Brijuni: prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština
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| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Croatian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Zagreb
Golden Marketing - Tehnička Knjiga
2006
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 223 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789532122480 |
Internformat
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| 264 | 1 | |a Zagreb |b Golden Marketing - Tehnička Knjiga |c 2006 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137185389051904 |
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| adam_text | Sadržaj
Predgovor
______________________________________
UVOD
-
PRIRODNE I KULTURNE OSOBITOSTI
______________
JURSia PARK I PRAPOVIJESNO NASELJE NA RTU GROMAČE.
HISTARSKE GRADINE
________________________________________
RIMSKI POSJED OD REPUBLIKE DO KASNE ANTIKE
SENATORSKA
PORODICA LEKANIJA (LAECANII)
______
GOSPODARSTVO BRIJUNA
_________________________
Kamenolomi
_____________________________________
Solane
__________________________________________
Proizvodnja vina i maslinova ulja u ranomu Carstvu
VILLAE RUSTICAE
___________________________
Villa rustica
na lokalitetu Kolci
(Monte Collisi)
.
Villa rustica
u uvali
Madona
(uvala Dobrika)
__
Villa rustica
u uvali Verige
(Val Catena)
ViUa rustica
u uvali Sv. Nikole na Malom Brijunu.
Villa rustica
na otoku Vangi
_________________
Villa rustica
u lud Brijuni
Villa rustica
u uvali Ribnjak (uvala Turanj,
Val Torre)
Datacija vila
________________________________
MARITMNA VI1A U UVALI VERIGE
.
Rezidencijalni dio maritimne vile
____
Hramovi
_______________________
Venerin 6ram
Neptúnov
bram
Srednji
Ŕram___
Pergola
______
Postament
____
Kružna građevina iza
Ŕramova
Porticus
шіПіагіа і
diaetae
__
Terme
_____________________
Frigidarii
Tepiäaríj
_
Sudad]
__
Ka/dan/.
Gospodarski
dio
__________
Nimfej i opskrba vile vodom
.
Vrtovi
_________________
Pristanište i obala građena u kamenu
.
Fulonika
_______________________
Degradacija maritimne vile u uvali Verige
CASTELLUM U UVALI
MADONA
-
KASNOANTIČKU CIVILNO NASELJE
I BIZANTSKA VOJNA UTVRDA
____________________________________
Bedemi i kasnoantičke zgrade
_____________________________________
STAROKRSCANSia
NALAZI I CRKVE U UVALI
MADONA____
KASNOANTIČKI NALAZI (NAJSTARIJI NALAZI)
S
KRŠĆANSKOM TEMATIKOM IZ NASELJA U UVALI
MADONA
CRKVA SV. MARIJE
____________
y ^ŤľTľT 4
________
J
11
18
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113
114
117
Brijuni
-
Prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština
Antički nalazi u prostoru bazilike
.____________________________________ 123
Hospicij
_________________________________________________________ 123
Nekropole
______________________________________-_-_——_ 124
CRKVA SV. PETRA
__________________________________________________ 125
RANOSREDNJOVJEKOVNA IZGRADNJA
-
PREDROMANIKA I ROMANIKA
_______________________________ 130
PREUREĐENJA UNUTARNJEG PROSTORA CRKVE SV. MARIJE
_________ 131
PREUREĐENJA UNUTARNJEG PROSTORA CRKVE SV. PETRA
__________ 134
BENEDIKTINSKI SAMOSTAN
________________________________________ 136
LUKA I NASELJE BRIJUNI
___________________________________________ 138
PREMJEŠTANJE NASELJA U LUKU BRIJUNI
___________________________ 138
CRKVA SV. GERMANA
_____________________________________________ 143
VOJNA ARHITEKTURA
-
TVRĐAVE
19.
STOLJEĆA
__________________ 147
Tvrđava Tegetthoff
_________________________________________________ 147
Tvrđava Peneda
___________________________________________________ 149
Tvrđava Cavarola
__________________________________________________ 150
Tvrđava
Naviglio
__________________________________________________ 150
Tvrđava Brioni
Minor
______________________________________________ 151
BRIJUNI U
20.
STOLJEĆU
___________________________________________ 155
OBITELJ
KUPELWIESER
_____________________________________________ 155
BRIJUNI U SASTAVU KRALJEVINE ITALIJE
___________________________ 160
BRIJUNSKE VILE GRAĐENE U
20.
STOLJEĆU
_________________________ 161
Kupehvieserova vila
________________________________________________ 161
Vila Weinberger
i vila
Feilchenfeld ___________________________________ 161
Vila Jadranka
_____________________________________________________ 161
Vila Lovorka
_____________________________________________________ 162
VilaBrijunka
_____________________________________________________ 162
Bijela vila
________________________________________________________ 162
Vila na otoku Vangi
_______________________________________________ 162
Vila na otočiću Galiji
_______________________________________________ 163
Vila Primorka
_____________________________________________________ 163
Vila Borika
______________________________________________________ 164
PREDSJEDNIČKA REZIDENCIJA
______________________________________ 164
NACIONALNI PARK
_________________________________________________ 166
BRIJUNI DANAS
_____________________________________________________ 167
HIDROARHEOLOŠKI LOKALITETI
___________________________________ 169
PEJZAŽNI PARK
____________________________________________________ 171
TURIZAM
_________________________________________________________ 174
UMJESTO ZAKLJUČKA
___________________________________________________ 177
SUMMARY
____________________________________________________________ 186
Kratice
_______________________________________________________________ 197
Popis ilustracija
________________________________________________________ 199
Izvori i literatura
_______________________________________________________ 203
Rječnik stručnog nazivlja
_________________________________________________ 215
Kazalo
________________________________________________________________ 219
Bilješka
о
autoricama
___________________________________________________ 223
SUMMARY
According to an old Istrian legend the Brioni Islands are part of the primeval
Paradise, the only part that remained intact following the onslaught of Evil. It
may be said without exaggeration that the entire beauty of
Istria
is concentrated
in these islands
-
hilltops with fortifications, gentle grassy meadows along the
sea with exquisite villas lining the sea shore like a string of pearls, centuries-old
forests of pine trees, the whiteness of sandy beaches and mild rocky coasts, the
crystal clarity of the Adriatic Sea, and a special atmosphere created by the inter¬
play of shadows and sunlight, so characteristic of the Brioni landscape. A special
value of the Brioni Islands lies in their geographical position. They represent
Mediterranean Islands in the forecourt of Central Europe, scattered in front of
the first slopes of the Alps, rising from the bottom of Europe s biggest gulf
-
the
Adriatic Sea. Here lie the crossroads of prehistoric and historic sea routes and
land communications across the Alps into the heart of the Central and Northern
Europe.
The Brioni Islands are the northernmost islands of the East Adriatic Archipelago,
an advance-guard of the
big Pula
harbour, islands offering good ports for sail¬
ing towards the Italic shore. The Brioni Islands are found on the oldest geo¬
graphical map (Tabula Peutingeriana from the 4th century) as the shortest route
across the Adriatic Sea towards Ravenna. This is an island group on the south¬
west tip of
Istria
in the immediate vicinity of the bay of
Pula.
It consists of
14
islands and rocks stretching parallel to the coast of
Istria
5
km in length, sepa¬
rated from the Istrian mainland by the
2
km wide
Fazana
Channel. The islands
are the following (alternative names are in brackets):
Veli Brijun,
Mali Brijun,
Vanga
(Vanjski otok), Sveti Jerolim, Kozada (Kotež, Košada), Gaz (Gaza), Vrsar
(Medvjedica), Galija,
Madona
(Pusti), Okrugljak (Obljak), Grurrj (Grujevac) and
Supin (Supin veli, Zupin).
The oldest name of these islands (according to the
linguistic researches of
M.Suić)
is Cissa, a word of ancient Mediterranean origin,
while in Roman times they carried the Latin name of
Pullaria.
The Roman historian Plinius the Elder (1st century
A.D.)
mentions them as Cissa
Pullaria,
while the Tabula Peutingeriana records them as Pullariae. In later Roman
times their name is Brevonum (after the shallow waters) and this name continues
into the medieval times, providing the foundation of the present-day name of
Brijuni
(in Croatian) or Brioni. A very favourable climate and isolation provided
both security and favourable living conditions, which led to a very early coloni¬
zation of the islands, from prehistory to the present day. The oldest traces of life
on the Brioni Islands date into the Mezozoic Era, from the Triassic until the end
of Cretaceous Period, i.e. from
230
until
65
million years ago. The footprints of
the dynosaur Theropode are found on the
Ploče
promontory and on the
Barban
Peninsula on
Veli
Brijun. Petrified imprints of the dynosaurs Sauropode and
Ornithopode are found on the
Trstike
promontory and the
Kamik
promontory
on the
Penada
Peninsula on the
Veli
Brijun. On the
Vanga
Island the petrified
remains of a Diluvial ox were found.
The North Adriatic valley was submerged at the beginning of Holocene when the
sea level rose and the Brioni Archipelago was formed. The first traces of human
186
Summary
settlements on Brioni are dated into the middle Neolithic period and continue
into the Bronze Age
(4.500 - 3.000
B.C.). The oldest settlement built by the paleo-
Mediterranean race is found on the
Gromače
promontory in the
Soline
Bay on
Veli
Brij
un.
The settlement was in the open, with dugouts dug into the ground
and covered with intertwined reed pasted with clay. The finds on the site include
Neolithic tools and arms made of stone originating from the southern slopes
of the Alps, as well as abundant pottery with a typical broom-like ornament.
The Copper Age yielded several metal objects and specific baked clay stamps.
Social and demographic changes occur in
Istria,
and probably also on the Brioni
Islands around the mid-Bronze Age in the second millennium B.C. Settlements
move towards elevated positions. They are also fortified with circular or ellipti¬
cal fortification walls, which follow the configuration of the terrain. These walls,
each built to protect two or three individual settlements, are formed as concen¬
tric rings. The material used are large stone blocks arranged in the technique of
drystone walls. Starting with the late Bronze Age in the 13th century B.C., such
fortified settlements become more and more numerous and larger in size. They
can be followed throughout the Iron Age, from the 11th until the 2nd century
B.C. We know little about the social groups and communities of the Bronze
and Iron Age until the time of Greek and Roman writers, which identify them
as Histri . A well-preserved, but mostly unexplored fortified settlement can be
found on the
Gradina
Hill above the
Verige
Bay on the
Veli Brijun
Island. The
layout of the settlement is round. It is protected by three circular walls built in the
drystone technique. Historically, as well as from the point of view of construc¬
tion, the most important single item of this structure is the preserved entrance
into the first defensive ring. Built as a labyrinth, it enabled an easy defence of
the entrance and surprise attacks on the approaching enemy. On the eastern
slope of the hill, alongside the outer defence wall, there was a well cut deep into
the rock. Traces of similar fortified settlements can be found on other places
on the
Veli
Brijun Island. These are the localities Antunovac,
Petrovac, Straža,
Javorika, Rankun and a locality on the hill above the
Sveti
Nikola Bay on Mali
Brijun. Lack of exploration of the fortified settlements on the Brioni Islands
prevents us from giving a precise dating of the colonization of these sites, nor a
reconstruction of the way of life lived there through the centuries. However, it
is beyond doubt that Brioni had a strategic position on the maritime route along
the southwest coast of
Istria.
Its bays and inlets provided good anchorages and
protected harbours.
In the course of the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C. there occurred the first armed
clashes both on the land and sea between the expanding Roman Republic and
the Histri population who threatened Roman merchant ships and protected
their borders. The place and role of Brioni in Istrian wars and the subsequent
imposed Roman peace regrettably cannot be found in written sources. Being an
island group in front of the Istrian land, they resemble by position the islands
in front of
Aquilea.
Their role in the military and naval operations conducted in southern
Istria
in
177
B.C. seems unquestionable, especially in the light of the fact that they rep¬
resented a political centre of the association of the Histri tribes. The fortified
187
Brijuni
-
Prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština
settlement above the
Verige
Bay on
Veli
Brijun, as well as strategically positioned
harbours could not have remained in Histrian hands in the face of advancing
Roman forces. For Rome, it was imperative to conquer these islands and estab¬
lish their military presence and a naval base. Presumed traces of such Roman
military presence, or perhaps of an accompanying civilian structure from the
2nd century B.C. were found in the highly layered and complex archaeological
site Kastrum in the
Madona
Bay, on the western side of
Veli
Brijun.
The time of Ceasar s governorship in Cisalpine Gaul and the Illyricum from
58
to
49
B.C., the period of wars between Caesar and Pompeius, and until after
Ceasar s death was crucial for the acceleration of social and environmental chang¬
es in
Istria
and the Brioni Islands. These changes are most visible on the coastal
belt of western
Istria.
This period is characterized by the settling of Roman vet¬
erans and the founding of urban centres
-
the colonies
Tergeste
(Triest)
and
Pola
(Pula),
and probably also municipal Roman communities of Aegida (Sermin?)
and Parentium
(Poreč).
In this period we perceive a substantial restructuring of
the settlements, changes in the use of arable land, as well as in administration
and property relations. Coastal areas and
flatland
are becoming extensively pop¬
ulated and cultivated. A new type of rural settlements are the Roman villas (villa
rustica),
constituting the centres of land properties. The remains of villa
rustica
were found on a number of locations at the Brioni Islands. On the
Veli
Brijun
we find them in the
Madona
Bay, at the
Kolci
locality, in the
Brijuni
harbour,
in the
Ribnjak
Bay and the Javorika Bay. On Mali Brijun, the villa is found in
the
Sveti
Nikola Bay. Walls that could belong to a villa, and an Antique pier have
been found on the eastern coast of
Vanga.
The villas have an affinity to naturally
protected bays, and the orientation of the structures is adapted to the directions
of the main winds and insolation, and, of course, the configuration of the ter¬
rain and the best views that the location offers. On Brioni, we find Campania-
type villas, built on elevated plateaus, U-shaped, with rooms encircling a spa¬
cious courtyard from three sides, while the fourth side is enclosed by a wall.
The annexation of
Istria
to Italy s tenth region
(Regio
X
Venetia
et
Histria),
carried
out by Augustus between
18
and
12
B.C. caused a number of changes, as a con¬
sequence of the change in status. As part of Italy, properties in
Istria
were free
of the tax that was paid by the provinces. According to the number and spread
of Istrian amphorae for oil, type Dressel 6B, we can trace the intensification of
olive cultivation and the production of olive oil in
Istria
at the beginning of the
late Augustan period. Supported by the imperial policy of the Julian-Claudian
dynasty, Istrian landlords apparently acquired a kind of monopoly in the supply
of military and civilian markets of
Pannonia
and Noricum. Even more impor¬
tant is the fact that, according to the investigations by
A. Starac,
Augustus him¬
self had direct interests in the Istrian economy. The imperial policy encouraged
senators to invest in Istrian agriculture as well as in the delivery of its products to
new markets in
Pannonia
and Noricum. According to Pliny the Elder
(Plin. Nat.
hist.,
15, 85),
Istrian olive oil was held in high esteem and represented the tip of
quality of this product. Plinius also mentions the quality of Istrian wine
(Plin.
Nat. hist.,
14, 60)
suggesting that the longevity of Augustus wife Livia should
be thanked to the consumption of a special type of Istrian wine from the
Karst
-
Pucinum (Trieste area). On a number of sites of rustic villas on Brioni we find
188
Summor/
archaeological
proof of wine and oil production facilities. Imperial policy and
economic interests of the Roman elite in
Istria
developed the economies of scale
for a limited number of the Emperor s inner circle of friends and co-workers.
The names of landlords from the senatorial ranks are documented by stamps on
the amphorae and tegulae, as well as on inscriptions.
Epigraphic and historical researches (F. Tassaux
1982-1984, 1998;
A. Starac
1994),
as well as stamps on bricks (tegulae) and amphorae (T. Bezecky
1995.
і
1998;
M. de Franceschini
1998)
link the constructions of villas on Brioni, par¬
ticularly the maritime villa in the
Verige
Bay, to the Roman senatorial family
Laecanii which possessed afiglina in
Fazana
and had an estate in northern
Istria
(inscription found in
Materija (AdMalum)
(CIL V.
698;
Šonje
1991).
There is no
direct proof that Laecanii possessed the Brioni Islands, but numerous findings
of amphorae and roof tiles with their stamps, found on the sites of Brioni villas
provide a strong indication for such a conclusion. These family stamps were not
found in any other Istrian villa or in other areas.
The maritime villa in the
Verige
Bay was built in the 1st century as a centre of a
large estate comprising
14
Brioni Islands, with a total area of
736
hectares. The
first villa in the
Verige
Bay belonging to the villa
rustica
type was built on the
southern slopes of the Dubovac Hill,
9
metres above sea level. The first stage
of its expansion reflects the owner s economic prosperity and change of status.
The development split the villa into two parts. Towards the west we see a villa
urbana,
an elegant residence with peristyle, built on the same level (terrace) as
the villa
rustica.
The second part is built on a lower terrace (artificial platform)
its front facing the sea. It was designed as a promenade with loggias and guest
rooms (behind the promenade), grouped around two atriums. Gradually, the
entire complex on the slopes of the Dubovac Hill was rearranged, spreading in
its final form over four terraces, spanning about
12
m
in elevation and covering
a total area of
10.000
sq metres. The period of expansion of the villa
urbana
is
determined by a find of an amphora from Laecanius workshop bearing a Viat(or)
stamp. This dates the villa into the late Augustan or Tiberian period. During
conservation works in
1992
a probe into the sealed fill beneath the steps leading
to the new peristyle yielded a terra
sigillata
from the mid-Augustan period which
provides a firm terminus post quern, for the construction of the residential part of
the villa on four terraces. Terraces and platforms which offered panoramic views,
rooms and porticoes descending towards the sea (all the way to the embank¬
ment built of stone) define the entire structure as a veritable maritime villa.
Triclinium with exedrae occupied the central position on the third terrace and
offered the best views for distinguished guests. In front of the portico with log¬
gias
80
m long
and
6
m
wide there was an open
ambulatorium.
There were four
entrances into the villa: two were monumental (from the east and west), adorned
with columns, and two were service entrances, one from the north (opening
towards the sea) and one from the south (from the gardens on the fourth ter¬
race). Cato s villa with pars
rustica
and pars
urbana
has been transformed into
a terraced maritime villa with a new residence, a monumental portico along
the entire front, which almost touches the sea. In the course of the 1st century
the entire bay was covered with monumental structures extending to nearly
6
189
Brijuni
-
Prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština
ha
of land. Luxury additions built along the seashore towards the north during
the three subsequent periods of extension of the villa betray a post-Augustan
taste for elitist lifestyle and architectural design. In the course of these periods
the temples were added, as well as the diaeta,
portiern
miliaria,
library, palaestra,
thermae and some other buildings. The construction of temples, diaetae and
porticus
miliaria
were dated into the time of Emperor Claudius, following the
finding of bronze coins from
41 A.D.
in the wall plaster. According to P.
Casari,
there was a custom to insert a newly minted coin into the wall plaster of a house
built at the time. The previously constructed residential part and the temples
are harmoniously connected by a system of porticos and crypto-porticos into a
unified structure. The curving head of the bay was enhanced by a semi-circular
portico, which enclosed an axial arrangement of three small temples. While the
outer rim of the temple area consists of the semi-circular portico, their fronts
are turned towards the sea. The temples, actually aedicula, were dedicated to
Neptune, Venus and an unknown deity. At an elevated point of the
Gradina
Hill, beside the water source, a temple dedicated to nymphs was found
{пут-
phaeum). The northern temple dedicated to Venus has a continuation
-
a diaeta,
consisting of three rooms, forming the beginning of a large portico
150
m long
and
10
m
wide, with interchangeably rectangular and curved exedrae. Behind
the portico, following the line of the exedrae, there extends a crypto-portico
2.3
m
wide. In the course of archaeological explorations, more than
100
fragments
of amphorae were found in these rooms, bearing the stamps of Laecanius Bassus
and the stamps of his five administrators
(vilici).
T.
Bezeczky dated these finds
into the Tiberian and Claudian period. Further toward the east, along the coast,
forming an extension of the large portico, there are the library and the palaestra.
The latter is an open exercising ground surrounded with a double collonade.
Connected to the palaestra are the thermae, a two-storey structure dedicated to
exercising in a closed space, as well as to bathing. On the upper floor thermae had
a large central hall with an apse, behind which there was the garden. Alongside
this hall there were the pools with cold, warm and hot water and a steam bath.
The boiler-houses in the substructure heated the floors (the hypocaust system)
and water. In front of the thermae there was an elegant semi-circular portico with
Ionic capitals and two rest rooms at 45-degree angle from the layout of the basic
structure. This is an innovation in Roman architecture which cannot be found
before Nero s time (e.g.
Domus
Aurea in Rome).
In front of the thermae there was
a rectangular
pucine
vivaria (pool for live fish) with compartments for keeping
different kinds of fish. The architecture of the villa is surrounded by terraced
gardens on the Dubovac and
Gradina
Hills. In front of the maritime villa is an
embankment and piers built in stone which flanked a protected harbour. Entry
into the harbour was regulated by chains which were slung over the ends of the
piers in order to close the harbour. The most representative front of the villa in
Verige
Bay is the one facing the sea, like a theatre stage. Equally representative
is the portico stretching along the entire front, giving the impression as if the
villa was emerging from the sea.
The villa was supplied with drinking water from a source at the
Gradina
Hill.
The service and secondary part of the villa were situated at the end of the bay
at the foot of the
Mrtvi vrh
Hill. It was built on several terraces. The highest
190
Summary
part consists of residential rooms at the slopes of the
Mrtvi vrh
Hill. It is here
that a collapsed stone staircase was found. On the first terrace above the sea a
courtyard of the atrium
impluvium type
was investigated. Rooms were arranged
around the atrium. At about one metre above this part, dug into the slope of the
hill there were two large cisterns for water, built as opus caementicium, lined on
the outside with broken stone and mortar. Judging by the large volume of water
storage, the service part of the villa must have been also dedicated to washing
and cleaning for the villa s needs. It is impossible to tell whether this part had
other functions, as it was later adapted into
г.
fullonica, while newly built struc¬
tures were situated between the thermae and the service part, partly also covering
the latter. At the time when the maritime villa on Brioni loses its expressly rep¬
resentative role, the facilities of the fullonica were situated beside it. On Brioni
we find the facilities of
Ά
fullonica (subsequently built) also in the courtyard of
the large villa
rustica
in the
Madona
Bay. Also found were the remains of the
press for squeezing out excess liquid from the garments, drying and final press¬
ing (smooth or with folds). M. Verzar Bass presumes that these were parts of the
same production process.
In the
Madona
Bay, on the western side of the
Veli Brijun
Island, along with
the spacious villa from the 1st century B.C., during the Late Antique period a
fortified settlement is being built. The construction on this site started in the 2nd
century B.C., and lasted until the 16th century. The architecture of various peri¬
ods was blended together in the 5th century to represent a fortification of
120
χ
10O meters with walls that were further raised and strengthened during the
Gothic-Byzantine War. However, some of the buildings remained outside of the
fortifications. The most important of them is a structure in which a 3rd century
ara
was found, dedicated to the goddess Flora. The inscription on the
ara,
inves¬
tigated by F. Tassaux, mentions M. Aurelius Iustus who erected it. His name is
known from the stamps on amphorae produced in
Fazana
at the beginning of
the 3rd century. We presume that he might have been the owner (or leaseholder,
administrator) of the figlina in
Fazana,
as well as the Brioni estate at that time.
The Late Antique settlement with harbour is known in literature under the
name of Kastrum. The other safe harbour is on the eastern side of Brioni in the
Verige
Bay, by the 1st century maritime villa. Together, they represent a naval
base and safe anchorage for ships and travellers sailing along the eastern coast
of the Adriatic.
Š.
Mlakar dates the beginning of the Late Antique settlement in
the
Madona
Bay into the period of Emperor Diocletian, who ruled at the end of
the 3rd century, or perhaps in the period of
Constantine
the Great and his suc¬
cessors. M.
Suić
dates it in the period when the fullonica facilities are being built
at the site of the villa from the 1st century B.C. The fortifications were obviously
built in two phases: the lower zone bears the characteristics of the 5th century
construction. This probably took place after
452 A.D.,
following the invasion of
Huns and the destruction of
Aquilea.
It is at that time that the fortifications of
many settlements were being built or upgraded throughout
Istria.
The upper
zone of the fortification is from the 6th century. Judging by archaeological finds,
the settlement was obviously formed in the period preceding the building of
fortifications, and the Late Antique finds on graveyards on the north-eastern
and south-eastern approaches to the settlement indicate a period of intensive
191
Brjjuni
-
Prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština
habitation during the 4th and 5th century. The width of the fortification walls
is
2.6
m, increasing on angles (on which the structure changes direction) to
2.9
m. The walls have five doors
-
two opening towards the east, two towards the sea
(west) and one toward the south. The Late Antique settlement in the
Madona
Bay assumes its final contours during the 6th and 7th century. It remains more
or less the same until the 16th century when it was abandoned.
Alongside the settlement the churches of St. Mary and St. Peter were built. The
church of St. Mary is in the
Madona
Bay,
40
m
from the sea shore and around
100
m
from the Late Antique settlement, on a raised plateau, with the main
entrance oriented towards the sea. It is built as a basilical church whose inner
space is divided by columns, with no accentuated apse. It measures
23.74
by
10.8
m, with a narthex of
5.4
by
10.8
m, its exterior articulated with a line of pilasters.
The church of St. Peter is a rectangular single-nave church, measuring
5.82
by
10.68
m, with a large horse-shoe apse. The exterior is decorated with pilasters. It
lies on an isolated position on the
Petrovac
Hill from which it is possible to con¬
trol the southern part of the Brioni Islands and maritime approaches to the Late
Antique settlement. Its distance from the settlement is around
200
m. In front
of the church there is a rectangular structure measuring
4.6
by
5.5
m, probably
the bell-tower and observation post.
Very early, still in the Antique tradition, alongside St. Mary s church a hospice
was added, built according to early Christian building regulations
De consfåu-
tione
ecclesiae
Testamentum
D. N.
I.
Christi.
On the northern side the building had
a high ground floor and a first floor, was divided into two spaces and could have
been described as a domus presbyterorum or hospitium. The courtyard in front of
the hospice was surrounded with a strong wall and has an entrance immediately
adjoining the narthex of the church. From the southern side of the church
a large hall is added containing two semicircular apses. Another courtyard
(southern) is annexed to the structure. Around this courtyard in early Middle
Age a Benedictine monastery was erected, whose layout differs entirely from
the regular contours of the Antique pattern. A large room has been built on the
ground floor, with strong walls, and a vaulted roof. The adjoining building has
one storey and apparently had a residential function.
The year
476
marks the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. It was followed
by the Kingdom of the Eastern Goths which lasted until the year
538.
In this
period the building activity on the Brioni Islands is markedly changed. Traces
of Gothic rule can be seen in the representative buildings in the Late Antique
settlement in the
Madona
Bay and in the construction of the church of St.
Mary. Following the victory of the Byzantium in
538,
Istria
becomes part of the
Byzantine
Thema
or province (during the rule of Justinian I), which was admin¬
istered by the exarchate of Ravenna. The period of Byzantine domination is a
time of prosperity and the last major Antique construction works on the Brioni
Islands. Byzantine rule lasts until the year
788,
with a temporary break between
751
and
774,
due to the invasion of
Langobards.
After
788,
the Islands become
a part of the Frankish state of Charlemagne and his successors.
Both St. Mary s church and the church of St. Peter bear visible marks of changes
of the inner place that took place in the Middle Age. In both churches we could
192
Summary
reconstruct the altar partition consisting of pillars and plates with stylistic fea¬
tures of early Romanesque and Romanesque Periods. A manner of decoration
is seen that could only have developed in the technique of wooden sculpture, by
means of incision. Ornamental motifs are sometimes stylized images of animals.
At the altar partition of St. Mary s church three-strand ribbons are used to form
patterns such as a wheel, a rosette or simple leaves. Alternatively, the surfaces
of partitions are divided into rectangular fields filled with a cross, palm leaf or
a wave motif.
The
Soline Bay
got its name after the Antique salt farms. Underneath the sea
surface there are visible remains of a large basin for the sedimentation of salt
and three smaller basins, two of which were also used for salt sedimentation,
while a third one, separate from the others was probably used for harvesting
the obtained salt. Beside the salt farm, the remains of the walls of a warehouse
are visible. The salt farms of Brioni are mentioned for the first time in written
sources in a deed of gift from the year
543
when Euphrasius, the bishop of
Poreč
presented a third of these salt mines to his curia.
The exploitation of stone on Brioni dates into prehistory and lasts until the
19th century. Already the fortification walls of the Histrian settlement above
the
Verige
Bay was built from stone blocks cut in local quarries. For the trans¬
portation of stone it was very important that the quarries are near the sea coast,
preferably on mild slopes with an incline toward the sea. This was characteristic
of most of quarries we find on the Brioni Islands: west of the
Verige
Bay (on
the northern side of the
Gradina
Hill), north from the
Madona
Bay, east of
the
Madona
Bay towards the
Soline
Bay and on the western side in the Brioni
harbour.
Until
1331,
Brioni were a feudal estate of the Aquilean patriarch. In the 12th
century, a Romanesque two-storey donjon is being built in the Brioni harbour,
on the eastern side of the island. A stone inscription (in fragments) mentions the
year
1143.
The donjon could be entered over a movable bridge. In
1331
Brioni
came under Venetian rule are remained so until
1797.
In the 15th century the
settlement was removed from the
Madona
Bay into the Brioni Bay. However, it
keeps its name
Castello de
Brioni and is marked on the geographical maps of the
period as a fortified settlement of the same rank as Rovigno,
Valle, Dignano
and
Fasana, and somewhat more modestly than the nearby City of
Pula (Pola).
In
1481,
the Brioni harbour witnesses the construction of the Gothic church of St.
German, on the foundations of the older, Romanesque church. On the edges of
the settlement in the Brioni harbour in
1504
a tiny church of St.
Rok
was built,
and on the road between the
Verige
Bay and the Brioni harbour, by the grave¬
yard, the church of St. Anthony.
Plague has decimated the islands in
1504, 1590
and
1631,
reducing the popula¬
tion and impoverishing the island. In the reports of Venetian administrators
and chroniclers Brioni are mentioned as an unhealthy and
malarie
region. With
the fall of the Venetian Republic, the peace treaty of Campoformi placed Brioni
under Austrian rule. The subsequent treaty of
Schönbrunn
places the islands
under French rule as a part of the Illyrian Provinces where they remain until
1815.
Following Napoleon s defeat, Brioni, together with
Istria
are returned to
193
Brijuni
-
Prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština
the Austrian Empire. In
1850
Pula
was chosen to be the main Austrian harbour,
the consequence being that the islands in front of her assumed a military role.
On the highest peak of the
Veli Brijun
Island the Brioni Fortress was built,
which later got the name of Tegetthoff. Other fortresses were Peneda, Cavarola
and
Naviglio,
all of which defended the southern positions of Brioni. On the
Mali Brijun Island the fort Brioni Minor was erected, as well as the battery San
Nicolo.
The Austrian industrialist and a steel expert Paul Kupelwieser bought the
Brioni Islands in
1893
and began to transform the then empty estate. In
1902,
Dr. Robert Koch sanitized the swamps on the islands and destroyed
malarie
mosquitoes. A careful planting of new plants created an English landscape park.
Numerous archaeological excavations were begun, investigating the pre-historic,
Antique and Medieval periods. At the beginning of the 20th century, a modern
port was built in the Brioni harbour, along with a chain of luxury hotels. Brioni
rose to the level of a world-renown summer resort of the Austro-Hungarian and
other European aristocracy and the world s financial magnates who spent time
on the islands giving parties, doing sports or merely enjoying. Numerous villas
were also built in the style of the Viennese Secession.
The First World War put an end to the development of elite tourism. Instead,
Brioni acquire a strategic importance linked to the defence of the military port
in
Pula.
Numerous forts on the islands are manned with soldiers, while the offic¬
ers and the military command of the
Pula
harbour occupy the once luxurious
hotels. After the war,
Istria
came under the rule of the Kingdom of Italy, while
Brioni remained a private property of the Kupelwieser family until the
1930s,
when, due to bad debts, they were taken over by Italian banks. A definitive break
with tourism on Brioni came with the onset of World War Two.
After the War Brioni, together with
Istria,
became part of Croatia and Yugoslavia.
They become the summer presidential residence which frequently hosted for¬
eign dignitaries, members of royal families and diplomats. A new presidential
residence was built on the island of
Vanga.
Brioni become a venue of many
historic political meetings that marked the 20th century. The present-day look of
the island is determined by the landscaping and parks created at the beginning
of the 20th century. Archaeological localities, explored and presented, are a sub¬
tle addition to this landscape. Autochthonous Mediterranean flora is made up
mainly of evergreen oak, strawberry-tree, laurel, flowering ash, rosemary and
the dense evergreen underbrush
-
a total of around
600
autochthonous plant
species. On the islands we also find the plant species that do not belong to the
Mediterranean: pubescent oak, European spindle, hawthorn, common privet,
blackthorn, cornelian cherry, European dogwood, clematis, hop hornbeam,
elm-tree, Mahleb cherry.
A particular value of the islands are the trees and forests of evergreen oak
(Quercus ilex)
-
trees grow individually or in groups, reaching a height of around
15
metres with a beautiful umbrella-shaped canopy; laurel groves
{Lamus
nobilis);
Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) with a height of around
20
metres and
a diameter of up to
1
metre; cedar trees. The alleys of pines and cypresses are
the ornament of the Brioni landscape. Even plants brought from distant sub-
194
Summary
tropical areas flourish in the Brioni environment: stone pine and black pine,
Lebanese cedar, Spanish and Greek fir, Chilean yew-tree, evergreen broad-leaf
magnolia, palms, eucalyptus, red and white oleander and mimosas. Landscape
parks, created at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century,
due to careful and discriminate planting of original species brought from all
the corners of the world, blend into an extraordinary landscape harmony and
value. Their concept follows the tradition of the English landscape park which
imitates nature in a manner of sculptural ensembles
-
groups of trees planted
on clear lawns, transparent forests outlining the meadows which gradually turn
into stretches of sandy beaches. The Brioni fauna is numerous and varied too.
Here we find herds of deer
-
fallow deer, axis deer and
mouflons
-
which were
settled on the islands in the 20th century. Living without a natural enemy their
population becomes more and more numerous. Living beside them are the rab¬
bits, squirrels and pheasants, all of which were brought to the islands in
1885,
as well as peacocks. Autochthonous bird species are hooded crows, wild pigeons,
seagulls and jays which nest on smaller islands and sheltered places. Due to
luxuriant vegetation and mild winters Brioni are an ideal winter quarters for
numerous bird species. Therefore, during winter here we find robins, titmice,
jackdaws, wag-tails, pigeons and birds of prey (buzzards, hawks and ravens).
Natural swamps, few of which have remained to the present day, provide habitat
for wild ducks and bald coots, as well as imported sheldrakes and Beijing ducks.
Since October
1983
Brioni are a National Park. The protected seas of Brioni
abound in various algae, sponges, corals (Leptosammia
provou),
yellow cluster
anemones (Parazoanthus axinellae), shells and crabs. The world of fish is rich
and well protected. Brioni Islands are a wonderful blend of natural beauty and
cultural monuments of the highest value, and by that very fact an elite tourist
destination.
Preveo
mr. Milivoj
Vodopija, Agencija
Translator
|
| adam_txt |
Sadržaj
Predgovor
_
UVOD
-
PRIRODNE I KULTURNE OSOBITOSTI
_
JURSia PARK I PRAPOVIJESNO NASELJE NA RTU GROMAČE.
HISTARSKE GRADINE
_
RIMSKI POSJED OD REPUBLIKE DO KASNE ANTIKE
SENATORSKA
PORODICA LEKANIJA (LAECANII)
_
GOSPODARSTVO BRIJUNA
_
Kamenolomi
_
Solane
_
Proizvodnja vina i maslinova ulja u ranomu Carstvu
VILLAE RUSTICAE
_
Villa rustica
na lokalitetu Kolci
(Monte Collisi)
.
Villa rustica
u uvali
Madona
(uvala Dobrika)
_
Villa rustica
u uvali Verige
(Val Catena)
ViUa rustica
u uvali Sv. Nikole na Malom Brijunu.
Villa rustica
na otoku Vangi
_
Villa rustica
u lud Brijuni
Villa rustica
u uvali Ribnjak (uvala Turanj,
Val Torre)
Datacija vila
_
MARITMNA VI1A U UVALI VERIGE
.
Rezidencijalni dio maritimne vile
_
Hramovi
_
Venerin 6ram
Neptúnov
bram
Srednji
Ŕram_
Pergola
_
Postament
_
Kružna građevina iza
Ŕramova
Porticus
шіПіагіа і
diaetae
_
Terme
_
Frigidarii
Tepiäaríj
_
Sudad]
_
Ka/dan/.
Gospodarski
dio
_
Nimfej i opskrba vile vodom
.
Vrtovi
_
Pristanište i obala građena u kamenu
.
Fulonika
_
Degradacija maritimne vile u uvali Verige
CASTELLUM U UVALI
MADONA
-
KASNOANTIČKU CIVILNO NASELJE
I BIZANTSKA VOJNA UTVRDA
_
Bedemi i kasnoantičke zgrade
_
STAROKRSCANSia
NALAZI I CRKVE U UVALI
MADONA_
KASNOANTIČKI NALAZI (NAJSTARIJI NALAZI)
S
KRŠĆANSKOM TEMATIKOM IZ NASELJA U UVALI
MADONA
CRKVA SV. MARIJE
_
y'^ŤľTľT"'4
_
J
11
18
20
23
27
29
29
31
33
36
38
40
43
47
48
48
48
49
50
54
62
65
66
68
69
69
69
69
72
74
75
77
77
78
81
85
87
88
93
95
104
113
114
117
Brijuni
-
Prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština
Antički nalazi u prostoru bazilike
._ 123
Hospicij
_ 123
Nekropole
_-_-_——_ 124
CRKVA SV. PETRA
_ 125
RANOSREDNJOVJEKOVNA IZGRADNJA
-
PREDROMANIKA I ROMANIKA
_ 130
PREUREĐENJA UNUTARNJEG PROSTORA CRKVE SV. MARIJE
_ 131
PREUREĐENJA UNUTARNJEG PROSTORA CRKVE SV. PETRA
_ 134
BENEDIKTINSKI SAMOSTAN
_ 136
LUKA I NASELJE BRIJUNI
_ 138
PREMJEŠTANJE NASELJA U LUKU BRIJUNI
_ 138
CRKVA SV. GERMANA
_ 143
VOJNA ARHITEKTURA
-
TVRĐAVE
19.
STOLJEĆA
_ 147
Tvrđava Tegetthoff
_ 147
Tvrđava Peneda
_ 149
Tvrđava Cavarola
_ 150
Tvrđava
Naviglio
_ 150
Tvrđava Brioni
Minor
_ 151
BRIJUNI U
20.
STOLJEĆU
_ 155
OBITELJ
KUPELWIESER
_ 155
BRIJUNI U SASTAVU KRALJEVINE ITALIJE
_ 160
BRIJUNSKE VILE GRAĐENE U
20.
STOLJEĆU
_ 161
Kupehvieserova vila
_ 161
Vila Weinberger
i vila
Feilchenfeld _ 161
Vila Jadranka
_ 161
Vila Lovorka
_ 162
VilaBrijunka
_ 162
Bijela vila
_ 162
Vila na otoku Vangi
_ 162
Vila na otočiću Galiji
_ 163
Vila Primorka
_ 163
Vila Borika
_ 164
PREDSJEDNIČKA REZIDENCIJA
_ 164
NACIONALNI PARK
_ 166
BRIJUNI DANAS
_ 167
HIDROARHEOLOŠKI LOKALITETI
_ 169
PEJZAŽNI PARK
_ 171
TURIZAM
_ 174
UMJESTO ZAKLJUČKA
_ 177
SUMMARY
_ 186
Kratice
_ 197
Popis ilustracija
_ 199
Izvori i literatura
_ 203
Rječnik stručnog nazivlja
_ 215
Kazalo
_ 219
Bilješka
о
autoricama
_ 223
SUMMARY
According to an old Istrian legend the Brioni Islands are part of the primeval
Paradise, the only part that remained intact following the onslaught of Evil. It
may be said without exaggeration that the entire beauty of
Istria
is concentrated
in these islands
-
hilltops with fortifications, gentle grassy meadows along the
sea with exquisite villas lining the sea shore like a string of pearls, centuries-old
forests of pine trees, the whiteness of sandy beaches and mild rocky coasts, the
crystal clarity of the Adriatic Sea, and a special atmosphere created by the inter¬
play of shadows and sunlight, so characteristic of the Brioni landscape. A special
value of the Brioni Islands lies in their geographical position. They represent
Mediterranean Islands in the forecourt of Central Europe, scattered in front of
the first slopes of the Alps, rising from the bottom of Europe's biggest gulf
-
the
Adriatic Sea. Here lie the crossroads of prehistoric and historic sea routes and
land communications across the Alps into the heart of the Central and Northern
Europe.
The Brioni Islands are the northernmost islands of the East Adriatic Archipelago,
an advance-guard of the
big Pula
harbour, islands offering good ports for sail¬
ing towards the Italic shore. The Brioni Islands are found on the oldest geo¬
graphical map (Tabula Peutingeriana from the 4th century) as the shortest route
across the Adriatic Sea towards Ravenna. This is an island group on the south¬
west tip of
Istria
in the immediate vicinity of the bay of
Pula.
It consists of
14
islands and rocks stretching parallel to the coast of
Istria
5
km in length, sepa¬
rated from the Istrian mainland by the
2
km wide
Fazana
Channel. The islands
are the following (alternative names are in brackets):
Veli Brijun,
Mali Brijun,
Vanga
(Vanjski otok), Sveti Jerolim, Kozada (Kotež, Košada), Gaz (Gaza), Vrsar
(Medvjedica), Galija,
Madona
(Pusti), Okrugljak (Obljak), Grurrj (Grujevac) and
Supin (Supin veli, Zupin).
The oldest name of these islands (according to the
linguistic researches of
M.Suić)
is Cissa, a word of ancient Mediterranean origin,
while in Roman times they carried the Latin name of
Pullaria.
The Roman historian Plinius the Elder (1st century
A.D.)
mentions them as Cissa
Pullaria,
while the Tabula Peutingeriana records them as Pullariae. In later Roman
times their name is Brevonum (after the shallow waters) and this name continues
into the medieval times, providing the foundation of the present-day name of
Brijuni
(in Croatian) or Brioni. A very favourable climate and isolation provided
both security and favourable living conditions, which led to a very early coloni¬
zation of the islands, from prehistory to the present day. The oldest traces of life
on the Brioni Islands date into the Mezozoic Era, from the Triassic until the end
of Cretaceous Period, i.e. from
230
until
65
million years ago. The footprints of
the dynosaur Theropode are found on the
Ploče
promontory and on the
Barban
Peninsula on
Veli
Brijun. Petrified imprints of the dynosaurs Sauropode and
Ornithopode are found on the
Trstike
promontory and the
Kamik
promontory
on the
Penada
Peninsula on the
Veli
Brijun. On the
Vanga
Island the petrified
remains of a Diluvial ox were found.
The North Adriatic valley was submerged at the beginning of Holocene when the
sea level rose and the Brioni Archipelago was formed. The first traces of human
186
Summary
settlements on Brioni are dated into the middle Neolithic period and continue
into the Bronze Age
(4.500 - 3.000
B.C.). The oldest settlement built by the paleo-
Mediterranean race is found on the
Gromače
promontory in the
Soline
Bay on
Veli
Brij
un.
The settlement was in the open, with dugouts dug into the ground
and covered with intertwined reed pasted with clay. The finds on the site include
Neolithic tools and arms made of stone originating from the southern slopes
of the Alps, as well as abundant pottery with a typical "broom-like" ornament.
The Copper Age yielded several metal objects and specific baked clay stamps.
Social and demographic changes occur in
Istria,
and probably also on the Brioni
Islands around the mid-Bronze Age in the second millennium B.C. Settlements
move towards elevated positions. They are also fortified with circular or ellipti¬
cal fortification walls, which follow the configuration of the terrain. These walls,
each built to protect two or three individual settlements, are formed as concen¬
tric rings. The material used are large stone blocks arranged in the technique of
drystone walls. Starting with the late Bronze Age in the 13th century B.C., such
fortified settlements become more and more numerous and larger in size. They
can be followed throughout the Iron Age, from the 11th until the 2nd century
B.C. We know little about the social groups and communities of the Bronze
and Iron Age until the time of Greek and Roman writers, which identify them
as "Histri". A well-preserved, but mostly unexplored fortified settlement can be
found on the
Gradina
Hill above the
Verige
Bay on the
Veli Brijun
Island. The
layout of the settlement is round. It is protected by three circular walls built in the
drystone technique. Historically, as well as from the point of view of construc¬
tion, the most important single item of this structure is the preserved entrance
into the first defensive ring. Built as a labyrinth, it enabled an easy defence of
the entrance and surprise attacks on the approaching enemy. On the eastern
slope of the hill, alongside the outer defence wall, there was a well cut deep into
the rock. Traces of similar fortified settlements can be found on other places
on the
Veli
Brijun Island. These are the localities Antunovac,
Petrovac, Straža,
Javorika, Rankun and a locality on the hill above the
Sveti
Nikola Bay on Mali
Brijun. Lack of exploration of the fortified settlements on the Brioni Islands
prevents us from giving a precise dating of the colonization of these sites, nor a
reconstruction of the way of life lived there through the centuries. However, it
is beyond doubt that Brioni had a strategic position on the maritime route along
the southwest coast of
Istria.
Its bays and inlets provided good anchorages and
protected harbours.
In the course of the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C. there occurred the first armed
clashes both on the land and sea between the expanding Roman Republic and
the Histri population who threatened Roman merchant ships and protected
their borders. The place and role of Brioni in Istrian wars and the subsequent
imposed Roman peace regrettably cannot be found in written sources. Being an
island group in front of the Istrian land, they resemble by position the islands
in front of
Aquilea.
Their role in the military and naval operations conducted in southern
Istria
in
177
B.C. seems unquestionable, especially in the light of the fact that they rep¬
resented a political centre of the association of the Histri tribes. The fortified
187
Brijuni
-
Prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština
settlement above the
Verige
Bay on
Veli
Brijun, as well as strategically positioned
harbours could not have remained in Histrian hands in the face of advancing
Roman forces. For Rome, it was imperative to conquer these islands and estab¬
lish their military presence and a naval base. Presumed traces of such Roman
military presence, or perhaps of an accompanying civilian structure from the
2nd century B.C. were found in the highly layered and complex archaeological
site Kastrum in the
Madona
Bay, on the western side of
Veli
Brijun.
The time of Ceasar's governorship in Cisalpine Gaul and the Illyricum from
58
to
49
B.C., the period of wars between Caesar and Pompeius, and until after
Ceasar's death was crucial for the acceleration of social and environmental chang¬
es in
Istria
and the Brioni Islands. These changes are most visible on the coastal
belt of western
Istria.
This period is characterized by the settling of Roman vet¬
erans and the founding of urban centres
-
the colonies
Tergeste
(Triest)
and
Pola
(Pula),
and probably also municipal Roman communities of Aegida (Sermin?)
and Parentium
(Poreč).
In this period we perceive a substantial restructuring of
the settlements, changes in the use of arable land, as well as in administration
and property relations. Coastal areas and
flatland
are becoming extensively pop¬
ulated and cultivated. A new type of rural settlements are the Roman villas (villa
rustica),
constituting the centres of land properties. The remains of villa
rustica
were found on a number of locations at the Brioni Islands. On the
Veli
Brijun
we find them in the
Madona
Bay, at the
Kolci
locality, in the
Brijuni
harbour,
in the
Ribnjak
Bay and the Javorika Bay. On Mali Brijun, the villa is found in
the
Sveti
Nikola Bay. Walls that could belong to a villa, and an Antique pier have
been found on the eastern coast of
Vanga.
The villas have an affinity to naturally
protected bays, and the orientation of the structures is adapted to the directions
of the main winds and insolation, and, of course, the configuration of the ter¬
rain and the best views that the location offers. On Brioni, we find Campania-
type villas, built on elevated plateaus, U-shaped, with rooms encircling a spa¬
cious courtyard from three sides, while the fourth side is enclosed by a wall.
The annexation of
Istria
to Italy's tenth region
(Regio
X
Venetia
et
Histria),
carried
out by Augustus between
18
and
12
B.C. caused a number of changes, as a con¬
sequence of the change in status. As part of Italy, properties in
Istria
were free
of the tax that was paid by the provinces. According to the number and spread
of Istrian amphorae for oil, type Dressel 6B, we can trace the intensification of
olive cultivation and the production of olive oil in
Istria
at the beginning of the
late Augustan period. Supported by the imperial policy of the Julian-Claudian
dynasty, Istrian landlords apparently acquired a kind of monopoly in the supply
of military and civilian markets of
Pannonia
and Noricum. Even more impor¬
tant is the fact that, according to the investigations by
A. Starac,
Augustus him¬
self had direct interests in the Istrian economy. The imperial policy encouraged
senators to invest in Istrian agriculture as well as in the delivery of its products to
new markets in
Pannonia
and Noricum. According to Pliny the Elder
(Plin. Nat.
hist.,
15, 85),
Istrian olive oil was held in high esteem and represented the tip of
quality of this product. Plinius also mentions the quality of Istrian wine
(Plin.
Nat. hist.,
14, 60)
suggesting that the longevity of Augustus' wife Livia should
be thanked to the consumption of a special type of Istrian wine from the
Karst
-
Pucinum (Trieste area). On a number of sites of rustic villas on Brioni we find
188
Summor/
archaeological
proof of wine and oil production facilities. Imperial policy and
economic interests of the Roman elite in
Istria
developed the economies of scale
for a limited number of the Emperor's inner circle of friends and co-workers.
The names of landlords from the senatorial ranks are documented by stamps on
the amphorae and tegulae, as well as on inscriptions.
Epigraphic and historical researches (F. Tassaux
1982-1984, 1998;
A. Starac
1994),
as well as stamps on bricks (tegulae) and amphorae (T. Bezecky
1995.
і
1998;
M. de Franceschini
1998)
link the constructions of villas on Brioni, par¬
ticularly the maritime villa in the
Verige
Bay, to the Roman senatorial family
Laecanii which possessed afiglina in
Fazana
and had an estate in northern
Istria
(inscription found in
Materija (AdMalum)
(CIL V.
698;
Šonje
1991).
There is no
direct proof that Laecanii possessed the Brioni Islands, but numerous findings
of amphorae and roof tiles with their stamps, found on the sites of Brioni villas
provide a strong indication for such a conclusion. These family stamps were not
found in any other Istrian villa or in other areas.
The maritime villa in the
Verige
Bay was built in the 1st century as a centre of a
large estate comprising
14
Brioni Islands, with a total area of
736
hectares. The
first villa in the
Verige
Bay belonging to the villa
rustica
type was built on the
southern slopes of the Dubovac Hill,
9
metres above sea level. The first stage
of its expansion reflects the owner's economic prosperity and change of status.
The development split the villa into two parts. Towards the west we see a villa
urbana,
an elegant residence with peristyle, built on the same level (terrace) as
the villa
rustica.
The second part is built on a lower terrace (artificial platform)
its front facing the sea. It was designed as a promenade with loggias and guest
rooms (behind the promenade), grouped around two atriums. Gradually, the
entire complex on the slopes of the Dubovac Hill was rearranged, spreading in
its final form over four terraces, spanning about
12
m
in elevation and covering
a total area of
10.000
sq metres. The period of expansion of the villa
urbana
is
determined by a find of an amphora from Laecanius' workshop bearing a Viat(or)
stamp. This dates the villa into the late Augustan or Tiberian period. During
conservation works in
1992
a probe into the sealed fill beneath the steps leading
to the new peristyle yielded a terra
sigillata
from the mid-Augustan period which
provides a firm terminus post quern, for the construction of the residential part of
the villa on four terraces. Terraces and platforms which offered panoramic views,
rooms and porticoes descending towards the sea (all the way to the embank¬
ment built of stone) define the entire structure as a veritable maritime villa.
Triclinium with exedrae occupied the central position on the third terrace and
offered the best views for distinguished guests. In front of the portico with log¬
gias
80
m long
and
6
m
wide there was an open
ambulatorium.
There were four
entrances into the villa: two were monumental (from the east and west), adorned
with columns, and two were service entrances, one from the north (opening
towards the sea) and one from the south (from the gardens on the fourth ter¬
race). "Cato's" villa with pars
rustica
and pars
urbana
has been transformed into
a terraced maritime villa with a new residence, a monumental portico along
the entire front, which almost touches the sea. In the course of the 1st century
the entire bay was covered with monumental structures extending to nearly
6
189
Brijuni
-
Prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština
ha
of land. Luxury additions built along the seashore towards the north during
the three subsequent periods of extension of the villa betray a post-Augustan
taste for elitist lifestyle and architectural design. In the course of these periods
the temples were added, as well as the diaeta,
portiern
miliaria,
library, palaestra,
thermae and some other buildings. The construction of temples, diaetae and
porticus
miliaria
were dated into the time of Emperor Claudius, following the
finding of bronze coins from
41 A.D.
in the wall plaster. According to P.
Casari,
there was a custom to insert a newly minted coin into the wall plaster of a house
built at the time. The previously constructed residential part and the temples
are harmoniously connected by a system of porticos and crypto-porticos into a
unified structure. The curving head of the bay was enhanced by a semi-circular
portico, which enclosed an axial arrangement of three small temples. While the
outer rim of the temple area consists of the semi-circular portico, their fronts
are turned towards the sea. The temples, actually aedicula, were dedicated to
Neptune, Venus and an unknown deity. At an elevated point of the
Gradina
Hill, beside the water source, a temple dedicated to nymphs was found
{пут-
phaeum). The northern temple dedicated to Venus has a continuation
-
a diaeta,
consisting of three rooms, forming the beginning of a large portico
150
m long
and
10
m
wide, with interchangeably rectangular and curved exedrae. Behind
the portico, following the line of the exedrae, there extends a crypto-portico
2.3
m
wide. In the course of archaeological explorations, more than
100
fragments
of amphorae were found in these rooms, bearing the stamps of Laecanius Bassus
and the stamps of his five administrators
(vilici).
T.
Bezeczky dated these finds
into the Tiberian and Claudian period. Further toward the east, along the coast,
forming an extension of the large portico, there are the library and the palaestra.
The latter is an open exercising ground surrounded with a double collonade.
Connected to the palaestra are the thermae, a two-storey structure dedicated to
exercising in a closed space, as well as to bathing. On the upper floor thermae had
a large central hall with an apse, behind which there was the garden. Alongside
this hall there were the pools with cold, warm and hot water and a steam bath.
The boiler-houses in the substructure heated the floors (the hypocaust system)
and water. In front of the thermae there was an elegant semi-circular portico with
Ionic capitals and two rest rooms at 45-degree angle from the layout of the basic
structure. This is an innovation in Roman architecture which cannot be found
before Nero's time (e.g.
Domus
Aurea in Rome).
In front of the thermae there was
a rectangular
pucine
vivaria (pool for live fish) with compartments for keeping
different kinds of fish. The architecture of the villa is surrounded by terraced
gardens on the Dubovac and
Gradina
Hills. In front of the maritime villa is an
embankment and piers built in stone which flanked a protected harbour. Entry
into the harbour was regulated by chains which were slung over the ends of the
piers in order to close the harbour. The most representative front of the villa in
Verige
Bay is the one facing the sea, like a theatre stage. Equally representative
is the portico stretching along the entire front, giving the impression as if the
villa was emerging from the sea.
The villa was supplied with drinking water from a source at the
Gradina
Hill.
The service and secondary part of the villa were situated at the end of the bay
at the foot of the
Mrtvi vrh
Hill. It was built on several terraces. The highest
190
Summary
part consists of residential rooms at the slopes of the
Mrtvi vrh
Hill. It is here
that a collapsed stone staircase was found. On the first terrace above the sea a
courtyard of the atrium
impluvium type
was investigated. Rooms were arranged
around the atrium. At about one metre above this part, dug into the slope of the
hill there were two large cisterns for water, built as opus caementicium, lined on
the outside with broken stone and mortar. Judging by the large volume of water
storage, the service part of the villa must have been also dedicated to washing
and cleaning for the villa's needs. It is impossible to tell whether this part had
other functions, as it was later adapted into
г.
fullonica, while newly built struc¬
tures were situated between the thermae and the service part, partly also covering
the latter. At the time when the maritime villa on Brioni loses its expressly rep¬
resentative role, the facilities of the fullonica were situated beside it. On Brioni
we find the facilities of
Ά
fullonica (subsequently built) also in the courtyard of
the large villa
rustica
in the
Madona
Bay. Also found were the remains of the
press for squeezing out excess liquid from the garments, drying and final press¬
ing (smooth or with folds). M. Verzar Bass presumes that these were parts of the
same production process.
In the
Madona
Bay, on the western side of the
Veli Brijun
Island, along with
the spacious villa from the 1st century B.C., during the Late Antique period a
fortified settlement is being built. The construction on this site started in the 2nd
century B.C., and lasted until the 16th century. The architecture of various peri¬
ods was blended together in the 5th century to represent a fortification of
120
χ
10O meters with walls that were further raised and strengthened during the
Gothic-Byzantine War. However, some of the buildings remained outside of the
fortifications. The most important of them is a structure in which a 3rd century
ara
was found, dedicated to the goddess Flora. The inscription on the
ara,
inves¬
tigated by F. Tassaux, mentions M. Aurelius Iustus who erected it. His name is
known from the stamps on amphorae produced in
Fazana
at the beginning of
the 3rd century. We presume that he might have been the owner (or leaseholder,
administrator) of the figlina in
Fazana,
as well as the Brioni estate at that time.
The Late Antique settlement with harbour is known in literature under the
name of Kastrum. The other safe harbour is on the eastern side of Brioni in the
Verige
Bay, by the 1st century maritime villa. Together, they represent a naval
base and safe anchorage for ships and travellers sailing along the eastern coast
of the Adriatic.
Š.
Mlakar dates the beginning of the Late Antique settlement in
the
Madona
Bay into the period of Emperor Diocletian, who ruled at the end of
the 3rd century, or perhaps in the period of
Constantine
the Great and his suc¬
cessors. M.
Suić
dates it in the period when the fullonica facilities are being built
at the site of the villa from the 1st century B.C. The fortifications were obviously
built in two phases: the lower zone bears the characteristics of the 5th century
construction. This probably took place after
452 A.D.,
following the invasion of
Huns and the destruction of
Aquilea.
It is at that time that the fortifications of
many settlements were being built or upgraded throughout
Istria.
The upper
zone of the fortification is from the 6th century. Judging by archaeological finds,
the settlement was obviously formed in the period preceding the building of
fortifications, and the Late Antique finds on graveyards on the north-eastern
and south-eastern approaches to the settlement indicate a period of intensive
191
Brjjuni
-
Prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština
habitation during the 4th and 5th century. The width of the fortification walls
is
2.6
m, increasing on angles (on which the structure changes direction) to
2.9
m. The walls have five doors
-
two opening towards the east, two towards the sea
(west) and one toward the south. The Late Antique settlement in the
Madona
Bay assumes its final contours during the 6th and 7th century. It remains more
or less the same until the 16th century when it was abandoned.
Alongside the settlement the churches of St. Mary and St. Peter were built. The
church of St. Mary is in the
Madona
Bay,
40
m
from the sea shore and around
100
m
from the Late Antique settlement, on a raised plateau, with the main
entrance oriented towards the sea. It is built as a basilical church whose inner
space is divided by columns, with no accentuated apse. It measures
23.74
by
10.8
m, with a narthex of
5.4
by
10.8
m, its exterior articulated with a line of pilasters.
The church of St. Peter is a rectangular single-nave church, measuring
5.82
by
10.68
m, with a large horse-shoe apse. The exterior is decorated with pilasters. It
lies on an isolated position on the
Petrovac
Hill from which it is possible to con¬
trol the southern part of the Brioni Islands and maritime approaches to the Late
Antique settlement. Its distance from the settlement is around
200
m. In front
of the church there is a rectangular structure measuring
4.6
by
5.5
m, probably
the bell-tower and observation post.
Very early, still in the Antique tradition, alongside St. Mary's church a hospice
was added, built according to early Christian building regulations
De consfåu-
tione
ecclesiae
Testamentum
D. N.
I.
Christi.
On the northern side the building had
a high ground floor and a first floor, was divided into two spaces and could have
been described as a domus presbyterorum or hospitium. The courtyard in front of
the hospice was surrounded with a strong wall and has an entrance immediately
adjoining the narthex of the church. From the southern side of the church
a large hall is added containing two semicircular apses. Another courtyard
(southern) is annexed to the structure. Around this courtyard in early Middle
Age a Benedictine monastery was erected, whose layout differs entirely from
the regular contours of the Antique pattern. A large room has been built on the
ground floor, with strong walls, and a vaulted roof. The adjoining building has
one storey and apparently had a residential function.
The year
476
marks the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. It was followed
by the Kingdom of the Eastern Goths which lasted until the year
538.
In this
period the building activity on the Brioni Islands is markedly changed. Traces
of Gothic rule can be seen in the representative buildings in the Late Antique
settlement in the
Madona
Bay and in the construction of the church of St.
Mary. Following the victory of the Byzantium in
538,
Istria
becomes part of the
Byzantine
Thema
or province (during the rule of Justinian I), which was admin¬
istered by the exarchate of Ravenna. The period of Byzantine domination is a
time of prosperity and the last major Antique construction works on the Brioni
Islands. Byzantine rule lasts until the year
788,
with a temporary break between
751
and
774,
due to the invasion of
Langobards.
After
788,
the Islands become
a part of the Frankish state of Charlemagne and his successors.
Both St. Mary's church and the church of St. Peter bear visible marks of changes
of the inner place that took place in the Middle Age. In both churches we could
192
Summary
reconstruct the altar partition consisting of pillars and plates with stylistic fea¬
tures of early Romanesque and Romanesque Periods. A manner of decoration
is seen that could only have developed in the technique of wooden sculpture, by
means of incision. Ornamental motifs are sometimes stylized images of animals.
At the altar partition of St. Mary's church three-strand ribbons are used to form
patterns such as a wheel, a rosette or simple leaves. Alternatively, the surfaces
of partitions are divided into rectangular fields filled with a cross, palm leaf or
a wave motif.
The
Soline Bay
got its name after the Antique salt farms. Underneath the sea
surface there are visible remains of a large basin for the sedimentation of salt
and three smaller basins, two of which were also used for salt sedimentation,
while a third one, separate from the others was probably used for harvesting
the obtained salt. Beside the salt farm, the remains of the walls of a warehouse
are visible. The salt farms of Brioni are mentioned for the first time in written
sources in a deed of gift from the year
543
when Euphrasius, the bishop of
Poreč
presented a third of these salt mines to his curia.
The exploitation of stone on Brioni dates into prehistory and lasts until the
19th century. Already the fortification walls of the Histrian settlement above
the
Verige
Bay was built from stone blocks cut in local quarries. For the trans¬
portation of stone it was very important that the quarries are near the sea coast,
preferably on mild slopes with an incline toward the sea. This was characteristic
of most of quarries we find on the Brioni Islands: west of the
Verige
Bay (on
the northern side of the
Gradina
Hill), north from the
Madona
Bay, east of
the
Madona
Bay towards the
Soline
Bay and on the western side in the Brioni
harbour.
Until
1331,
Brioni were a feudal estate of the Aquilean patriarch. In the 12th
century, a Romanesque two-storey donjon is being built in the Brioni harbour,
on the eastern side of the island. A stone inscription (in fragments) mentions the
year
1143.
The donjon could be entered over a movable bridge. In
1331
Brioni
came under Venetian rule are remained so until
1797.
In the 15th century the
settlement was removed from the
Madona
Bay into the Brioni Bay. However, it
keeps its name
Castello de
Brioni and is marked on the geographical maps of the
period as a fortified settlement of the same rank as Rovigno,
Valle, Dignano
and
Fasana, and somewhat more modestly than the nearby City of
Pula (Pola).
In
1481,
the Brioni harbour witnesses the construction of the Gothic church of St.
German, on the foundations of the older, Romanesque church. On the edges of
the settlement in the Brioni harbour in
1504
a tiny church of St.
Rok
was built,
and on the road between the
Verige
Bay and the Brioni harbour, by the grave¬
yard, the church of St. Anthony.
Plague has decimated the islands in
1504, 1590
and
1631,
reducing the popula¬
tion and impoverishing the island. In the reports of Venetian administrators
and chroniclers Brioni are mentioned as an unhealthy and
malarie
region. With
the fall of the Venetian Republic, the peace treaty of Campoformi placed Brioni
under Austrian rule. The subsequent treaty of
Schönbrunn
places the islands
under French rule as a part of the Illyrian Provinces where they remain until
1815.
Following Napoleon's defeat, Brioni, together with
Istria
are returned to
193
Brijuni
-
Prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština
the Austrian Empire. In
1850
Pula
was chosen to be the main Austrian harbour,
the consequence being that the islands in front of her assumed a military role.
On the highest peak of the
Veli Brijun
Island the Brioni Fortress was built,
which later got the name of Tegetthoff. Other fortresses were Peneda, Cavarola
and
Naviglio,
all of which defended the southern positions of Brioni. On the
Mali Brijun Island the fort Brioni Minor was erected, as well as the battery San
Nicolo.
The Austrian industrialist and a steel expert Paul Kupelwieser bought the
Brioni Islands in
1893
and began to transform the then empty estate. In
1902,
Dr. Robert Koch sanitized the swamps on the islands and destroyed
malarie
mosquitoes. A careful planting of new plants created an English landscape park.
Numerous archaeological excavations were begun, investigating the pre-historic,
Antique and Medieval periods. At the beginning of the 20th century, a modern
port was built in the Brioni harbour, along with a chain of luxury hotels. Brioni
rose to the level of a world-renown summer resort of the Austro-Hungarian and
other European aristocracy and the world's financial magnates who spent time
on the islands giving parties, doing sports or merely enjoying. Numerous villas
were also built in the style of the Viennese Secession.
The First World War put an end to the development of elite tourism. Instead,
Brioni acquire a strategic importance linked to the defence of the military port
in
Pula.
Numerous forts on the islands are manned with soldiers, while the offic¬
ers and the military command of the
Pula
harbour occupy the once luxurious
hotels. After the war,
Istria
came under the rule of the Kingdom of Italy, while
Brioni remained a private property of the Kupelwieser family until the
1930s,
when, due to bad debts, they were taken over by Italian banks. A definitive break
with tourism on Brioni came with the onset of World War Two.
After the War Brioni, together with
Istria,
became part of Croatia and Yugoslavia.
They become the summer presidential residence which frequently hosted for¬
eign dignitaries, members of royal families and diplomats. A new presidential
residence was built on the island of
Vanga.
Brioni become a venue of many
historic political meetings that marked the 20th century. The present-day look of
the island is determined by the landscaping and parks created at the beginning
of the 20th century. Archaeological localities, explored and presented, are a sub¬
tle addition to this landscape. Autochthonous Mediterranean flora is made up
mainly of evergreen oak, strawberry-tree, laurel, flowering ash, rosemary and
the dense evergreen underbrush
-
a total of around
600
autochthonous plant
species. On the islands we also find the plant species that do not belong to the
Mediterranean: pubescent oak, European spindle, hawthorn, common privet,
blackthorn, cornelian cherry, European dogwood, clematis, hop hornbeam,
elm-tree, Mahleb cherry.
A particular value of the islands are the trees and forests of evergreen oak
(Quercus ilex)
-
trees grow individually or in groups, reaching a height of around
15
metres with a beautiful umbrella-shaped canopy; laurel groves
{Lamus
nobilis);
Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) with a height of around
20
metres and
a diameter of up to
1
metre; cedar trees. The alleys of pines and cypresses are
the ornament of the Brioni landscape. Even plants brought from distant sub-
194
Summary
tropical areas flourish in the Brioni environment: stone pine and black pine,
Lebanese cedar, Spanish and Greek fir, Chilean yew-tree, evergreen broad-leaf
magnolia, palms, eucalyptus, red and white oleander and mimosas. Landscape
parks, created at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century,
due to careful and discriminate planting of original species brought from all
the corners of the world, blend into an extraordinary landscape harmony and
value. Their concept follows the tradition of the English landscape park which
imitates nature in a manner of sculptural ensembles
-
groups of trees planted
on clear lawns, transparent forests outlining the meadows which gradually turn
into stretches of sandy beaches. The Brioni fauna is numerous and varied too.
Here we find herds of deer
-
fallow deer, axis deer and
mouflons
-
which were
settled on the islands in the 20th century. Living without a natural enemy their
population becomes more and more numerous. Living beside them are the rab¬
bits, squirrels and pheasants, all of which were brought to the islands in
1885,
as well as peacocks. Autochthonous bird species are hooded crows, wild pigeons,
seagulls and jays which nest on smaller islands and sheltered places. Due to
luxuriant vegetation and mild winters Brioni are an ideal winter quarters for
numerous bird species. Therefore, during winter here we find robins, titmice,
jackdaws, wag-tails, pigeons and birds of prey (buzzards, hawks and ravens).
Natural swamps, few of which have remained to the present day, provide habitat
for wild ducks and bald coots, as well as imported sheldrakes and Beijing ducks.
Since October
1983
Brioni are a National Park. The protected seas of Brioni
abound in various algae, sponges, corals (Leptosammia
provou),
yellow cluster
anemones (Parazoanthus axinellae), shells and crabs. The world of fish is rich
and well protected. Brioni Islands are a wonderful blend of natural beauty and
cultural monuments of the highest value, and by that very fact an elite tourist
destination.
Preveo
mr. Milivoj
Vodopija, Agencija
Translator |
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| author | Begović, Vlasta Schrunk, Ivančica Dvoržak 1948- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133568784 |
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| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Brioni (DE-588)4441634-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Brioni |
| id | DE-604.BV022945411 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:59:35Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:08:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789532122480 |
| language | Croatian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016149990 |
| oclc_num | 220209196 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 223 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Golden Marketing - Tehnička Knjiga |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Begović, Vlasta Verfasser aut Brijuni prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština Vlasta Begović ; Ivančica Schrunk Zagreb Golden Marketing - Tehnička Knjiga 2006 223 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd rswk-swf Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd rswk-swf Brioni (DE-588)4441634-9 gnd rswk-swf Brioni (DE-588)4441634-9 g Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 s Geschichte z DE-604 Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 s Schrunk, Ivančica Dvoržak 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)133568784 aut Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016149990&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016149990&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Begović, Vlasta Schrunk, Ivančica Dvoržak 1948- Brijuni prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4125698-0 (DE-588)4054858-2 (DE-588)4441634-9 |
| title | Brijuni prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština |
| title_auth | Brijuni prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština |
| title_exact_search | Brijuni prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Brijuni prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština |
| title_full | Brijuni prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština Vlasta Begović ; Ivančica Schrunk |
| title_fullStr | Brijuni prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština Vlasta Begović ; Ivančica Schrunk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Brijuni prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština Vlasta Begović ; Ivančica Schrunk |
| title_short | Brijuni |
| title_sort | brijuni proslost graditeljstvo kulturna bastina |
| title_sub | prošlost, graditeljstvo, kulturna baština |
| topic | Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kultur Siedlung Brioni |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016149990&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016149990&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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