Bălgarski identičnosti i evropejski chorizonti: 1870-1912
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Bulgarian |
| Published: |
Sofija
Iztok-Zapad
2007
|
| Edition: | 1. izd. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Bulgarian identities and European horizons |
| Physical Description: | 377 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789543213450 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804137225371254784 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ
.........................................................................................8
МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ
.........................................................................................14
ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧНИ УТОЧНЕНИЯ
...............:..................................20
ДОПЪЛНИТЕЛНИ МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИ РАЗЯСНЕНИЯ
......27
ГЛАВА ПЪРВА
БЪЛГАРСКАТА НАЦИЯ И ЕВРОПЕЙСКАТА КУЛТУРА
........41
1.1
ПРЕВЪЗХОДСТВОТО НА ЕВРОПА
В ЕПОХАТА НА ИМПЕРИАЛИЗМА
...................................................44
2.2
ЗАПАДНА И ИЗТОЧНА ЕВРОПА.
БЪЛГАРСКИЯТ ИЗБОР
...........................................................................54
ГЛАВА ВТОРА
БЪЛГАРСКИЯТ ОБРАЗ
В ГРАНИЦИТЕ НА ОСМАНСКАТА ИМПЕРИЯ
........................65
2.1
ПОД ПОВЪРХНОСТТА НА ПРИВИДНОСТИТЕ
-
ОБРАЗЪТ НА БЪЛГАРИТЕ В „ПРЕБИВАВАНЕ В БЪЛГАРИЯ
ОТ СТАНИСЛАС СЕЙНТ КЛЕР И ЧАРЛС БРОФИ
......................67
2.2
КОНСТИТУИРАНЕТО НА БЪЛГАРИТЕ В ЕВРОПЕЙСКИ¬
ТЕ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИ ДИСКУРСИ
-
„ТУРСКИТЕ ЗВЕРСТВА В
БЪЛГАРИЯ ОТ ДЖАНЮАРИЪС МАКГАХАН
.............................82
2.3
„БЕЛЕЗИТЕ НА СРАМНИТЕ БРЪНКИ :
БЪЛГАРСКИЯТ ОБРАЗ ПРЕД ЕВРОПА СПОРЕД
ДРАГАН ЦАНКОВИ МАРКО
БАЛАБАНОВ
..................................116
ГЛАВА ТРЕТА
БЪЛГАРСКИЯТ ОБРАЗ В УСЛОВИЯТА
НА ПОЛИТИЧЕСКА САМОСТОЯТЕЛНОСТ
.........................148
3.1
ОФИЦИАЛНИТЕ ДИСКУРСИ
И ИНТЕЛЕКТУАЛНИЯТ ЕЛИТ
-
ПОСТАНОВКИ
И СТРАТЕГИИ ЗА БЪЛГАРСКАТА ИДЕНТИЧНОСТ
................150
3.2
БЪЛГАРСКИЯТ ОБРАЗ В ОФИЦИАЛНАТА
ПРАКТИКА. АДМИНИСТРАТИВНИ И МЕДИЙНИ
ДИСКУРСИ: ПОЛИТИКА НА ВКЛЮЧВАНЕ
................................165
3.3
МЕХАНИЗМИ НА ИЗКЛЮЧВАНЕ
ПРИ КОНСТИТУИРАНЕ НА ЕВРОПЕЙСКА
ИДЕНТИЧНОСТ: СЕЛЯНИНЪТ В АДМИНИСТРАТИВНИ,
ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИ, МЕДИЙНИ И НАУЧНИ ДИСКУРСИ
..........182
3.4
СЕЛЯНИ И ИНТЕЛИГЕНЦИЯ В ОГЛЕДАЛОТО
НА ИДЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИТЕ ПОЛЕМИКИ И ДИСКУРСИ.
НАРОДНИЧЕСТВО И
ИНТЕЛИГЕНЦИЯ
......................................199
3.5 „A3
И МОЯТ НАРОД :
АНТОН-СТРАШИМИРОВИТЕ ИНТЕЛИГЕНТИ
И НАРОД В ОПИТ ЗА НОВО ОБЕДИНЕНИЕ
...............................229
ГЛАВА ЧЕТВЪРТА
ОФИЦИАЛНА И ПОПУЛЯРНА КУЛТУРА.
ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ В ИМЕТО НА ЕВРОПА
.........................269
4.1
ПОПУЛЯРНАТА ПЕСЕН „РЕШИХ ДА СЕ ОЖЕНЯ
И ДЕБАТЪТ КАК БЪЛГАРКАТА ДА СЕ ПРЕВЪРНЕ
В ИСТИНСКА ЕВРОПЕЙКА
................................................................270
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
................................................................................292
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ
...............................................................................298
1.
ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЯТ ПРОТОТИП
НА ДРУГОСТ НА АМЕРИКАНСКА ЗЕМЯ
.....................................298
ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЯТ ДИСКУРС В РОМАНА
„ЕВРОПЕЙЦИТЕ ОТ ХЕНРИ ДЖЕЙМС И ШАНСЪТ ЗА
ЕВРОПЕЙСКОСТ НА ПРОВИНЦИАЛНИЯ КОНТИНЕНТ
.....301
2.
БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ УСИЛИЯ ВЪВ ФОКУСА
НА ЕВРОПЕЙСКАТА БЛАГОСКЛОННОСТ:
ПРЕДГОВОРЪТ НА ЕДМЪНД ГОС
КЪМ АНГЛИЙСКИЯ ПРЕВОД НА „ПОД ИГОТО
......................330
БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ
............................................................................343
BULGARIAN IDENTITIES AND EUROPEAN HORIZONS
(С.
1870-1912)
ABSTRACT
........................................................................................371
BULGARIAN IDENTITIES AND
EUROPEAN HORIZONS
(C.
1870-1912)
ABSTRACT
The book studies how Bulgarians were represented by others/
represented themselves on the eve of Bulgaria s Liberation in
1878
and afterwards in the first decades of restored Bulgarian statecraft.
I make use of
Postcolonial
theory (the assumption that the
geopolitical complexity of the age introduced a partitioning of
the world into Europe and non-Europe) when the Balkans were
also incorporated in the opposition as non-Europe. Europe (the
powerful countries of the West) asserted superiority also by means
of according Europe s periphery corresponding norms and regimes
for its (self Representation. In the context Bulgarian modern identity
emerged in a double perspective. It acknowledged Bulgarian lack of
Europeanness measured by Western standards and at the same time
abrogated Western arrogance, which as intellectuals often found,
tended to deny newly independent States not just the opportunity to
rival and outdistance Europe s achievements in culture but also the
very idea of their developing a culture of their own.
Before the Liberation foreign or Bulgarian authors who
constructed various images of Bulgarian-ness for the needs of
the European reading public followed Europe s requirements for
representation, i.e., the dividing line Europe had drawn between
itself and the rest of the world. After the restoration of Bulgarian
statecraft the formation of modern Bulgarian identity as an official
task lent further support to the existing division elaborating on a
double perspective as its modern version of Bulgarian identity: in it
the present emphasized the nation s being out of step with modernity
while expectations of the future envisaged a prominent place in
Europe s hierarchy on condition that people strained themselves
hard enough to catch up with and outrun Europe The study tries to
371
reconstruct the actual meanings and ramifications of what it meant
and what it cost to Bulgarians to identify as European
The Introduction reviews previous studies of Bulgarian identity
and introduces the object of study (Bulgarian identities at the turn of
the century) as well as the definitions of concepts used. The theoretical
framework points to the analysis of colonial and nationalist discourses
due to the superior position occupied by the West to the rest of the
world and the center/periphery opposition. The study pays special
attention to the official view of Bulgarian identity and its emergence in
a double perspective. Needless to say, this identity, like the identities
of others in the same position, was modeled on the idea of Europe
and its hegemony which means that the acceptance of imported
concepts and hierarchies also substantiated Europe s centrality. The
image of Bulgarian-ness incorporated the acceptance, at least for the
time being, of Europe s judgment of Bulgarian backwardness as
well as the genuine belief, which also became deep-seated as time
went by, that the future would countermand the verdict of present
backwardness since Bulgaria, a free nation at last, was destined to
make impressive advance and hold a prominent place in Europe s
hierarchy. The perspective justified the enthusiastic urge to catch up
with Europe as soon as possible on the assumption that the nation
should catch up, and while making great efforts to master European
elite culture as the highest achievement, it should also challenge at the
same time the view that Europe s culture engulf all other cultures
anywhere in the world.
Chapter One describes Bulgarian, official efforts to construct an
image of the nation in the framework of Europe s dominance. I pay
attention to Europe s image of itself and others as part of the historical
process. I also use the division Western/Eastern Europe and the
choice Bulgarians made for themselves, a choice which was dictated
by Europe/the-rest-of-the-world dichotomy. To exist the dichotomy
relied on the efforts of all those Europe disclaimed. Hence Bulgarians
reproduced Europe s superiority as they imagined themselves as
backward, undeveloped, oriental while interpreting European culture
as a monolith with prosperity, progress and immense prestige as its
keywords.
Chapter Two dwells on collidingpolicies of representation exposed
in 19th century discourses of colonialism, positivism and liberalism.
These became visible as various authors attempted to construct a
372
Bulgarian image following the norms and requirements of European
classifications. Examples are offered in the analysis of A Residence in
Bulgaria
(1869)
by Stanislas St
Clair
and Charles Brophy, The Turkish
Atrocities
(1876)
by Januarius MacGahan, and Bulgaria by Her Two
Delegates
(1876),
a pamphlet and a memorial of the same name,
written and presented to the Six Great Powers of Europe by
Dragan
Zankof and Marco Balabanov. In each text Bulgarians are inscribed in
one or more of the dominant discourses with appropriate regimes of
representation. St Clair s and Brophy s narrative inscribes Bulgarians
in the colonial discourse and insists on what the authors thought was
a more just representation of Ottomans and Christians in the hope
of maintaining the status quo in the Balkans. MacGahan s letters are
modeled as effective resistance to St Clair s and Brophy s abhorrent
account as well as an abrogation of colonial concepts concerning
Bulgarians. MacGahan accomplishes the inscription of Bulgarians
in European discourses using the discourse of positivism. He does
not, however, interrogate either the validity, or the dissemination of
colonial concepts when it comes to American Indians. Zancof s and
Balabanov s Bulgarian image is a new synthesis of previous images
of the Bulgarian nation. These images had been offered in isolation
either by emigre newspapers published in Roumania, or by their legal
counterparts in Constantinople. Zancof and Balabanov make the
most of
liberalist
and nationalist discourses to fuse European norms
of representation so as to express Bulgarians highest expectations of
their future role in Europe.
Chapter Three discusses the construction and dissemination
of Bulgarian-ness when it became for the first time an institutional
concern in Bulgarian modern history. I explain the constituting
and the impact of the official image on the basis of temporary
acceptance of Europe s judgment of Bulgarian backwardness and
the accompanying belief that the nation would catch up with the
West to rank among its most advanced members. Official endeavours
found some theoretical underpinning in the articles written by Ivan
Shishmanov and Dimiter Agura on Bulgaria s first university. Each
author discusses the significance of the new institution through the
interaction of national image, nation-ness and the State.
These theoretical aspects are complemented by an outline of
the work done by institutions for the actual adoption of the image.
Examples come from different fields: the Prince s speeches and jubilee
373
addresses, the circulars of the Ministry of Education, the analyses of
political parties or the media.
Despite the fact that political views and institutional efforts were
directed towards an en bloc adoption of the image of the nation in
the hope of a potential transformation into Europe I argue that the
work done by institutions also encouraged the exclusion of marginal
strata. Exclusion was made possible by the contradictory essence
of nationalist ideology and State nationalism. Official formulations
invariably restricted the validity of the image since they addressed the
political and the cultural elite and men only; these privileged signifiers
induced individuals to identify with them. Thus State nationalism,
while insisting on homogeneity, succeeded in mobilizing some
groups and in excluding the ones who did not succumb to the official
ideology. Exclusion applied to peasants and women, the very object
of institutional concern. Official discourse reproduced its own mini-
model of the us V them division. Mechanisms of exclusion othered
the majority of the population (small landowners and craftsmen in
whose name independence was proclaimed letting the authorities
wield political power). The analysis shows that both the exclusion
and the defence of the peasantry have their own unwritten history
which ranges from authoritative scientific discourse to contemporary
populist (narodnichestvo) and socialist ideologies as they busied
themselves with programs for the country s future. Their debates in
view of the formation of the image in step with European realities
are helpful in offering an interpretation of Populism in terms of the
undergoing transition to modernity.
I b
elieve
that populist assumptions about national and professional
identification found consolidation in Anton Strashimirov s blending
of the intellectual and the people in his ideology and fiction. The
study of Strashimirov s Smyah I sulzi short-stories, the novelette
Krustoput and the novel Vihur shows the writer s interpretation
of the interaction between fiction and the realities of life. Despite
Strashimirov s insistence that the intellectual is indispensable the
individual actually needs the people no less than they need him. The
juxtaposition, where the intellectual assumes a position of command,
proved fundamental to Strashimirov s constructs long after the
construct stopped serving its purpose.
Chapter Four traces how the impact of official propaganda
instigated a successful cooperation between official and popular
374
culture
for the internalization of European-ness. Popular culture,
defined as institutional space and a political concept, could articulate
the awaited change through entertainment. The popular song
Reskih
da
se ozhenya
(I decided to get married) makes clear the ambitions
of the Bulgarian elite through men s enforcement of an imagined
European culture code in gender relations. Problems and solutions
in the song refer to burning issues which accompanied the painful
transition of Bulgarian society to modernity and which found an
expression in premarital and marital relations. The song represents
the
internalisation
of European-ness as an ideal. As it constructs the
experiencing of collective identity and the opportunities for social
interaction, it facilitates the adoption of norms and rules of behaviour
which must have worked towards the desired identification with
Europe.
Appendix
1
offers a study of Henry James s novel The Europeans
(1878)
to illustrate how an American
19th-century
novel reacted
to the idea of Europe and its superiority. The
UŞA
was the first
country to encounter Europe s model of world hierarchy as Europe/
non-Europe and to offer a solution which in James s novel suggested
that America should exclude Europe and its norms of representation
from its continent.
Apendix
2
shows an indirect assessment from the outside
of Bulgarian eagerness to win the praise of the centre for its
approximation to European standards. I use the Introduction by
English writer and critic Edmund
Gosse
to the English translation of
Vazov s novel Under the Yoke
(1893).
Gosse s piece shows yet again
the power of colonial discourse and its interaction with English
cultural discourses at the time: the attempt to represent another
national culture was superseded by the unconscious reproduction of
colonial concepts even if the individual author may have felt genuine
admiration for Vazov s novel.
375
|
| adam_txt |
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ
.8
МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ
.14
ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧНИ УТОЧНЕНИЯ
.:.20
ДОПЪЛНИТЕЛНИ МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИ РАЗЯСНЕНИЯ
.27
ГЛАВА ПЪРВА
БЪЛГАРСКАТА НАЦИЯ И ЕВРОПЕЙСКАТА КУЛТУРА
.41
1.1
ПРЕВЪЗХОДСТВОТО НА ЕВРОПА
В ЕПОХАТА НА ИМПЕРИАЛИЗМА
.44
2.2
ЗАПАДНА И ИЗТОЧНА ЕВРОПА.
БЪЛГАРСКИЯТ ИЗБОР
.54
ГЛАВА ВТОРА
БЪЛГАРСКИЯТ ОБРАЗ
В ГРАНИЦИТЕ НА ОСМАНСКАТА ИМПЕРИЯ
.65
2.1
ПОД ПОВЪРХНОСТТА НА ПРИВИДНОСТИТЕ
-
ОБРАЗЪТ НА БЪЛГАРИТЕ В „ПРЕБИВАВАНЕ В БЪЛГАРИЯ"
ОТ СТАНИСЛАС СЕЙНТ КЛЕР И ЧАРЛС БРОФИ
.67
2.2
КОНСТИТУИРАНЕТО НА БЪЛГАРИТЕ В ЕВРОПЕЙСКИ¬
ТЕ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИ ДИСКУРСИ
-
„ТУРСКИТЕ ЗВЕРСТВА В
БЪЛГАРИЯ" ОТ ДЖАНЮАРИЪС МАКГАХАН
.82
2.3
„БЕЛЕЗИТЕ НА СРАМНИТЕ БРЪНКИ":
БЪЛГАРСКИЯТ ОБРАЗ ПРЕД ЕВРОПА СПОРЕД
ДРАГАН ЦАНКОВИ МАРКО
БАЛАБАНОВ
.116
ГЛАВА ТРЕТА
БЪЛГАРСКИЯТ ОБРАЗ В УСЛОВИЯТА
НА ПОЛИТИЧЕСКА САМОСТОЯТЕЛНОСТ
.148
3.1
ОФИЦИАЛНИТЕ ДИСКУРСИ
И ИНТЕЛЕКТУАЛНИЯТ ЕЛИТ
-
ПОСТАНОВКИ
И СТРАТЕГИИ ЗА БЪЛГАРСКАТА ИДЕНТИЧНОСТ
.150
3.2
БЪЛГАРСКИЯТ ОБРАЗ В ОФИЦИАЛНАТА
ПРАКТИКА. АДМИНИСТРАТИВНИ И МЕДИЙНИ
ДИСКУРСИ: ПОЛИТИКА НА ВКЛЮЧВАНЕ
.165
3.3
МЕХАНИЗМИ НА ИЗКЛЮЧВАНЕ
ПРИ КОНСТИТУИРАНЕ НА ЕВРОПЕЙСКА
ИДЕНТИЧНОСТ: СЕЛЯНИНЪТ В АДМИНИСТРАТИВНИ,
ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИ, МЕДИЙНИ И НАУЧНИ ДИСКУРСИ
.182
3.4
СЕЛЯНИ И ИНТЕЛИГЕНЦИЯ В ОГЛЕДАЛОТО
НА ИДЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИТЕ ПОЛЕМИКИ И ДИСКУРСИ.
НАРОДНИЧЕСТВО И
ИНТЕЛИГЕНЦИЯ
.199
3.5 „A3
И МОЯТ НАРОД":
АНТОН-СТРАШИМИРОВИТЕ ИНТЕЛИГЕНТИ
И НАРОД В ОПИТ ЗА НОВО ОБЕДИНЕНИЕ
.229
ГЛАВА ЧЕТВЪРТА
ОФИЦИАЛНА И ПОПУЛЯРНА КУЛТУРА.
ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ В ИМЕТО НА ЕВРОПА
.269
4.1
ПОПУЛЯРНАТА ПЕСЕН „РЕШИХ ДА СЕ ОЖЕНЯ"
И ДЕБАТЪТ КАК БЪЛГАРКАТА ДА СЕ ПРЕВЪРНЕ
В ИСТИНСКА ЕВРОПЕЙКА
.270
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
.292
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ
.298
1.
ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЯТ ПРОТОТИП
НА ДРУГОСТ НА АМЕРИКАНСКА ЗЕМЯ
.298
ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЯТ ДИСКУРС В РОМАНА
„ЕВРОПЕЙЦИТЕ" ОТ ХЕНРИ ДЖЕЙМС И ШАНСЪТ ЗА
ЕВРОПЕЙСКОСТ НА ПРОВИНЦИАЛНИЯ КОНТИНЕНТ
.301
2.
БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ УСИЛИЯ ВЪВ ФОКУСА
НА ЕВРОПЕЙСКАТА БЛАГОСКЛОННОСТ:
ПРЕДГОВОРЪТ НА ЕДМЪНД ГОС
КЪМ АНГЛИЙСКИЯ ПРЕВОД НА „ПОД ИГОТО"
.330
БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ
.343
BULGARIAN IDENTITIES AND EUROPEAN HORIZONS
(С.
1870-1912)
ABSTRACT
.371
BULGARIAN IDENTITIES AND
EUROPEAN HORIZONS
(C.
1870-1912)
ABSTRACT
The book studies how Bulgarians were represented by others/
represented themselves on the eve of Bulgaria's Liberation in
1878
and afterwards in the first decades of restored Bulgarian statecraft.
I make use of
Postcolonial
theory (the assumption that the
geopolitical complexity of the age introduced a partitioning of
the world into Europe and non-Europe) when the Balkans were
also incorporated in the opposition as non-Europe. "Europe" (the
powerful countries of the West) asserted superiority also by means
of according Europe's periphery corresponding norms and regimes
for its (self Representation. In the context Bulgarian modern identity
emerged in a double perspective. It acknowledged Bulgarian "lack of
Europeanness" measured by Western standards and at the same time
abrogated Western arrogance, which as intellectuals often found,
tended to deny newly independent States not just the opportunity to
rival and outdistance "Europe's" achievements in culture but also the
very idea of their developing a culture of their own.
Before the Liberation foreign or Bulgarian authors who
constructed various images of Bulgarian-ness for the needs of
the European reading public followed Europe's requirements for
representation, i.e., the dividing line Europe had drawn between
itself and the rest of the world. After the restoration of Bulgarian
statecraft the formation of modern Bulgarian identity as an official
task lent further support to the existing division elaborating on a
double perspective as its modern version of Bulgarian identity: in it
the present emphasized the nation's being out of step with modernity
while expectations of the future envisaged a prominent place in
Europe's hierarchy on condition that people strained themselves
hard enough to catch up with and outrun "Europe" The study tries to
371
reconstruct the actual meanings and ramifications of what it meant
and what it cost to Bulgarians to identify as "European"
The Introduction reviews previous studies of Bulgarian identity
and introduces the object of study (Bulgarian identities at the turn of
the century) as well as the definitions of concepts used. The theoretical
framework points to the analysis of colonial and nationalist discourses
due to the superior position occupied by the West to the rest of the
world and the center/periphery opposition. The study pays special
attention to the official view of Bulgarian identity and its emergence in
a double perspective. Needless to say, this identity, like the identities
of others in the same position, was modeled on the idea of "Europe"
and its hegemony which means that the acceptance of imported
concepts and hierarchies also substantiated Europe's centrality. The
image of Bulgarian-ness incorporated the acceptance, at least for the
time being, of "Europe's" judgment of Bulgarian backwardness as
well as the genuine belief, which also became deep-seated as time
went by, that the future would countermand the verdict of present
backwardness since Bulgaria, a free nation at last, was destined to
make impressive advance and hold a prominent place in Europe's
hierarchy. The perspective justified the enthusiastic urge to catch up
with Europe as soon as possible on the assumption that the nation
should catch up, and while making great efforts to master European
elite culture as the highest achievement, it should also challenge at the
same time the view that "Europe's" culture engulf all other cultures
anywhere in the world.
Chapter One describes Bulgarian, official efforts to construct an
image of the nation in the framework of Europe's dominance. I pay
attention to Europe's image of itself and others as part of the historical
process. I also use the division Western/Eastern Europe and the
choice Bulgarians made for themselves, a choice which was dictated
by Europe/the-rest-of-the-world dichotomy. To exist the dichotomy
relied on the efforts of all those Europe disclaimed. Hence Bulgarians
reproduced Europe's superiority as they imagined themselves as
backward, undeveloped, oriental while interpreting European culture
as a monolith with prosperity, progress and immense prestige as its
keywords.
Chapter Two dwells on collidingpolicies of representation exposed
in 19th century discourses of colonialism, positivism and liberalism.
These became visible as various authors attempted to construct a
372
Bulgarian image following the norms and requirements of European
classifications. Examples are offered in the analysis of A Residence in
Bulgaria
(1869)
by Stanislas St
Clair
and Charles Brophy, The Turkish
Atrocities
(1876)
by Januarius MacGahan, and Bulgaria by Her Two
Delegates
(1876),
a pamphlet and a memorial of the same name,
written and presented to the Six Great Powers of Europe by
Dragan
Zankof and Marco Balabanov. In each text Bulgarians are inscribed in
one or more of the dominant discourses with appropriate regimes of
representation. St Clair's and Brophy's narrative inscribes Bulgarians
in the colonial discourse and insists on what the authors thought was
a more just representation of Ottomans and Christians in the hope
of maintaining the status quo in the Balkans. MacGahan's letters are
modeled as effective resistance to St Clair's and Brophy's abhorrent
account as well as an abrogation of colonial concepts concerning
Bulgarians. MacGahan accomplishes the inscription of Bulgarians
in European discourses using the discourse of positivism. He does
not, however, interrogate either the validity, or the dissemination of
colonial concepts when it comes to American Indians. Zancof's and
Balabanov's Bulgarian image is a new synthesis of previous images
of the Bulgarian nation. These images had been offered in isolation
either by emigre newspapers published in Roumania, or by their legal
counterparts in Constantinople. Zancof and Balabanov make the
most of
liberalist
and nationalist discourses to fuse European norms
of representation so as to express Bulgarians' highest expectations of
their future role in Europe.
Chapter Three discusses the construction and dissemination
of Bulgarian-ness when it became for the first time an institutional
concern in Bulgarian modern history. I explain the constituting
and the impact of the official image on the basis of temporary
acceptance of "Europe's" judgment of Bulgarian backwardness and
the accompanying belief that the nation would catch up with the
West to rank among its most advanced members. Official endeavours
found some theoretical underpinning in the articles written by Ivan
Shishmanov and Dimiter Agura on Bulgaria's first university. Each
author discusses the significance of the new institution through the
interaction of national image, nation-ness and the State.
These theoretical aspects are complemented by an outline of
the work done by institutions for the actual adoption of the image.
Examples come from different fields: the Prince's speeches and jubilee
373
addresses, the circulars of the Ministry of Education, the analyses of
political parties or the media.
Despite the fact that political views and institutional efforts were
directed towards an en bloc adoption of the image of the nation in
the hope of a potential transformation into "Europe" I argue that the
work done by institutions also encouraged the exclusion of marginal
strata. Exclusion was made possible by the contradictory essence
of nationalist ideology and State nationalism. Official formulations
invariably restricted the validity of the image since they addressed the
political and the cultural elite and men only; these privileged signifiers
induced individuals to identify with them. Thus State nationalism,
while insisting on homogeneity, succeeded in mobilizing some
groups and in excluding the ones who did not succumb to the official
ideology. Exclusion applied to peasants and women, the very object
of institutional concern. Official discourse reproduced its own mini-
model of the "us'V'them" division. Mechanisms of exclusion othered
the majority of the population (small landowners and craftsmen in
whose name independence was proclaimed letting the authorities
wield political power). The analysis shows that both the exclusion
and the defence of the peasantry have their own unwritten history
which ranges from authoritative scientific discourse to contemporary
populist (narodnichestvo) and socialist ideologies as they busied
themselves with programs for the country's future. Their debates in
view of the formation of the image in step with European realities
are helpful in offering an interpretation of Populism in terms of the
undergoing transition to modernity.
I b
elieve
that populist assumptions about national and professional
identification found consolidation in Anton Strashimirov's blending
of the "intellectual" and the "people" in his ideology and fiction. The
study of Strashimirov's Smyah I sulzi short-stories, the novelette
Krustoput and the novel Vihur shows the writer's interpretation
of the interaction between fiction and the realities of life. Despite
Strashimirov's insistence that the intellectual is indispensable the
individual actually needs the people no less than they need him. The
juxtaposition, where the intellectual assumes a position of command,
proved fundamental to Strashimirov's constructs long after the
construct stopped serving its purpose.
Chapter Four traces how the impact of official propaganda
instigated a successful cooperation between official and popular
374
culture
for the internalization of European-ness. Popular culture,
defined as institutional space and a political concept, could articulate
the awaited change through entertainment. The popular song
Reskih
da
se ozhenya
(I decided to get married) makes clear the ambitions
of the Bulgarian elite through men's enforcement of an imagined
European culture code in gender relations. Problems and solutions
in the song refer to burning issues which accompanied the painful
transition of Bulgarian society to modernity and which found an
expression in premarital and marital relations. The song represents
the
internalisation
of European-ness as an ideal. As it constructs the
experiencing of collective identity and the opportunities for social
interaction, it facilitates the adoption of norms and rules of behaviour
which must have worked towards the desired identification with
Europe.
Appendix
1
offers a study of Henry James's novel The Europeans
(1878)
to illustrate how an American
19th-century
novel reacted
to the idea of "Europe" and its superiority. The
UŞA
was the first
country to encounter Europe's model of world hierarchy as Europe/
non-Europe and to offer a solution which in James's novel suggested
that America should exclude Europe and its norms of representation
from its continent.
Apendix
2
shows an indirect assessment from the outside
of Bulgarian eagerness to win the praise of the centre for its
approximation to European standards. I use the Introduction by
English writer and critic Edmund
Gosse
to the English translation of
Vazov's novel Under the Yoke
(1893).
Gosse's piece shows yet again
the power of colonial discourse and its interaction with English
cultural discourses at the time: the attempt to represent another
national culture was superseded by the unconscious reproduction of
colonial concepts even if the individual author may have felt genuine
admiration for Vazov's novel.
375 |
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| edition | 1. izd. |
| era | Geschichte 1870-1912 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1870-1912 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV023010991 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:09:21Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:08:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789543213450 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016215212 |
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| physical | 377 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
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| publisher | Iztok-Zapad |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Stojčeva, Tatjana Verfasser aut Bălgarski identičnosti i evropejski chorizonti 1870-1912 Tatjana Stojčeva 1. izd. Sofija Iztok-Zapad 2007 377 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Bulgarian identities and European horizons Geschichte 1870-1912 gnd rswk-swf Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd rswk-swf Bulgaren (DE-588)4088623-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarienbild (DE-588)4317252-0 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Bulgarienbild (DE-588)4317252-0 s Geschichte 1870-1912 z DE-604 Bulgaren (DE-588)4088623-2 s Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 s Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016215212&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016215212&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Stojčeva, Tatjana Bălgarski identičnosti i evropejski chorizonti 1870-1912 Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd Bulgaren (DE-588)4088623-2 gnd Bulgarienbild (DE-588)4317252-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026482-8 (DE-588)4088623-2 (DE-588)4317252-0 (DE-588)4015701-5 |
| title | Bălgarski identičnosti i evropejski chorizonti 1870-1912 |
| title_auth | Bălgarski identičnosti i evropejski chorizonti 1870-1912 |
| title_exact_search | Bălgarski identičnosti i evropejski chorizonti 1870-1912 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Bălgarski identičnosti i evropejski chorizonti 1870-1912 |
| title_full | Bălgarski identičnosti i evropejski chorizonti 1870-1912 Tatjana Stojčeva |
| title_fullStr | Bălgarski identičnosti i evropejski chorizonti 1870-1912 Tatjana Stojčeva |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bălgarski identičnosti i evropejski chorizonti 1870-1912 Tatjana Stojčeva |
| title_short | Bălgarski identičnosti i evropejski chorizonti |
| title_sort | balgarski identicnosti i evropejski chorizonti 1870 1912 |
| title_sub | 1870-1912 |
| topic | Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd Bulgaren (DE-588)4088623-2 gnd Bulgarienbild (DE-588)4317252-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Identität Bulgaren Bulgarienbild Europa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016215212&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016215212&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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