Sex in fungi: molecular determination and evolutionary implications
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Washington, D.C.
ASM Press
c2007
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes index. |
| Physical Description: | XXV, 542 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1555814212 |
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MARC
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| 010 | |a 2007017650 | ||
| 020 | |a 1555814212 |9 1-555-81421-2 | ||
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| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Sex in fungi |b molecular determination and evolutionary implications |c edited by Joseph Heitman ... [et al.] |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington, D.C. |b ASM Press |c c2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXV, 542 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes index. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Evolution | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fungi |x Reproduction | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fungi |x genetics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fungi |x physiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Genes, Mating Type, Fungal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Reproduction, Asexual | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Sexualität |0 (DE-588)4054684-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Pilze |0 (DE-588)4046076-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Sexualität |0 (DE-588)4054684-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Heitman, Joseph |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0716/2007017650.html |3 Table of contents only | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016173299&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016173299 | ||
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| _version_ | 1804137219776053248 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Contributors ix
Preface xv
Dedication: ha Herskowitz xix
Appreciation: John and Cardy Raper xxiii
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1 The Evolution of MAT: the Ascomycetes 3
Geraldine Butler
2 Evolution of the Mating-Type Locus: the Basidiomycetes 19
James A. Fräser, Yen-Ping Hsueh, Keisha M. Findlev,
and Joseph Heitman
3 Mechanisms of Homothallism in Fungi and Transitions between
Heterothallism and Homothallism 55
XlAORONG LlN AND JOSEPH HEITMAN
4 Mating-Type Locus Control of Cell Identity 59
Brynne C. Stanton and Christina M. Hui l
5 Rewiring Transcriptional Circuitry: Mating-Type Regulation in
Saccharotnyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans as a Model for
Evolution 75
Annie E. Tsong, Brian B. Tuch, and Alexander D. Johnson
Contents
II. ASCOMYCETES: FROM MODEL YEASTS TO PLANT
AND HUMAN PATHOGENS
6 Cochliobolus and Podospora: Mechanisms of Sex Determination
and the Evolution of Reproductive Lifestyle 93
B. GlLLIAN TURGEON AND ROBERT ÖEBUCHY
7 Sexual Reproduction and Significance of MAT
in the Aspergilli 123
Paul S. Dyer
8 The mat Genes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe: Expression,
Homothallic Switch, and Silencing 143
Olaf Nielsen and Richard Egel
9 Decisions, Decisions: Donor Preference during Budding Yeast
Mating-Type Switching 159
James E. Haber
10 MAT and Its Role in the Homothallic Ascomycete Sordaria
macrospora 171
Stefanie Pöggeler
11 Evolution of Silencing at the Mating-Type Loci in
Hemiascomycetes 189
Laura N. Rusche and Meleah A. Hickman
12 The Evolutionary Implications of an Asexual Lifestyle Manifested
by Penicillium marneffei 201
Matthew C. Fisher
ffl. ASCOMYCETES: THE CANDIDA MAT LOCUS AND
RELATED TOPICS
13 MAT, Mating, Switching, and Pathogenesis in Candida albicans,
Candida dubliniensis, and Candida glabrata 215
David R. Soll and Karla J. Daniels
14 Evolution of MAT in the Candida Species Complex: Sex, Ploidy,
and Complete Sexual Cycles in C. lusitaniae, C. guilliermondii,
and C. krusei 235
Jennifer L. Reedy and Joseph Heitman
15 Ascomycetes: the Candida MAT Locus: Comparing MAT
in the Genomes of Hemiascomycetous Yeasts 247
Heloise Muller, Christophe Hennequin, Bernard Dujon,
AND CECILE FäIRHEAD
IV. BASEDIOMYCETES: THE MUSHROOMS
16 Cloning the Mating-Type Genes of Schizophyllum commune: a
Historical Perspective 267
Mary M. Stankis and Charles A. Specht
17 The Origin of Multiple Mating Types in the Model Mushrooms
Coprinopsis cinerea and Schizophyllum commune 283
Lorna A. Casselton and Ursula Kües
Contents vü
18 Pheromones and Pheromone Receptors in Schizophyllum commune
Mate Recognition: Retrospective of a Half-Century of Progress
and a Look Ahead 301
Thomas J. Fowler and Lisa J. Vaillancourt
19 Analysis of Mating-Type Locus Organization and Synteny in
Mushroom Fungi: Beyond Model Species 317
Timothy Y. James
20 Dikaryons, Diploids, and Evolution 333
James B. Anderson and Linda M. Kohn
V. BASIDIOMYCETES: PLANT AND ANIMAL PATHOGENIC
YEASTS
21 History of the Mating Types in Ustilago maydis 351
Flora Banuett
22 Mating in the Smut Fungi: from a to b to the Downstream
Cascades 377
Regine Kahmann and Jan Schirawski
23 Bipolar and Tetrapolar Mating Systems in the Ustilaginales 389
Guus Bakkeren and James W. Kronstad
VI. ZYGOMYCETES, CHYTRIDIOMYCETES, AND
OOMYCETES: THE FRONTIERS OF KNOWLEDGE
24 Sex in the Rest: Mysterious Mating in the Chytridiomycota
and Zygomycota 407
Alexander Idnurm, Timothy Y. James, and Rytas Vilgalys
25 How the Genome Is Organized in the Glomeromycota 419
Teresa E. Pawlowska
26 Trisporic Acid and Mating in Zygomycetes 431
Johannes Wöstemeyer and Christine Schimek
27 Sexual Reproduction in Plant Pathogenic Oomycetes: Biology
and Impact on Disease 445
Howard S. Judelson
VII. THE IMPLICATIONS OF SEX
28 Origin, Evolution, and Extinction of Asexual Fungi: Experimental
Tests Using Cryptococcus neoformans 461
JlANPING XU
29 Sex in Natural Populations of Cryptococcus gattii All
Dee Carter, Nathan Saul, Leona Campbell, Tien Bui,
and Mark Krockenberger
30 Why Bother with Sex? Answers from Experiments with Yeast and
Other Organisms 489
Matthew R. Goddard
viii Contents
31 Ploidy and the Sexual Yeast Genome in Theory, Nature,
and Experiment 507
Clifford Zeyl
32 Why Sex Is Good: on Fungi and Beyond 527
Duur K. Aanen and Rolf F. Hoekstra
Index 535
Index
A
Absidia glauca, 413. 434. 437, 438, 440
Adaptation, rates of. 520
Agancns bisporus var. bisporus, 46-47
Agaricus bisporus var. eurotetrasporus, 4
Agrucybe aegenta, 46
Atlomyces macrogynm, 409, 411,415
Allomyces sp.. 41(5-411
Alternaria jlternata, MAT locus of. 102-103
AMBM | Amut Bmut) strains, of Coprtnellus
anerea, 294-296
Amphimixis, 490
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. see
Giomeromycota
Armillana
A. gallua, 335-336
diploidy in. 343-344
Ascocbyta lentis, 98
Ascomycetes, see also specific species
cell identity control, 60-66
dikaryon in. 333-335
evolution of MAT
Candida species, 8-13
filamemous ascomycetes
(Pezizomycotina), 13-15
HMG domain protein function, 10, 13
HO endonuclease gene, 7-8
Saccharotnyces lineage. ?-8
male and female functions, 334—335
MAT and genome compansons in
hemiascomycetous yeasts, 247-261
MAT locus location, J-5
phylogenetic relationships, 4
sexual cycles, 39-46
heterothjllism
diagram of, 36
heterothallic fungi with homothallic
life cycles, 45-46
homorballism
homothallic fungi with heterothallic
life cycles, 45
primary, 41-45
pseudohomothallism, 39, 40
primary homothallism. 41—45
MAT absence, 44-45
one MAT idiomorph in genome,
43-44
two MAT idiomorphs in same
genome, 41—43
Ascospore formation in Emericella niduhns,
genetics of. 134
Asexual reproduction
in Aspergillus spp., 135-138
in Candida albuans, 216
in Cryptococcus gattü, 4~9
in Dothidomycetes, 101-103
evolution of, 201-210
in Glomeromycota. 419—420
hypotheses about. 463
long-term costs of. 202
in Pemcühum marneffet. 20T-209
speed of. 529
Variation in, 462—463
vegetative firne« decrease in Cryptococcus
neoformans. 470—4T3
Ashbya gossypü
genome duplication. 520
homothallism, 44
MAT locus, 5. 6. 7, 8. 193
Sir proteins in, 192
Ashbya waltu. 250-256, 258
Aspergilliis
asexualiry in. 135-138
evolution of homothallism and
heterorhallism in. 138-139
HMG-domain genes. 15
MAT genes
expression, 132
presence and distribution, 136-13
structure, 15, 131-132
sexual development, genetics of,
126-132
COP9 Signal. 131
cpcA. 12
cpcB, 12
DopA protein, 130
environmentai signal perception.
126-12
FpkA. 126
G-protein subumts, 128-129
isdA, 12
MAP kmase cascade. 129
MAT1 and MAT2, 131-132
MedA protein. 130
NosA prorein, 130-131
NsdD protein. 130
overview, 134-135
pheromone precursors PpgA/Pp%B ,
127-128
pheromone receprors iPreA GprB and
PreB/GprA). 128
phoA, 127
RosA protein, 1 ^0-131
Signal transducrion pathways, 12~-130
StuA protein. 130
transcriptton factors/regulatorv
proteins, 130-132
YeA. 126-12
535
156
Index
Aspergdhts {(.ontimwil)
sexual development, morphology of,
124-125
sexual development, physiology of,
133-154
asfosporc production, 134
carbohydrate metabolism, 133
lipid metabolism, 133
overview, 1.34-135
oxidation state, 133-134
psi hormonal signaling, 133
taxonomy, 123-124
teleomorphs, 124
Aspergillus flai-its, I ^ -137
Aspergillus fumigatus
asexuality and, 135-136
genome sequence data, 136
MAT genes, 135-139
transgenic /VLATstrain, 41
Aspergillus nidulans
GprD receptor, 40
homothallism, 42, 43
outcrossing, 45
sexual cycle as a selection arena, 531
Aspergillus niger, 135-138
Aspergillus oryzae, 135-139
,4X7./, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 76
B
Basalfungi, 407-415
Chytridiomycota, 409-411
Dikarya compared, 414
importance of, 407-409
Microsporidia, 413
Zygomycota, 411-413, 431-141
Basidiomycetes, See also specific species
cell identity control, 66-70
cost of sex, 529-530
dikaryon in, 333-335
life cycle, 20
male and female functions, 334-335
mating-type loci
cloning, 318-319, 323-324
organization and synteny, 317-318
MAT (mating-type locus), evolution of,
19-32
Coprinellus disseminatus, 26
Coprinopsis cinerea, 24—25
Cryptococcus neoformans, 27-30
homeodomain locus, 22
Microbotryum violaceum, 27
multiallelic bipolar basidiomycetes,
26-27
pheromone/receptor locus, 21
Pholiata nameko, 26
recombination, 29-30, 31
Schizopbyllum cammune, 25—26
Sporisorium reiliamtm, 23-24, 25
tetrapolar maring System, 20, 22—23
transitions between heterothallic and
homothallic cycles, 30—32
Ustilago hordei, 26—27
Vstilago maydis, 22—24
phylogeny, 318-319, 323-324
regularion of mating in, 20—21
sexual cycles
heterothailic fungi with homothallic life
cycles, 47-50
heterothallism, diagram of, 36
primary homothallism, 47
secondary homothallism, 46-47
Batrachachytrium dendrobatidis, 409, 410
Bensaude, Mathilde, 283
BGl.l ß-glucosidase gene, 96
Biotilm formation, by Candida albicans,
223-224,225
Bipolaris sacchari, MAT locus of, 101-103
Birth-and-death model, 423
Blakeslea trispora, 413, 434^(39
Blastocladiella variabilis, 411
Botryotinia fuckeliana, 108
Botrytis, MAT locus, 14
Bottlenecks, in Glomeromycota, 420—421
Bremia, 446, 449, 450
Buller phenomenon, 337-338, 345, 529
Camptothecin, 409
Candida
CUG codon reassignment, 237
evolution of MAT locus, 8-13, 235-242
MTL locus structure in, 240-242
phylogeny, 235-237
teleomorphs, 237
Candida albicans
Candida dubliniensis, in vitro mating
with, 229
cell identity control, 62-64
centromere structure, 193-194
mating-type regulation, 79-87
asg regulon evolution, 85-87
regulatory circuit, 81-85
Saccbaromyces cerevisiae compared,
81-87
white-opaque switching and, 80-81,
82-83, 84-85
MAT locus, 79-80
MTL locus
discovery of, 62, 216
evolution and structure of, 240-241
heterozygosity and virulence, 224-228
white-opaque switching and, 216-217,
222, 223
overview of mating in, 79-80
recombination, 215, 216
Saccharomyces cerevisiae compared, 216,
217,220-222
Sir proteins in, 192
white-opaque switching, 63-64, 80-81,
82-83,84-85,217-224
biofilm formation, 223-224, 225
featuresof, 218-219
reasons for, 222-223
temperarure and, 219-220
Candida dubliniensis
Candida albicans, in vitro mating with,
229
switching and mating in, 228-229
Candida glabrata
MAT and genome comparison in
hemiascomycetes, 250-257
mating in, 230-231
AMT locus, 5, 6, 7, 8
Saccharomyces cerevisiae compared,
230-231,240
siiencing of mating-type loci, 194
Sir proteins in, 192, 194
Candida guilliermondii (teleomorph Pichia
guilliermondü), 239-240, 241, 242
Candida knisei (teleomorph Issatchenkia
orientalisIPichia kudriavzevii), 240
Candida lusitaniae (teleomorph Clavispora
lusitaniae), 237-239, 241, 242
Candida parapsilosis, 215, 229-230, 241,
242, 258
Carbohydrate metabolism, in Emericella
nidulans, 133
ß-Carotene, 434-436, 439
Cell identity, MAT locus and, 59-70
ascomycetes, 60-66
Candida albicans, 62—64
Cochliobolus heterostrophus, 64-65
Neurospora crassa, 65-66
Podospora anseria, 65
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 60-61
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 61-62
asidiomycetes
Coprino cinerea, 66-68
Cryptococcus neoformans, 69-70
Ustilago maydis, 66, 67
basidiomycetes, 66-70
overview, 59-60
cenH, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 190
Ceratocystis coerulescens, 108
Chaetocladium brefeldi, 409
Chaetocladium jonesii, 434
Chimerism, in Glomeromycota
formation, general principles of, 425
overview, 424—425
in parasexual cycle, 426
resource partitioning mechanisms, 425-426
vegetative, 426
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 496, 516
Choanephora cucurbitarum, 433,437—438
Chromocrea spinulosa, 107-108
Chromosomal rearrangements, 509
Chytridiomycetes
diseases caused by, 409
sexual mechanisms, 409—411
Chytriomyces hyalinus, 410
cla4 gene, 320, 322-323, 325, 327
Clr4, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe,
190-191
Coccidioides, MAT locus, 14
Cochliobolus
mating-type structure and function,
95-107
conserved motifs in MATl-1-1 and
MAT1-2-1, 107
conversion self-compatible to self-
incompatible, 105-107
conversion self-incompatible to self-
compatible, 105
phylogenetic and structurai analyses,
104
self-compatible species, 99-101
self-incompatible species, 95-98
MAT locus
evolution, 15
structure, 14, 15
primary homothallism, 42
reproductive biology of, 96
Sordaria compared, 174
transgenic MAT strains, 41
Cochliobolus carbonum, 97-98
Cochliobolus cymbopogonis, 99-101, 102
Index
537
Cochliobolus ellisii, 99-101
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
cell identity control, 64-65
MAT locus, structure/organization of,
95-97, 99-101
transgenic studies with Cochliobolus
luttrellii, 105-107
Cochliobolus homomorphus, 99-101, 102,
104
Cochliobolus kusanoi, 99-100, 102
Cochliobolus luttrellii, 99-101, 102, 104,
105-107
Cochliobolus victoriae, 97-98
Coelotnotnyces psorophorae, 411
Concerted evolution of rDNA, 423-424
Coniochaeta tetraspora, 107-108
Conjugation tube formation, Ustilago may-
dis, 371-372
con mutation, in Schizophyllum conimune,
271
Coprinellus disseminatus, 26, 320, 321,
323-324
Coprinopsis cinerea
cell identity control, 66-68
homeodomain locus, 22, 24—25
life cycle, 284-285
mating-type genes, 285—296
AMBM (Amut Bmut) strains, 294-296
cloningof, 318-319
comparison of sequenced, 288
evolution of, 291-293
mutations, 293-296, 324
organization of, 286, 287, 319,
321-324
overview, 285-288
pheromones-receptors, 290-292
origin of multiple mating types in,
283-296
pheromone/receptor Jocus, 21
segmental duplication and evolution of
mating types in, 24-25
Coprinopsis scobicola, 319, 320
Coprinus cinereus
homothallism in, 49-50
somatic recombination, 339
COP9 signalosome, in aspergilli, 131
Corn smut disease, 351
Cost of sex, 528-530
cpcA, in aspergilli, 127
cpcB, in aspergilli, 127
Crivellia
C. papaveracea, 98
MAT locus
phylogenetic and structural analyses,
105
structure, 101, 102
Crow, J. F., 491
Croziers, 95, 172, 173
Crypkonectria parasitica
heterokaryons, 340-341
self-fertility, 108
Cryptococcus gattii, 477-486
cryptococcosis, 477-478, 484, 486
MLST (multilocus sequence typing), 481,
482, 484
phylogeny, 482-484
recombination, rnethods for detecting, 478
sexual reproducrion
basidiospore formation, 478
clinical and veterinary populations,
482-483
environmental population with both
mating types, 480
natural populations, 480, 486
Cryptococcus neoformans
cell identity control, 69-70
fitness in asexual clones, 470-473
mating interaction, 466^70
mating-type loci
organization and synteny, 322, 325
overview, 27-30
mating-type switching, 36, 47-49
mitochondrial inheritance, 326
as model System, 464
mtDNA transmission, 335
mutation accumulation, 464-466,
515-516
recombination hot spots, 341
sexual cycle of, 48
CsnD, in aspergilli, 131
CsnE, in aspergilli, 131
CUG codon reassignment, in Candida,
237
D
Debaryomyces hansenü
characteristics of, 250
MAT locus
evolution, 9
structure, 10, 11, 193, 258, 260
phylogeny of, 8, 250
Sir proteins in, 192
Dicranophora fulva, 438
Didymella rabiei, 98
Didymella zeae-maydis, 101
4-Dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase,
437, 440
4-Dihydrotrisporin dehydrogenase, 440
Dikarya
basal fungi compared to, 407, 414
Glomeromycota compared, 426
Dikaryon
in Ascomycota, 333-335
in Basidiomycota, 333—335
Buller phenomenon, 337-338
in Coprinellus cinerea, 284
Di-Mon (dikaryon-monokaryon) matings
analysis of somatic recombinants,
338-339, 340
nuclear selection in, 338
patterns of somatic recombination,
339-341
evolution and, 343—345
iife cycle Variation, 343-344
long-term changes in, 342-343
male potential, 529
mitochondrial DNA and, 335-337
nuclear escape from, 337
nuclear reassociation, 337
overview of, 333-334
in Schizophyllum commune, 268-270,
284,302-303,312
somatic recombination in, 341—342
in Ustilago maydis, 359
Diploids
adaptarion rate, 520
dikaryosis and, 343-344
evolution and, 343-345, 517
masking of deleterious mutations,
518-520
of oomycetes, 446
physiological effects of ploidy, 517-518
Ustilago maydis, 357, 370-372
Dispira americana, 409
DopA, in aspergilli, 130
Dothideomycetes, see also Cochliobolus het-
erostrophus
evolution of MAT, 12, 103-105
mating-type (MAT) locus structure, 12, 14
asexual species, 101-103
self-compatible species, 99-101
self-incomparible species, 98-99
Double-stranded break repair, in Saccha-
romyces cerevisiae MAT switching,
161-163
Downy mildew
of grape, 453^154
of sorghum, 454
Dynein moror proteins, 334
Effective population size
estimating in fungi, 202-204
Penicillium marneffei, 206, 210
in Wright-Fisher model of evolution, 202
Emericella nidulans, see also Aspergillus
nidnlans
MAT locus, 131-132
sexual development
genetics of, 126-132
morphology of, 124—125
overview of, 133-134
physiology of, 133-134
Emericella species, morphology of sexual
development, 124
Encephalitozoon cuniculi, 415
Epistasis, 509-510
Eremothecium coryli, homothallism in, 44
Euascomycetes, postfertilization functions of
mating-type genes in, 116
Eurotiomycetes, MAT locus in, 4, 12, 14
Eurotium species, morphology of sexual
development, 124
Evolution
asexual reproduction, 201-210
asg regulon, 85-87
concerted, 423-424
Glomeromycota, 419-424, 426^27
homothallism, mutations in A and B genes
and, 293-294
homothallism and heterothallism in
aspergilli, 138-139
horizontal transmission, role of, 515
maintenance of sex, 489-505
mating type in the Dothideomycetes,
103-105
mating-type locus (MAT)
ascomycetes, 3—15
basidiomycetes, 19-32
Candida species complex, 235-242
complex, 291-293
silencing in Hemiascomycetes, 189-197
mating-type switching, 36, 38-39
merits of diploidy and dikaryosis,
344-345
of ploidy, 517
Scbiiosaccharoniyces pombe, 152-154
SIS
Index
Kvolutinn (C.ontinited)
of scx, hmgal modeis and, 532
ot silencing at rhc m.uing-rype loci in
Hcmiascomycetes, IK9-I97
l voiutionarv diit.iucc, between Ustilago
hordei and Ustibiio maydis, 399-400
FadA, in aspergilli, I2X
Filamentous ascomycetes, cell identity con-
trol, 64-66
Hlnbasidiella dcpauperata, 49
Fishcr, R. A., 490-491
Fisher-Muller theory, 491, 492, 495
Fission yeast, see Schizosaccharomyces
pombe
Fkhl, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 165-166,
167
FMR I, in Podospora anserina, 109-1 15
FphA, in aspergilli, 126
FPRl, in Podospora anserina, 109-115
Frequency-dependent selection, 492-493
Fungal Trec of Life (AFTOL) projecr, 415
Generic drift, role in evolution of asexuality,
202
Getieftes o/ Sexuality in Higher tungi
(Raper), 26 , 268, M3, 461
Genome duplication, 520-521
Gihberella species
homothallism, 42
MAT locus, 15
Gilbertella persicaria, 438
Git3, in Scbizosaccharomyces pombe, 147
Glomerella species, MAT locus in, 14
Glomeromycota. 419-427
chimensm
formation, general principles of, 425
overview, 424-425
in parasexual cycle, 426
resource partitioning mechanisins,
425-426
vegetative, 426
evolution and, 419-424, 426-427
multigenomic strueture, 424—426
muldnucleate spore srrueture, 426—427
phyiogeny of PLSI variants, 422
polymorphism, intraindividual, 420-421,
424
ribosomal DNA (rDNA), 420, 423-425
spores as Surrogate individuals in studies
of, 419-420
Glomus caledonium, 423, 424
Clomus claroideum, 424
Glomus etunicatum, 421—422, 424
Glomus geosporwn, 422, 424
Glomus intraradices, 415, 421-422
Glomus mosseae, 424, 426
ß-Glucosidase gene, 99
Gpal, in Schizosaccharomyces pomhe, 147
GpgA, in aspergilli, 128
gprA, in aspergiili, 128
gprB, in aspergilii, 128
gprC, D, E. G, K genes, in aspergilli, 40,
129-130
Grape, downy müdew of, 453—454
H
Hjploids, adaptation rate and, 520
Hi beloma crustuliniforme, 337
HF.Gs (homing endunuclease genes), 8
Hemiascomycetes
evolution of silencing at macing-type loci,
189-197
MAT and genome comparisons, 247-261
conservation of synteny, 256
gene identification, 249-251
HO endonudease, 257-258
M/^Tand silenced cassettes, 251-257
multiple sequence alignments, 252-253
overvievv, 258-261
species with multiple MAT loci,
249-258
species with Single MAT locus, 258
phyiogeny of, 191
Heterobasidion annosum, 337
Heterochromatin, silencing of storage cas-
settes in Schizosaccharomyces pombe,
151-152
Heterokaryosis
chimerism and, 425
in Glomeromycota, 420—421
in parasexual cycle, 426
Heterothallic-homothallic transitions, see
Mating-type switching
Heterothallism
defined, 35, 462
homothallism transition, 30—32, 35-53
in Mucorales, 411—412
oomycetes, 446, 447
recognition and karyogamy in
ascomycetes, 94
in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 145
Ustilago maydis, discovery in, 354
Heterozygosity, of MAT alleles, 518
HMG-domain proteins, 10, 13, 15
Ho endonuclease
acquisition of gene, 7-8, 38
in hemiascomycetous yeasts, 257-258
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 37-38,
161-163,231,514
silencing of HML and HMR cassettes and,
37-38
Homeodomain locus, in basidiomycetes,
22
Homing endonuclease genes (HEGs), 8
Homobasidiomycetes
cost of sex, 529-530
internuclear recognition in, 114
MAT loci organization, 324—325
Homokaryosis, in Glomeromycota, 420-421
Homothallism
defined, 35, 462
heterothallism transition, 30-32, 35-51
mechanisms of, 35
in Mucorales, 411-412
mutations in A and ß genes and evolution
of, 293-294
oomycetes, 446-448
outcrossing, 45
primary
ascomycetes, 41-45
MAT absence, 44-45
one MAT idiomorph in genome,
43-44
tvvo MAT idiomorphs in same
genome, 41-43
in basidiomycetes, 47
pseudohomothallism, 39, 40
recognition and karyogamy in
ascomycetes, 94
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 37-38, 514
secondary, 529-530
in ascomycetes, 39
in basidiomycetes, 46-47
overview, 39
Sordaria macrospora, 171-184
in Zygomycetes, 434
Hook cell formation, 334
Hstlp, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 196
Hydrophobins, 334
I
Inbreeding, in natural yeast populations,
508-509
Internuclear recognition model, 112-114
Introns, 511-512, 515
Irpex lacteus, 320, 322-323
Isogamy, 528-529
K
KAR4 gene, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
164-165
Kimura, xVL, 491
Kluyveromyces lactis
asg (a-speeifie gene) regulation, 85
MAT and genome comparison in
hemiascomycetes, 250-257
mating-type switching, 38, 195
MAT locus strueture, 5, 6, 7, 8
silencing of mating-type loci, 194—195
Sir proteins in, 192, 193, 195
Kluyveromyces thermotolerans, 249-256,
258
Kluyveromyces ivaltü
characteristics of, 250
genome duplication, 520
HO gene absence, 258
mating-type locus, 193, 250-256
phyiogeny of, 250
sequence identity boxes, 255
Kniep, Hans, 283-284
Leotiomycetes, MAT locus in, 14
Leptosphaeria biglobosa, 98
Leptosphaeria maculans, 98
Linkage, of mating-type loci in mushroom
fungi, 317-328
Linkage disequilibria, 528
Lipid metabolism, in Emericella nidulans,
133
Lodderomyces elongispoms, 45
Loss-of funetion mutations in mating-type
loci, 202
isdA, in aspergilli, 127
M
Magnaporthe grisea, MAT locus in, 5, 14
Male sterility, 336-337
MAPK, see Mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK)
Index
539
Mating Inhibition factors (MIFs), in Ustilago
hordei, 393
Mating-type-like (MTL) locus, in Candida
albicans, 62-64, 216-217, 222-228,
240-241
Mating-type locus (MAT) locus
Alternaria alternata, 102-103
in aspergilli, 131-132, 136-139
basdiomycetes
cloning MAT genes, 318-319, 323-324
organization and synteny, 317-318
in Candida species complex, 8-13,
235-242
cell identity control, 59-70
ascomycetes, 60-66
basidiomycetes, 66—70
in hemiascomycetous yeast genomes,
247-261
Kluyveromyces lactis, 5, 6, 7, 8, 194-195
Kluyveromyces waltii, 193, 250-256
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 37-38,
76-78
in sexual Aspergillns spp., 136-139
in Ustilago hordei, 392^101
Mating-type locus (MAT) locus, evolution of
ascomycetes
Candida species, 8-13
filamentous ascomycetes
(Pezizomycotina), 13-15
HMG domain protein function, 10, 13
HO endonuclease gene, 7-8
Saccharomyces lineage, 5—8
basidiomycetes, 19-32
Coprinellus disseminatus, 16
Coprinopsis einerea, 24-25
Cryptococcus neoformans, 27-30
homeodomain locus, 22
Microbotryum violaceum, 27
multiallelic bipolar basidiomycetes,
26-27
pheromone/reeeptor locus, 21
Pholiata nameko, 26
recombination, 29-30, 31
Schizophyllum commune, 25-26
Sporisorium reilianum, 23-24, 25
tetrapolar mating System, 20, 22-23
transitions between heterothaiiic and
homothallic cycles, 30—32
Ustilago hordei, 26-17
Ustilago maydis, 22-24
Mating-type regulation
Candida albicans, 79-87
evolution of, 75-76
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 75-78
Mating-type switching
in ascomycetes, 39—46
in basidiomycetes, 46-50
in Candida albicans, 63—64
cell identity control and, 61, 63-64
in Cryptococcus neoformans, 36, 47-49
in Kluyveromyces lactis, 195
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 36. 37-38,
78, 159-168
donor preference, genetic control of,
163-167
donor preference, microscopic analysis
of, 167-168
gene conversion, 161-162
microscopic analysis of, 162-163
overview, 159-161
RE (recombinarion enhancer), 163-J67
in Saccharomyces lineage, 6-7
in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 61, 145,
147-151
secondary homothallism, 39, 46-47
in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 38-39
Maynard Smith, John, 491
Mcml
in Candida albicans, 85
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 77-78, 165
in Sordaria macrospora homologue,
182-183
MedA, in aspergilli, 130
Mei2, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 147,
153
Mei3, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 147
Meiosis
meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA
(MSUD), 118
Ustilago maydis, 358-359
mib (metalloendopeptidase) gene, 319-321,
323,325-327
Microbotryum violaceum, 27, 47, 390-391,
398, 400
Microsporidia, sex in, 413
MIFs (mating inhibition factors), in Ustilago
hordei, 393
Mitochondria
basdiomycetes mating-type loci and,
326-327326
cytoplasmic mixing, 335-336
epistasis, 509-510
male sterility and, 336-337
mosaics, 336
recombination, 335—336
rejuvenation of, 531
slow movement in matings, 336
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
in aspergilli, 129
in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 146-147
in Ustilago maydis, 371-372, 377,
381-383
MLMT (multilocus microsatellite typing), of
Penicillium marneffei, 205
MLST (multilocus sequence typing)
of Cryptococcus gattii, 481, 482
of Penicillium marneffei, 204-205
Mortierella species, 413, 435
Motor proteins, dynein, 334
Mucorales
mating in, 411-413
mycoparasitism, 409
trisporoid, 434-439
zygospore dormancy, lack of, 408
Mucor amphibiorum, 409
Mucor circinelloides, 415, 440
Mucor hiemalis. 438
Mucor mucedo, 409, 413, 415, 431-432,
434-435,437-440
Mucor piriformis, 409, 438
Mucor pusillus, 440
Muller s ratchet, 491-492
Multilocus genotyping, of Penicillium
marneffei,204-205
Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT), of
Penicillium marneffei, 205
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST)
of Cryptococcus gattii, 481, 482
of Penicillium marneffei, 204-205
Mushroom fungi; see also Basidiomycetes;
Homobasidiomycetes; speeifie species
mating-type loci, organization and synteny
of, i 17-328
Mutation aecumulation, 464-466, 515-516
Mutations
evolution of asexualiry and, 202
in Glomeromycota, 420, 426^27
masking and purging deleterious, 518-520
Muller s ratchet, 491-492
Mutualistic symbiosis, 419
Mycosphaerella graminicola, 98
Mycosphaerella zeae-maydis, 101
Mycotypha africana, 432
N
Natural selection, role in evolution of asexu-
ality, 202
NEJ1, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 76
Nematospora coryli, homothallism in, 44
Neocallimastix sp., 410
Neosartorya species
morphology of sexual development, 124
N. fischeri .AI, A3
Neurospora africana, 40-41, 44
Neurospora crassa
cell identity control, 65-66
immunity to MSUD (meiotic silencing by
unpaired DNA), 118
mating, 39-41
nucleus-restricted expression, 113
postfertilization funcrions of mating-type
genes, 116
Sordaria macrospora cornpared, 171-177,
179-184
Neurospora terricola, 44
Neurospora tetrasperma, 171
NosA, in aspergilli, 130-131
Nosema locustae, 415
noxA gene, in Emericella nidulans, 133-134
NsdD, in aspergilli, 130
Nuclear migration
into ascogenous hyphae, 112
internuclear recognition model,
112-114
random segregation model, 114—115
Buller phenomenon, 337-338
male srerility and, 336—337
motive force for, 334
Schizophyllum commune, 268, 269. 302,
304^305
Nucleolar Organizer regions (NORs), 423
o
Oomycetes, 445-455
cytology of mating, 446-448
gene expression during mating, 450
genetic basis of mating behavior, 449-450
importance of, 445-446
mating hormones, 450
oospores
disease transmission, role in, 451
germination of, 448
as survival struetures, 450-451
S40
Index
Oomycetes, (Continued)
pathology
downy mildew of grape, 453-454
late blight of potato, 451-452
Phytophthora capsici blights, 452-453
Phytophthora sojae root and stem rot,
453
sorghum downy mildew, 454
taxonomy, 446
Oospores
disease transmission, role in, 451
germination of, 448
as survival structures, 450
Orclp, 195-196
Outcrossing, in natural yeast populations,
508-509
Oxidation State and hyphal differentiation,
133-134
Oxysterol binding protein, in Candida albi-
cans, 62, 63
pab (para-aminobenzoic acid) gene, 319,
321, 324, 340
Papazian, Haig, 284
Parasexual cycle, 426
Parasitella parasitica, 409, 413, 432, 434,
437, 440
Parasitic DNA
coevolution and domestication of, 513-515
sex and, 510-513
Patl protein, in Schizosaccharomyces
pombe, 148, 153
PCR, cloning MAT using direct amplifica-
tion, 323-324
Penicillium marneffei
biology of, 204
effective population size, 206, 210
evolutionary trajectory, 209—210
multilocus genotyping, 204-205
reproduction, 207-209
spatial components of genetic diversity,
205-206
Peronosclerospora sorghi, 454
Peronospora destructor, 451
Peronospora farinosa, 448
Petromyces species, morphoiogy of sexual
development in, 124
Pezizomycotina, mating-type locus in, 13-15
Phaeosphaeria nodorum, 98
Phanerochaete chrysosporium, 320,
321-324, 327
Pheromone/receptor Systems
in aspergilli, 127-128
in basidiomycetes, 21
Candida albicans, 84, 220-223
Chytridiomycetes, 411
Coprinellus ctnerea, 290—292
Coprinopsis cinerea, 66—68
Cryptococcus neofortnans, 69-70
Dikarya and basal fungi compared, 414
Mucorales, 413
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 76, 301-302
Schizophyllum commune
characterization of pheromones,
305-307
determinants of recognition by
receptors, 307-309
discovery of, 304
gene nomenclature, 304
nuclear migration, role in, 304-305
number of, 286, 302
pheromone precursor sequences, 289,
290
role in B-regulated mating processes,
311-313
yeast studies, 309-310
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 61-62,
146-148
signaling, in smut fungi, 381-383
Sordaria macrospora, 179-180
trisporic acid, 434-439
Ustilago maydis, 66, 67, 367-372
phoA, in aspergilli, 127
Pholiota natneko, 26, 324
Phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase, in Candida
albicans, 62, 63
Phycomyces blakesleeanus, 412-413, 415,
432-433, 435, 438-440
Phylogenetic tree of the fungal kingdom, 408
Phytophthora cactorum, 448
Phytophthora capsici, 452-453
Phytophthora infestans, 445, 447-452, 454
Phytophthora parasitica, 449
Phytophthora phaseoli, 450
Phytophthora sojae, 453
Phytophthora species, 445-447, 449-451
Pichia angusta, 250, 258, 260
Piromyces species, 415
PlasmidDNA, 510
Plasmopara, 446
Plasmopara viticola, 453
Pleurotus djamor, 320, 321-324
Ploidy, physiological effects of, 517-518
Pneumocystis carinii
homothallism, 44
mating-type loci organization and synteny,
322
Podospora anserina
cell identity control, 65
mating-type structure and function,
109-117
control of fertilization, 111
internuclear recognition model,
112-114
mating-type structure, 109
mutations, phenotype of, 110
nucleus migration into hyphae, 112
postfertilization developmental steps
during fruiting-body formation,
109-111
postfertilization functions of mating-
type genes, 116-117
random segregation model, 114-115
MAT locus
Cochliobolus heterostrophus compared,
41
gene mutations, 109-111
structure/organization, 97, 109
pseudohomothallism, 171
senescence in, 531
Sordaria macrospora mating-type genes in,
176-178
Poly(A) polymerase, in Candida albicans, 62,
63
Polymorphism, intraindividual in Glomero-
mycota, 420-421, 424
Polyphagus euglenae, 410
Population size, effective
estimating in fungi, 202-204
Penicillium marneffei, 206, 210
in Wright-Fisher model of evolution, 202
Potato, late blight of, 451-452
ppgA, in aspergilli, 127-128
ppgB, in aspergilli, 128
ppgl/ppgZ, in Sordaria macrospora,
179-180,184
ppoA gene, 133
preß, in aspergilli, 128
prellprel, in Sordaria macrospora,
179-180, 184
Promoters, in Schizophyllum commune, 276
Pseudohomothallism, 39, 40, 171
Psi hormonal signaling, in Emericella nidu-
lans, 133
Pyrenopeziza, 14
Pyrenopeziza brassicae, 98
Pyrenophora teres, 98
Pythium, 446^449
Pythium aphanidermatum, 448
R
Radiomyces spectabilis, 410
Random drift, 493
Random segregation model, 114-115
Raper, Carlene (Cardy), 267, 272, 301, 310,
338
Raper, John, 267-268, 270-273, 276-278,
280,283,304,310,333,461
Raplp, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
189-190
Rasl, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 147
rDNA, concerted evolution of, 423-424
Receptors, see Pheromone/receptor Systems
Recombination
in basidiomycetes, 29-30, 31
evolution of MAT and, 29-30
mitochondrial DNA, 336
outcrossing, 508
Recombination enhancer (RE), in Saccha-
romyces cerevisiae, 163-167
Red Queen hypothesis, 492-493
Regulation of mating-type
Candida albicans, 79-87
evolution of, 75-76
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 75-78
Retrotransposition, 512
Rhizopus oryzae, 415, 434, 440
Rhizopus sexualis, 438
Rhizopus stolonifer, 440
R1TS (RNA-induced transcriptional silenc-
ing), 190
RME1, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 16
RosA, in aspergilti, 130-131
Ruml, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 146
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Candida albicans compared, 216, 217,
220-222
Candida glabrata compared, 230-231,
240
cell identity control, 60-61
ceil types, 76
centrornere structure, 193
chromosomal rearrangements, 509
genome duplication, 520-521
Index
541
Ho endonuclease, 514
life cycle, 497
maintenance of sex experiments, 497
mating-type regulation, 75-78
asg expression, 77-78
Candida albicans compared, 81-87
hsg expression, 78
mating-type switching, 78
regulatory circuit, 81, 82
asg expression, 78
transcriptional switching, 78
mating-type switching
donor preference, genetic control of,
163-167
donor preference, microscopic analysis
of, 167-168
gene conversion, 161-162
microscopic analysis of, 162-163
overview, 36, 37-38, 78, 159-161, 514
RE (recombination enhancer), 163-167
MAT oci
evolution of, 514—515
MAT and genome comparison in
hemiascomycetes, 250-257
mitochondria and, 326
pheromone-receptor System, 301-302
phylogeny, 191
regulation of mating type in, 247, 249
sexual cycle of an ho mutant of, 248
silencingin, 78, 189-190
spoll spol3 System, 500-503
whole genome duplication, 191
Saccharomyces kluyveri, 250, 258
Saccharomyces lineage, evolution of mating-
type cassettes in, 5-8
Saccharomyces pastoriamts, 500
sakA, in Emericelia nidulans, 130
Schizophyllum commune
A genes
classical genetics studies, 302-304
doning oi Aa, 277-278
flanking genes and boundanes, 277
isolation of, 271-274
mutations, 271, 293
number of alleles, 270-271
overview, 270, 274
Promoter regions, 276
Y and Z gene products, 274-276
ß genes
arrangement of, 305
classical genetics studies, 302-304
evolution of, 291
gene products, 304
isolation of, 278-280, 304
mutations, 271, 293, 294, 310-311,
324
number of alleles, 270-271, 286
overview, 270
pheromone signaling and, 311-313
recombination, 287-288
classical genetics studies, 302—304
flat phenotype, 284, 303
life cycle, 268-270, 284
mating process, 302
mating-type loci
A genes, 270-278
B genes, 270-271, 278-280
doning of, 277-278, 318-319
discovery of, 283-284
historical perspective, 267-280
mutations, 271, 293, 294, 310-311,
324
organization and synteny of, 319,
321-322,324-325
Promoter regions, 276
origin of multiple mating types in,
283-296
overview, 25-26
pheromones/receptors
characterization of pheromones,
305-307
determinants of recognition by
receptors, 307-309
discovery of, 304
gene nomenclature, 304
nuclear migration, role in, 304-305
number of, 286, 302
pheromone precursor sequences, 289,
290
role in B-regulated mating processes,
311-313
yeast studies, 309-310
somatic recombination, 339-341
Schizosaccharomyces kambucha, 152
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
cell identity control, 61-62
centromere structure, 193
evolution, 152-154
heterothallic strains, 145
homothallk switch, 147-148
life cycle, overview of, 143-144
mating-type switching, 145, 147-151
bias of donor cassette choice,
150-151
copy transposition from matlß to
mall, 149-151
imprinting matl DNA, 148-149
overview, 38-39
silencing of storage cassettes mat2 and
maxi, 151-152
mal region, organization of, 144-145
pheromone communication, 146-148
silencingin, 190-191
Sir proteins in, 192
transcriptional regulation, 145-146
Sclerotinia trifolium, 108
Scutellospora castanea, 423, 424-425
Scutellospora gregarta, 423
Scutellospora pellucida, 423, 424-425
SDSA (synthesis-dependent Strand anneal-
mg), 161
Selection
antagonism berween sexual and natural
selection, 515-517
frequency-dependent, 492-493
natural selection role in evolution of
asexuality, 202
Septoria passerinii, 98, 103
Sex Inducer genes, of Cryptococctis neofor-
mans. 69-70
Sex (sexual reproduction)
cost of, 201-202, 465-470, 528-530
epistasis and, 509-510
evolutionary implications of, 527-528,
5iZ
ioss of, 464
maintenance of
Crow and Kimura and, 491
experiments on, 494—505
Fisher and Muller, 490-491, 495
Maynard Smith and, 491
Mu ller s ratchet, 491^92
Red Queen hypothesis, 492^93
Weismann and, 490, 493
in natural populations in Cryptococcus
gattii, 477-486
in natural yeast populations, 508-509
oomycetes, 445—455
parasitic DNA and, 510
quantitative nature of, 464
survival structure production, 531
Sexual fitness, 465
Sexual selection, antagonism with natural
(vegetative) selection, 515-517
SfaD, in aspergilli, 128
Sikyospore, 434
Silencing of mating-type loci, 189-197
Candida glabrata, 194
comparative genomics of, 190-191,
192-194
evolution of silenced chromatin,
196-197
Kluyveromyces lactis, 194-195
overview, 189
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 189-190
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 190-191
Sir proteins, role of, 192-196
whole-genome duplication, impact of.
195-196
Silent mating cassettes
defects in, 61
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 36. 37-38,
61, 78
in Saccharomyces lineage, 6-7
Sirenin, 411
Sir proteins
functions of, 192-194, 195-196
hemiascomycetes phylogeny and, 191
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 37, 189-190
where they act, 193-194
Sistotrema brinkmannii, homothallism and,
47
SMIP gene, in Schizophyllum commune, 27
SMR1, in Podospora anserina, 109, 111,
113-114, 116-117
SMR2, in Podospora anserina. 109-115
Smut fungi
bipolar and tetrapolar mating Systems,
389^01
mating-type loci
evolutionary history, 400-401
functional analysis of, 393—394
future studies and quesrions, 400-401
genomic analysis, 396—398
Identification of, 392-393
organization of, 394-396
mating-type loci organization. 378-381
overview, 377-378. 390-391
pheromone-controlled signaling cascade,
381-385
phytopathogenesis, 389-390, 391,
398-400
Somatic recombination
in dikaryons. 341—342
Di-Mon matings, 338-341
Sordaria brevtcollis, 45—46, 175
Sordarta fimicola, outcrossing of, 45
542
Index
Sordaria macrospora, 171-184
lifecycle, 171-172, 173
mating-type genes into Podospora
anserina, 41
mating-type locus
fruiting-body development and,
176-179
interaction network of mating-type
proteins, 181-184
mating-type-dependent gene expression,
179-181
pheromone/pheromone receptor System,
179-180
phylogenetic analysis, 174-175
SMTa-1, 177, 180-184
structure of, 172—174
transcriptional expression, 175
transgenic studies in Podospora
anserina, 176-178
Mcml homologue, 182-183
Neurospora crassa compared, 171-177,
179-184
outcrossing, 45
phylogeny, 171
primary homothallism, 42
STE12 homologue, 183-184
Sordariomycetes, MAT locus in, 4, 12-15
Sorghum downy mildew, 454
SPB1 gene, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
164-165
Spore trapping, 335
Sporisorium reilianum, 23-24, 25, 370,
378-380
spoll spol3 system, 500-503
STE2, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 76
STE3
in Candida albicans, 83
homologs in basidiomycetes, 322—324
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 76
Stel 1, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe,
145-147
STE12
in Candida albicans, 84
in Cryptococcus and Pneumocystis, 322
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 77, 84
Sordaria macrospora homologue,
183-184
Stemphylium
MAT locus
phylogenetic and structural analyses,
104-105
structure, 101, 102, 103
primary homothallism, 42
Sordaria compared, 174
Stml, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 147
StuA, in aspergilli, 130
Suml, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 196
Swi4/6, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
165-166,167
Swi6, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe,
190-191
Swi5-Swi2, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe,
151
Symbiosis, mutualistic, 419
Synteny, of mating-type loci in mushroom
fungi, 317-328
Synthesis-dependent Strand annealing
(SDSA), 161
Syzigites megalocarpus, 438
TALE (three-amino-acid loop extension)
homeobox, in Schizophyllum com-
mune, 276, 277
Telomeric silencing, 38, 190, 193
Tetrapolar mating Systems, 20, 22-23,
317-318
Thamnidium elegans, 438
TOS9, in Candida albicans, 218-220
Transcriptional regulatory circuit
Candida albicans, 79-87
evolution of, 75-76
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 75-78
Transposable elements
MAT loci and, 400
as parasitic DNA, 512-514
Trisporic acid
biosynthesis pathway, 436
diversity in signaling by, 435
overview, 413, 434—435
physiological aspects of signaling,
437-439
tspl gene, 437, 440
tspl gene, 440
Tvvofold cost of sex, 528
Ty elements, 512-514
u
Ustilaginales, bipolar and tetrapolar mating
Systems in, 389^01
Ustilago hordei
evolution, 26—27
mating-type loci, 378-381
functional analysis of, 393-394
genomic analysis, 396—398
identification of, 392-393
organization of, 394-396
sex chromosomes, 399, 400
transposable elements, 400
overview, 390
pathogenesis of, 391
Ustilago maydis compared, 399-401
Ustilago maydis, 351-372
a locus, 367-372
cloning and molecular genetic analysis,
367-372
organization and functional/
evolutionary implications, 378-381
overview, 355-357
b locus, 358-367
bmut alleles, 358-359, 365
cloning and molecular genetic analysis,
359-367
meiosis, role in, 358—359
organization and
functional/evolutionary implications,
378-381
overview, 355-356
cell identity control, 66, 67
evolutionary distance from Ustilago
hordei , 399-400
general features, 351-352
genomic analysis of mating System,
396-398
heterothallism, 354
homeodomain locus, 22-23
life cycle, 352
mating incompatibility, genetic basis of,
355-357
MAT loci
mitochondria and, 326
nomenclature, 21, 22
pheromone-controlled signaling cascade
bE/bW heterodimer, targets of, 383-385
components, 22—23, 381
genes and processes controlled by,
381-383
sexual/pathogenic development,
383-385
repetitive DNA, 399, 400
segregation analysis, 353-354
sex factors, 354-355
Sporisorium reilianum compared, 23-24
sterility factor, 355
V
VDE, 515
VeA, in aspergilli, 126-127
Vegetative chimerism, 426
Vegetative fitness, 470-473
Vegetative (natural) selection, antagonism
with sexual selection, 515-517
Virus, transmission via spores, 531-532
w
Weismann, August, 489, 490, 493
White-opaque switching in Candida
albicans, 80-81, 82-83, 84-85
Williams, G. C, 493
WOR1, in Candida albicans, 82-83, 85,
218-220
Wright-Fisher model of evolution, 202
Yarrowia lipolytica, 61, 193, 250, 258, 260
Zygomycetes, 431-441
diseases caused by, 431, 434
genetics of sexual differentiation, 439—441
mating-type System, 434
sexual mechanisms in, 411—413
sexual morphogenesis, 431^433
trisporic acid
biosynthesis pathway, 436
diversity in signaling by, 435
overview, 434-435
physiological aspects of signaling,
437-439
Zygorhizidium planktonicum, 410, 411
Zygorhynchus heterogamus, 435, 437
Zygorhynchus macrocarpus, 438
Zygorhynchus moelleri, 435, 438
Zygorhynchus species, 434
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, 249—256, 257
Zygotropism, 432
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Contributors ix
Preface xv
Dedication: ha Herskowitz xix
Appreciation: John and Cardy Raper xxiii
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1 The Evolution of MAT: the Ascomycetes 3
Geraldine Butler
2 Evolution of the Mating-Type Locus: the Basidiomycetes 19
James A. Fräser, Yen-Ping Hsueh, Keisha M. Findlev,
and Joseph Heitman
3 Mechanisms of Homothallism in Fungi and Transitions between
Heterothallism and Homothallism 55
XlAORONG LlN AND JOSEPH HEITMAN
4 Mating-Type Locus Control of Cell Identity 59
Brynne C. Stanton and Christina M. Hui l
5 Rewiring Transcriptional Circuitry: Mating-Type Regulation in
Saccharotnyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans as a Model for
Evolution 75
Annie E. Tsong, Brian B. Tuch, and Alexander D. Johnson
Contents
II. ASCOMYCETES: FROM MODEL YEASTS TO PLANT
AND HUMAN PATHOGENS
6 Cochliobolus and Podospora: Mechanisms of Sex Determination
and the Evolution of Reproductive Lifestyle 93
B. GlLLIAN TURGEON AND ROBERT ÖEBUCHY
7 Sexual Reproduction and Significance of MAT
in the Aspergilli 123
Paul S. Dyer
8 The mat Genes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe: Expression,
Homothallic Switch, and Silencing 143
Olaf Nielsen and Richard Egel
9 Decisions, Decisions: Donor Preference during Budding Yeast
Mating-Type Switching 159
James E. Haber
10 MAT and Its Role in the Homothallic Ascomycete Sordaria
macrospora 171
Stefanie Pöggeler
11 Evolution of Silencing at the Mating-Type Loci in
Hemiascomycetes 189
Laura N. Rusche and Meleah A. Hickman
12 The Evolutionary Implications of an Asexual Lifestyle Manifested
by Penicillium marneffei 201
Matthew C. Fisher
ffl. ASCOMYCETES: THE CANDIDA MAT LOCUS AND
RELATED TOPICS
13 MAT, Mating, Switching, and Pathogenesis in Candida albicans,
Candida dubliniensis, and Candida glabrata 215
David R. Soll and Karla J. Daniels
14 Evolution of MAT in the Candida Species Complex: Sex, Ploidy,
and Complete Sexual Cycles in C. lusitaniae, C. guilliermondii,
and C. krusei 235
Jennifer L. Reedy and Joseph Heitman
15 Ascomycetes: the Candida MAT Locus: Comparing MAT
in the Genomes of Hemiascomycetous Yeasts 247
Heloise Muller, Christophe Hennequin, Bernard Dujon,
AND CECILE FäIRHEAD
IV. BASEDIOMYCETES: THE MUSHROOMS
16 Cloning the Mating-Type Genes of Schizophyllum commune: a
Historical Perspective 267
Mary M. Stankis and Charles A. Specht
17 The Origin of Multiple Mating Types in the Model Mushrooms
Coprinopsis cinerea and Schizophyllum commune 283
Lorna A. Casselton and Ursula Kües
Contents vü
18 Pheromones and Pheromone Receptors in Schizophyllum commune
Mate Recognition: Retrospective of a Half-Century of Progress
and a Look Ahead 301
Thomas J. Fowler and Lisa J. Vaillancourt
19 Analysis of Mating-Type Locus Organization and Synteny in
Mushroom Fungi: Beyond Model Species 317
Timothy Y. James
20 Dikaryons, Diploids, and Evolution 333
James B. Anderson and Linda M. Kohn
V. BASIDIOMYCETES: PLANT AND ANIMAL PATHOGENIC
YEASTS
21 History of the Mating Types in Ustilago maydis 351
Flora Banuett
22 Mating in the Smut Fungi: from a to b to the Downstream
Cascades 377
Regine Kahmann and Jan Schirawski
23 Bipolar and Tetrapolar Mating Systems in the Ustilaginales 389
Guus Bakkeren and James W. Kronstad
VI. ZYGOMYCETES, CHYTRIDIOMYCETES, AND
OOMYCETES: THE FRONTIERS OF KNOWLEDGE
24 Sex in the Rest: Mysterious Mating in the Chytridiomycota
and Zygomycota 407
Alexander Idnurm, Timothy Y. James, and Rytas Vilgalys
25 How the Genome Is Organized in the Glomeromycota 419
Teresa E. Pawlowska
26 Trisporic Acid and Mating in Zygomycetes 431
Johannes Wöstemeyer and Christine Schimek
27 Sexual Reproduction in Plant Pathogenic Oomycetes: Biology
and Impact on Disease 445
Howard S. Judelson
VII. THE IMPLICATIONS OF SEX
28 Origin, Evolution, and Extinction of Asexual Fungi: Experimental
Tests Using Cryptococcus neoformans 461
JlANPING XU
29 Sex in Natural Populations of Cryptococcus gattii All
Dee Carter, Nathan Saul, Leona Campbell, Tien Bui,
and Mark Krockenberger
30 Why Bother with Sex? Answers from Experiments with Yeast and
Other Organisms 489
Matthew R. Goddard
viii Contents
31 Ploidy and the Sexual Yeast Genome in Theory, Nature,
and Experiment 507
Clifford Zeyl
32 Why Sex Is Good: on Fungi and Beyond 527
Duur K. Aanen and Rolf F. Hoekstra
Index 535
Index
A
Absidia glauca, 413. 434. 437, 438, 440
Adaptation, rates of. 520
Agancns bisporus var. bisporus, 46-47
Agaricus bisporus var. eurotetrasporus, 4"
Agrucybe aegenta, 46
Atlomyces macrogynm, 409, 411,415
Allomyces sp. 41(5-411
Alternaria jlternata, MAT locus of. 102-103
AMBM | Amut Bmut) strains, of Coprtnellus
anerea, 294-296
Amphimixis, 490
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. see
Giomeromycota
Armillana
A. gallua, 335-336
diploidy in. 343-344
Ascocbyta lentis, 98
Ascomycetes, see also specific species
cell identity control, 60-66
dikaryon in. 333-335
evolution of MAT
Candida species, 8-13
filamemous ascomycetes
(Pezizomycotina), 13-15
HMG domain protein function, 10, 13
HO endonuclease gene, 7-8
Saccharotnyces lineage. ?-8
male and female functions, 334—335
MAT and genome compansons in
hemiascomycetous yeasts, 247-261
MAT locus location, J-5
phylogenetic relationships, 4
sexual cycles, 39-46
heterothjllism
diagram of, 36
heterothallic fungi with homothallic
life cycles, 45-46
homorballism
homothallic fungi with heterothallic
life cycles, 45
primary, 41-45
pseudohomothallism, 39, 40
primary homothallism. 41—45
MAT absence, 44-45
one MAT idiomorph in genome,
43-44
two MAT idiomorphs in same
genome, 41—43
Ascospore formation in Emericella niduhns,
genetics of. 134
Asexual reproduction
in Aspergillus spp., 135-138
in Candida albuans, 216
in Cryptococcus gattü, 4~9
in Dothidomycetes, 101-103
evolution of, 201-210
in Glomeromycota. 419—420
hypotheses about. 463
long-term costs of. 202
in Pemcühum marneffet. 20T-209
speed of. 529
Variation in, 462—463
vegetative firne« decrease in Cryptococcus
neoformans. 470—4T3
Ashbya gossypü
genome duplication. 520
homothallism, 44
MAT locus, 5. 6. 7, 8. 193
Sir proteins in, 192
Ashbya waltu. 250-256, 258
Aspergilliis
asexualiry in. 135-138
evolution of homothallism and
heterorhallism in. 138-139
HMG-domain genes. 15
MAT genes
expression, 132
presence and distribution, 136-13"
structure, 15, 131-132
sexual development, genetics of,
126-132
COP9 Signal. 131
cpcA. 12"
cpcB, 12"
DopA protein, 130
environmentai signal perception.
126-12"
FpkA. 126
G-protein subumts, 128-129
isdA, 12"
MAP kmase cascade. 129
MAT1 and MAT2, 131-132
MedA protein. 130
NosA prorein, 130-131
NsdD protein. 130
overview, 134-135
pheromone precursors \PpgA/Pp%B ,
127-128
pheromone receprors iPreA'GprB and
PreB/GprA). 128
phoA, 127
RosA protein, 1 ^0-131
Signal transducrion pathways, 12~-130
StuA protein. 130
transcriptton factors/regulatorv
proteins, 130-132
YeA. 126-12"
535
156
Index
Aspergdhts {(.ontimwil)
sexual development, morphology of,
124-125
sexual development, physiology of,
133-154
asfosporc production, 134
carbohydrate metabolism, 133
lipid metabolism, 133
overview, 1.34-135
oxidation state, 133-134
psi hormonal signaling, 133
taxonomy, 123-124
teleomorphs, 124
Aspergillus flai-its, I ^ -137
Aspergillus fumigatus
asexuality and, 135-136
genome sequence data, 136
MAT genes, 135-139
transgenic /VLATstrain, 41
Aspergillus nidulans
GprD receptor, 40
homothallism, 42, 43
outcrossing, 45
sexual cycle as a selection arena, 531
Aspergillus niger, 135-138
Aspergillus oryzae, 135-139
,4X7./, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 76
B
Basalfungi, 407-415
Chytridiomycota, 409-411
Dikarya compared, 414
importance of, 407-409
Microsporidia, 413
Zygomycota, 411-413, 431-141
Basidiomycetes, See also specific species
cell identity control, 66-70
cost of sex, 529-530
dikaryon in, 333-335
life cycle, 20
male and female functions, 334-335
mating-type loci
cloning, 318-319, 323-324
organization and synteny, 317-318
MAT (mating-type locus), evolution of,
19-32
Coprinellus disseminatus, 26
Coprinopsis cinerea, 24—25
Cryptococcus neoformans, 27-30
homeodomain locus, 22
Microbotryum violaceum, 27
multiallelic bipolar basidiomycetes,
26-27
pheromone/receptor locus, 21
Pholiata nameko, 26
recombination, 29-30, 31
Schizopbyllum cammune, 25—26
Sporisorium reiliamtm, 23-24, 25
tetrapolar maring System, 20, 22—23
transitions between heterothallic and
homothallic cycles, 30—32
Ustilago hordei, 26—27
Vstilago maydis, 22—24
phylogeny, 318-319, 323-324
regularion of mating in, 20—21
sexual cycles
heterothailic fungi with homothallic life
cycles, 47-50
heterothallism, diagram of, 36
primary homothallism, 47
secondary homothallism, 46-47
Batrachachytrium dendrobatidis, 409, 410
Bensaude, Mathilde, 283
BGl.l ß-glucosidase gene, 96
Biotilm formation, by Candida albicans,
223-224,225
Bipolaris sacchari, MAT locus of, 101-103
Birth-and-death model, 423
Blakeslea trispora, 413, 434^(39
Blastocladiella variabilis, 411
Botryotinia fuckeliana, 108
Botrytis, MAT locus, 14
Bottlenecks, in Glomeromycota, 420—421
Bremia, 446, 449, 450
Buller phenomenon, 337-338, 345, 529
Camptothecin, 409
Candida
CUG codon reassignment, 237
evolution of MAT locus, 8-13, 235-242
MTL locus structure in, 240-242
phylogeny, 235-237
teleomorphs, 237
Candida albicans
Candida dubliniensis, in vitro mating
with, 229
cell identity control, 62-64
centromere structure, 193-194
mating-type regulation, 79-87
asg regulon evolution, 85-87
regulatory circuit, 81-85
Saccbaromyces cerevisiae compared,
81-87
white-opaque switching and, 80-81,
82-83, 84-85
MAT locus, 79-80
MTL locus
discovery of, 62, 216
evolution and structure of, 240-241
heterozygosity and virulence, 224-228
white-opaque switching and, 216-217,
222, 223
overview of mating in, 79-80
recombination, 215, 216
Saccharomyces cerevisiae compared, 216,
217,220-222
Sir proteins in, 192
white-opaque switching, 63-64, 80-81,
82-83,84-85,217-224
biofilm formation, 223-224, 225
featuresof, 218-219
reasons for, 222-223
temperarure and, 219-220
Candida dubliniensis
Candida albicans, in vitro mating with,
229
switching and mating in, 228-229
Candida glabrata
MAT and genome comparison in
hemiascomycetes, 250-257
mating in, 230-231
AMT locus, 5, 6, 7, 8
Saccharomyces cerevisiae compared,
230-231,240
siiencing of mating-type loci, 194
Sir proteins in, 192, 194
Candida guilliermondii (teleomorph Pichia
guilliermondü), 239-240, 241, 242
Candida knisei (teleomorph Issatchenkia
orientalisIPichia kudriavzevii), 240
Candida lusitaniae (teleomorph Clavispora
lusitaniae), 237-239, 241, 242
Candida parapsilosis, 215, 229-230, 241,
242, 258
Carbohydrate metabolism, in Emericella
nidulans, 133
ß-Carotene, 434-436, 439
Cell identity, MAT locus and, 59-70
ascomycetes, 60-66
Candida albicans, 62—64
Cochliobolus heterostrophus, 64-65
Neurospora crassa, 65-66
Podospora anseria, 65
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 60-61
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 61-62
asidiomycetes
Coprino cinerea, 66-68
Cryptococcus neoformans, 69-70
Ustilago maydis, 66, 67
basidiomycetes, 66-70
overview, 59-60
cenH, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 190
Ceratocystis coerulescens, 108
Chaetocladium brefeldi, 409
Chaetocladium jonesii, 434
Chimerism, in Glomeromycota
formation, general principles of, 425
overview, 424—425
in parasexual cycle, 426
resource partitioning mechanisms, 425-426
vegetative, 426
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 496, 516
Choanephora cucurbitarum, 433,437—438
Chromocrea spinulosa, 107-108
Chromosomal rearrangements, 509
Chytridiomycetes
diseases caused by, 409
sexual mechanisms, 409—411
Chytriomyces hyalinus, 410
cla4 gene, 320, 322-323, 325, 327
Clr4, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe,
190-191
Coccidioides, MAT locus, 14
Cochliobolus
mating-type structure and function,
95-107
conserved motifs in MATl-1-1 and
MAT1-2-1, 107
conversion self-compatible to self-
incompatible, 105-107
conversion self-incompatible to self-
compatible, 105
phylogenetic and structurai analyses,
104
self-compatible species, 99-101
self-incompatible species, 95-98
MAT locus
evolution, 15
structure, 14, 15
primary homothallism, 42
reproductive biology of, 96
Sordaria compared, 174
transgenic MAT strains, 41
Cochliobolus carbonum, 97-98
Cochliobolus cymbopogonis, 99-101, 102
Index
537
Cochliobolus ellisii, 99-101
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
cell identity control, 64-65
MAT locus, structure/organization of,
95-97, 99-101
transgenic studies with Cochliobolus
luttrellii, 105-107
Cochliobolus homomorphus, 99-101, 102,
104
Cochliobolus kusanoi, 99-100, 102
Cochliobolus luttrellii, 99-101, 102, 104,
105-107
Cochliobolus victoriae, 97-98
Coelotnotnyces psorophorae, 411
Concerted evolution of rDNA, 423-424
Coniochaeta tetraspora, 107-108
Conjugation tube formation, Ustilago may-
dis, 371-372
con mutation, in Schizophyllum conimune,
271
Coprinellus disseminatus, 26, 320, 321,
323-324
Coprinopsis cinerea
cell identity control, 66-68
homeodomain locus, 22, 24—25
life cycle, 284-285
mating-type genes, 285—296
AMBM (Amut Bmut) strains, 294-296
cloningof, 318-319
comparison of sequenced, 288
evolution of, 291-293
mutations, 293-296, 324
organization of, 286, 287, 319,
321-324
overview, 285-288
pheromones-receptors, 290-292
origin of multiple mating types in,
283-296
pheromone/receptor Jocus, 21
segmental duplication and evolution of
mating types in, 24-25
Coprinopsis scobicola, 319, 320
Coprinus cinereus
homothallism in, 49-50
somatic recombination, 339
COP9 signalosome, in aspergilli, 131
Corn smut disease, 351
Cost of sex, 528-530
cpcA, in aspergilli, 127
cpcB, in aspergilli, 127
Crivellia
C. papaveracea, 98
MAT locus
phylogenetic and structural analyses,
105
structure, 101, 102
Crow, J. F., 491
Croziers, 95, 172, 173
Crypkonectria parasitica
heterokaryons, 340-341
self-fertility, 108
Cryptococcus gattii, 477-486
cryptococcosis, 477-478, 484, 486
MLST (multilocus sequence typing), 481,
482, 484
phylogeny, 482-484
recombination, rnethods for detecting, 478
sexual reproducrion
basidiospore formation, 478
clinical and veterinary populations,
482-483
environmental population with both
mating types, 480
natural populations, 480, 486
Cryptococcus neoformans
cell identity control, 69-70
fitness in asexual clones, 470-473
mating interaction, 466^70
mating-type loci
organization and synteny, 322, 325
overview, 27-30
mating-type switching, 36, 47-49
mitochondrial inheritance, 326
as model System, 464
mtDNA transmission, 335
mutation accumulation, 464-466,
515-516
recombination hot spots, 341
sexual cycle of, 48
CsnD, in aspergilli, 131
CsnE, in aspergilli, 131
CUG codon reassignment, in Candida,
237
D
Debaryomyces hansenü
characteristics of, 250
MAT locus
evolution, 9
structure, 10, 11, 193, 258, 260
phylogeny of, 8, 250
Sir proteins in, 192
Dicranophora fulva, 438
Didymella rabiei, 98
Didymella zeae-maydis, 101
4-Dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase,
437, 440
4-Dihydrotrisporin dehydrogenase, 440
Dikarya
basal fungi compared to, 407, 414
Glomeromycota compared, 426
Dikaryon
in Ascomycota, 333-335
in Basidiomycota, 333—335
Buller phenomenon, 337-338
in Coprinellus cinerea, 284
Di-Mon (dikaryon-monokaryon) matings
analysis of somatic recombinants,
338-339, 340
nuclear selection in, 338
patterns of somatic recombination,
339-341
evolution and, 343—345
iife cycle Variation, 343-344
long-term changes in, 342-343
male potential, 529
mitochondrial DNA and, 335-337
nuclear escape from, 337
nuclear reassociation, 337
overview of, 333-334
in Schizophyllum commune, 268-270,
284,302-303,312
somatic recombination in, 341—342
in Ustilago maydis, 359
Diploids
adaptarion rate, 520
dikaryosis and, 343-344
evolution and, 343-345, 517
masking of deleterious mutations,
518-520
of oomycetes, 446
physiological effects of ploidy, 517-518
Ustilago maydis, 357, 370-372
Dispira americana, 409
DopA, in aspergilli, 130
Dothideomycetes, see also Cochliobolus het-
erostrophus
evolution of MAT, 12, 103-105
mating-type (MAT) locus structure, 12, 14
asexual species, 101-103
self-compatible species, 99-101
self-incomparible species, 98-99
Double-stranded break repair, in Saccha-
romyces cerevisiae MAT switching,
161-163
Downy mildew
of grape, 453^154
of sorghum, 454
Dynein moror proteins, 334
Effective population size
estimating in fungi, 202-204
Penicillium marneffei, 206, 210
in Wright-Fisher model of evolution, 202
Emericella nidulans, see also Aspergillus
nidnlans
MAT locus, 131-132
sexual development
genetics of, 126-132
morphology of, 124—125
overview of, 133-134
physiology of, 133-134
Emericella species, morphology of sexual
development, 124
Encephalitozoon cuniculi, 415
Epistasis, 509-510
Eremothecium coryli, homothallism in, 44
Euascomycetes, postfertilization functions of
mating-type genes in, 116
Eurotiomycetes, MAT locus in, 4, 12, 14
Eurotium species, morphology of sexual
development, 124
Evolution
asexual reproduction, 201-210
asg regulon, 85-87
concerted, 423-424
Glomeromycota, 419-424, 426^27
homothallism, mutations in A and B genes
and, 293-294
homothallism and heterothallism in
aspergilli, 138-139
horizontal transmission, role of, 515
maintenance of sex, 489-505
mating type in the Dothideomycetes,
103-105
mating-type locus (MAT)
ascomycetes, 3—15
basidiomycetes, 19-32
Candida species complex, 235-242
complex, 291-293
silencing in Hemiascomycetes, 189-197
mating-type switching, 36, 38-39
merits of diploidy and dikaryosis,
344-345
of ploidy, 517
Scbiiosaccharoniyces pombe, 152-154
SIS
Index
Kvolutinn (C.ontinited)
of scx, hmgal modeis and, 532
ot silencing at rhc m.uing-rype loci in
Hcmiascomycetes, IK9-I97
l'voiutionarv diit.iucc, between Ustilago
hordei and Ustibiio maydis, 399-400
FadA, in aspergilli, I2X
Filamentous ascomycetes, cell identity con-
trol, 64-66
Hlnbasidiella dcpauperata, 49
Fishcr, R. A., 490-491
Fisher-Muller theory, 491, 492, 495
Fission yeast, see Schizosaccharomyces
pombe
Fkhl, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 165-166,
167
FMR I, in Podospora anserina, 109-1 15
FphA, in aspergilli, 126
FPRl, in Podospora anserina, 109-115
Frequency-dependent selection, 492-493
Fungal Trec of Life (AFTOL) projecr, 415
Generic" drift, role in evolution of asexuality,
202
Getieftes o/ Sexuality in Higher tungi
(Raper), 26",' 268, M3, 461
Genome duplication, 520-521
Gihberella species
homothallism, 42
MAT locus, 15
Gilbertella persicaria, 438
Git3, in Scbizosaccharomyces pombe, 147
Glomerella species, MAT locus in, 14
Glomeromycota. 419-427
chimensm
formation, general principles of, 425
overview, 424-425
in parasexual cycle, 426
resource partitioning mechanisins,
425-426
vegetative, 426
evolution and, 419-424, 426-427
multigenomic strueture, 424—426
muldnucleate spore srrueture, 426—427
phyiogeny of PLSI variants, 422
polymorphism, intraindividual, 420-421,
' 424
ribosomal DNA (rDNA), 420, 423-425
spores as Surrogate individuals in studies
of, 419-420
Glomus caledonium, 423, 424
Clomus claroideum, 424
Glomus etunicatum, 421—422, 424
Glomus geosporwn, 422, 424
Glomus intraradices, 415, 421-422
Glomus mosseae, 424, 426
ß-Glucosidase gene, 99
Gpal, in Schizosaccharomyces pomhe, 147
GpgA, in aspergilli, 128
gprA, in aspergiili, 128
gprB, in aspergilii, 128
gprC, D, E. G, K genes, in aspergilli, 40,
129-130
Grape, downy müdew of, 453—454
H
Hjploids, adaptation rate and, 520
Hi'beloma crustuliniforme, 337
HF.Gs (homing endunuclease genes), 8
Hemiascomycetes
evolution of silencing at macing-type loci,
189-197
MAT and genome comparisons, 247-261
conservation of synteny, 256
gene identification, 249-251
HO endonudease, 257-258
M/^Tand silenced cassettes, 251-257
multiple sequence alignments, 252-253
overvievv, 258-261
species with multiple MAT loci,
249-258
species with Single MAT locus, 258
phyiogeny of, 191
Heterobasidion annosum, 337
Heterochromatin, silencing of storage cas-
settes in Schizosaccharomyces pombe,
151-152
Heterokaryosis
chimerism and, 425
in Glomeromycota, 420—421
in parasexual cycle, 426
Heterothallic-homothallic transitions, see
Mating-type switching
Heterothallism
defined, 35, 462
homothallism transition, 30—32, 35-53
in Mucorales, 411—412
oomycetes, 446, 447
recognition and karyogamy in
ascomycetes, 94
in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 145
Ustilago maydis, discovery in, 354
Heterozygosity, of MAT alleles, 518
HMG-domain proteins, 10, 13, 15
Ho endonuclease
acquisition of gene, 7-8, 38
in hemiascomycetous yeasts, 257-258
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 37-38,
161-163,231,514
silencing of HML and HMR cassettes and,
37-38
Homeodomain locus, in basidiomycetes,
22
Homing endonuclease genes (HEGs), 8
Homobasidiomycetes
cost of sex, 529-530
internuclear recognition in, 114
MAT loci organization, 324—325
Homokaryosis, in Glomeromycota, 420-421
Homothallism
defined, 35, 462
heterothallism transition, 30-32, 35-51
mechanisms of, 35
in Mucorales, 411-412
mutations in A and ß genes and evolution
of, 293-294
oomycetes, 446-448
outcrossing, 45
primary
ascomycetes, 41-45
MAT absence, 44-45
one MAT idiomorph in genome,
43-44
tvvo MAT idiomorphs in same
genome, 41-43
in basidiomycetes, 47
pseudohomothallism, 39, 40
recognition and karyogamy in
ascomycetes, 94
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 37-38, 514
secondary, 529-530
in ascomycetes, 39
in basidiomycetes, 46-47
overview, 39
Sordaria macrospora, 171-184
in Zygomycetes, 434
Hook cell formation, 334
Hstlp, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 196
Hydrophobins, 334
I
Inbreeding, in natural yeast populations,
508-509
Internuclear recognition model, 112-114
Introns, 511-512, 515
Irpex lacteus, 320, 322-323
Isogamy, 528-529
K
KAR4 gene, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
164-165
Kimura, xVL, 491
Kluyveromyces lactis
asg (a-speeifie gene) regulation, 85
MAT and genome comparison in
hemiascomycetes, 250-257
mating-type switching, 38, 195
MAT locus strueture, 5, 6, 7, 8
silencing of mating-type loci, 194—195
Sir proteins in, 192, 193, 195
Kluyveromyces thermotolerans, 249-256,
258'
Kluyveromyces ivaltü
characteristics of, 250
genome duplication, 520
HO gene absence, 258
mating-type locus, 193, 250-256
phyiogeny of, 250
sequence identity boxes, 255
Kniep, Hans, 283-284
Leotiomycetes, MAT locus in, 14
Leptosphaeria biglobosa, 98
Leptosphaeria maculans, 98
Linkage, of mating-type loci in mushroom
fungi, 317-328
Linkage disequilibria, 528
Lipid metabolism, in Emericella nidulans,
133
Lodderomyces elongispoms, 45
Loss-of funetion mutations in mating-type
loci, 202
isdA, in aspergilli, 127
M
Magnaporthe grisea, MAT locus in, 5, 14
Male sterility, 336-337
MAPK, see Mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK)
Index
539
Mating Inhibition factors (MIFs), in Ustilago
hordei, 393
Mating-type-like (MTL) locus, in Candida
albicans, 62-64, 216-217, 222-228,
240-241
Mating-type locus (MAT) locus
Alternaria alternata, 102-103
in aspergilli, 131-132, 136-139
basdiomycetes
cloning MAT genes, 318-319, 323-324
organization and synteny, 317-318
in Candida species complex, 8-13,
235-242
cell identity control, 59-70
ascomycetes, 60-66
basidiomycetes, 66—70
in hemiascomycetous yeast genomes,
247-261
Kluyveromyces lactis, 5, 6, 7, 8, 194-195
Kluyveromyces waltii, 193, 250-256
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 37-38,
76-78
in sexual Aspergillns spp., 136-139
in Ustilago hordei, 392^101
Mating-type locus (MAT) locus, evolution of
ascomycetes
Candida species, 8-13
filamentous ascomycetes
(Pezizomycotina), 13-15
HMG domain protein function, 10, 13
HO endonuclease gene, 7-8
Saccharomyces lineage, 5—8
basidiomycetes, 19-32
Coprinellus disseminatus, 16
Coprinopsis einerea, 24-25
Cryptococcus neoformans, 27-30
homeodomain locus, 22
Microbotryum violaceum, 27
multiallelic bipolar basidiomycetes,
26-27
pheromone/reeeptor locus, 21
Pholiata nameko, 26
recombination, 29-30, 31
Schizophyllum commune, 25-26
Sporisorium reilianum, 23-24, 25
tetrapolar mating System, 20, 22-23
transitions between heterothaiiic and
homothallic cycles, 30—32
Ustilago hordei, 26-17
Ustilago maydis, 22-24
Mating-type regulation
Candida albicans, 79-87
evolution of, 75-76
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 75-78
Mating-type switching
in ascomycetes, 39—46
in basidiomycetes, 46-50
in Candida albicans, 63—64
cell identity control and, 61, 63-64
in Cryptococcus neoformans, 36, 47-49
in Kluyveromyces lactis, 195
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 36. 37-38,
78, 159-168
donor preference, genetic control of,
163-167
donor preference, microscopic analysis
of, 167-168
gene conversion, 161-162
microscopic analysis of, 162-163
overview, 159-161
RE (recombinarion enhancer), 163-J67
in Saccharomyces lineage, 6-7
in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 61, 145,
147-151
secondary homothallism, 39, 46-47
in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 38-39
Maynard Smith, John, 491
Mcml
in Candida albicans, 85
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 77-78, 165
in Sordaria macrospora homologue,
182-183
MedA, in aspergilli, 130
Mei2, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 147,
153
Mei3, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 147
Meiosis
meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA
(MSUD), 118'
Ustilago maydis, 358-359
mib (metalloendopeptidase) gene, 319-321,
323,325-327
Microbotryum violaceum, 27, 47, 390-391,
398, 400
Microsporidia, sex in, 413
MIFs (mating inhibition factors), in Ustilago
hordei, 393
Mitochondria
basdiomycetes mating-type loci and,
326-327326
cytoplasmic mixing, 335-336
epistasis, 509-510
male sterility and, 336-337
mosaics, 336
recombination, 335—336
rejuvenation of, 531
slow movement in matings, 336
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
in aspergilli, 129
in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 146-147
in Ustilago maydis, 371-372, 377,
381-383
MLMT (multilocus microsatellite typing), of
Penicillium marneffei, 205
MLST (multilocus sequence typing)
of Cryptococcus gattii, 481, 482
of Penicillium marneffei, 204-205
Mortierella species, 413, 435
Motor proteins, dynein, 334
Mucorales
mating in, 411-413
mycoparasitism, 409
trisporoid, 434-439
zygospore dormancy, lack of, 408
Mucor amphibiorum, 409
Mucor circinelloides, 415, 440
Mucor hiemalis. 438
Mucor mucedo, 409, 413, 415, 431-432,
434-435,437-440
Mucor piriformis, 409, 438
Mucor pusillus, 440
Muller's ratchet, 491-492
Multilocus genotyping, of Penicillium
marneffei,204-205
Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT), of
Penicillium marneffei, 205
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST)
of Cryptococcus gattii, 481, 482
of Penicillium marneffei, 204-205
Mushroom fungi; see also Basidiomycetes;
Homobasidiomycetes; speeifie species
mating-type loci, organization and synteny
of, i 17-328
Mutation aecumulation, 464-466, 515-516
Mutations
evolution of asexualiry and, 202
in Glomeromycota, 420, 426^27
masking and purging deleterious, 518-520
Muller's ratchet, 491-492
Mutualistic symbiosis, 419
Mycosphaerella graminicola, 98
Mycosphaerella zeae-maydis, 101
Mycotypha africana, 432
N
Natural selection, role in evolution of asexu-
ality, 202
NEJ1, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 76
Nematospora coryli, homothallism in, 44
Neocallimastix sp., 410
Neosartorya species
morphology of sexual development, 124
N. fischeri'.AI, A3
Neurospora africana, 40-41, 44
Neurospora crassa
cell identity control, 65-66
immunity to MSUD (meiotic silencing by
unpaired DNA), 118
mating, 39-41
nucleus-restricted expression, 113
postfertilization funcrions of mating-type
genes, 116
Sordaria macrospora cornpared, 171-177,
179-184
Neurospora terricola, 44
Neurospora tetrasperma, 171
NosA, in aspergilli, 130-131
Nosema locustae, 415
noxA gene, in Emericella nidulans, 133-134
NsdD, in aspergilli, 130
Nuclear migration
into ascogenous hyphae, 112
internuclear recognition model,
112-114
random segregation model, 114—115
Buller phenomenon, 337-338
male srerility and, 336—337
motive force for, 334
Schizophyllum commune, 268, 269. 302,
304^305
Nucleolar Organizer regions (NORs), 423
o
Oomycetes, 445-455
cytology of mating, 446-448
gene expression during mating, 450
genetic basis of mating behavior, 449-450
importance of, 445-446
mating hormones, 450
oospores
disease transmission, role in, 451
germination of, 448
as survival struetures, 450-451
S40
Index
Oomycetes, (Continued)
pathology
downy mildew of grape, 453-454
late blight of potato, 451-452
Phytophthora capsici blights, 452-453
Phytophthora sojae root and stem rot,
453
sorghum downy mildew, 454
taxonomy, 446
Oospores
disease transmission, role in, 451
germination of, 448
as survival structures, 450
Orclp, 195-196
Outcrossing, in natural yeast populations,
508-509
Oxidation State and hyphal differentiation,
133-134
Oxysterol binding protein, in Candida albi-
cans, 62, 63
pab (para-aminobenzoic acid) gene, 319,
321, 324, 340
Papazian, Haig, 284
Parasexual cycle, 426
Parasitella parasitica, 409, 413, 432, 434,
437, 440
Parasitic DNA
coevolution and domestication of, 513-515
sex and, 510-513
Patl protein, in Schizosaccharomyces
pombe, 148, 153
PCR, cloning MAT using direct amplifica-
tion, 323-324
Penicillium marneffei
biology of, 204
effective population size, 206, 210
evolutionary trajectory, 209—210
multilocus genotyping, 204-205
reproduction, 207-209
spatial components of genetic diversity,
205-206
Peronosclerospora sorghi, 454
Peronospora destructor, 451
Peronospora farinosa, 448
Petromyces species, morphoiogy of sexual
development in, 124
Pezizomycotina, mating-type locus in, 13-15
Phaeosphaeria nodorum, 98
Phanerochaete chrysosporium, 320,
321-324, 327
Pheromone/receptor Systems
in aspergilli, 127-128
in basidiomycetes, 21
Candida albicans, 84, 220-223
Chytridiomycetes, 411
Coprinellus ctnerea, 290—292
Coprinopsis cinerea, 66—68
Cryptococcus neofortnans, 69-70
Dikarya and basal fungi compared, 414
Mucorales, 413
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 76, 301-302
Schizophyllum commune
characterization of pheromones,
305-307
determinants of recognition by
receptors, 307-309
discovery of, 304
gene nomenclature, 304
nuclear migration, role in, 304-305
number of, 286, 302
pheromone precursor sequences, 289,
290
role in B-regulated mating processes,
311-313
yeast studies, 309-310
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 61-62,
146-148
signaling, in smut fungi, 381-383
Sordaria macrospora, 179-180
trisporic acid, 434-439
Ustilago maydis, 66, 67, 367-372
phoA, in aspergilli, 127
Pholiota natneko, 26, 324
Phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase, in Candida
albicans, 62, 63
Phycomyces blakesleeanus, 412-413, 415,
432-433, 435, 438-440
Phylogenetic tree of the fungal kingdom, 408
Phytophthora cactorum, 448
Phytophthora capsici, 452-453
Phytophthora infestans, 445, 447-452, 454
Phytophthora parasitica, 449
Phytophthora phaseoli, 450
Phytophthora sojae, 453
Phytophthora species, 445-447, 449-451
Pichia angusta, 250, 258, 260
Piromyces species, 415
PlasmidDNA, 510
Plasmopara, 446
Plasmopara viticola, 453
Pleurotus djamor, 320, 321-324
Ploidy, physiological effects of, 517-518
Pneumocystis carinii
homothallism, 44
mating-type loci organization and synteny,
322
Podospora anserina
cell identity control, 65
mating-type structure and function,
109-117
control of fertilization, 111
internuclear recognition model,
112-114
mating-type structure, 109
mutations, phenotype of, 110
nucleus migration into hyphae, 112
postfertilization developmental steps
during fruiting-body formation,
109-111
postfertilization functions of mating-
type genes, 116-117
random segregation model, 114-115
MAT locus
Cochliobolus heterostrophus compared,
41
gene mutations, 109-111
structure/organization, 97, 109
pseudohomothallism, 171
senescence in, 531
Sordaria macrospora mating-type genes in,
176-178
Poly(A) polymerase, in Candida albicans, 62,
63
Polymorphism, intraindividual in Glomero-
mycota, 420-421, 424
Polyphagus euglenae, 410
Population size, effective
estimating in fungi, 202-204
Penicillium marneffei, 206, 210
in Wright-Fisher model of evolution, 202
Potato, late blight of, 451-452
ppgA, in aspergilli, 127-128
ppgB, in aspergilli, 128
ppgl/ppgZ, in Sordaria macrospora,
179-180,184
ppoA gene, 133
preß, in aspergilli, 128
prellprel, in Sordaria macrospora,
179-180, 184
Promoters, in Schizophyllum commune, 276
Pseudohomothallism, 39, 40, 171
Psi hormonal signaling, in Emericella nidu-
lans, 133
Pyrenopeziza, 14
Pyrenopeziza brassicae, 98
Pyrenophora teres, 98
Pythium, 446^449
Pythium aphanidermatum, 448
R
Radiomyces spectabilis, 410
Random drift, 493
Random segregation model, 114-115
Raper, Carlene (Cardy), 267, 272, 301, 310,
338
Raper, John, 267-268, 270-273, 276-278,
280,283,304,310,333,461
Raplp, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
189-190
Rasl, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 147
rDNA, concerted evolution of, 423-424
Receptors, see Pheromone/receptor Systems
Recombination
in basidiomycetes, 29-30, 31
evolution of MAT and, 29-30
mitochondrial DNA, 336
outcrossing, 508
Recombination enhancer (RE), in Saccha-
romyces cerevisiae, 163-167
Red Queen hypothesis, 492-493
Regulation of mating-type
Candida albicans, 79-87
evolution of, 75-76
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 75-78
Retrotransposition, 512
Rhizopus oryzae, 415, 434, 440
Rhizopus sexualis, 438
Rhizopus stolonifer, 440
R1TS (RNA-induced transcriptional silenc-
ing), 190
RME1, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 16
RosA, in aspergilti, 130-131
Ruml, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 146
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Candida albicans compared, 216, 217,
220-222
Candida glabrata compared, 230-231,
240
cell identity control, 60-61
ceil types, 76
centrornere structure, 193
chromosomal rearrangements, 509
genome duplication, 520-521
Index
541
Ho endonuclease, 514
life cycle, 497
maintenance of sex experiments, 497
mating-type regulation, 75-78
asg expression, 77-78
Candida albicans compared, 81-87
hsg expression, 78
mating-type switching, 78
regulatory circuit, 81, 82
asg expression, 78
transcriptional switching, 78
mating-type switching
donor preference, genetic control of,
163-167
donor preference, microscopic analysis
of, 167-168
gene conversion, 161-162
microscopic analysis of, 162-163
overview, 36, 37-38, 78, 159-161, 514
RE (recombination enhancer), 163-167
MAT \oci
evolution of, 514—515
MAT and genome comparison in
hemiascomycetes, 250-257
mitochondria and, 326
pheromone-receptor System, 301-302
phylogeny, 191
regulation of mating type in, 247, 249
sexual cycle of an ho mutant of, 248
silencingin, 78, 189-190
spoll spol3 System, 500-503
whole genome duplication, 191
Saccharomyces kluyveri, 250, 258
Saccharomyces lineage, evolution of mating-
type cassettes in, 5-8
Saccharomyces pastoriamts, 500
sakA, in Emericelia nidulans, 130
Schizophyllum commune
A genes
classical genetics studies, 302-304
doning oi Aa, 277-278
flanking genes and boundanes, 277
isolation of, 271-274
mutations, 271, 293
number of alleles, 270-271
overview, 270, 274
Promoter regions, 276
Y and Z gene products, 274-276
ß genes
arrangement of, 305
classical genetics studies, 302-304
evolution of, 291
gene products, 304
isolation of, 278-280, 304
mutations, 271, 293, 294, 310-311,
324
number of alleles, 270-271, 286
overview, 270
pheromone signaling and, 311-313
recombination, 287-288
classical genetics studies, 302—304
flat phenotype, 284, 303
life cycle, 268-270, 284
mating process, 302
mating-type loci
A genes, 270-278
B genes, 270-271, 278-280
doning of, 277-278, 318-319
discovery of, 283-284
historical perspective, 267-280
mutations, 271, 293, 294, 310-311,
324
organization and synteny of, 319,
321-322,324-325
Promoter regions, 276
origin of multiple mating types in,
283-296
overview, 25-26
pheromones/receptors
characterization of pheromones,
305-307
determinants of recognition by
receptors, 307-309
discovery of, 304
gene nomenclature, 304
nuclear migration, role in, 304-305
number of, 286, 302
pheromone precursor sequences, 289,
290
role in B-regulated mating processes,
311-313
yeast studies, 309-310
somatic recombination, 339-341
Schizosaccharomyces kambucha, 152
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
cell identity control, 61-62
centromere structure, 193
evolution, 152-154
heterothallic strains, 145
homothallk switch, 147-148
life cycle, overview of, 143-144
mating-type switching, 145, 147-151
bias of donor cassette choice,
150-151
copy transposition from matlß to
mall, 149-151
imprinting matl DNA, 148-149
overview, 38-39
silencing of storage cassettes mat2 and
maxi, 151-152
mal region, organization of, 144-145
pheromone communication, 146-148
silencingin, 190-191
Sir proteins in, 192
transcriptional regulation, 145-146
Sclerotinia trifolium, 108
Scutellospora castanea, 423, 424-425
Scutellospora gregarta, 423
Scutellospora pellucida, 423, 424-425
SDSA (synthesis-dependent Strand anneal-
mg), 161
Selection
antagonism berween sexual and natural
selection, 515-517
frequency-dependent, 492-493
natural selection role in evolution of
asexuality, 202
Septoria passerinii, 98, 103
Sex Inducer genes, of Cryptococctis neofor-
mans. 69-70
Sex (sexual reproduction)
cost of, 201-202, 465-470, 528-530
epistasis and, 509-510
evolutionary implications of, 527-528,
5iZ
ioss of, 464
maintenance of
Crow and Kimura and, 491
experiments on, 494—505
Fisher and Muller, 490-491, 495
Maynard Smith and, 491
Mu'ller's ratchet, 491^92
Red Queen hypothesis, 492^93
Weismann and, 490, 493
in natural populations in Cryptococcus
gattii, 477-486
in natural yeast populations, 508-509
oomycetes, 445—455
parasitic DNA and, 510
quantitative nature of, 464
survival structure production, 531
Sexual fitness, 465
Sexual selection, antagonism with natural
(vegetative) selection, 515-517
SfaD, in aspergilli, 128
Sikyospore, 434
Silencing of mating-type loci, 189-197
Candida glabrata, 194
comparative genomics of, 190-191,
192-194"
evolution of silenced chromatin,
196-197
Kluyveromyces lactis, 194-195
overview, 189
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 189-190
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 190-191
Sir proteins, role of, 192-196
whole-genome duplication, impact of.
195-196
Silent mating cassettes
defects in, 61
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 36. 37-38,
61, 78
in Saccharomyces lineage, 6-7
Sirenin, 411
Sir proteins
functions of, 192-194, 195-196
hemiascomycetes phylogeny and, 191
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 37, 189-190
where they act, 193-194
Sistotrema brinkmannii, homothallism and,
47
SMIP gene, in Schizophyllum commune, 27"
SMR1, in Podospora anserina, 109, 111,
113-114, 116-117
SMR2, in Podospora anserina. 109-115
Smut fungi
bipolar and tetrapolar mating Systems,
389^01
mating-type loci
evolutionary history, 400-401
functional analysis of, 393—394
future studies and quesrions, 400-401
genomic analysis, 396—398
Identification of, 392-393
organization of, 394-396
mating-type loci organization. 378-381
overview, 377-378. 390-391
pheromone-controlled signaling cascade,
381-385
phytopathogenesis, 389-390, 391,
398-400
Somatic recombination
in dikaryons. 341—342
Di-Mon matings, 338-341
Sordaria brevtcollis, 45—46, 175
Sordarta fimicola, outcrossing of, 45
542
Index
Sordaria macrospora, 171-184
lifecycle, 171-172, 173
mating-type genes into Podospora
anserina, 41
mating-type locus
fruiting-body development and,
176-179 '
interaction network of mating-type
proteins, 181-184
mating-type-dependent gene expression,
179-181
pheromone/pheromone receptor System,
179-180
phylogenetic analysis, 174-175
SMTa-1, 177, 180-184
structure of, 172—174
transcriptional expression, 175
transgenic studies in Podospora
anserina, 176-178
Mcml homologue, 182-183
Neurospora crassa compared, 171-177,
179-184
outcrossing, 45
phylogeny, 171
primary homothallism, 42
STE12 homologue, 183-184
Sordariomycetes, MAT locus in, 4, 12-15
Sorghum downy mildew, 454
SPB1 gene, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
164-165
Spore trapping, 335
Sporisorium reilianum, 23-24, 25, 370,
378-380
spoll spol3 system, 500-503
STE2, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 76
STE3
in Candida albicans, 83
homologs in basidiomycetes, 322—324
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 76
Stel 1, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe,
145-147
STE12
in Candida albicans, 84
in Cryptococcus and Pneumocystis, 322
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 77, 84
Sordaria macrospora homologue,
183-184
Stemphylium
MAT locus
phylogenetic and structural analyses,
104-105
structure, 101, 102, 103
primary homothallism, 42
Sordaria compared, 174
Stml, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 147
StuA, in aspergilli, 130
Suml, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 196
Swi4/6, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
165-166,167'
Swi6, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe,
190-191
Swi5-Swi2, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe,
151
Symbiosis, mutualistic, 419
Synteny, of mating-type loci in mushroom
fungi, 317-328
Synthesis-dependent Strand annealing
(SDSA), 161
Syzigites megalocarpus, 438
TALE (three-amino-acid loop extension)
homeobox, in Schizophyllum com-
mune, 276, 277
Telomeric silencing, 38, 190, 193
Tetrapolar mating Systems, 20, 22-23,
317-318
Thamnidium elegans, 438
TOS9, in Candida albicans, 218-220
Transcriptional regulatory circuit
Candida albicans, 79-87
evolution of, 75-76
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 75-78
Transposable elements
MAT loci and, 400
as parasitic DNA, 512-514
Trisporic acid
biosynthesis pathway, 436
diversity in signaling by, 435
overview, 413, 434—435
physiological aspects of signaling,
437-439
tspl gene, 437, 440
tspl gene, 440
Tvvofold cost of sex, 528
Ty elements, 512-514
u
Ustilaginales, bipolar and tetrapolar mating
Systems in, 389^01
Ustilago hordei
evolution, 26—27
mating-type loci, 378-381
functional analysis of, 393-394
genomic analysis, 396—398
identification of, 392-393
organization of, 394-396
sex chromosomes, 399, 400
transposable elements, 400
overview, 390
pathogenesis of, 391
Ustilago maydis compared, 399-401
Ustilago maydis, 351-372
a locus, 367-372
cloning and molecular genetic analysis,
367-372
organization and functional/
evolutionary implications, 378-381
overview, 355-357
b locus, 358-367
bmut alleles, 358-359, 365
cloning and molecular genetic analysis,
359-367
meiosis, role in, 358—359
organization and
functional/evolutionary implications,
378-381
overview, 355-356
cell identity control, 66, 67
evolutionary distance from Ustilago
hordei', 399-400
general features, 351-352
genomic analysis of mating System,
396-398
heterothallism, 354
homeodomain locus, 22-23
life cycle, 352
mating incompatibility, genetic basis of,
355-357
MAT loci
mitochondria and, 326
nomenclature, 21, 22
pheromone-controlled signaling cascade
bE/bW heterodimer, targets of, 383-385
components, 22—23, 381
genes and processes controlled by,
381-383
sexual/pathogenic development,
383-385
repetitive DNA, 399, 400
segregation analysis, 353-354
sex factors, 354-355
Sporisorium reilianum compared, 23-24
sterility factor, 355
V
VDE, 515
VeA, in aspergilli, 126-127
Vegetative chimerism, 426
Vegetative fitness, 470-473
Vegetative (natural) selection, antagonism
with sexual selection, 515-517
Virus, transmission via spores, 531-532
w
Weismann, August, 489, 490, 493
White-opaque switching in Candida
albicans, 80-81, 82-83, 84-85
Williams, G. C, 493
WOR1, in Candida albicans, 82-83, 85,
218-220
Wright-Fisher model of evolution, 202
Yarrowia lipolytica, 61, 193, 250, 258, 260
Zygomycetes, 431-441
diseases caused by, 431, 434
genetics of sexual differentiation, 439—441
mating-type System, 434
sexual mechanisms in, 411—413
sexual morphogenesis, 431^433
trisporic acid
biosynthesis pathway, 436
diversity in signaling by, 435
overview, 434-435
physiological aspects of signaling,
437-439
Zygorhizidium planktonicum, 410, 411
Zygorhynchus heterogamus, 435, 437
Zygorhynchus macrocarpus, 438
Zygorhynchus moelleri, 435, 438
Zygorhynchus species, 434
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, 249—256, 257
Zygotropism, 432 |
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| dewey-ones | 571 - Physiology & related subjects |
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| discipline | Biologie |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV022969028 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:07:47Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:08:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1555814212 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2007017650 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016173299 |
| oclc_num | 123955109 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-20 |
| physical | XXV, 542 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | ASM Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Sex in fungi molecular determination and evolutionary implications edited by Joseph Heitman ... [et al.] Washington, D.C. ASM Press c2007 XXV, 542 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes index. Evolution Fungi Reproduction Fungi genetics Fungi physiology Genes, Mating Type, Fungal Reproduction, Asexual Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd rswk-swf Pilze (DE-588)4046076-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Pilze (DE-588)4046076-9 s Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 s DE-604 Heitman, Joseph Sonstige oth http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0716/2007017650.html Table of contents only HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016173299&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Sex in fungi molecular determination and evolutionary implications Evolution Fungi Reproduction Fungi genetics Fungi physiology Genes, Mating Type, Fungal Reproduction, Asexual Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd Pilze (DE-588)4046076-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054684-6 (DE-588)4046076-9 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Sex in fungi molecular determination and evolutionary implications |
| title_auth | Sex in fungi molecular determination and evolutionary implications |
| title_exact_search | Sex in fungi molecular determination and evolutionary implications |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Sex in fungi molecular determination and evolutionary implications |
| title_full | Sex in fungi molecular determination and evolutionary implications edited by Joseph Heitman ... [et al.] |
| title_fullStr | Sex in fungi molecular determination and evolutionary implications edited by Joseph Heitman ... [et al.] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sex in fungi molecular determination and evolutionary implications edited by Joseph Heitman ... [et al.] |
| title_short | Sex in fungi |
| title_sort | sex in fungi molecular determination and evolutionary implications |
| title_sub | molecular determination and evolutionary implications |
| topic | Evolution Fungi Reproduction Fungi genetics Fungi physiology Genes, Mating Type, Fungal Reproduction, Asexual Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd Pilze (DE-588)4046076-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Evolution Fungi Reproduction Fungi genetics Fungi physiology Genes, Mating Type, Fungal Reproduction, Asexual Sexualität Pilze Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0716/2007017650.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016173299&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT heitmanjoseph sexinfungimoleculardeterminationandevolutionaryimplications |