troublemakers
60
legal Marxism
29
legal profession
23
legal reforms (1860s)
35
legality
77
legitimacy
46
shaky
39
Lenin, Vladimir I.
6, 7, 20, 21, 41, 52,
63, 64-8, 72, 73, 76, 78, 91, 94,
96, 102, 117-18, 119, 129,
170
advocacy of centralized party
organization and strict
discipline
71
archive-based biographies of
8
Bolsheviks who disagreed with
90,
99
continual petty bickering
36
defeat of Trotsky's faction and
majority on new Central
Committee
101
'defeatism'
37—8
disapproval of new style of party
politics
roo
electrification plan
114
factions implicitly challenging his
personal leadership
100
first distinctive trait as Marxist
theoretician
31
Germany's sealed train offer
50
hard-headed realism about
government
85
illness and death
3, 89, 107, 108,
no, in,
127
national self-determination
principle
69
orders issued for arrest of
58
political legacy
117
profession as'man of letters'
87
refuge in Finland
59, 62
revolutionary terror
77, 167
rumours that he was a German
agent
58-9
secret letter to Politburo
(1922)
97
sectarian habits
50
strongly opposed to legalization of
trade
95
tension between Plekhanov and
30
writings:
32;
'April Theses'
51;
The
Development of Capitalism in
Russia
26-7;
State and
Revolution
84-5, 155;
'Testament* io8, nr; Two Tactics
of Social Democracy
31-2;
What
Is To Be Done? (pamphlet)
31,
42,98
Lenin Levy
106
Lenin Mausoleum
111
Leningrad
16, 108, 138, 163, 164
Communists and urban workers
recruited from big plants of
138
see oho
Petrograd
2O8
Index
Leninism/Leninists
7,
ιοί,
126
fundamental divergence between
Stalinism and
117-18
liberal democracy
100
Russian people cheated of
41
liberalism/liberals
24, 27, 34-5, 43
j
47
banquet campaign
33
bourgeois
29, 30, 31, 40
claim to leadership of revolutionary
movement
33
coalition of socialists and
49
expropriation of private lands
56^7
moderate
45
moving to right under pressure
from industrialists
59
'rotten'
142
special interest in political
democratization
40
traumatic shock
41
Liberation movement
27, 29
zemstvo
nobility and professionals
rallied behind
33
liberté, égalité, fraternité
8, 157, 158
liquidation
113
lishentsy, see disenfranchised persons
literacy
18—19, 28,
in,
150
Lithuanian gentry
130
living standards
119
decline in
146
dropped sharply
145, 154
elite status
161
high
161
urban
11
loans
37
local authorities
138
Lodz
17
London
120
Louis Bonaparte, King of
Holland
170
Louis Philippe, King of France
33
loyalty
46, 60, 107, 122
dubious
157
suspect
76
Lunacharsky,
Anatolu
87-8
Luxemburg, Rosa
51
Lvov, Prince
Georgii
45—6, 57
machine-building plants:
investment monies for
134
massive new
152
machine-tool industry
131
Machine-Tractor Stations
154
machines/machinery
85, 114
import of
125, 131
Magnitogorsk
131, 133, 146, 153,
158
Makhno, Nestor
94
'malicious suspiciousness*
30
Manchuria
33
Manicheans
9
manners
158—9
manor houses
34
sacked and burned
55
manufacturing
z
13
private, curtailment of
131
marketing procedures
139
marriage
160
martial law
34
Martin, Terry
8
Martov, Yulii
30, 65
Marx, Karl
26, 31, 84, 116, 140, 158,
170
Marxism/Marxists n,
20, 40, 43, 53,
56, 82, 151-2
claim that revolution was
historically necessary
9
conceptual problems about
emergence of privileged
bureaucratic class
161
early contacts with the
workers
27—8
emergence as a distinct group
25
formulaic
5
history
160
inherently scientific nature of
84
initial impact in intellectual
debate
26
label used by intelligentsia groups
that disagreed with
24
logical complement of
10
love with Western-style
industrialization
10
means to an end for
10
nationalism a form of false
consciousness
69
Index
209
non-Bolshevik
41
orthodox 30
predictions
2бэ
29
'progressive*
reforms
36
scientific ideology
79
theory
12, 29, 31, 84, 115,
ii63
127,
158
masked balls
163
material incentives
159
Mayakovsky, Vladimir
86
mechanization
138
Medvedev, Roy A.
7
Mensheviks
34, 36, 41, 47, 49, 65, 68,
111-12,
144
arrest of
97
Central Committee
97
conscious of losing workers'
support
37
displaced leadership
60
forcibly deported
97, 167
lost working-class support to
Bolsheviks
31
non-Russians prominent in
intelligentsia-dominated
leadership
30—1
orthodox Marxism
30
revolutionaries in Switzerland
50
split between Bolsheviks and
(1903) 99
state planning agencies ruthlessly
purged of
132
Menzhinskii, Vyacheslav
123
metallurgical plants
17, 20, 54.,
130
investment monies for
complexes
134
massive new
152
metalworkers
60, 114
Meyerhold,
Vsevolod
86
Michael Alexandrovich, Grand
Duke
45
middle class
20, 21
new unions of professionals
33
Whites' active support from
78
migration
19, 141
Mikoyan, Anastas I.
100
militancy
20, 31, 34, 53, 55, 143
military commanders
59
military drafting
54
military intervention
162
foreign
123
Military Opposition faction
76
military threats
124
militia units
61
Milyukov, Pavel
38, 45-6, 48
mining
16-17, 18
accidents organized in
164
concessions for enterprises
96,
113
deliberate sabotage of
122
investment monies for
134
new settlements
152
Ministries
88
Agriculture
49
Finance
23, 46
Foreign
46, 48
Industry
114
Justice
46
Labour
49
Trade and Industry
23, 46
War
47* 57
mir 17, 112
abolished
(1930) 139
evident vitality of
56
internal disintegration
26
peasants encouraged to consolidate
holdings and separate from
36
perceived as a true peasant
institution
82—3
wish to save from the ravages of
capitalism
24
modernization
9, 10, 23, 27, 29, 115,
152
banking and credit structure
15
ideology of
26
modes of production
151
Mogilev
44
Molotov,
Vyachesiav M.
50,
goy
100-1, 102, 128, 131,
i6i5
165,
170
monarchists
41, 46
money
80, 88
withering away under
communism
84
Mongol khans
130
monuments
86
morale
57
damaged/disintegrated
58, 60
2IO
Index
Moscow i6,
19, 66, 75, 96, 103, 126,
130
Bolshevik capital moved to
74
Bolshevik Party membership
52
city directory
149—50
Communists and urban workers
recruited from big plants of
138
heavy fighting in
72
nudists on crowded trams
87
Party organization
128
population of
146
revolutionary institutions
20
show trials
170
workers' organizations in industrial
centres
54
working class radicalized
ι1
Moscow Soviet:
armed uprising by
34
Bolshevik majority in
61
motherhood
160
munitions industry
54
murder
38-9, 164
Murmansk
74
Mussolini,
Benito 107
mutinies
33
see also
Kronstadt
revolt
Napoleon Bonaparte,
Emperor of
France
3, 107, 112
narod
24
National Congress of Soviets
(1917)
52, 61, 62, 64-5,
б7
national languages/minorities
70
national wealth
15
nationalism/nationalists
120—1
disarming by 'granting forms of
nationhood*
69—70
nationalization
78, 79—80, 124
abandoned drive for
96
complete
151
Nazi Germany
6
NEP
(New Economic Policy)
4, 11,
124, 131, 149,
15З
abandoning many basic policy
assumptions of
127
and future of the revolution
93-119
converting peasants to collectivized
agriculture
135
militant Communist organizations
whose drive had been thwarted
by party leadership during
142
old mixed economy fast
disappearing
132
policies of retreat
129
political framework and basic social
policies
126
repudiation of unheroic
compromises of
120
society highly volatile and unstable
during
3
'strategic retreat' marked by
introduction of
2
War Communism jettisoned in
favour of
79
Nepmen
113, 116, 119, 141
drive against
131
expropriated
146
policies of liquidating
168
Neva, River
64
'new class*
161
newspapers
60, 63, 122, 124, 163
Western-style advertisements no
longer carried
147
see also
Iskra;
Novaya zhizn';
Pravda
Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia
15,
16, 23, 32, 36
abdication i,
45
absences from capital as Army
commander-in-chief
38, 44
belief that Russia was still an
autocracy
35
constitutional concessions
20
execution
45
October Manifesto
(1905) 33
nightclubs
96
Nizhny Novgorod (Gorky) Auto
13З
NKVD (Soviet Peopled
Commissariat for Internal
Affairs)
165, 166, 169
Nobel, A.
123
nobility
15, 90
egalitarian redistribution of lands
held by
56
Index
111
electoral
system heavily
over-represented
35
intrigues of
38
lesson learnt from events
(1905-6) 34
'new Service*
ΙΟΙ—
2
offspring of
25
released from obligation of
compulsory service to state
22
upper ranks of state bureaucracy
dominated by
21
see
aho
zemstvos
non-persons 63
7
non-Russians;
policy towards
69
prominent in
intelligentsia-dominated
leadership
30—1
troops
74
Northern and Western Front
armies
53
Northern Caucasus
139
nostalgia
23, 119
Novaya zhizn' (newspaper)
63
nudists
87
oblasť
107
obligation
22
occupational choice
22
October Revolution
(1917) 2, 4,
11,
їв,
27, 61-7, 68, 72, 131,
149
Bolsheviks' behaviour and policies
after
70
essentially unfair disaster of
41
first members of intelligentsia to
accept
86
illegitimacy of
42
interpretation of
5
party coup belief
6, 88
scars left by
41
Octobrists
33-4
Odessa
16
officers
61, 74, 91
'class vengeance' of sailors dealing
with
77
former Tsarist
89
naval
48
old Tsarist
41, 75, 76, 78, 89
relations between and men and
53,
60
official rebukes
168
officials
46, 55, 91, 119, 126
abuses of power
168—9
attacks on
34, 35
beaten, stoned or shot at
138
denounced and arrested
165
disgraced i6i
encouraging peasants to organize
voluntarily into collectives
137
inherited
103
minor
104
not encouraged to 'go by the
book'
105
numbers of workers became
145
old regime and Provisional
Government
76
rural
169
visible marks of elite status
162
OGPU (United State Political
Administration)
Г23,
138
oil
17
old-age pensions
96
one-party state
99—100
Oppositionists
102,
n
6, 120
danger of coup
122
delegates no
expelled leaders
121
harassment of
121
Lenin intolerant of
167
magnet for groups who hated
Soviet power
164
membership of
168
pretending to have renounced
views
165
struggle between party leadership
and
119
tolerance of persons who had once
been
167
see
abo
Left Opposition; Military
Opposition, Right Opposition
oppression
171
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo
130, 164
Orgburo
88, 104, 109
orphanages
84
Orthodox Church
97
212
Index
Orwell, George
6, 85
otkhodniki
18, 19
Our Achievements (journal)
150
output
133, 152-3
bonuses for
159
defective
153
overpopulation
140
panic buying
121
paranoia
71
party committees
104
party membership
13
passive resistance
139
passports
18, 140
patriotism
38, 53
focus of
171
history used to inculcate
160
overnight
37
unreserved
51
peasant revolts
(1905—7) 36, 37, 94
peasantry
6, 15, 19, 155
alienated
94
Bolsheviks and
81-2
class differentiation within
82, 113
coercion of
126
concessions to
96, 163
conciliatory overtures towards
151
confrontation with
116, 117, 122,
125, 136, 138
conscripted
78
demoralization of
141
driven out of villages
146
enlighteners of
25
enlisted men in armed forces
53
hostility between regime and
136
industrial working class
reabsorbed
into
112
industrializers without any special
tenderness towards no
intelligentsia's idealization of
24,
25
peasantry landowners' alarm and
fear of
55
new managerial and professional
elite recruited from
157
party leadership divided on policy
towards
124
Party's one-sided love affair
with
27
patriarchal structure of family
17
petitions to Provisional
Government
56
political imperative of winning
over
83
rebellious
ЗГ,
35
relatively prosperous
135
resentful and unwilling to work
15З
richer
82, 113, 137
rioting
34
seasonal labour
18
single-issue voters
67
small-capitalist farming
112-13
'squeezing'
154
SRs much better known to
67
Stalin's attitude to
r
16-17
strained relations between Soviet
regime and
82
'Urals-Siberian method' of dealing
with
125
vengeful
34
violent, anarchic tradition
21
warned not to take the law into
own hands
57
working class and
19, 20, 27, 28
penalties
136
People's Commissariat, see
Comissariats
'People's Will'
25, 26
perestroïka
117
permanent workers
19
Peter I (the Great), Tsar of
Russia
148, 160
Petersburg Region
18, 19
see also St Petersburg
Petersburg Soviet
(1905) 34, 46
Petrenko, Lena
169
Petrograd 16, 58, 60, 72, 73, 74
Bolshevik control in
66, 68, 70
Bolshevik Party membership
52
crowds onto the streets
43
factory committees
54
Finland Station
50
mass demonstrations
57
Index
213
politicians in state of high
excitement and frenetic
activity
45
popular revolution/uprising
9,
57-8, 59
radicalized working class
11
strikes
37, 44, 94
troops dispatched from front to
60
workers' revolutionary
spirit/organizations in industrial
centres
53, 54
Petrograd
Soviet
50-5, 62
Bolshevik majority in 6i,
63
Congress of Soviets (October
1917)
65
dual power relationship of
Provisional Government and
40,
43>
46,
48-9>
58
Executive Committee
47, 48-9,
60
groups jostling for position
43
Military-Revolutionary
Committee
63, 64-5
newly revived
40
Order
N0.1
issued in the name
of
47-8
socialist and liberal groups jostled
for position in
43
taunt directed at moderates who
controlled
61
petty bourgeoisie
36, 83, 85, 113
concessions to
96
Philistinism of
160
reliable producers for urban
market
112
Philistine morality
87
philosophy
143
pickpockets
96
piecework
81
pig-iron production
131
planning
132
rational
153
sober,, transition to
159
see also centralization
Plekhanov,
Georgii
26, 30, 51
plots:
anti-Soviet
124
counter-revolutionary
12
Pokrovsky, Mikhail
160
Poland
16, 121
gentry
130
Red Army march into
(1920) 70
see
aho
Warsaw
police
34
disintegrating
44
greatly strengthened
148
no need for
85
renegade priest with connections
to
33
risk of harassment from
28
round-up of Bolsheviks at
beginning of war
54
security
76
unions frequently closed down
by
35
untrammelled power
23
see also police state; secret police
police state
25, 31
Politburo
8, 88, 101, 104, 109,
121-8,
13З»
161
collective leadership io8,
127
Lenin's secret letter to
97
role of first among equals in in
tending to usurp government's
powers
89
political change
15
acceptance of liberalism as an
ideology of
24
political parties
39, 52, 65, 66
Bolsheviks outstripping all others
in recruitment
42
bourgeois
86
factions playing the role in
multi-party system
100
freedom to express views
publicly
97
legalized i6,
35
little room for other
88
major problems raised by
continued existence of
68
opposition, loyalty suspect
76
outlawed for supporting Whites
88
parliamentary immunity
58
prerevolutionary connections
with
168
socialist
28, 35
214
Index
political struggle
90
political theory
55, 116, 143
political troublemakers
54
political upheaval
16, 129
politics:
coalition
43
compromise
43, 44
crises
32, 57—61
disaffection
22
fragile and overstrained
structure
39
growing polarization of
43—4
internal party
133
leadership
102
Lenin's disapproval of new style
of
100
military jargon into the language
of
71
open, democratic and pluralist
42
parliamentary
100
problems
44
reforms
(1905-7) 35
revolutionary
86
socialist
51
Polytechnical Institutes
23
popular resistance
8
population in
urban rise
146
Populists
24, 28, 82, 144
core of Marxist argument with
10
determination to serve the
people
25
revolutionary voluntarism
27
upsurge of revolutionary terrorism
by
25
Portsmouth^ Treaty of
(1905) 33
power struggle
127
Pravda
127, 128
Preobrazhensky, Evgenii
79
}
85,
ііб,
117, 135
prerevolutionary years
16
press
133,
t35,
138
blatant distortion of reality and
manipulation of statistics
147
claims
94—5
constant theme in
120
foreign
170
vilification of Nepmen in
131
pressure groups
98
prices
124, 125, 126
effectively negotiable
135
priests
146, 168
printers
60
prisons
63, 166
no need for
85
private sector:
allowed to re-form
96
Bolsheviks' attitude to
113
privileged classes
90, 91, 122—3
privileges
1583 161
shared
162
production
113, 114
account kept of
85
acute problems
Γ53
artisan
132
capitalist, advanced
20
coal
93
defence
79
future, investment in
135
maximizing
81
productivity:
exhortations for
147
increasing
159
insistent demands for
11
professional class
22, 27, 34—5, 40,
161
modernization-minded
23
new unions of
33
military
76
non-Communist
162
professors
145, 159—60
profiteers
113
Progressive Bloc
44
proletarian hegemony
141, 1449
157
'proletarian promotion' policy ri,
144
proletariat
io,
21, 37, 53, 77, 91-2,
120
absolute necessity of seizing power
in the name of
118
alliance between bourgeoisie
and
43
Bolshevik Party and
5, 67, 90
bourgeoisie against
70
core
94
Index
215
defined
93
definitive abandonment of
157
essential antagonism of bourgeoisie
and
34
exploited
24
highly concentrated
20
industrial
117
invoking the name of
144
landless
17, 24
non-upwardly mobile
159
only class capable of bringing
about true socialist revolution
26
overthrow of bourgeoisie by
51
promises to give power to
145
regime's identification with
158
revolution as the mission of
9
self-conscious
143
Soviet regime turned on
95
temporary disintegration and
dispersal of
71
trade-union consciousness
31
urban
90, 117, 140
see also dictatorship of the
proletariat
propaganda
6, 25, 119, 124,150,
154
barrage at home and abroad
152
planned blitz
163
posters
86
property
78
Church
97—8
confiscated
137
prostitutes
96
Provisional Government
1, 45, 51,
52, 61-2, 64, 65, 80, 88
bourgeois
49, 53
call for removal of power from
49
credit undermined
57
dual power relationship of
Petrograd
Soviet and
40, 43, 46,
48-9,58
formation announced
46
land reform
56-7
politicians of centre and right
reaffirm loyalty to
60
problem of dislodging
63
resignation of head of
57
socialist and liberal groups jostle
for position in
43
socialists intended to act as
watchdogs over
47
strong popular sentiment
against
58
threat to
59
workers rejected
63
provocateurs
164
Pskov
44
public opinion
160
public spending limitations
96
Pugachev revolt
(1773-4)
2i>
34
Pulkovo Heights, Battle of
(1918)
punishment
13, 147
intentionally visited
139-40
opposition factions
102
severe
96, 120
purges
13, 99, 128, 132, 167
party
1
о
1-2, 167-8
replacements for class enemies
145
see
aho
Great Purges
Pushkin,
Aleksandr
162
Putilov
20, 79
Putin, Vladimir V.
172
Pyatakov, Yurii
136, 164
quality of life
146
quotas
136, 139
rabochii kontrol,
see workers* control
radicalism n,
22, 23, 24, 30, 48,
54
innovation in any field
143
intellectual
85, 86
intransigent
43
policy
79
prospects for change
118
return to
126
social change
105
railways/railwaymen
60, 93
ambushed freight trains
133
stations
64, 963, 162-3
see also Trans-Siberian; Turksib
rank
22
2l6
Index
RAPP
(Russian
Association
of
Proletarian Writers)
142, 143,
144
Rasputin, Grigorii Yefimovich
38—9
rationing
80, 81
life in towns made miserable
by
146
lifted
163
reintroduced in towns
120
raw materials
80, 131
real wages
11,145
recruitment
52
relatively industrialized
53
voluntary
75
Red Army
72-8, 80, 81, 84, 92, 96,
125, 131
Communists serving in Civil
War
71
creator of
107
feeding of
82
march into Poland
(1920) 70
men who learnt their ideology
in
87
most of Bolsheviks' organizational
talents into
88
numbers serving in
71, 93
pockets of support for Trotsky
in
109
reasons for victory in Civil War
5
strong Bolshevik opposition to use
of military professionals
89
Red Guards
61, 72, 75, 76
Chinese
142
Red October
41
redemption payments
17, 18, 26
redistribution
51, 56, 78
egalitarian
82
re-education
86—7
Reed, John
5
reformist tendencies
29
refugees
38
regency
45
regional competition
133, 134
regulations
156
religious superstitions
87
repression i,
25, 67, 68-9
authoritarian
42, 90
heavy-handed
153
requisitions
93, 94, 95
grain
78, 82
resource allocation
132
retail trade
80
'return to normalcy'
151, 162, 163
revisionist tendencies
29
'revolution from above*
3, 4
'revolutionary avantgardism'
142
revolutionary professionalism
99
revolutionary terrorism
4, 9, 12, 23,
77, 167, 169, 170
primarily directed against class
enemies
10, 13
upsurge of
25
usual suspects in
166
revolutions
3, 22, 69
accomplished
151—7
assertion of workers' primacy in
55
betrayal of
119,
15г,
157-63
bourgeois
27, 43, 47
call to arms for salvation of
72
countryside
82
downfall of
119
elite
40
ideology of
26
industrial
1x6
international
70, 115
interpreting
8-13
life cycle of
2
peasant
83
permanent
31-2
popular
9, 40, 49, 52-7, 99
premature
112
proletarian
5, 31, 41, 43, 84, 115
prominence no guarantee of
security in
167
radical
40
socialist
41
successful
84
urban and rural not
simultaneous
34
violence inherent in
12
world
84, 155
writings about
4—8
see also Cultural Revolution; French
Revolution; Russian Revolution
rewards
161
rhetorical imagery
143
Riabushinskii, P.
123
Index
217
Riga
17,
бо
fall of
63-4
Rigby, T. H.
102
Right Opposition
99, 153
counter-revolutionary threat
from
61
former leaders
164, 167
ideological struggle with
134
punishment after defeat
147
rational platform
129
Stalin versus
124-30, 142
state planning agencies ruthlessly
purged of
132
rivalries
134
roadblocks
64
Rostov
17
Rostow, Walt
152
rule of law
23
Russia
6
Allied Powers extremely hostile to
new regime
75
capitalist industrialization
inevitable in
26
central, chaotic outflow of refugees
into
38
backwardness
9, 130, 148
descent from civilization
41
Far East expansion
32
foreign domination of many sectors
of industry
37
future democratic government
40
Germany's interest to let
revolutionaries opposed to war
return to
50
great power status
15
internal political crisis (1870s)
32
Marxism an ideology of revolution
and of economic
development
10
peasant farmers' land tenure
36
population
(1897) 16
radical domestic reforms
(1860s)
32
revolutionary parties
9
rural
68
schizoid nature of society
21
transport and communications
systems
75
yardstick for future of
24
see also European Russia
Russian Empire
89
Bolsheviks in exile in remote
regions
49
German Army penetration into
western territories
38
incorporation of territories in new
Soviet republic
70
non-Russian and outlying areas
33,
68
vast expanse of territory
16
Russian Revolution
(1905) 16, 27, 28,
4°, 55
beginning and aftermath
32-9
Lenin and Two Tactics of Social
Democracy
31-2
peasant uprisings/rioting
21, 34
political outcome of
35
revolutionary institutions
20
see also February Revolution;
October Revolution
Russian Social-Democratic Labour
Party
28
legal Marxism roundly denounced
by
29
Second Congress
(1903) 30
Russo-Japanese War
(1904-5)
32
ruthlessness
97,
no, in,
132, 147
Rykov,
Aleksei
Г07,
io8,
117, 121,
125, 127, 128, 129, 164
sabotage/saboteurs
77, 103
danger from
127
economic
164
implausible charges of
123
magnets for
164
mining industry
122
need for vigilance against
120
sacking and burning
34
St Petersburg i6,
19,
зз>
70» 75
city directories
21-2
revolutionary institutions
20
salaries:
high
161
paid partly in kind
80
specialists'
159
Samara
74
samizdat
7
2l8
Index
scandals
36, 38, 168
scapegoating
169
school uniforms
159
schools in
science
94
scientific ideology
79
'scissors crisis'
(1923-4) 124
seasonal work
18, 19
Second Comintern Congress
(1920) 99
Second Five-Year Plan
(1933-7)
150-1, 159
second-generation workers
19
Second World War
(1939-45) 4
see also Nazi Germany
secret addresses
101
secret police
16, 77, 164
coercive organs comparable in
function to
68
renamed
(1934) 165
used against Trotskyites
167
Secret Treaties (Tsarist government
and Allies
1915-17) 48
sectarianism
50, 52
security
105
seizure of power
65, 68, 76, 171
unlawful
42
self-censorship
5
self-criticism
148, 169
self-determination:
cautiously endorsed by Lenin
69
limits to
70
self-identifications
21—2
serfdom
17, 18, 25, 565 112
abolition of
21
golden age before the advent of
112
second
140, 154
service prerogatives
21
Seventeenth Party Congress
(1934) 151
Sex
casual
87
'glass of water' approach
87
promiscuous
87
sexual liberation
87, 160
Shakhty
122, 127, 144,165
Shlyapnikov,
Aleksandr
100
shortages
81, 124, 136, 146
acute
161
chronic
170
dire
153
show trials
122, 170
last of
164
prelude to first
164
suspicion of foreigners a strong
motif in
147
theatricality of proceedings
170
Shuya
97-8
Shvernik, Nikolai
134
Siberia
33, 45, 75, 125, 126
anti-Bolshevik government
74
Bolshevik leaders exiled in
50
mass deportations to
138
sickness benefits
96
siege mentality
147
Sixteenth Party Conference
(1929) 134
Slezkine, Yuri
8
slogans
41, 51, 58, 87, 115, 129,
144
noble
8
peace
63
provocative
61
rejected
49
reservations about
68
revolutionary
86, 158
small shopkeepers
131
smokestacks
9-10, 152
Smolny
Institute
64
social change
16
radical
105
social fabric
24
social labour
85
social mobility, see upward mobility
social order
85
social perfectibility
36
social reform
40
social science
143, 145
socialism:
accomplished
155
building
io, 111-19,
126, 150, 154,
158
capitalism a necessary stage on the
way to
27
Index
219
devotion to
156
intelligentsia generally accepted
24
milestone on the road to
132
path to
25, 26
pre-Marxist
24
scientific
84
socialist economy would
automatically produce
152
symbol of
171
theoretical distinction between
communism and
155
transition to
91
true
156
'socialist cities*
144
Socialist International
99
socialist movement
37, 38
liberals' attitude to
35
socialist parties
28, 35, 43, 67
major
49
revolutionary
34
socialist workers' revolution
30
socialists
43, 46
coalition
49, 50, 52, 58
contempt for those could not
understand the necessity of
terror
77
illusions of unity
51
intellectual
47
liberals traditionally tended to see
as allies
40
moderate
58
pushed to the left
59
solidarity
20, 33, 40
patriotic
53, 120
village
82
Solzhenitsyn,
Aleksandr
7
Lenin in Zurich
41-2
Soviet Union:
adult literacy
150
beginning of engagement in
Second World War
4
conspiracies against
5
conspiracy likely to end in
concerted military onslaught
ОП
121
dangerous accomplices of external
and internal enemies of
122
dissolution/break-up/collapse
(1991)
1, 8, 171
evocation of the spirit
(1936-7)
164
giant smokestacks that clutter the
landscape
9—10
histories of
5—8
ideas that became widely
disseminated in
124
interpretation of the Russian
Revolution
171
'leader of the progressive forces of
mankind
170
leading cadres and specialists
145
new industrial and mining
settlements
152
no need or desire to beg favours
from capitalist West
116
obsession with hugeness
134
organs of power'
102
Perestroika 117
postrevolutionary era
4
pre-
1939
territories
4
recurrent war scares
124
redrawing the economic map
of
133
repressive authoritarianism
42, 90
resistance to regime's policies
120
socialism an accomplished fact
in
155
socialist base
151
territorial boundaries
69
ultimate objective to launch
military attack on
165
unofficial circulation of
manuscripts within
7
urban population
140, 141, 146
soviets
20, 47, 66, 88, 103
call for transfer of power to
65
Central Executive Committee
88
created at city level and at lower
level of urban district
54
dominated by 'foreigners'
70
key institutions in transferring
power from bourgeoisie to
proletariat
51
22O
Index
soviets
(cont.)
local
level role
89
party committees becoming
dominant over
89
plants expropriated on their own
authority
79-80
quasi-legal transfer of power to
61
still to follow capitals' lead in
overthrowing bourgeoisie
68
uncooperative and often
chaotic
104
see also Moscow Soviet;
Petrograd
Soviet
sovkhozy> see state farms
specialization
103, 105
spies
7,122
caught on train
169
danger from
127
magnets for
164
military leaders accused of
being
164
vigilance against
120
SR (Socialist-Revolutionary)
Party
27, 47, 49, 50, 65, 67, 68,
74.98
displaced leadership
60
left
66, 73, 88
right
97
Stakhanovite Movement
159
Stalin, Joseph V.
1, 2, 11, 101, 102,
105, 108-9,
m,
153»
I54> i6i,
163, 165, 169-70
archive-based biographies of
8
break with Zinoviev and
Kamenev no
Cultural Revolutionaries used to
discredit Trotsky
143
exile in Siberia
50
indictment of
5
industrialization policy
10,114-15,
116,117
Khrushchev's denunciation of
6,
118
Medvedev's work critical of
7
new Constitution
155
new history textbooks
160
revolution
3, 4, 120-48, 149, 150,
157» 168
secret police used against
Trotskyites
167
self-promotion
159
'Six Conditions' speech (1931)
162
special secret order to arrest former
kulaks and criminals
166
state terror initiated by
4
totalitarian dictatorship
42
Trotsky deported by
122, 167
united opposition to no
writings: 'Dizzy with Success'
(article)
138;
Short Course in the
History of the Soviet Communist
Party
5
Stalingrad Tractor plant
132, 133,
153
Stalinism/Stalinists
4, 8,
n6,
128,
130, 156, 162
authoritarianism
71
fundamental divergence between
Leninism and
117-18
orthodox
16
1
standing armies
32
starvation
93, 97
State Bank
96
state control
132
state farms
83, 135
State Planning Commission
131
State Prosecutor
122
state sponsorship
26
statistical bureaux
85
Stavka
46
steel
131, 152
Stolypin,
Petr
36-7, 56, 77, 83, 112,
ІЗ«
street demonstrations
44, 48, 49
street-fighting
68
strikes
28, 33, 94
general
34, 37
large-scale
20, 37
state authorities quick to provide
troops
20
women workers
44, 53
Struve,
Petr
29, 33
student demonstrations
33
suicide
60
Sukhanov, Nikolai
47, 48, 109
summary justice
34, 71,
j6y
77
Index
221
Suny,
Ronald 8
supply priorities
132-3
Supreme Economic Council
80, 114,
130
Sverdlovsk
134, 146
Swan Lake (Tchaikovsky)
162
Swedish feudal rulers
130
Switzerland
50
Syrtsov, Sergei
125
Tambov revolt
(1920-1) 94, 95
tamizdat
7
tank production
131
Tauride Palace
46-7
taxes
26, 95, 96
technical expertise
89, 103
technical schools
145
entrance requirements
159
technology:
advanced
19
modern
134
telegraph offices
64
Tenth Army
46
Tenth Party Congress (1921)
94-5,
100, 101, 102
territorial boundaries
69
terror
3, 23, 33, 163-72
anti-Soviet
121
main purpose of
12
move associated with abandonment
of
77
new wave of
158
organ of
76
Red
77
repudiation of
26
small-scale
12
tactics
25
totalitarian
4
using against class enemies
13
textile industry
131
theatres
86, 143 "
Thermidor
2, 4, 5,
ii9ł
I49, I5Z,
Іуо
Third World
10
liberation movements
171
Thirteenth Party Conference
(1924) 109
TimasherT, Nicholas S.
149, 151
Tomsky, Mikhail
108, 128, 145
totalitarianism
4, 6, 42, 166
tractors
131, 132, 134, 138-9, 152
real kolkhoz lacking in
154
trade
13 г,
132
legalization of
95
private, elimination of
146
retail
80
wholesale
80
trade-union consciousness
20, 21,
Зі
trade unions
16,
54>
69, 81, 92
debate on the status of
100
made legal in principle
35
major concessions to
129
national leadership of
134
reined-in
145
see also Central Council of Trade
Unions
traditions
9
traitors
6, 64, 163
transfer of power
65
effectiveness of
46
quasi-legal
61, 62
transition and experimentation
132
Trans-Siberian Railway
33, 74, 75
treachery
120, 170
treason
38, 121
troops
74, 75, 76
fraternizing with crowd
44
loyalist
72
reserve
53
unreliability of
60
village-by-village pacification
campaign
34
Trotsky, Leon
34, 41, 58, 765
9Oj
100,
roí,
Γ07,
114, 117, 125, 127, 153,
157, 158, 165, 171
classic biography of
6
Commissar for War (1918)
75
Commissar of Foreign Affairs
(1917)
65, 69
contempt for socialists who could
not understand the necessity of
terror
77
critics consigned to 'dust-heap of
history*
65
deported from the country
122,
167
222
Index
Trotsky, Leon
{cont.)
discrediting of theories associated
with
143
exile
121-2
internationalism
115—16
peace negotiations with
Germans
73
People's Commissar
65
permanent 'dictatorship',
'insurrection', and 'civil war'
theory
31-2
possible to mention as non-person
but only in pejorative context
7
prerevolutionary polemic
30
release from prison and admission
to Bolshevik Party
membership
63
stabilization policies labelled
'Soviet
Thermidor'
by
149,151,
170
Stalin's struggle with
121
tries to discredit party's General
Secretary
104-5
triumvirate pitted against
108, 109
united opposition to Stalin no
writings: History of the Russian
Revolution
5;
The New
Course
108;
The Revolution
Betrayed
5, 161
Trotskyites
101, 136, 153, 164
Stalin used secret police
against
167
Tucker, Robert
162
Tukhachevsky, Marshal Mikhail
164
Turkish beys
130
Turksib railway
152
Twentieth Party Congress
(1956) 6,
118
Khrushchev's Secret Speech to
165
udarnye
133
Uglanov, Nikolai
126, 128
Ukraine
66, 74, 128, 138
anti-semitic pogroms
25, 54
Bolshevik support for workers'
soviets
70
German occupation of
73
major grain-producing areas
139
metallurgical plants
17, 20, 130
party organizations
134
peasant revolt
94
see also Donbass; Kharkov; Kiev;
Odessa
Ulam, Adam
10
underdevelopment
19
undesirable relatives
168
unemployment
150
unemployment benefits
96
United States:
admiration of
143
political science
6
Republican plan to extend Federal
controls
129
Sovietology
7
troops to Siberia
75
Utopian agricultural
communities
83
unity
90, 99, 101
'administrative methods' to
reinforce
102
ideological
31
lack of, in party leadership
118
party, scruples about
129
socialist illusions of
51
universities
109
admissions discrimination in favour
of workers
156
entrance requirements
159
history reappeared in curricula
160
major upheaval in
145
unrest:
non-Russian regions of Empire
33
political, potential for
54
upper classes:
charitable work
161
urban
27
Whites' active support from
78
uprisings
21, 34, 57, 59, 64, 66
armed
62
upward mobility
21, 28
channel for
11
Uralmash (Urals Machine-Building
Plant)
134
Urals
45, 74, 126, 129, 131, 146
deportations to
138
party organizations
134
Index
223
'Urals-Siberian method'
125
urban working class
19
new intelligentsia recruited
from
144
permanent
111
urbanization
m
USSR, see Soviet Union
utopianism
8, 24, 83-4, 158
repudiating the idealism
25
visionary
r
44
values:
bourgeois
5, 86, 142
Communist
103
cultural
141, 162
family
160, 162
inherent tendency to develop
35
liberal-democratic
100
moral
1
60
revolutionary
151
Vesenkha, see Supreme Economic
Council
violence
37
Bolsheviks associated with armed
confrontation and
72
organized
12
popular
12, 169
pride in being tough-minded
about
77
revolutionary
9,
Г2
spontaneous
169
street
57, 59
visionaries
144
Vladivostok
74
Volga region
74, 93, 126, 139
volunteer organizers
161
voting rights
113
Vyborg
44
wages
її,
81, 83, 145
average
159, 161
delays in payment of
164
differentiation of
159
paid partly in kind
80
War Communism
78-83, 93, 118,
120, 126,131, 137
collapse of market under
94
wholesale abandonment of the
system
95-6
War Industries Committee
38, 46
war metaphors
120
war scare
(1927) 120
wars
9, 84
casualties
34, 38, 57, 93
desertion rate
52, 57
European imperialist
73
neither successful nor
strengthening confidence in
government
32
revolutionary
73
see also Civil War; Crimean War;
First World War; Russo-Japanese
War; Second World War
Warsaw
17, 70, 84
Weber, Max
105
Western Europe
24
j
112
history of
41
Marxism
26
White Armies
70, 82, 91
conscripted peasants
78
officers
91, 95
old middle and upper classes
support
78
political parties outlawed for
supporting
88
Soviet Republic threatened
by
74-5
white-collar jobs
іоб,
141, 143
workers moving into
145
White Guards
77, 164
wholesale trade
80
Wildman, Allan K.
53
Winter Palace
33, 64
witchhunts
165
Witte,
Count Sergei
23, 26, 37, 116,
130
negotiates peace with Japan
(1905) 33
women:
emancipation of
22, 86, 160
equal rights and equal pay
86
literacy
18-19
peasant
137—8
right to work
160
224
Index
women
(cont.)
striking
53
zhenotdely
86
workers' control
54, 69, 81
revised meaning of
55
workers' movement:
liberals' attitude to
35
savage crushing of
37
*
Workers' Opposition'
100,
ιοί,
102
working class
31, 115, 155
Bolshevik Party and
6-7, 10—11, 31,
8i,
90, 95, 100
cadres from
106
channels of communication
between professional writers
and
144
demand that Soviet take power in
the name of
43
ethnic composition of
70
fate of the core proletariat of
94
favoured group called sons of
145
grievances against the regime
37
irrefutable proof that the
Revolution had fulfilled its
promises to
12
Marxists having some success in
organizing
29
militant
го,
31, 34, 53, 55
new managerial and professional
elite recruited from
157
party-political organization and
protest
28
peasant component of
21
policies affecting
81
political demands
37
power taken in the name of
67
pre-modern
20
prewar male in factories
54
privileged classes endemic in
122—3
protecting the interests of
47
revolutionary 2O3
34
sense that workers should be sole
masters
55
status and relationship to Soviet
power
157
strength demonstrated
61
terrorized
28
tiny in comparison with
peasantry
27
war changed the composition of
53
see also industrial working class;
urban working class
wreckers
162, 164
conspirators against
165
vigilance against
147
xenophobia
71, 147
Yagoda, Genrikh
164
Young Pioneers 863
169
youthful rebellion
87
Yudenich, Gen. Nikolai
74
zakonomernosti
5-6
Zamyatin, Evgenii
85
zealots
8, 9
zemstvos
23, 27, 32-3, 39, 45, 46,
104
Zinoviev, Grigorii
7,
4I3
57, 58, 63,
io8,
109, 115, 125, 127, 133»
164
orders issued for arrest of
58
Stalin breaks with no
( Bayerische
і
Staatsbibliothek |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Fitzpatrick, Sheila 1941- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)132798344 |
| author_facet | Fitzpatrick, Sheila 1941- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Fitzpatrick, Sheila 1941- |
| author_variant | s f sf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023029930 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK265 |
| callnumber-raw | DK265 |
| callnumber-search | DK265 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 3265 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| classification_rvk | NQ 5060 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)237189274 (DE-599)BVBBV023029930 |
| dewey-full | 947.084/1 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 947 - Russia & east Europe |
| dewey-raw | 947.084/1 |
| dewey-search | 947.084/1 |
| dewey-sort | 3947.084 11 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| edition | 3. ed., 1. publ. |
| era | Geschichte 1917-1932 gnd Geschichte 1917-1939 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1917-1932 Geschichte 1917-1939 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Sowjetunion Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV023029930 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:16:34Z |
| indexdate | 2025-02-21T01:09:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199237678 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2007044008 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016233830 |
| oclc_num | 237189274 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | VIII, 224 S. |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Fitzpatrick, Sheila 1941- Verfasser (DE-588)132798344 aut The Russian Revolution Sheila Fitzpatrick 3. ed., 1. publ. New York [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2008 VIII, 224 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Geschichte 1917-1932 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1917-1939 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Russische Revolution 1905 (DE-588)4178762-6 gnd rswk-swf Auswirkung (DE-588)4112646-4 gnd rswk-swf Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd rswk-swf Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd rswk-swf Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Geschichte 1917-1939 z DE-604 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 s Geschichte 1917-1932 z 1\p DE-604 2\p DE-604 Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 s Auswirkung (DE-588)4112646-4 s 3\p DE-604 Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 s 4\p DE-604 Russische Revolution 1905 (DE-588)4178762-6 s 5\p DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016233830&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016233830&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 5\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Fitzpatrick, Sheila 1941- The Russian Revolution Geschichte Russische Revolution 1905 (DE-588)4178762-6 gnd Auswirkung (DE-588)4112646-4 gnd Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4178762-6 (DE-588)4112646-4 (DE-588)4049680-6 (DE-588)4043429-1 (DE-588)4153812-2 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | The Russian Revolution |
| title_auth | The Russian Revolution |
| title_exact_search | The Russian Revolution |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Russian Revolution |
| title_full | The Russian Revolution Sheila Fitzpatrick |
| title_fullStr | The Russian Revolution Sheila Fitzpatrick |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Russian Revolution Sheila Fitzpatrick |
| title_short | The Russian Revolution |
| title_sort | the russian revolution |
| topic | Geschichte Russische Revolution 1905 (DE-588)4178762-6 gnd Auswirkung (DE-588)4112646-4 gnd Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Russische Revolution 1905 Auswirkung Revolution Oktoberrevolution Februarrevolution 1917 Sowjetunion Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016233830&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016233830&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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