Holdings: Cell and molecular biology of plastids

Cell and molecular biology of plastids: with 23 tables

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Bibliographic Details
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2007
Series:	Topics in current genetics 19
Subjects:	Plastide - Molekularbiologie - Cytologie - Aufsatzsammlung Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Plant Proteins > genetics Plant molecular biology Plastids Plastids > genetics Plastids > metabolism Recombination, Genetic Plastide Molekularbiologie Cytologie Aufsatzsammlung
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
ISBN:	9783540753759

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650		4	\|a Plant Proteins \|x genetics
650		4	\|a Plant molecular biology
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650		4	\|a Plastids \|x genetics
650		4	\|a Plastids \|x metabolism
650		4	\|a Recombination, Genetic
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adam_text	Table of contents Plastici biogenesis and differentiation ..................................................................1 Kevin Руке .........................................................................................................1 Abstract .........................................................................................................1 1 Introduction ................................................................................................1 2Proplastids ..................................................................................................2 3 The morphology and structure of different plastid types ............................3 3.1 Chloroplast structure and morphology ................................................4 3.2 Amyloplast structure and morphology ................................................6 3.3 Chromoplast structure and morphology ..............................................8 3.4 Leucoplasts and root plastids ............................................................11 3.5 Other types of storage plastids ..........................................................12 4 The control of plastid differentiation ........................................................13 4.1 Plastid interconversions ....................................................................14 5 Plastid division .........................................................................................16 6Stromules ..................................................................................................19 7 Conclusion ................................................................................................20 Acknowledgement .......................................................................................21 References ...................................................................................................21 Structure, function, and inheritance of plastid genomes ..................................29 Ralph Bock ......................................................................................................29 Abstract .......................................................................................................29 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................29 2 Physical properties of plastid genomes ....................................................35 2.1 Copy number of plastid genomes ......................................................35 2.2 Organization of plastid genomes in nucleoids ..................................36 2.3 Structural conformations of plastid genomes ....................................37 3 Fine structure of plastid genomes .............................................................38 3.1 Inverted repeats and single-copy regions ..........................................38 3.2 Information content of plastid genomes ............................................39 4 Inheritance of plastid genomes .................................................................45 4.1 Maternal inheritance .........................................................................47 4.2 Biparental inheritance .......................................................................50 4.3 Paternal inheritance ...........................................................................51 4.4 Paternal leakage ................................................................................51 4.5 Biotechnological implications of plastid inheritance ........................52 Acknowledgement .......................................................................................53 References ...................................................................................................53 List of abbreviations ....................................................................................63 X Table of contents DNA replication, recombination, and repair in plastids ..................................65 Anil Day and Panagiotis Madesis ....................................................................65 Abstract .......................................................................................................65 1 The importance of DNA replication, recombination, and repair pathways in plastids ....................................................................................65 1.1 Proteins and DNA targets of plastid DNA-RRR pathways ..............67 2 Plastid DNA polyploidy, packaging, and segregation ..............................67 2.1 Plastid DNA copy number ................................................................67 2.2 Packaging of plastid DNA................................................................69 2.3 Segregation of plastid genomes ........................................................70 3 Topological forms of plastid DNA...........................................................70 3.1 Linear hairpin DNA molecules in plastids ........................................74 3.2 Linear plastid DNA molecules with discrete ends in WT plastids ... 75 4 A replicón model for plastid genome maintenance ..................................77 4.1 Replication origins mapped to the large inverted repeat ...................77 4.2 Replication origins located in the single copy regions ......................80 5 Maintenance of small DNA molecules in plastids ...................................81 6 Deletion mapping delimits DNA sequences capable of self-replication in plastids ....................................................................................................82 7 A recombination-dependent DNA replication model of plastid DNA.....82 8 DNA recombination in plastids ................................................................84 8.1 Integration of foreign genes by homologous recombination ............86 8.2 Homologous recombination between short DNA repeats .................88 9 Recombination and plastid genome stability ............................................92 10 Homeologous recombination in plastids ................................................93 11 Replication slippage in plastids ..............................................................94 12 DNA repair in plastids ............................................................................96 13 Identification of proteins involved in plastid DNA RRR-pathways.......97 13.1 Plastid DNA polymerases ...............................................................98 13.2 DNA primase activities in plastids ...............................................100 13.3 Plastid localised RecA ..................................................................100 13.4 DNA topoisomerases ....................................................................101 13.5 DNA helicases.............................................................................. 103 14 Identifying DNA-RRR proteins by complementation of E. coli mutants ......................................................................................................103 15 Conclusions and outlook ......................................................................105 Acknowledgement .....................................................................................107 References .................................................................................................107 List of abbreviations ..................................................................................119 Transcription and transcriptional regulation in plastids ...............................121 Karsten Liere and Thomas Borner .................................................................121 Abstract .....................................................................................................121 1 Introduction ............................................................................................121 2 RNA polymerases ..................................................................................122 Table of contents XI 2.1 NEP: nuclear-encoded plastid RNA polymerase ............................122 2.2 PEP: plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase ..............................128 3 Plastidial Promoters ................................................................................129 3.1 NEP promoters ................................................................................129 3.2 PEP promoters ................................................................................132 3.3 Internal promoters of tRNAs ..........................................................133 4 Regulation of transcription in plastids ....................................................133 4.1 Role of multiple and diverse promoters ..........................................135 4.2 Transcription factors involved in promoter recognition in plastids ..................................................................................................139 4.3 Exogenous and endogenous factors controlling plastidial transcription ..........................................................................................148 Acknowledgement .....................................................................................154 References .................................................................................................154 Processing, degradation, and polyadenylation of chloroplast transcripts.... 175 Thomas J. Bollenbach, Gadi Schuster, Victoria Portnoy, and David B. Stern .........................................................................................175 Abstract .....................................................................................................175 1 Introduction ............................................................................................175 2 The enzymes of RNA degradation and maturation ................................177 2.1 Endoribonucleases ..........................................................................177 2.2 Exoribonucleases ............................................................................181 3 Polyadenylation ......................................................................................185 3.1 Historical perspective on polyadenylation ......................................185 3.2 The polyadenylation-stimulated degradation pathway in bacteria.. 186 3.3 PNPase as the major polyadenylating enzyme: variations fromi?. coli ...........................................................................................187 3.4 Polyadenylation in the chloroplast ..................................................189 4 RNA maturation .....................................................................................191 4.1 5 end maturation ............................................................................191 4.2 Intercistronic processing .................................................................192 4.4 Non-coding RNAs ..........................................................................195 5 Regulatory factors ..................................................................................195 5.1 Mutations affecting single chloroplast loci .....................................196 5.2 Pleiotropic mutations ......................................................................197 5.3 The PPR/TPR protein superfamilies ...............................................198 6 Conclusions ............................................................................................198 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................199 References .................................................................................................199 RNA splicing and RNA editing in chloroplasts ...............................................213 Christian Schmitz-Linneweber and Alice Barkan ..........................................213 Abstract .....................................................................................................213 1 Introduction ............................................................................................213 2 Plastid RNA splicing ..............................................................................213 XII Table of Contents 2.1 Intron classes and splicing mechanisms .........................................214 2.2 Intron distribution ...........................................................................215 2.3 Proteins involved in the splicing of chloroplast introns...................... 216 2.4 The regulation of chloroplast RNA splicing ...................................223 2.5 Perspective ......................................................................................225 3 Plastid RNA editing ...............................................................................226 3.1 Editing sites impact protein function ..............................................227 3.2 Mechanism of RNA editing ............................................................227 3.3 cK-elements involved in plastid RNA editing ................................230 3.4 rratts-factors involved in plastid RNA editing ................................232 3.5 Models for the editosome ...............................................................234 3.6 Function and evolution of plastid RNA editing ..............................236 3.7 Perspectives ....................................................................................238 Acknowledgement .....................................................................................238 References .................................................................................................238 Translation and translational regulation in chloroplasts ...............................249 Hadas Peled-Zehavi and Avihai Danon .........................................................249 Abstract .....................................................................................................249 1 Introduction ............................................................................................249 2 Chloroplast translation machinery ..........................................................251 3 Mechanisms of translation initiation ......................................................253 4 Translation initiation regulation - intricate interplay between cis- and trans-acting elements .................................................................................258 4.1 Cis-elements in chloroplast 5 UTRs ...............................................258 4.2 Structural elements in 5 UTRs .......................................................259 4.3 General and specific translation factors ..........................................260 4.4 Multiple proteins interact with single mRNA .................................261 5 Translation regulation examples ............................................................262 5.1 Translation regulation of Dl synthesis ...........................................262 5.2 Negative feedback loops: assembly-controlled regulation of translation .............................................................................................265 6 Regulation of translation elongation ......................................................266 7 Interactions of 5 and 3 ends of chloroplast mRNA ..............................267 8 Subchloroplast location of translation ....................................................268 9 Concluding remarks ...............................................................................269 Acknowledgement .....................................................................................270 References .................................................................................................271 Assembly of protein complexes in plastids ......................................................283 Eira Kanervo, Marjaana Suorsa, and Eva-Mari Aro...................................... 283 Abstract .....................................................................................................283 1 Introduction ............................................................................................283 2 Assembly of the protein complexes .......................................................284 2.1 Assembly of PSII ............................................................................284 2.2 Assembly of the PSI complex .........................................................293 Table of contents XIII 2.3 Assembly of the Cyt b6f complex ...................................................295 2.4 Assembly of soluble complexes ......................................................296 3 Insertion of proteins to the thylakoid membrane - thylakoid translocase complexes and chaperones ......................................................297 3.1 Thylakoid translocases ....................................................................297 3.2 Chaperones .....................................................................................299 4 Posttranslational modifications of chloroplast proteins ..........................300 4.1 N-terminal methionine excision ......................................................300 4.2 Protein phosphorylation ..................................................................301 5 Concluding remarks ...............................................................................302 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................302 References .................................................................................................303 Protein stability and degradation in plastids ..................................................315 Zach Adam .....................................................................................................315 Abstract .....................................................................................................315 1 Introduction ............................................................................................315 2 Major chloroplast proteases ....................................................................316 2.1 Cip protease ....................................................................................317 2.2 FtsH protease ..................................................................................319 2.3 Lon protease ....................................................................................321 2.4 Deg protease ...................................................................................322 2.5 Intramembrane proteases ................................................................322 3 Proteolytic processes in chloroplasts and the enzymes involved ............323 3.1 Maturation of pre-proteins ..............................................................323 3.2 Adaptation to changing light intensities ..........................................325 3.3 Protein quality control ....................................................................325 3.4 Oxidatively damaged proteins ........................................................327 4 Other functions .......................................................................................328 4.1 Nutrient stress and senescence ........................................................328 4.2 Thermotolerance .............................................................................329 5 Identification of specific substrates ........................................................329 6 Determinants of protein instability .........................................................329 7 Future prospects .....................................................................................330 Acknowledgement .....................................................................................331 References .................................................................................................332 Protein import into plastids ..............................................................................339 Birgit Agne and Felix Kessler........................................................................339 Abstract .....................................................................................................339 1 Plastids ...................................................................................................339 1.1 Plastid biogenesis ............................................................................340 2 Chloroplast targeting signals ..................................................................340 2.1 Structure of transit peptides ............................................................341 3 Energy requirements ofin vitro chloroplast protein import ...................341 3.1 Precursor protein recognition at the chloroplast surface .................341 XIV Table of contents 3.2 The early translocation intermediate ...............................................341 3.3 The late translocation intermediate .................................................342 4 Identification of components of the translocation machinery ................343 4.1 Components of the Toe complex ....................................................343 4.2 Components of the Tic complex .....................................................346 5 Regulation at the Toe and Tic complexes ..............................................349 5.1 GTP-regulated protein recognition at the Toe complex ..................349 5.2 Regulation by phosphorylation .......................................................351 5.3 Redox-regulation ............................................................................352 5.4 Calcium/calmodulin regulation .......................................................352 6 Functional specialization in the general import pathway .......................354 6.1 Plastid protein import mutants and phenotypes ..............................354 6.2 Expression patterns of Toe GTPases ..............................................358 6.3 Biochemical evidence for functional specialization of chloroplast import receptors ....................................................................................358 6.4 Substrate specificity of Toc-GTPase sub-pathways ........................358 7 Toe/Tic independent alternative import pathways into the chloroplast .................................................................................................359 7.1 Import depending on internal targeting sequences .........................359 7.2 Substrate dependent import ............................................................360 7.3 Protein import via the secretory pathway .......................................360 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................362 References .................................................................................................362 Insights into chloroplast proteomics: from basic principles to new horizons371 Bianca Naumann and Michael Hippler ..........................................................371 Abstract .....................................................................................................371 1 The art of proteomics .............................................................................371 1.1 Prerequisite for biomolecular mass spectrometry: MALDI and ESI Ionization .......................................................................................372 1.2 Peptide mass finger printing and tandem mass spectrometry .........372 1.3 Database searching .........................................................................374 1.4 De Novo sequencing .......................................................................375 1.5 Linking database searching and de novo sequencing ......................375 1.6 Strategies for the analysis of proteome dynamics ...........................377 2 Proteomics of the chloroplast and its compartments ..............................379 2.1 Envelope membranes ......................................................................379 2.2 Stroma and chloroplast ribosome ...................................................381 2.3 Thylakoid membrane ......................................................................384 2.4 Thylakoid lumen .............................................................................388 4 Comparative proteomics ........................................................................392 4.1 Plant and chloroplast development .................................................392 4.2 Biotic stress .....................................................................................393 4.3 Abiotic stress ..................................................................................394 5 Conclusion .............................................................................................398 Acknowledgement .....................................................................................398 Table of contents XV References .................................................................................................398 List of abbreviations ..................................................................................406 Plastid-nucleus communication: anterograde and retrograde signalling in the development and function of plastids ....................................................409 Katharina Bräutigam, Lars Dietzel, and Thomas Pfannschmidt....................409 Abstract..................................................................................................... 409 1 Introduction ............................................................................................409 2 Major problems of coordination and communication between plastids and nucleus ...................................................................................410 2.1 Tissue specificity of plastid development .......................................411 2.2 The gene copy number problem ......................................................411 2.3 Integration of plastid responses within the cell ...............................413 3 Anterograde signalling ...........................................................................413 3.1 The nuclear control principle ..........................................................413 3.2 Developmental signals ....................................................................418 3.3 Environmental control of plastid development ...............................422 4 Retrograde signalling .............................................................................423 4.1 Signals depending on plastid gene expression ................................423 4.2 Retrograde signals depending on pigment synthesis .......................425 4.3 Redox signals from chloroplasts .....................................................431 4.4 Plastid signals controlling tissue development ...............................441 5 Conclusions and perspectives .................................................................442 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................443 References .................................................................................................443 List of abbreviations ..................................................................................455 The genetic transformation of plastids ............................................................457 Hans-Ulrich Koop, Stefan Herz, Timothy J Golds, and Jörg Nickelsen........457 Abstract .....................................................................................................457 1 Introduction ............................................................................................457 1.1 Plastid biology in Chlamydomonas and tobacco ............................458 2 General procedures .................................................................................462 2.1 Gene transfer methods ....................................................................462 2.2 Transformation vectors ...................................................................463 2.3 Marker gene removal ......................................................................465 3 Plastid transformation in algae ...............................................................467 3.1 Expression control elements ...........................................................467 3.2 Resistance marker genes .................................................................468 3.3 Targeted inactivation ......................................................................468 3.4 Introduced genes, expressed proteins ..............................................471 3.5 Transformed species .......................................................................471 4 Plastid transformation in higher plants ...................................................472 4.1 Expression control elements ...........................................................472 4.2 Inducible gene expression ...............................................................474 4.3 Resistance marker genes and selection schemes .............................475 XVI Table of Contents 4.4 Targeted inactivation ......................................................................477 4.5 Introduced genes, expressed proteins .............................................479 4.6 Transformed species .......................................................................489 5 Perspectives ............................................................................................493 References .................................................................................................494 Index ...................................................................................................................511
adam_txt	Table of contents Plastici biogenesis and differentiation .1 Kevin Руке .1 Abstract .1 1 Introduction .1 2Proplastids .2 3 The morphology and structure of different plastid types .3 3.1 Chloroplast structure and morphology .4 3.2 Amyloplast structure and morphology .6 3.3 Chromoplast structure and morphology .8 3.4 Leucoplasts and root plastids .11 3.5 Other types of storage plastids .12 4 The control of plastid differentiation .13 4.1 Plastid interconversions .14 5 Plastid division .16 6Stromules .19 7 Conclusion .20 Acknowledgement .21 References .21 Structure, function, and inheritance of plastid genomes .29 Ralph Bock .29 Abstract .29 1 Introduction .29 2 Physical properties of plastid genomes .35 2.1 Copy number of plastid genomes .35 2.2 Organization of plastid genomes in nucleoids .36 2.3 Structural conformations of plastid genomes .37 3 Fine structure of plastid genomes .38 3.1 Inverted repeats and single-copy regions .38 3.2 Information content of plastid genomes .39 4 Inheritance of plastid genomes .45 4.1 Maternal inheritance .47 4.2 Biparental inheritance .50 4.3 Paternal inheritance .51 4.4 Paternal leakage .51 4.5 Biotechnological implications of plastid inheritance .52 Acknowledgement .53 References .53 List of abbreviations .63 X Table of contents DNA replication, recombination, and repair in plastids .65 Anil Day and Panagiotis Madesis .65 Abstract .65 1 The importance of DNA replication, recombination, and repair pathways in plastids .65 1.1 Proteins and DNA targets of plastid DNA-RRR pathways .67 2 Plastid DNA polyploidy, packaging, and segregation .67 2.1 Plastid DNA copy number .67 2.2 Packaging of plastid DNA.69 2.3 Segregation of plastid genomes .70 3 Topological forms of plastid DNA.70 3.1 Linear hairpin DNA molecules in plastids .74 3.2 Linear plastid DNA molecules with discrete ends in WT plastids . 75 4 A replicón model for plastid genome maintenance .77 4.1 Replication origins mapped to the large inverted repeat .77 4.2 Replication origins located in the single copy regions .80 5 Maintenance of small DNA molecules in plastids .81 6 Deletion mapping delimits DNA sequences capable of self-replication in plastids .82 7 A recombination-dependent DNA replication model of plastid DNA.82 8 DNA recombination in plastids .84 8.1 Integration of foreign genes by homologous recombination .86 8.2 Homologous recombination between short DNA repeats .88 9 Recombination and plastid genome stability .92 10 Homeologous recombination in plastids .93 11 Replication slippage in plastids .94 12 DNA repair in plastids .96 13 Identification of proteins involved in plastid DNA RRR-pathways.97 13.1 Plastid DNA polymerases .98 13.2 DNA primase activities in plastids .100 13.3 Plastid localised RecA .100 13.4 DNA topoisomerases .101 13.5 DNA helicases. 103 14 Identifying DNA-RRR proteins by complementation of E. coli mutants .103 15 Conclusions and outlook .105 Acknowledgement .107 References .107 List of abbreviations .119 Transcription and transcriptional regulation in plastids .121 Karsten Liere and Thomas Borner .121 Abstract .121 1 Introduction .121 2 RNA polymerases .122 Table of contents XI 2.1 NEP: nuclear-encoded plastid RNA polymerase .122 2.2 PEP: plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase .128 3 Plastidial Promoters .129 3.1 NEP promoters .129 3.2 PEP promoters .132 3.3 Internal promoters of tRNAs .133 4 Regulation of transcription in plastids .133 4.1 Role of multiple and diverse promoters .135 4.2 Transcription factors involved in promoter recognition in plastids .139 4.3 Exogenous and endogenous factors controlling plastidial transcription .148 Acknowledgement .154 References .154 Processing, degradation, and polyadenylation of chloroplast transcripts. 175 Thomas J. Bollenbach, Gadi Schuster, Victoria Portnoy, and David B. Stern .175 Abstract .175 1 Introduction .175 2 The enzymes of RNA degradation and maturation .177 2.1 Endoribonucleases .177 2.2 Exoribonucleases .181 3 Polyadenylation .185 3.1 Historical perspective on polyadenylation .185 3.2 The polyadenylation-stimulated degradation pathway in bacteria. 186 3.3 PNPase as the major polyadenylating enzyme: variations fromi?. coli .187 3.4 Polyadenylation in the chloroplast .189 4 RNA maturation .191 4.1 5' end maturation .191 4.2 Intercistronic processing .192 4.4 Non-coding RNAs .195 5 Regulatory factors .195 5.1 Mutations affecting single chloroplast loci .196 5.2 Pleiotropic mutations .197 5.3 The PPR/TPR protein superfamilies .198 6 Conclusions .198 Acknowledgements .199 References .199 RNA splicing and RNA editing in chloroplasts .213 Christian Schmitz-Linneweber and Alice Barkan .213 Abstract .213 1 Introduction .213 2 Plastid RNA splicing .213 XII Table of Contents 2.1 Intron classes and splicing mechanisms .214 2.2 Intron distribution .215 2.3 Proteins involved in the splicing of chloroplast introns. 216 2.4 The regulation of chloroplast RNA splicing .223 2.5 Perspective .225 3 Plastid RNA editing .226 3.1 Editing sites impact protein function .227 3.2 Mechanism of RNA editing .227 3.3 cK-elements involved in plastid RNA editing .230 3.4 rratts-factors involved in plastid RNA editing .232 3.5 Models for the editosome .234 3.6 Function and evolution of plastid RNA editing .236 3.7 Perspectives .238 Acknowledgement .238 References .238 Translation and translational regulation in chloroplasts .249 Hadas Peled-Zehavi and Avihai Danon .249 Abstract .249 1 Introduction .249 2 Chloroplast translation machinery .251 3 Mechanisms of translation initiation .253 4 Translation initiation regulation - intricate interplay between cis- and trans-acting elements .258 4.1 Cis-elements in chloroplast 5 'UTRs .258 4.2 Structural elements in 5'UTRs .259 4.3 General and specific translation factors .260 4.4 Multiple proteins interact with single mRNA .261 5 Translation regulation examples .262 5.1 Translation regulation of Dl synthesis .262 5.2 Negative feedback loops: assembly-controlled regulation of translation .265 6 Regulation of translation elongation .266 7 Interactions of 5' and 3' ends of chloroplast mRNA .267 8 Subchloroplast location of translation .268 9 Concluding remarks .269 Acknowledgement .270 References .271 Assembly of protein complexes in plastids .283 Eira Kanervo, Marjaana Suorsa, and Eva-Mari Aro. 283 Abstract .283 1 Introduction .283 2 Assembly of the protein complexes .284 2.1 Assembly of PSII .284 2.2 Assembly of the PSI complex .293 Table of contents XIII 2.3 Assembly of the Cyt b6f'complex .295 2.4 Assembly of soluble complexes .296 3 Insertion of proteins to the thylakoid membrane - thylakoid translocase complexes and chaperones .297 3.1 Thylakoid translocases .297 3.2 Chaperones .299 4 Posttranslational modifications of chloroplast proteins .300 4.1 N-terminal methionine excision .300 4.2 Protein phosphorylation .301 5 Concluding remarks .302 Acknowledgements .302 References .303 Protein stability and degradation in plastids .315 Zach Adam .315 Abstract .315 1 Introduction .315 2 Major chloroplast proteases .316 2.1 Cip protease .317 2.2 FtsH protease .319 2.3 Lon protease .321 2.4 Deg protease .322 2.5 Intramembrane proteases .322 3 Proteolytic processes in chloroplasts and the enzymes involved .323 3.1 Maturation of pre-proteins .323 3.2 Adaptation to changing light intensities .325 3.3 Protein quality control .325 3.4 Oxidatively damaged proteins .327 4 Other functions .328 4.1 Nutrient stress and senescence .328 4.2 Thermotolerance .329 5 Identification of specific substrates .329 6 Determinants of protein instability .329 7 Future prospects .330 Acknowledgement .331 References .332 Protein import into plastids .339 Birgit Agne and Felix Kessler.339 Abstract .339 1 Plastids .339 1.1 Plastid biogenesis .340 2 Chloroplast targeting signals .340 2.1 Structure of transit peptides .341 3 Energy requirements ofin vitro chloroplast protein import .341 3.1 Precursor protein recognition at the chloroplast surface .341 XIV Table of contents 3.2 The early translocation intermediate .341 3.3 The late translocation intermediate .342 4 Identification of components of the translocation machinery .343 4.1 Components of the Toe complex .343 4.2 Components of the Tic complex .346 5 Regulation at the Toe and Tic complexes .349 5.1 GTP-regulated protein recognition at the Toe complex .349 5.2 Regulation by phosphorylation .351 5.3 Redox-regulation .352 5.4 Calcium/calmodulin regulation .352 6 Functional specialization in the general import pathway .354 6.1 Plastid protein import mutants and phenotypes .354 6.2 Expression patterns of Toe GTPases .358 6.3 Biochemical evidence for functional specialization of chloroplast import receptors .358 6.4 Substrate specificity of Toc-GTPase sub-pathways .358 7 Toe/Tic independent "alternative" import pathways into the chloroplast .359 7.1 Import depending on internal targeting sequences .359 7.2 Substrate dependent import .360 7.3 Protein import via the secretory pathway .360 Acknowledgements .362 References .362 Insights into chloroplast proteomics: from basic principles to new horizons371 Bianca Naumann and Michael Hippler .371 Abstract .371 1 The art of proteomics .371 1.1 Prerequisite for biomolecular mass spectrometry: MALDI and ESI Ionization .372 1.2 Peptide mass finger printing and tandem mass spectrometry .372 1.3 Database searching .374 1.4 De Novo sequencing .375 1.5 Linking database searching and de novo sequencing .375 1.6 Strategies for the analysis of proteome dynamics .377 2 Proteomics of the chloroplast and its compartments .379 2.1 Envelope membranes .379 2.2 Stroma and chloroplast ribosome .381 2.3 Thylakoid membrane .384 2.4 Thylakoid lumen .388 4 Comparative proteomics .392 4.1 Plant and chloroplast development .392 4.2 Biotic stress .393 4.3 Abiotic stress .394 5 Conclusion .398 Acknowledgement .398 Table of contents XV References .398 List of abbreviations .406 Plastid-nucleus communication: anterograde and retrograde signalling in the development and function of plastids .409 Katharina Bräutigam, Lars Dietzel, and Thomas Pfannschmidt.409 Abstract. 409 1 Introduction .409 2 Major problems of coordination and communication between plastids and nucleus .410 2.1 Tissue specificity of plastid development .411 2.2 The gene copy number problem .411 2.3 Integration of plastid responses within the cell .413 3 Anterograde signalling .413 3.1 The nuclear control principle .413 3.2 Developmental signals .418 3.3 Environmental control of plastid development .422 4 Retrograde signalling .423 4.1 Signals depending on plastid gene expression .423 4.2 Retrograde signals depending on pigment synthesis .425 4.3 Redox signals from chloroplasts .431 4.4 Plastid signals controlling tissue development .441 5 Conclusions and perspectives .442 Acknowledgements .443 References .443 List of abbreviations .455 The genetic transformation of plastids .457 Hans-Ulrich Koop, Stefan Herz, Timothy J Golds, and Jörg Nickelsen.457 Abstract .457 1 Introduction .457 1.1 Plastid biology in Chlamydomonas and tobacco .458 2 General procedures .462 2.1 Gene transfer methods .462 2.2 Transformation vectors .463 2.3 Marker gene removal .465 3 Plastid transformation in algae .467 3.1 Expression control elements .467 3.2 Resistance marker genes .468 3.3 Targeted inactivation .468 3.4 Introduced genes, expressed proteins .471 3.5 Transformed species .471 4 Plastid transformation in higher plants .472 4.1 Expression control elements .472 4.2 Inducible gene expression .474 4.3 Resistance marker genes and selection schemes .475 XVI Table of Contents 4.4 Targeted inactivation .477 4.5 Introduced genes, expressed proteins .479 4.6 Transformed species .489 5 Perspectives .493 References .494 Index .511
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spelling	Cell and molecular biology of plastids with 23 tables Ralph Bock (ed.) Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2007 txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Topics in current genetics 19 Plastide - Molekularbiologie - Cytologie - Aufsatzsammlung Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Plant Proteins genetics Plant molecular biology Plastids Plastids genetics Plastids metabolism Recombination, Genetic Plastide (DE-588)4149307-2 gnd rswk-swf Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd rswk-swf Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Plastide (DE-588)4149307-2 s Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 s Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 s 2\p DE-604 DE-604 Bock, Ralph Sonstige oth Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-540-75376-6 Topics in current genetics 19 (DE-604)BV035420113 19 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016224395&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Cell and molecular biology of plastids with 23 tables Topics in current genetics Plastide - Molekularbiologie - Cytologie - Aufsatzsammlung Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Plant Proteins genetics Plant molecular biology Plastids Plastids genetics Plastids metabolism Recombination, Genetic Plastide (DE-588)4149307-2 gnd Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4149307-2 (DE-588)4039983-7 (DE-588)4070177-3 (DE-588)4143413-4
title	Cell and molecular biology of plastids with 23 tables
title_auth	Cell and molecular biology of plastids with 23 tables
title_exact_search	Cell and molecular biology of plastids with 23 tables
title_exact_search_txtP	Cell and molecular biology of plastids with 23 tables
title_full	Cell and molecular biology of plastids with 23 tables Ralph Bock (ed.)
title_fullStr	Cell and molecular biology of plastids with 23 tables Ralph Bock (ed.)
title_full_unstemmed	Cell and molecular biology of plastids with 23 tables Ralph Bock (ed.)
title_short	Cell and molecular biology of plastids
title_sort	cell and molecular biology of plastids with 23 tables
title_sub	with 23 tables
topic	Plastide - Molekularbiologie - Cytologie - Aufsatzsammlung Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Plant Proteins genetics Plant molecular biology Plastids Plastids genetics Plastids metabolism Recombination, Genetic Plastide (DE-588)4149307-2 gnd Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd
topic_facet	Plastide - Molekularbiologie - Cytologie - Aufsatzsammlung Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Plant Proteins genetics Plant molecular biology Plastids Plastids genetics Plastids metabolism Recombination, Genetic Plastide Molekularbiologie Cytologie Aufsatzsammlung
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volume_link	(DE-604)BV035420113
work_keys_str_mv	AT bockralph cellandmolecularbiologyofplastidswith23tables

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