The physics and chemistry of nanosolids:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley-Interscience
2008
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents only Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 539 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470067406 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Owens, Frank J. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The physics and chemistry of nanosolids |c Frank J. Owens and Charles P. Poole |
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Wiley-Interscience |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 539 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Nanostructured materials | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Nanotechnologie |0 (DE-588)4327470-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Poole, Charles P. |d 1927-2015 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)121716309 |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0718/2007019886.html |3 Table of contents only | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0741/2007019886-d.html |3 Publisher description | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016231480&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016231480 | ||
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| _version_ | 1804137250360918016 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
Preface
xv
1.
Physics of Bulk Solids
1
1.1
Structure
1
1.1.1
Size Dependence of Properties
1
1.1.2
Crystal Structures
2
1.1.3
Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles
7
1.1.4
Large Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles
9
1.1.5
Tetrahedrally Bonded Semiconductor Structures
10
1.1.6
Lattice Vibrations
14
1.2
Surfaces of Crystals
16
1.2.1
Surface Characteristics
16
1.2.2
Surface Energy
17
1.2.3
Face-Centered Cubic Surface Layers
18
1.2.4
Surfaces of Zinc Blende and Diamond Structures
21
1.2.5
Adsorption of Gases
23
1.2.6
Electronic Structure of a Surface
25
1.2.7
Surface Quantum Well
26
1.3
Energy Bands
26
1.3.1
Insulators, Semiconductors, and Conductors
26
1.3.2
Reciprocal Space
27
1.3.3
Energy Bands and Gaps of Semiconductors
28
1.3.4
Effective Mass
34
1.3.5
Fermi Surfaces
35
1.4
Localized Particles
36
1.4.1
Donors, Acceptors, and Deep Traps
36
1.4.2
Mobility
37
1.4.3
Excitons
38
Problems
40
References
41
iři
CONTENTS
2.
Methods of Measuring Properties of Nanostructures
43
2.1
Introduction
43
2.2
Structure
44
2.2.1
Atomic Structures
44
2.2.2
Crystallography
45
2.2.3
Particle Size Determination
50
2.2.4
Surface Structure
54
2.3
Microscopy
54
2.3.1
Transmission Electron Microscopy
54
2.3.2
Field Ion Microscopy
59
2.3.3
Scanning Microscopy
59
2.4
Spectroscopy
66
2.4.1
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy
66
2.4.2 Photoemission,
Х
-Ray, and Auger Spectroscopy
72
2.4.3
Magnetic Resonance
78
2.5
Various Bulk Properties
81
2.5.1
Mechanical Properties
81
81
82
82
82
83
85
85
86
91
94
97
100
100
103
104
104
106
107
107
107
108
2.5.2
Electrical Properties
2.5.3
Magnetic Properties
2.5.4
Other Properties
Problems
References
Properties
of Individual Nanopartides
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Metal
Nanoclusters
3.2.1
Magic Numbers
3.2.2
Theoretical Modeling of Nanopartides
3.2.3
Geometric Structure
3.2.4
Electronic Structure
3.2.5
Reactivity
3.2.6
Fluctuations
3.2.7
Magnetic Clusters
3.2.8
Bulk-to-Nano Transition
3.3
Semiconducting Nanopartides
3.3.1
Optical Properties
3.3.2
Photofragmentation
3.3.3
Coulomb Explosion
3.4
Rare-Gas and Molecular Clusters
3.4.1
Inert-Gas Clusters
3.4.2
Superfluid Clusters
CONTENTS
VII
3.4.3
Molecular Clusters
109
3.4.4
Nanosized
Organic
Crystals 1
11
3.5
Methods of Synthesis
111
3.5.1
RF
Plasma 111
3.5.2
Chemical Methods 111
3.5.3
Thermolysis
112
3.5.4
Pulsed-Laser Methods
114
3.5.5
Synthesis of Nanosized Organic Crystals
114
3.6
Summary
118
Problems
118
4.
The Chemistry of Nanostructures
121
4.1
Chemical Synthesis of Nanostructures
121
4.1.1
Solution Synthesis
121
4.1.2
Capped Nanoclusters
122
4.1.3
Solgel Processing
124
4.1.4
Electrochemical Synthesis of Nanostructures
125
4.2
Reactivity of Nanostructures
125
4.3
Catalysis
127
4.3.1
Nature of Catalysis
127
4.3.2
Surface Area of Nanoparticles
127
4.3.3
Porous Materials
131
4.4
Self-Assembly
135
4.4.1
The Self-Assembly Process
135
4.4.2
Semiconductor Islands
136
4.4.3
Monolayers
139
Problems
141
5.
Polymer and Biological Nanostructures
143
5.1
Polymers
143
5.1.1
Polymer Structure
143
5.1.2
Sizes of Polymers
146
5.1.3
Nanocry
stals
of Polymers
148
5.1.4
Conductive Polymers
151
5.1.5
Block Copolymers
152
5.2
Biological Nanostructures
154
5.2.1
Sizes of Biological Nanostructures
154
5.2.2
Polypeptide Nanowire and Protein Nanoparticles
160
5.2.3
Nucleic Acids
162
5.2.3.1 DNA
Double Nanowire
162
5.2.3.2
Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis
166
Viii CONTENTS
5.2.3.3 Proteins 167
5.2.3.4
Micelles and Vesicles
169
5.2.3.5
Multilayer Films
172
Problems
174
References
174
6.
Cohesive Energy
177
6.1
Ionic Solids
177
6.2
Defects in Ionic Solids
183
6.3
Covalently Bonded Solids
185
6.4
Organic Crystals
186
6.5
Inert-Gas Solids
190
6.6
Metals
191
6.7
Conclusion
193
Problems
193
7.
Vibrational Properties
195
7.1
The Finite One-Dimensional Monatomic Lattice
195
7.2
Ionic Solids
197
7.3
Experimental Observations
199
7.3.1
Optical and Acoustical Modes
199
7.3.2
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Surface Layers
of Nanoparticles
201
7.3.2.1
Raman Spectroscopy of Surface Layers
201
7 .3.2.2
Infrared Spectroscopy of Surface Layers
201
7.4
Phonon Confinement
207
7.5
Effect of Dimension on Lattice Vibrations
209
7.6
Effect of Dimension on Vibrational Density of States
211
7.7
Effect of Size on Debye Frequency
215
7.8
Melting Temperature
216
7.9
Specific Heat
218
7.10
Plasmons
220
7.11
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
222
7.12
Phase Transitions
223
Problems
226
References
227
8.
Electronic Properties
229
8.1
Ionic Solids
229
8.2
Covalently Bonded Solids
232
8.3
Metals
234
8.3.1
Effect of Lattice Parameter on
Electronic Structure
235
CONTENTS
ÌX
8.3.2
Free-Electron
Model 235
8.3.3
The Tight-Binding Model
239
8.4
Measurements of Electronic Structure of Nanoparticles
242
8.4.1
Semiconducting Nanoparticles
242
8.4.2
Organic Solids
248
8.4.3
Metals
250
Problems
251
9.
Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dote
253
9.1
Introduction
253
9.2
Fabricating Quantum Nanostructures
253
9.2.1
Solution Fabrication
254
9.2.2
Lithography
257
9.3
Size and Dimensionality Effects
261
9.3.1
Size Effects
261
9.3.2
Size Effects on Conduction Electrons
263
9.3.3
Conduction Electrons and Dimensionality
264
9.3.4
Fermi Gas and Density of States
265
9.3.5
Potential Wells
268
9.3.6
Partial Confinement
272
9.3.7
Properties Dependent on Density of States
273
9.4
Excitons
275
9.5
Single-Electron Tunneling
276
9.6
Applications
280
9.6.1
Infrared Detectors
280
9.6.2
Quantum Dot Lasers
280
Problems
285
References
285
10.
Carbon Nanostructures
287
10.1
Introduction
287
10.2
Carbon Molecules
287
10.2.1
Nature of the Carbon Bond
287
10.2.2
New Carbon Structures
289
10.3
Carbon Clusters
289
10.3.1
Small Carbon Clusters
289
10.3.2
Buckyball
292
10.3.3
The Structure of Molecular C«,
293
10.3.4
Crystalline Cm
296
10.3.5
Larger and Smaller Buckyballs
300
10.3.6
Buckyballs of Other Atoms
300
10.4
Carbon Nanotubes
301
10.4.1
Fabrication
301
X
CONTENTS
10.4.2
Structure
304
10.4.3
Electronic
Properties
306
10.4.4
Vibrational
Properties
312
10.4.5
Functionalization
314
10.4.6
Doped
Carbon Nanotubes
322
10.4.7
Mechanical Properties
325
10.5
Nanotube Composites
327
10.5.1
Polymer-Carbon
Nanotube Composites
327
10.5.2
Metal-Carbon
Nanotube Composites
329
10.6
Graphene Nanostructures
330
Problems
335
11.
Bulk Nanostructured
Materials
337
11.1
Solid Methods for Preparation of Disordered
Nanostructures
337
11.1.1
Methods of Synthesis
337
11.1.2
Metal Nanocluster Composite Glasses
340
11.1.3
Porous Silicon
343
11.2
Nanocomposites
347
11.2.1
Layered Nanocomposites
347
11.2.2
Nanowire Composites
349
11.2.3
Composites of Nanoparticles
350
11.3
Nanostructured Crystals
351
11.3.1
Natural Nanocrystals
351
11.3.2
Crystals of Metal Nanoparticles
352
11.3.3
Arrays of Nanoparticles in Zeolites
355
11.3.4
Nanoparticle Lattices in Colloidal Suspensions
357
11.3.5
Computational Prediction of Cluster Lattices
358
11.4
Electrical Conduction in Bulk Nanostructured Materials
359
11.4.1
Bulk Materials Consisting of Nanosized Grains
359
11.4.2
Nanometer-Thick Amorphous Films
364
11.5
Other Properties
364
Problems
365
12.
Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials
367
12.1
Stress-Strain Behavior of Materials
367
12.2
Failure Mechanisms of Conventional Grain-Sized
Materials
370
12.3
Mechanical Properties of Consolidated Nano-Grained Materials
371
12.4
Nanostructured Multilayers
374
12.5
Mechanical and Dynamical Properties of Nanosized Devices
376
12.5.1
General Considerations
376
12.5.2
Nanopendulum
378
CONTENTS XI
12.5.3
Vibrations
of a Nanometer String
380
12.5.4
The Nanospring
381
12.5.5
The Clamped Beam
382
12.5.6
The Challenges and Possibilities of
Nanomechanical Sensors
385
12.5.7
Methods of Fabrication of Nanosized Devices
387
Problems
390
13.
Magnetism in Nanostructures
393
13.1
Basics of Ferromagnetism
393
13.2
Behavior of Powders of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles
398
13.2.1
Properties of a Single Ferromagnetic Nanoparticle
398
13.2.2
Dynamics of Individual Magnetic Nanoparticles
400
13.2.3
Measurements of Superparamagnetism and the
Blocking Temperature
402
13.2.4
Nanopore Containment of Magnetic Particles
405
13.3
Ferrofluids
406
13.4
Bulk Nanostructured Magnetic Materials
413
13.4.1
Effect of Nanosized Grain Structure on
Magnetic Properties
413
13.4.2
Magnetoresistive Materials
416
13.4.3
Carbon Nanostructured Ferromagnets
424
13.5
Antiferromagnetic Nanoparticles
429
Problems
430
14.
Nanoelectronics, Spintronics, Molecular Electronics,
and Photonics
433
14.1
Nanoelectronics
433
14.1.1 N
and
Ρ
Doping and PN Junctions
433
14.1.2
MOSFET
435
14.1.3
Scaling of MOSFETs
436
14.2
Spintronics
440
14.2.1
Definition and Examples of
Spintronic
Devices
440
14.2.2
Magnetic Storage and Spin Valves
440
14.2.3
Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors
445
14.3
Molecular Switches and Electronics
449
14.3.1
Molecular Switches
449
14.3.2
Molecular Electronics
453
14.3.3
Mechanism of Conduction through a Molecule
458
14.4
Photonic Crystals
459
Problems
465
Reference
466
Xli CONTENTS
15.
Superconductivity in
Nanomaterials 467
15.1
Introduction
467
15.2
Zero
Resistance 467
15.2.1
The Superconducting Gap
469
15.2.2
Cooper Pairs
470
15.3
The Meissner Effect
472
15.3.1
Magnetic Field Exclusion
472
15.3.2
Type I and Type II Superconductors
474
15.4
Properties of Flux
478
15.4.1
Quantization of Flux
478
15.4.2
Vortex Configurations
479
15.4.3
Flux Creep and Flux Flow
480
15.4.4
Vortex Pinning
484
15.5
Dependence of Superconducting Properties
on Size Effects
484
15.6
Resistivity and Sheet Resistance
484
15.7
Proximity Effect
488
15.8
Superconductors as Nanomaterials
490
15.9
Tunneling and
Josephson
Junctions
491
15.9.1
Tunneling
491
15.9.2
Weak Links
491
15.9.3
Josephson
Effect
493
15.9.4
Josephson
Junctions
494
15.9.5 Ultrasmail
Josephson
Junctions
494
15.10
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (Squid)
495
15.11
Buckministerfullerenes
496
15.11.1
The Structure of
Сад
and Its Crystal
496
15.11.2
Alkali-Doped C«,
496
15.11.3
Superconductivity in Coo
497
Problems
498
References
499
Appendix A Formulas for Dimensionality
501
A.1 Introduction
501
A.2 Delocalization
501
A.3 Square and Parabolic Wells
502
A.4 Partial Confinement
503
Appendix
В
Tabulations of Semiconducting
Material Properties
507
CONTENTS
ХІІІ
Appendix C Face-Centered Cubic and Hexagonal Close-Packed
Nanoparticles
515
С
. 1
Introduction
515
C.2 Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles
515
C.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed Nanoparticles
519
Index
521
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
Preface
xv
1.
Physics of Bulk Solids
1
1.1
Structure
1
1.1.1
Size Dependence of Properties
1
1.1.2
Crystal Structures
2
1.1.3
Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles
7
1.1.4
Large Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles
9
1.1.5
Tetrahedrally Bonded Semiconductor Structures
10
1.1.6
Lattice Vibrations
14
1.2
Surfaces of Crystals
16
1.2.1
Surface Characteristics
16
1.2.2
Surface Energy
17
1.2.3
Face-Centered Cubic Surface Layers
18
1.2.4
Surfaces of Zinc Blende and Diamond Structures
21
1.2.5
Adsorption of Gases
23
1.2.6
Electronic Structure of a Surface
25
1.2.7
Surface Quantum Well
26
1.3
Energy Bands
26
1.3.1
Insulators, Semiconductors, and Conductors
26
1.3.2
Reciprocal Space
27
1.3.3
Energy Bands and Gaps of Semiconductors
28
1.3.4
Effective Mass
34
1.3.5
Fermi Surfaces
35
1.4
Localized Particles
36
1.4.1
Donors, Acceptors, and Deep Traps
36
1.4.2
Mobility
37
1.4.3
Excitons
38
Problems
40
References
41
iři
CONTENTS
2.
Methods of Measuring Properties of Nanostructures
43
2.1
Introduction
43
2.2
Structure
44
2.2.1
Atomic Structures
44
2.2.2
Crystallography
45
2.2.3
Particle Size Determination
50
2.2.4
Surface Structure
54
2.3
Microscopy
54
2.3.1
Transmission Electron Microscopy
54
2.3.2
Field Ion Microscopy
59
2.3.3
Scanning Microscopy
59
2.4
Spectroscopy
66
2.4.1
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy
66
2.4.2 Photoemission,
Х
-Ray, and Auger Spectroscopy
72
2.4.3
Magnetic Resonance
78
2.5
Various Bulk Properties
81
2.5.1
Mechanical Properties
81
81
82
82
82
83
85
85
86
91
94
97
100
100
103
104
104
106
107
107
107
108
2.5.2
Electrical Properties
2.5.3
Magnetic Properties
2.5.4
Other Properties
Problems
References
Properties
of Individual Nanopartides
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Metal
Nanoclusters
3.2.1
Magic Numbers
3.2.2
Theoretical Modeling of Nanopartides
3.2.3
Geometric Structure
3.2.4
Electronic Structure
3.2.5
Reactivity
3.2.6
Fluctuations
3.2.7
Magnetic Clusters
3.2.8
Bulk-to-Nano Transition
3.3
Semiconducting Nanopartides
3.3.1
Optical Properties
3.3.2
Photofragmentation
3.3.3
Coulomb Explosion
3.4
Rare-Gas and Molecular Clusters
3.4.1
Inert-Gas Clusters
3.4.2
Superfluid Clusters
CONTENTS
VII
3.4.3
Molecular Clusters
109
3.4.4
Nanosized
Organic
Crystals 1
11
3.5
Methods of Synthesis
111
3.5.1
RF
Plasma 111
3.5.2
Chemical Methods 111
3.5.3
Thermolysis
112
3.5.4
Pulsed-Laser Methods
114
3.5.5
Synthesis of Nanosized Organic Crystals
114
3.6
Summary
118
Problems
118
4.
The Chemistry of Nanostructures
121
4.1
Chemical Synthesis of Nanostructures
121
4.1.1
Solution Synthesis
121
4.1.2
Capped Nanoclusters
122
4.1.3
Solgel Processing
124
4.1.4
Electrochemical Synthesis of Nanostructures
125
4.2
Reactivity of Nanostructures
125
4.3
Catalysis
127
4.3.1
Nature of Catalysis
127
4.3.2
Surface Area of Nanoparticles
127
4.3.3
Porous Materials
131
4.4
Self-Assembly
135
4.4.1
The Self-Assembly Process
135
4.4.2
Semiconductor Islands
136
4.4.3
Monolayers
139
Problems
141
5.
Polymer and Biological Nanostructures
143
5.1
Polymers
143
5.1.1
Polymer Structure
143
5.1.2
Sizes of Polymers
146
5.1.3
Nanocry
stals
of Polymers
148
5.1.4
Conductive Polymers
151
5.1.5
Block Copolymers
152
5.2
Biological Nanostructures
154
5.2.1
Sizes of Biological Nanostructures
154
5.2.2
Polypeptide Nanowire and Protein Nanoparticles
160
5.2.3
Nucleic Acids
162
5.2.3.1 DNA
Double Nanowire
162
5.2.3.2
Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis
166
Viii CONTENTS
5.2.3.3 Proteins 167
5.2.3.4
Micelles and Vesicles
169
5.2.3.5
Multilayer Films
172
Problems
174
References
174
6.
Cohesive Energy
177
6.1
Ionic Solids
177
6.2
Defects in Ionic Solids
183
6.3
Covalently Bonded Solids
185
6.4
Organic Crystals
186
6.5
Inert-Gas Solids
190
6.6
Metals
191
6.7
Conclusion
193
Problems
193
7.
Vibrational Properties
195
7.1
The Finite One-Dimensional Monatomic Lattice
195
7.2
Ionic Solids
197
7.3
Experimental Observations
199
7.3.1
Optical and Acoustical Modes
199
7.3.2
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Surface Layers
of Nanoparticles
201
7.3.2.1
Raman Spectroscopy of Surface Layers
201
7'.3.2.2
Infrared Spectroscopy of Surface Layers
201
7.4
Phonon Confinement
207
7.5
Effect of Dimension on Lattice Vibrations
209
7.6
Effect of Dimension on Vibrational Density of States
211
7.7
Effect of Size on Debye Frequency
215
7.8
Melting Temperature
216
7.9
Specific Heat
218
7.10
Plasmons
220
7.11
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
222
7.12
Phase Transitions
223
Problems
226
References
227
8.
Electronic Properties
229
8.1
Ionic Solids
229
8.2
Covalently Bonded Solids
232
8.3
Metals
234
8.3.1
Effect of Lattice Parameter on
Electronic Structure
235
CONTENTS
ÌX
8.3.2
Free-Electron
Model 235
8.3.3
The Tight-Binding Model
239
8.4
Measurements of Electronic Structure of Nanoparticles
242
8.4.1
Semiconducting Nanoparticles
242
8.4.2
Organic Solids
248
8.4.3
Metals
250
Problems
251
9.
Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dote
253
9.1
Introduction
253
9.2
Fabricating Quantum Nanostructures
253
9.2.1
Solution Fabrication
254
9.2.2
Lithography
257
9.3
Size and Dimensionality Effects
261
9.3.1
Size Effects
261
9.3.2
Size Effects on Conduction Electrons
263
9.3.3
Conduction Electrons and Dimensionality
264
9.3.4
Fermi Gas and Density of States
265
9.3.5
Potential Wells
268
9.3.6
Partial Confinement
272
9.3.7
Properties Dependent on Density of States
273
9.4
Excitons
275
9.5
Single-Electron Tunneling
276
9.6
Applications
280
9.6.1
Infrared Detectors
280
9.6.2
Quantum Dot Lasers
280
Problems
285
References
285
10.
Carbon Nanostructures
287
10.1
Introduction
287
10.2
Carbon Molecules
287
10.2.1
Nature of the Carbon Bond
287
10.2.2
New Carbon Structures
289
10.3
Carbon Clusters
289
10.3.1
Small Carbon Clusters
289
10.3.2
Buckyball
292
10.3.3
The Structure of Molecular C«,
293
10.3.4
Crystalline Cm
296
10.3.5
Larger and Smaller Buckyballs
300
10.3.6
Buckyballs of Other Atoms
300
10.4
Carbon Nanotubes
301
10.4.1
Fabrication
301
X
CONTENTS
10.4.2
Structure
304
10.4.3
Electronic
Properties
306
10.4.4
Vibrational
Properties
312
10.4.5
Functionalization
314
10.4.6
Doped
Carbon Nanotubes
322
10.4.7
Mechanical Properties
325
10.5
Nanotube Composites
327
10.5.1
Polymer-Carbon
Nanotube Composites
327
10.5.2
Metal-Carbon
Nanotube Composites
329
10.6
Graphene Nanostructures
330
Problems
335
11.
Bulk Nanostructured
Materials
337
11.1
Solid Methods for Preparation of Disordered
Nanostructures
337
11.1.1
Methods of Synthesis
337
11.1.2
Metal Nanocluster Composite Glasses
340
11.1.3
Porous Silicon
343
11.2
Nanocomposites
347
11.2.1
Layered Nanocomposites
347
11.2.2
Nanowire Composites
349
11.2.3
Composites of Nanoparticles
350
11.3
Nanostructured Crystals
351
11.3.1
Natural Nanocrystals
351
11.3.2
Crystals of Metal Nanoparticles
352
11.3.3
Arrays of Nanoparticles in Zeolites
355
11.3.4
Nanoparticle Lattices in Colloidal Suspensions
357
11.3.5
Computational Prediction of Cluster Lattices
358
11.4
Electrical Conduction in Bulk Nanostructured Materials
359
11.4.1
Bulk Materials Consisting of Nanosized Grains
359
11.4.2
Nanometer-Thick Amorphous Films
364
11.5
Other Properties
364
Problems
365
12.
Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials
367
12.1
Stress-Strain Behavior of Materials
367
12.2
Failure Mechanisms of Conventional Grain-Sized
Materials
370
12.3
Mechanical Properties of Consolidated Nano-Grained Materials
371
12.4
Nanostructured Multilayers
374
12.5
Mechanical and Dynamical Properties of Nanosized Devices
376
12.5.1
General Considerations
376
12.5.2
Nanopendulum
378
CONTENTS XI
12.5.3
Vibrations
of a Nanometer String
380
12.5.4
The Nanospring
381
12.5.5
The Clamped Beam
382
12.5.6
The Challenges and Possibilities of
Nanomechanical Sensors
385
12.5.7
Methods of Fabrication of Nanosized Devices
387
Problems
390
13.
Magnetism in Nanostructures
393
13.1
Basics of Ferromagnetism
393
13.2
Behavior of Powders of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles
398
13.2.1
Properties of a Single Ferromagnetic Nanoparticle
398
13.2.2
Dynamics of Individual Magnetic Nanoparticles
400
13.2.3
Measurements of Superparamagnetism and the
Blocking Temperature
402
13.2.4
Nanopore Containment of Magnetic Particles
405
13.3
Ferrofluids
406
13.4
Bulk Nanostructured Magnetic Materials
413
13.4.1
Effect of Nanosized Grain Structure on
Magnetic Properties
413
13.4.2
Magnetoresistive Materials
416
13.4.3
Carbon Nanostructured Ferromagnets
424
13.5
Antiferromagnetic Nanoparticles
429
Problems
430
14.
Nanoelectronics, Spintronics, Molecular Electronics,
and Photonics
433
14.1
Nanoelectronics
433
14.1.1 N
and
Ρ
Doping and PN Junctions
433
14.1.2
MOSFET
435
14.1.3
Scaling of MOSFETs
436
14.2
Spintronics
440
14.2.1
Definition and Examples of
Spintronic
Devices
440
14.2.2
Magnetic Storage and Spin Valves
440
14.2.3
Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors
445
14.3
Molecular Switches and Electronics
449
14.3.1
Molecular Switches
449
14.3.2
Molecular Electronics
453
14.3.3
Mechanism of Conduction through a Molecule
458
14.4
Photonic Crystals
459
Problems
465
Reference
466
Xli CONTENTS
15.
Superconductivity in
Nanomaterials 467
15.1
Introduction
467
15.2
Zero
Resistance 467
15.2.1
The Superconducting Gap
469
15.2.2
Cooper Pairs
470
15.3
The Meissner Effect
472
15.3.1
Magnetic Field Exclusion
472
15.3.2
Type I and Type II Superconductors
474
15.4
Properties of Flux
478
15.4.1
Quantization of Flux
478
15.4.2
Vortex Configurations
479
15.4.3
Flux Creep and Flux Flow
480
15.4.4
Vortex Pinning
484
15.5
Dependence of Superconducting Properties
on Size Effects
484
15.6
Resistivity and Sheet Resistance
484
15.7
Proximity Effect
488
15.8
Superconductors as Nanomaterials
490
15.9
Tunneling and
Josephson
Junctions
491
15.9.1
Tunneling
491
15.9.2
Weak Links
491
15.9.3
Josephson
Effect
493
15.9.4
Josephson
Junctions
494
15.9.5 Ultrasmail
Josephson
Junctions
494
15.10
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (Squid)
495
15.11
Buckministerfullerenes
496
15.11.1
The Structure of
Сад
and Its Crystal
496
15.11.2
Alkali-Doped C«,
496
15.11.3
Superconductivity in Coo
497
Problems
498
References
499
Appendix A Formulas for Dimensionality
501
A.1 Introduction
501
A.2 Delocalization
501
A.3 Square and Parabolic Wells
502
A.4 Partial Confinement
503
Appendix
В
Tabulations of Semiconducting
Material Properties
507
CONTENTS
ХІІІ
Appendix C Face-Centered Cubic and Hexagonal Close-Packed
Nanoparticles
515
С
. 1
Introduction
515
C.2 Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles
515
C.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed Nanoparticles
519
Index
521 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Owens, Frank J. Poole, Charles P. 1927-2015 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)121716309 |
| author_facet | Owens, Frank J. Poole, Charles P. 1927-2015 |
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| author_sort | Owens, Frank J. |
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| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TA418 |
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| callnumber-subject | TA - General and Civil Engineering |
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| dewey-full | 620/.5 |
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| dewey-ones | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| dewey-raw | 620/.5 |
| dewey-search | 620/.5 |
| dewey-sort | 3620 15 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:15:43Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:09:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470067406 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2007019886 |
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| spelling | Owens, Frank J. Verfasser aut The physics and chemistry of nanosolids Frank J. Owens and Charles P. Poole Hoboken, NJ Wiley-Interscience 2008 XVI, 539 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Nanostructured materials Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd rswk-swf Festkörper (DE-588)4016918-2 gnd rswk-swf Nanostrukturiertes Material (DE-588)4342626-8 gnd rswk-swf Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 s Festkörper (DE-588)4016918-2 s DE-604 Nanostrukturiertes Material (DE-588)4342626-8 s Poole, Charles P. 1927-2015 Verfasser (DE-588)121716309 aut http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0718/2007019886.html Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0741/2007019886-d.html Publisher description Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016231480&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Owens, Frank J. Poole, Charles P. 1927-2015 The physics and chemistry of nanosolids Nanostructured materials Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd Festkörper (DE-588)4016918-2 gnd Nanostrukturiertes Material (DE-588)4342626-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4327470-5 (DE-588)4016918-2 (DE-588)4342626-8 |
| title | The physics and chemistry of nanosolids |
| title_auth | The physics and chemistry of nanosolids |
| title_exact_search | The physics and chemistry of nanosolids |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The physics and chemistry of nanosolids |
| title_full | The physics and chemistry of nanosolids Frank J. Owens and Charles P. Poole |
| title_fullStr | The physics and chemistry of nanosolids Frank J. Owens and Charles P. Poole |
| title_full_unstemmed | The physics and chemistry of nanosolids Frank J. Owens and Charles P. Poole |
| title_short | The physics and chemistry of nanosolids |
| title_sort | the physics and chemistry of nanosolids |
| topic | Nanostructured materials Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd Festkörper (DE-588)4016918-2 gnd Nanostrukturiertes Material (DE-588)4342626-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nanostructured materials Nanotechnologie Festkörper Nanostrukturiertes Material |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0718/2007019886.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0741/2007019886-d.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016231480&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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