Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants:
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2008
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIII, 379 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9783540746034 9783540746003 3540746005 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants |c Kishan Gopal Ramawat ... (eds.) |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 379 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Biological Products | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biomolecules | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Medicinal plants | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Phytotherapy | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plant Extracts |x metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plant Extracts |x pharmacology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plants, Medicinal |x chemistry | |
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| _version_ | 1804137233222991872 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
1 Drug Discovery from Plants
A.A. Salim, Y.-W. Chin and A.D. Kinghorn
1.1 The Role of Plants in Human History ..................... 1
1.2 The Role of Plant-Derived Compounds in Drug Development . . 4
1.2.1 Plant Secondary Metabolites as Drug Precursors............. 4
1.2.2 Plant Secondary Metabolites as Drug Prototypes ............ 6
1.2.3 Plant Secondary Metabolites as Pharmacological Probes ...... 8
1.3 Recent Developments in Drug Discovery from Plants ......... 9
1.3.1 New Plant-Derived Drugs Launched Since 2001 ............. 9
1.3.2 Examples of Plant-Derived Compounds Currently
Involved in Clinical Trials ............................... 11
1.3.3 Plant Extracts Currently Involved in Clinical Trials ........... 15
1.4 Recent Trends and Future Directions ...................... 18
2 Grapevine Stilbenes and Their Biological Effects
P. Waffo-Teguo, S. Krisa, T. Richard and I-M. Merillon
2.1 Introduction .......................................... 25
2.2 Epidemiology ......................................... 26
2.3 Chemistry of Stilbenes .................................. 27
2.3.1 Characterisation....................................... 27
2.3.1.1 Monomers ........................................... 27
2.3.1.2 Oligomers ............................................ 29
2.3.2 Biosynthetic Pathway................................... 32
2.3.3 Distribution in Vitis vinifera ............................. 33
2.3.4 Determination of Stilbenes in Wine ....................... 33
2.4 Biological and Pharmacological Activities .................. 35
2.4.1 Bioavailability and Metabolism ........................... 35
2.4.2 Cardiovascular Protection ............................... 39
2.4.2.1 Antioxidant Activity ................................... 39
2.4.2.2 Antithrombotic and Vasoprotective Properties............... 41
2.4.2.3 Biological Activities after Ingestion of Polyphenols or Wine .... 42
2.4.3 Cancer Chemoprevention ............................... 43
2.4.4 Neurodegenerative Diseases ............................. 46
2.5 Conclusion ........................................... 49
X Contents
3 Research into Isoflavonoid Phyto-oestrogens
in Plant Cell Cultures
M. T. Luczkiewicz
3.1 Introduction .......................................... 56
3.2 The Influence of the Basic Experimental Media
on the Biosynthesis of Isoflavones in In Vitro Cultures ........ 57
3.3 The Influence of Physical Factors
on the Biosynthesis and Accumulation of Isoflavonoids
in In Vitro Cultures .................................... 59
3.4 The Effect of Technological Procedures on the Biosynthesis
and Accumulation of Isoflavonoids in In Vitro Cultures ....... 60
3.4.1 Elicitation ............................................ 61
3.4.2 Supplementation with Biosynthesis Precursors .............. 70
3.4.3 Biotransformation ..................................... 71
3.4.4 Genetic Modifications .................................. 73
3.5 In Vitro Cultures of Legume Plants Oriented for Selective
Production of Phyto-oestrogens .......................... 77
4 Secondary Metabolite Production from Plant Cell Cultures:
the Success Stories of Rosmarinic Acid and Taxol
S. Kintzios
4.1 Introduction: Cell Factories at the Cross Point............... 86
4.2 Rosmarinic Acid ...................................... 87
4.2.1 General Information ................................... 87
4.2.2 Historical Development of In Vitro RA Production -
a Brief Overview ...................................... 87
4.2.3 Stimulation of Biosynthetic Pathways Leads to Enhanced RA
Accumulation In Vitro.................................. 88
4.2.4 Is RA Biosynthesis Growth Dependent?.................... 89
4.2.5 Is RA Accumulation Related to Culture Differentiation? ...... 90
4.2.6 Recent Attempts to Scale Up RA Production ............... 91
4.2.7 RA Production in Immobilized Cell Cultures................ 92
4.3 Taxol ................................................ 92
4.3.1 General Information ................................... 92
4.3.2 Historical Development of In Vitro Taxol Production -
a Brief Overview ...................................... 93
4.3.3 Stimulation of Biosynthetic Pathways Leads
to Enhanced Taxol Accumulation In Vitro .................. 94
4.3.4 Is Taxol Biosynthesis Growth and Differentiation Dependent? .. 96
4.3.5 Recent Attempts to Scale Up Taxol Production .............. 97
4.3.6 Taxol Production in Immobilized Cell Cultures .............. 97
4.4 Conclusions .......................................... 98
Contents XI
5 Guggulsterone: a Potent Natural Hypolipidemic Agent from
Commiphora wightii - Problems, Perseverance, and Prospects
K. G. Ramawat, M. Mathur, S. Dass and S. Suthar
5.1 Introduction ......................................... 102
5.2 Distribution ......................................... 102
5.3 Biology ............................................. 102
5.4 Gum-Resin Production ................................ 103
5.5 Chemistry ........................................... 104
5.6 Methods of Analysis .................................. 104
5.6.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography............................ 104
5.6.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography ................ 109
5.7 Traditional Therapeutic Uses ........................... 109
5.8 Pharmacology ....................................... 110
5.8.1 Animal and Clinical Trials .............................. 110
5.8.2 Mechanism of Action ................................. Ill
5.8.3 Other Potential Activities .............................. 112
5.8.4 Toxicity ............................................. 113
5.9 Biotechnological Approaches ........................... 113
5.9.1 Micropropagation .................................... 113
5.9.2 Somatic Embryogenesis ................................ 114
5.9.3 Resin Canal Formation ................................ 115
5.9.4 Guggulsterone Production.............................. 115
5.10 Future Prospects ..................................... 119
6 Sifybum marianum (L.) Gaertn: the Source of Silymarin
P. Corchete
6.1 Introduction ......................................... 124
6.2 Botany ............................................. 125
6.3 Chemical Composition of S. marianum Fruits .............. 126
6.4 Pharmacology of Silymarin............................. 130
6.4.1 Mechanisms of Action................................. 131
6.4.1.1 Antioxidant Activity .................................. 131
6.4.1.2 Effects on Hepatocyte Membranes and Cellular Permeability .. 131
6.4.1.3 Effects on Receptor Binding of Toxins and Drugs ........... 131
6.4.1.4 Stimulation of Protein Synthesis ......................... 132
6.4.1.5 Inhibition of Cell Proliferation in Hepatic Fibrosis .......... 132
6.4.1.6 Anti-inflammatory Activity ............................. 132
6.4.2 Pharmacological Applications........................... 132
6.4.2.1 Hepatoprotective Action ............................... 132
6.4.2.2 Hypocholesterolemic Action ............................ 134
6.4.2.3 Chemopreventive and Anticarcinogenic Effects ............. 134
6.4.2.4 Anti-inflammatory Action .............................. 136
6.4.2.5 Other Actions ........................................ 137
XII Contents
6.4.3 Bioavailability ....................................... 138
6.4.4 Toxicology .......................................... 139
6.4.5 Therapeutics......................................... 139
6.5 Biotechnology ....................................... 140
7 The Production of Dianthrones and Phloroglucinol Derivatives
in St. John s Wort
A. Kirakosyan, D.M.Gibson, andP.B. Kaufman,
7.1 Introduction ......................................... 149
7.2 Dianthrone and Phloroglucinol Derivatives Family
of Compounds in Hypericum perforatum .................. 150
7.2.1 Botany of Hypericum.................................. 152
7.2.2 Medicinal Uses of Hypericin and Hyperforin .............. 152
7.3 Biotechnology for the Production of Hypericin
and Hyperforin....................................... 154
7.3.1 Biosynthesis of Hypericin and Hyperforin in Mature Plants ... 154
7.3.2 Plant Cell Biotechnology ............................... 156
7.3.3 Influences on Hypericin and Hyperforin Productivity
by Other Factors ..................................... 159
7.3.4 New Directions for Hypericin and Hyperforin Production .... 161
7.4 Conclusions ......................................... 162
8 Production of Alkaloids in Plant Cell and Tissue Cultures
D. Laurain-Mattar
8.1 Introduction ......................................... 165
8.2 Correlation Between Organogenesis, Somatic Embryogenesis
and Isoquinoline Alkaloid Accumulation .................. 168
8.3 Hairy Roots and Tropane and Morphinan Alkaloid
Accumulation ........................................ 170
8.4 Conclusion and Perspective ............................. 171
9 Bacopa monnieri, a Nootropic Drug
M. Rajani
9.1 Introduction ......................................... 175
9.2 Chemical Constituents................................. 176
9.3 Analysis of Saponins of B. monnieri ...................... 184
9.3.1 Pharmacological Studies ............................... 184
9.3.2 Clinical Studies ...................................... 188
9.3.3 Concluding Remarks .................................. 189
9.4 Biotechnology and Tissue Culture Studies on B. monniera ___ 190
Contents XIII
10 Chemical Profiling of Nothapodytes nimmoniana
for Camptothecin, an Important Anticancer Alkaloid:
Towards the Development of a Sustainable Production System
R. Uma Shaanker, B.T. Ramesha, G. Ravikanth, R.R Gurtaga,
R. Vasudeva and K.N. Ganeshaiah
10.1 Introduction ......................................... 198
10.2 N. nimmoniana: Ecology and Distribution ................. 201
10.3 Basic Patterns of Accumulation of CPT in N. nimmoniana .... 203
10.4 Chemical Profiling of Populations of N. nimmoniana for CPT .. 204
10.5 Modeling Habitat Suitability for CPT Production ........... 207
10.6 Development of a Sustainable Extraction Approach ......... 209
10.7 Conclusions ......................................... 210
11 Colchicine - an Overview for Plant Biotechnologists
S. Ghosh and S. Jha
11.1 Introduction ......................................... 216
11.2 The Alkaloid Colchicine ............................... 218
11.3 Toxicity of Colchicine ................................. 218
11.4 Biological Effects of Colchicine ......................... 219
11.5 Colchicine as a Medicine ............................... 222
11.6 Botanical Use of Colchicine ............................ 222
11.7 Chemistry of Colchicine ............................... 223
11.8 Occurrence .......................................... 225
11.9 Biotechnological Approaches for the Production of Colchicine 225
11.10 Conclusion .......................................... 228
12 In Vitro Azadirachtin Production
S. Srivastava and A.K. Srivastava
12.1 Introduction ......................................... 234
12.2 Chemistry of Azadirachtin ............................. 236
12.3 Mode of Action of Azadirachtin ........................ 237
12.4 Biosynthetic Pathway for Azadirachtin .................... 238
12.5 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Azadirachtin ....... 238
12.6 Availability of Azadirachtin ............................ 242
12.7 Plant Cell/Tissue Culture: an Alternative for Azadirachtin
Production .......................................... 243
12.7.1 Azadirachtin Production from Plant Cell/Tissue Cultures
of Azadirachta indica .................................. 243
12.7.2 Yield Improvement Strategies ........................... 244
12.7.2.1 Strain Improvement and Selection ....................... 245
12.7.2.2 Media Compositions and Culture Conditions .............. 245
XIV Contents
12.7.2.3 Application of Elicitors, Precursors and Permeabilising Agents 246
12.7.2.4 Genetic Engineering Approach .......................... 247
12.7.2.5 Somatic Embryogenesis and Regeneration ................. 248
12.7.2.6 Two-Phase (Stage) Systems ............................. 248
12.7.2.7 Immobilisation....................................... 248
12.8 Stability of Azadirachtin ............................... 249
12.9 Scale-up of In Vitro Azadirachtin Production .............. 249
12.10 Conclusion .......................................... 250
13 Arabinogalactan Protein and Arabinogalactan: Biomolecules
with Biotechnological and Therapeutic Potential
A. Pal
13.1 Introduction ......................................... 256
13.2 Biological Activities of AGP ............................ 259
13.3 Role of AGPs in Reproductive Organ Development ......... 261
13.4 Signaling Role of AGP ................................ 262
13.5 Abiotic Stress Tolerance Conferred by AGP................ 263
13.6 Probable Role in PCD ................................. 263
13.7 Commercial Uses of Gum Arabic ........................ 264
13.8 AG as Dietary Fiber and Prebiotics ...................... 264
13.9 AG as Immunomodulators and Immunity Enhancers ........ 265
13.10 Echinacea-AG as a Nutraceutical ........................ 266
13.11 Other Uses of AG .................................... 266
13.12 Scope of Exploiting the Potentials of AGP and AG in Plant
Biotechnology and Therapeutics ......................... 267
13.13 Concluding Remarks .................................. 267
14 Hairy Roots: a Powerful Tool for Plant Biotechnological Advances
S. Guillon, J. Tremouillaux-Guiller, P.K. Pati, and P. Gantet
14.1 Introduction ......................................... 272
14.2 Hairy Roots Are on the Way to towards an Experimental
Model .............................................. 272
14.3 Improvement in the Productivity of Hairy Roots:
Biotic and Abiotic Treatments or Metabolite Trapping ....... 275
14.4 Potential Discovery of Metabolic Genes from Transcriptome
Analysis of T-DNA Activation Tagging or Elicited Hairy Roots 277
14.5 RNA Silencing via Hairy Root: a Powerful Tool
for Loss-of-Function Analyses of Genes .................. 277
14.6 Metabolic Engineering of the Hairy Root System ........... 278
14.7 Hairy Roots: A Novel System for Molecular Farming........ 279
14.8 Phytoremediation Process for Cleaning up the Environment
and More Knowledge on Root Adsorption ................ 279
14.9 Scale up and Technological Integration into Industry ........ 280
Contents XV
14.10 Perspectives ......................................... 281
15 Hairy Roots of Caiharanthus roseus: Efficient Routes
to Monomeric Indole Alkaloid Production
S. Guidon, P. Gantet, M. Thiersault, M. Rideau
and! Tremouillaux-Guiller
15.1 Introduction ......................................... 286
15.2 Materials and Methods ................................ 286
15.2.1 Bacterial Strain ...................................... 286
15.2.2 Plant Material ....................................... 287
15.2.3 Hairy Root Induction ................................. 287
15.2.4 Liquid Hairy Root Culture ............................. 287
15.2.5 Methyl Jasmonate Treatment............................ 287
15.2.6 Alkaloid Identification by Ceric Ammonium
Sulphate Reagent ..................................... 288
15.2.7 Serpentine and Ajmalicine Content Determination
by Spectrofluorometry ................................. 288
15.2.8 Catharanthine Content Determination by High-Performance
Liquid Chromatography Analysis ........................ 288
15.2.9 Statistical Analysis .................................... 289
15.3 Results and Discussion ................................ 289
15.3.1 Genetic Transformation of Catharanthus Leaves ............ 289
15.3.2 Alkaloid Profiles ..................................... 291
15.3.3 Alkaloid Contents .................................... 292
15.4 Conclusion .......................................... 294
16 Roseroot (Rhodiola rosea L.): Effect of Internal and External
Factors on Accumulation of Biologically Active Compounds
Z. Weglarz, J.L. Przybyl and A. Geszprych
16.1 Introduction ......................................... 298
16.2 Plant Characteristics .................................. 298
16.3 Intraspecific Variability ................................ 300
16.3.1 Distribution of Phenolic Compounds in Rhizomes and Roots 300
16.3.2 Quality of Raw Material of Different Origin ............... 303
16.3.3 Individual Variation ................................... 304
16.4 Accumulation of Biomass and Biologically Active Compounds
in the Underground Organs of Roseroot During Plant
Development ........................................ 305
16.5 Effect of Ecological Factors on the Accumulation of Biomass
and Biologically Active Compounds in the Underground
Organs of Roseroot ................................... 308
16.6 Effect of Post-harvest Treatment on the Quality
of Raw Material and Extracts ........................... 310
XVI Contents
17 Apoptosis and Plant-Derived Pharmaceuticals
L.F. Brisson
17.1 Introduction ......................................... 317
17.1.1 Molecular Regulation of Apoptosis ...................... 317
17.2 Plant Antitumoral Substances........................... 318
17.2.1 Plant Substances ..................................... 318
17.2.2 Chemotherapeutic Drugs............................... 319
17.2.2.1 Taxanes............................................. 319
17.2.2.2 Vinca Alkaloids ...................................... 320
17.2.3 Chemopreventive Agents: Catechin and its Derivatives ....... 321
17.3 Conclusion .......................................... 322
18 The Indian Herbal Drugs Scenario in Global Perspectives
K. G. Ramawat and S. Goyal
18.1 Introduction ......................................... 325
18.2 Indian System of Medicine ............................. 328
18.3 World-Wide Use of Medicinal Aromatic Plants ............. 336
18.4 Supply and Demand of Medicinal Plants .................. 337
18.5 Medicinal Plant Biodiversity ............................ 338
18.6 Traditional Medicine in Healthcare ...................... 340
18.7 Indian Pharmaceutical Industries ........................ 341
18.8 Quality of Herbal Drugs ............................... 342
18.9 Concluding Remarks .................................. 343
19 Phytochemicai Standardization of Herbal Drugs and Polyherbal
Formulations
M. Rajani and N. S. Kanaki
19.1 Introduction ......................................... 349
19.1.1 Herbal drugs ........................................ 349
19.1.2 Trade Scenario ....................................... 350
19.1.3 Bottlenecks and Steps to be Taken ....................... 350
19.1.4 Strategy ............................................ 351
19.1.5 Status of Herbal Drugs in Pharmacopoeias ................ 351
19.1.5.1 Official ............................................. 352
19.1.5.2 Others .............................................. 352
19.2 Phytochemicai Standardization .......................... 352
19.2.1 Sample Preparation ................................... 353
19.2.2 Preliminary Screening for Chemical Groups
and Quantification of Chemical Groups................... 354
19.2.3 Phytochemicai Profiles - Fingerprinting ................... 354
19.2.3.1 Multiple Marker-Based Fingerprinting.................... 355
Contents XVII
19.2.4 Marker Compound Analysis ............................ 357
19.2.4.1 Marker Compounds................................... 357
19.2.4.2 Quantification of Marker Compounds .................... 357
19.2.5 Multiple Marker-Based Evaluation....................... 358
19.2.6 Polyherbal Formulations ............................... 359
19.2.7 Hyphenated Techniques................................ 361
19.2.8 Reference Compounds ................................. 364
19.3 Some Examples ...................................... 364
19.3.1 Raw Material ........................................ 364
19.3.1.1 Ammoniacum Gum ................................... 364
19.3.1.2 Cinchona officinalis Stem Bark .......................... 365
19.3.2 Formulation ......................................... 366
19.3.2.1 Chandraprabhavati ................................... 366
19.4 Conclusion .......................................... 366
Subject Index ................................................. 371
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
1 Drug Discovery from Plants
A.A. Salim, Y.-W. Chin and A.D. Kinghorn
1.1 The Role of Plants in Human History . 1
1.2 The Role of Plant-Derived Compounds in Drug Development . . 4
1.2.1 Plant Secondary Metabolites as Drug Precursors. 4
1.2.2 Plant Secondary Metabolites as Drug Prototypes . 6
1.2.3 Plant Secondary Metabolites as Pharmacological Probes . 8
1.3 Recent Developments in Drug Discovery from Plants . 9
1.3.1 New Plant-Derived Drugs Launched Since 2001 . 9
1.3.2 Examples of Plant-Derived Compounds Currently
Involved in Clinical Trials . 11
1.3.3 Plant Extracts Currently Involved in Clinical Trials . 15
1.4 Recent Trends and Future Directions . 18
2 Grapevine Stilbenes and Their Biological Effects
P. Waffo-Teguo, S. Krisa, T. Richard and I-M. Merillon
2.1 Introduction . 25
2.2 Epidemiology . 26
2.3 Chemistry of Stilbenes . 27
2.3.1 Characterisation. 27
2.3.1.1 Monomers . 27
2.3.1.2 Oligomers . 29
2.3.2 Biosynthetic Pathway. 32
2.3.3 Distribution in Vitis vinifera . 33
2.3.4 Determination of Stilbenes in Wine . 33
2.4 Biological and Pharmacological Activities . 35
2.4.1 Bioavailability and Metabolism . 35
2.4.2 Cardiovascular Protection . 39
2.4.2.1 Antioxidant Activity . 39
2.4.2.2 Antithrombotic and Vasoprotective Properties. 41
2.4.2.3 Biological Activities after Ingestion of Polyphenols or Wine . 42
2.4.3 Cancer Chemoprevention . 43
2.4.4 Neurodegenerative Diseases . 46
2.5 Conclusion . 49
X Contents
3 Research into Isoflavonoid Phyto-oestrogens
in Plant Cell Cultures
M. T. Luczkiewicz
3.1 Introduction . 56
3.2 The Influence of the Basic Experimental Media
on the Biosynthesis of Isoflavones in In Vitro Cultures . 57
3.3 The Influence of Physical Factors
on the Biosynthesis and Accumulation of Isoflavonoids
in In Vitro Cultures . 59
3.4 The Effect of Technological Procedures on the Biosynthesis
and Accumulation of Isoflavonoids in In Vitro Cultures . 60
3.4.1 Elicitation . 61
3.4.2 Supplementation with Biosynthesis Precursors . 70
3.4.3 Biotransformation . 71
3.4.4 Genetic Modifications . 73
3.5 In Vitro Cultures of Legume Plants Oriented for Selective
Production of Phyto-oestrogens . 77
4 Secondary Metabolite Production from Plant Cell Cultures:
the Success Stories of Rosmarinic Acid and Taxol
S. Kintzios
4.1 Introduction: Cell Factories at the Cross Point. 86
4.2 Rosmarinic Acid . 87
4.2.1 General Information . 87
4.2.2 Historical Development of In Vitro RA Production -
a Brief Overview . 87
4.2.3 Stimulation of Biosynthetic Pathways Leads to Enhanced RA
Accumulation In Vitro. 88
4.2.4 Is RA Biosynthesis Growth Dependent?. 89
4.2.5 Is RA Accumulation Related to Culture Differentiation? . 90
4.2.6 Recent Attempts to Scale Up RA Production . 91
4.2.7 RA Production in Immobilized Cell Cultures. 92
4.3 Taxol . 92
4.3.1 General Information . 92
4.3.2 Historical Development of In Vitro Taxol Production -
a Brief Overview . 93
4.3.3 Stimulation of Biosynthetic Pathways Leads
to Enhanced Taxol Accumulation In Vitro . 94
4.3.4 Is Taxol Biosynthesis Growth and Differentiation Dependent? . 96
4.3.5 Recent Attempts to Scale Up Taxol Production . 97
4.3.6 Taxol Production in Immobilized Cell Cultures . 97
4.4 Conclusions . 98
Contents XI
5 Guggulsterone: a Potent Natural Hypolipidemic Agent from
Commiphora wightii - Problems, Perseverance, and Prospects
K. G. Ramawat, M. Mathur, S. Dass and S. Suthar
5.1 Introduction . 102
5.2 Distribution . 102
5.3 Biology . 102
5.4 Gum-Resin Production . 103
5.5 Chemistry . 104
5.6 Methods of Analysis . 104
5.6.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography. 104
5.6.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography . 109
5.7 Traditional Therapeutic Uses . 109
5.8 Pharmacology . 110
5.8.1 Animal and Clinical Trials . 110
5.8.2 Mechanism of Action . Ill
5.8.3 Other Potential Activities . 112
5.8.4 Toxicity . 113
5.9 Biotechnological Approaches . 113
5.9.1 Micropropagation . 113
5.9.2 Somatic Embryogenesis . 114
5.9.3 Resin Canal Formation . 115
5.9.4 Guggulsterone Production. 115
5.10 Future Prospects . 119
6 Sifybum marianum (L.) Gaertn: the Source of Silymarin
P. Corchete
6.1 Introduction . 124
6.2 Botany . 125
6.3 Chemical Composition of S. marianum Fruits . 126
6.4 Pharmacology of Silymarin. 130
6.4.1 Mechanisms of Action. 131
6.4.1.1 Antioxidant Activity . 131
6.4.1.2 Effects on Hepatocyte Membranes and Cellular Permeability . 131
6.4.1.3 Effects on Receptor Binding of Toxins and Drugs . 131
6.4.1.4 Stimulation of Protein Synthesis . 132
6.4.1.5 Inhibition of Cell Proliferation in Hepatic Fibrosis . 132
6.4.1.6 Anti-inflammatory Activity . 132
6.4.2 Pharmacological Applications. 132
6.4.2.1 Hepatoprotective Action . 132
6.4.2.2 Hypocholesterolemic Action . 134
6.4.2.3 Chemopreventive and Anticarcinogenic Effects . 134
6.4.2.4 Anti-inflammatory Action . 136
6.4.2.5 Other Actions . 137
XII Contents
6.4.3 Bioavailability . 138
6.4.4 Toxicology . 139
6.4.5 Therapeutics. 139
6.5 Biotechnology . 140
7 The Production of Dianthrones and Phloroglucinol Derivatives
in St. John's Wort
A. Kirakosyan, D.M.Gibson, andP.B. Kaufman,
7.1 Introduction . 149
7.2 Dianthrone and Phloroglucinol Derivatives Family
of Compounds in Hypericum perforatum . 150
7.2.1 Botany of Hypericum. 152
7.2.2 Medicinal Uses of Hypericin and Hyperforin . 152
7.3 Biotechnology for the Production of Hypericin
and Hyperforin. 154
7.3.1 Biosynthesis of Hypericin and Hyperforin in Mature Plants . 154
7.3.2 Plant Cell Biotechnology . 156
7.3.3 Influences on Hypericin and Hyperforin Productivity
by Other Factors . 159
7.3.4 New Directions for Hypericin and Hyperforin Production . 161
7.4 Conclusions . 162
8 Production of Alkaloids in Plant Cell and Tissue Cultures
D. Laurain-Mattar
8.1 Introduction . 165
8.2 Correlation Between Organogenesis, Somatic Embryogenesis
and Isoquinoline Alkaloid Accumulation . 168
8.3 Hairy Roots and Tropane and Morphinan Alkaloid
Accumulation . 170
8.4 Conclusion and Perspective . 171
9 Bacopa monnieri, a Nootropic Drug
M. Rajani
9.1 Introduction . 175
9.2 Chemical Constituents. 176
9.3 Analysis of Saponins of B. monnieri . 184
9.3.1 Pharmacological Studies . 184
9.3.2 Clinical Studies . 188
9.3.3 Concluding Remarks . 189
9.4 Biotechnology and Tissue Culture Studies on B. monniera _ 190
Contents XIII
10 Chemical Profiling of Nothapodytes nimmoniana
for Camptothecin, an Important Anticancer Alkaloid:
Towards the Development of a Sustainable Production System
R. Uma Shaanker, B.T. Ramesha, G. Ravikanth, R.R Gurtaga,
R. Vasudeva and K.N. Ganeshaiah
10.1 Introduction . 198
10.2 N. nimmoniana: Ecology and Distribution . 201
10.3 Basic Patterns of Accumulation of CPT in N. nimmoniana . 203
10.4 Chemical Profiling of Populations of N. nimmoniana for CPT . 204
10.5 Modeling Habitat Suitability for CPT Production . 207
10.6 Development of a Sustainable Extraction Approach . 209
10.7 Conclusions . 210
11 Colchicine - an Overview for Plant Biotechnologists
S. Ghosh and S. Jha
11.1 Introduction . 216
11.2 The Alkaloid Colchicine . 218
11.3 Toxicity of Colchicine . 218
11.4 Biological Effects of Colchicine . 219
11.5 Colchicine as a Medicine . 222
11.6 Botanical Use of Colchicine . 222
11.7 Chemistry of Colchicine . 223
11.8 Occurrence . 225
11.9 Biotechnological Approaches for the Production of Colchicine 225
11.10 Conclusion . 228
12 In Vitro Azadirachtin Production
S. Srivastava and A.K. Srivastava
12.1 Introduction . 234
12.2 Chemistry of Azadirachtin . 236
12.3 Mode of Action of Azadirachtin . 237
12.4 Biosynthetic Pathway for Azadirachtin . 238
12.5 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Azadirachtin . 238
12.6 Availability of Azadirachtin . 242
12.7 Plant Cell/Tissue Culture: an Alternative for Azadirachtin
Production . 243
12.7.1 Azadirachtin Production from Plant Cell/Tissue Cultures
of Azadirachta indica . 243
12.7.2 Yield Improvement Strategies . 244
12.7.2.1 Strain Improvement and Selection . 245
12.7.2.2 Media Compositions and Culture Conditions . 245
XIV Contents
12.7.2.3 Application of Elicitors, Precursors and Permeabilising Agents 246
12.7.2.4 Genetic Engineering Approach . 247
12.7.2.5 Somatic Embryogenesis and Regeneration . 248
12.7.2.6 Two-Phase (Stage) Systems . 248
12.7.2.7 Immobilisation. 248
12.8 Stability of Azadirachtin . 249
12.9 Scale-up of In Vitro Azadirachtin Production . 249
12.10 Conclusion . 250
13 Arabinogalactan Protein and Arabinogalactan: Biomolecules
with Biotechnological and Therapeutic Potential
A. Pal
13.1 Introduction . 256
13.2 Biological Activities of AGP . 259
13.3 Role of AGPs in Reproductive Organ Development . 261
13.4 Signaling Role of AGP . 262
13.5 Abiotic Stress Tolerance Conferred by AGP. 263
13.6 Probable Role in PCD . 263
13.7 Commercial Uses of Gum Arabic . 264
13.8 AG as Dietary Fiber and Prebiotics . 264
13.9 AG as Immunomodulators and Immunity Enhancers . 265
13.10 Echinacea-AG as a Nutraceutical . 266
13.11 Other Uses of AG . 266
13.12 Scope of Exploiting the Potentials of AGP and AG in Plant
Biotechnology and Therapeutics . 267
13.13 Concluding Remarks . 267
14 Hairy Roots: a Powerful Tool for Plant Biotechnological Advances
S. Guillon, J. Tremouillaux-Guiller, P.K. Pati, and P. Gantet
14.1 Introduction . 272
14.2 Hairy Roots Are on the Way to towards an Experimental
Model . 272
14.3 Improvement in the Productivity of Hairy Roots:
Biotic and Abiotic Treatments or Metabolite Trapping . 275
14.4 Potential Discovery of Metabolic Genes from Transcriptome
Analysis of T-DNA Activation Tagging or Elicited Hairy Roots 277
14.5 RNA Silencing via Hairy Root: a Powerful Tool
for Loss-of-Function Analyses of Genes . 277
14.6 Metabolic Engineering of the Hairy Root System . 278
14.7 Hairy Roots: A Novel System for Molecular Farming. 279
14.8 Phytoremediation Process for Cleaning up the Environment
and More Knowledge on Root Adsorption . 279
14.9 Scale up and Technological Integration into Industry . 280
Contents XV
14.10 Perspectives . 281
15 Hairy Roots of Caiharanthus roseus: Efficient Routes
to Monomeric Indole Alkaloid Production
S. Guidon, P. Gantet, M. Thiersault, M. Rideau
and! Tremouillaux-Guiller
15.1 Introduction . 286
15.2 Materials and Methods . 286
15.2.1 Bacterial Strain . 286
15.2.2 Plant Material . 287
15.2.3 Hairy Root Induction . 287
15.2.4 Liquid Hairy Root Culture . 287
15.2.5 Methyl Jasmonate Treatment. 287
15.2.6 Alkaloid Identification by Ceric Ammonium
Sulphate Reagent . 288
15.2.7 Serpentine and Ajmalicine Content Determination
by Spectrofluorometry . 288
15.2.8 Catharanthine Content Determination by High-Performance
Liquid Chromatography Analysis . 288
15.2.9 Statistical Analysis . 289
15.3 Results and Discussion . 289
15.3.1 Genetic Transformation of Catharanthus Leaves . 289
15.3.2 Alkaloid Profiles . 291
15.3.3 Alkaloid Contents . 292
15.4 Conclusion . 294
16 Roseroot (Rhodiola rosea L.): Effect of Internal and External
Factors on Accumulation of Biologically Active Compounds
Z. Weglarz, J.L. Przybyl and A. Geszprych
16.1 Introduction . 298
16.2 Plant Characteristics . 298
16.3 Intraspecific Variability . 300
16.3.1 Distribution of Phenolic Compounds in Rhizomes and Roots 300
16.3.2 Quality of Raw Material of Different Origin . 303
16.3.3 Individual Variation . 304
16.4 Accumulation of Biomass and Biologically Active Compounds
in the Underground Organs of Roseroot During Plant
Development . 305
16.5 Effect of Ecological Factors on the Accumulation of Biomass
and Biologically Active Compounds in the Underground
Organs of Roseroot . 308
16.6 Effect of Post-harvest Treatment on the Quality
of Raw Material and Extracts . 310
XVI Contents
17 Apoptosis and Plant-Derived Pharmaceuticals
L.F. Brisson
17.1 Introduction . 317
17.1.1 Molecular Regulation of Apoptosis . 317
17.2 Plant Antitumoral Substances. 318
17.2.1 Plant Substances . 318
17.2.2 Chemotherapeutic Drugs. 319
17.2.2.1 Taxanes. 319
17.2.2.2 Vinca Alkaloids . 320
17.2.3 Chemopreventive Agents: Catechin and its Derivatives . 321
17.3 Conclusion . 322
18 The Indian Herbal Drugs Scenario in Global Perspectives
K. G. Ramawat and S. Goyal
18.1 Introduction . 325
18.2 Indian System of Medicine . 328
18.3 World-Wide Use of Medicinal Aromatic Plants . 336
18.4 Supply and Demand of Medicinal Plants . 337
18.5 Medicinal Plant Biodiversity . 338
18.6 Traditional Medicine in Healthcare . 340
18.7 Indian Pharmaceutical Industries . 341
18.8 Quality of Herbal Drugs . 342
18.9 Concluding Remarks . 343
19 Phytochemicai Standardization of Herbal Drugs and Polyherbal
Formulations
M. Rajani and N. S. Kanaki
19.1 Introduction . 349
19.1.1 Herbal drugs . 349
19.1.2 Trade Scenario . 350
19.1.3 Bottlenecks and Steps to be Taken . 350
19.1.4 Strategy . 351
19.1.5 Status of Herbal Drugs in Pharmacopoeias . 351
19.1.5.1 Official . 352
19.1.5.2 Others . 352
19.2 Phytochemicai Standardization . 352
19.2.1 Sample Preparation . 353
19.2.2 Preliminary Screening for Chemical Groups
and Quantification of Chemical Groups. 354
19.2.3 Phytochemicai Profiles - Fingerprinting . 354
19.2.3.1 Multiple Marker-Based Fingerprinting. 355
Contents XVII
19.2.4 Marker Compound Analysis . 357
19.2.4.1 Marker Compounds. 357
19.2.4.2 Quantification of Marker Compounds . 357
19.2.5 Multiple Marker-Based Evaluation. 358
19.2.6 Polyherbal Formulations . 359
19.2.7 Hyphenated Techniques. 361
19.2.8 Reference Compounds . 364
19.3 Some Examples . 364
19.3.1 Raw Material . 364
19.3.1.1 Ammoniacum Gum . 364
19.3.1.2 Cinchona officinalis Stem Bark . 365
19.3.2 Formulation . 366
19.3.2.1 Chandraprabhavati . 366
19.4 Conclusion . 366
Subject Index . 371 |
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| spelling | Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants Kishan Gopal Ramawat ... (eds.) Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2008 XXIII, 379 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biological Products Biomolecules Medicinal plants Phytotherapy Plant Extracts metabolism Plant Extracts pharmacology Plants, Medicinal chemistry Heilpflanzen (DE-588)4024076-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Heilpflanzen (DE-588)4024076-9 s DE-604 Ramawat, Kishan Gopal 1952- Sonstige (DE-588)134171748 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016220249&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants Biological Products Biomolecules Medicinal plants Phytotherapy Plant Extracts metabolism Plant Extracts pharmacology Plants, Medicinal chemistry Heilpflanzen (DE-588)4024076-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4024076-9 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants |
| title_auth | Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants |
| title_exact_search | Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants |
| title_full | Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants Kishan Gopal Ramawat ... (eds.) |
| title_fullStr | Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants Kishan Gopal Ramawat ... (eds.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants Kishan Gopal Ramawat ... (eds.) |
| title_short | Bioactive molecules and medicinal plants |
| title_sort | bioactive molecules and medicinal plants |
| topic | Biological Products Biomolecules Medicinal plants Phytotherapy Plant Extracts metabolism Plant Extracts pharmacology Plants, Medicinal chemistry Heilpflanzen (DE-588)4024076-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biological Products Biomolecules Medicinal plants Phytotherapy Plant Extracts metabolism Plant Extracts pharmacology Plants, Medicinal chemistry Heilpflanzen Aufsatzsammlung |
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