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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Heizer, Jay H. 1935- (Author), Render, Barry (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Upper Saddle River, NJ [u.a.] Pearson, Prentice Hall 2007
Edition:	8. ed., flexible version
Subjects:	Production management Produktion Operations Management Management Einführung
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Erg. bildet: Heizer, Jay: Operations management, student lecture guide
Physical Description:	Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm)
ISBN:	0132370603

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adam_text	Brief Contents PART ONE Introduction to Operations Management 1 1. Operations and Productivity 1 2. Operations Strategy in a Global Environment 21 3. Project Management 45 4. Forecasting 81 PART TWO Designing Operations 121 5. Design of Goods and Services 121 6. Managing Quality 153 Supplement 6: Statistical Process Control 175 7. Process Strategy 199 Supplement 7: Capacity Planning 227 8. Location Strategies 245 9. Layout Strategy 267 10. Human Resources and Job Design 297 Supplement 10: Work Measurement 319 PART THREE Managing Operations 333 11. Supply-Chain Management 333 Supplement 11 : E-Commerce and Operations Management 357 12. Inventory Management 369 13. Aggregate Planning 401 14. Material Requirements Planning (MRP) and ERP 427 15. Short-Term Scheduling 457 16. Just-in-Time and Lean Production Systems 487 17. Maintenance and Reliability 509 PART FOUR Quantitative Modules 523 A. Decision-Making Tools 523 B. Linear Programming 535 C. Transportation Models 557 D. Waiting-Line Models 571 E. Learning Curves 591 F. Simulation 601 CD-ROM Tutorials 1. Statistical Tools for Managers Tl-1 2. Acceptance Sampling T2-1 3. The Simplex Method of Linear Programming T3-1 4. The MODI and VAM Methods of Solving Transportation Problems T4-1 5. Vehicle Routing and Scheduling T5-1 Contents About the Authors iv Preface xvii PART ONE Introduction to Operations Management 1 1. Operations and Productivity 1 Global Company Profile: Hard Rock Cafe 2 What Is Operations Management? 4 Organizing to Produce Goods and Services 4 Why Study OM? 4 What Operations Managers Do 6 How This Book Is Organized 6 The Heritage of Operations Management 7 Operations in the Service Sector 9 Differences between Goods and Services 9 Growth of Services 10 Service Pay 11 Exciting New Trends in Operations Management 12 The Productivity Challenge 13 Productivity Measurement 14 Productivity Variables 16 Productivity and the Service Sector 17 Ethics and Social Responsibility 18 Summary 19 · Key Terms 19 · Solved Problems 19 Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 20 · Additional Case Study 20 2. Operations Strategy in a Global Environment 21 Global Company Profile: Boeing 22 A Global View of Operations 24 Cultural and Ethical Issues 27 Developing Missions and Strategies 27 Mission 27 Strategy 28 Achieving Competitive Advantage Through Operations 29 Competing on Differentiation 30 Competing on Cost 30 Competing on Response 31 Ten Strategic OM Decisions 32 Issues in Operations Strategy 35 Research 35 Preconditions 36 Dynamics 36 Strategy Development and Implementation 37 Identify Critical Success Factors 37 Build and Staff the Organization 38 Integrate OM with Other Activities 39 Global Operations Strategy Options 39 International Strategy 40 Multidomestic Strategy 41 Global Strategy 41 Transnational Strategy 42 Summary 42 · Key Terms 43 · Solved Problem 43 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 43 · Additional Case Studies 44 3. Project Management 45 Global Company Profile: Bechtel Group 46 The Importance of Project Management 48 Project Planning 48 The Project Manager 49 Work Breakdown Structure 50 Project Scheduling 51 Project Controlling 52 Project Management Techniques: PERT and CPM 53 The Framework of PERT and CPM 53 Network Diagrams and Approaches 53 Activity-on-Node Example 55 Activity-on-Arrow Example 57 Determining the Project Schedule 57 Forward Pass 58 Backward Pass 60 Calculating Slack Time and Identifying the Critical Path(s) 61 Variability in Activity Times 62 Three Time Estimates in PERT 63 Probability of Project Completion 65 Cost-Time Trade-Offs and Project Crashing 67 A Critique of PERT and CPM 70 Using Microsoft Project to Manage Projects 71 Creating a Project Schedule Using MS Project 71 Tracking Progress and Managing Costs Using MS Project 74 Contents Summary 75 · Key Terms 75 · Using Software to Solve Project Management Problems 75 · Solved Problems 76 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 80 · Additional Case Studies 80 4. Forecasting 81 Global Company Profile: Tupperware Corporation 82 What Is Forecasting? 84 Forecasting Time Horizons 84 The Influence of Product Life Cycle 85 Types of Forecasts 85 The Strategic Importance of Forecasting 85 Human Resources 85 Capacity 85 Supply-Chain Management 85 Seven Steps in the Forecasting System 86 Forecasting Approaches 86 Overview of Qualitative Methods 86 Overview of Quantitative Methods 87 Time-Series Forecasting 87 Decomposition of a Time Series 88 Naive Approach 88 Moving Averages 89 Exponential Smoothing 90 Measuring Forecast Error 92 Exponential Smoothing with Trend Adjustment 95 Trend Projections 98 Seasonal Variations in Data 100 Cyclical Variations in Data 105 Associative Forecasting Methods: Regression and Correlation Analysis 105 Using Regression Analysis to Forecast 105 Standard Error of the Estimate 107 Correlation Coefficients for Regression Lines 108 Multiple-Regression Analysis 109 Monitoring and Controlling Forecasts 110 Adaptive Smoothing 112 Focus Forecasting 112 Forecasting in the Service Sector 112 Summary 113 · Key Tenns 115* Using Software in Forecasting 115 Solved Problems 116* Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 118* Additional Case Studies 119 PART TWO Designing Operations 121 5. Design of Goods and Services 121 Global Company Profile: Regal Marine 122 Goods and Services Selection 124 Product Strategy Options Support Competitive Advantage 124 Product Life Cycles 125 Life Cycle and Strategy 126 Product-by-Value Analysis 126 Generating New Products 126 New Product Opportunities 127 Importance of New Products 128 Product Development 128 Product Development System 128 Quality Function Deployment (QFD) 129 Organizing for Product Development 131 Manufacturability and Value Engineering 132 Issues for Product Design 133 Robust Design 133 Modular Design 133 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) 133 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) 134 Virtual Reality Technology 135 Value Analysis 135 Ethics and Environmentally Friendly Designs 135 Time-Based Competition 138 Purchasing Technology by Acquiring a Firm 139 Joint Ventures 139 Alliances 139 Defining the Product 140 Make-or-Buy Decisions 141 Group Technology 142 Documents for Production 142 Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM) 143 Service Design 144 Documents for Services 146 Application of Decision Trees to Product Design 147 Transition to Production 148 Summary 149 · Key Terms 149 · Solved Problem 149 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 150 • Additional Case Studies 151 6. Managing Quality 153 Global Company Profile: Arnold Palmer Hospital 154 Quality and Strategy 156 Defining Quality 156 Implications of Quality 157 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award 157 Cost of Quality (COQ) 158 Ethics and Quality Management 158 International Quality Standards 159 150 9000 159 ISO 14000 160 Contents χι Total Quality Management 160 Continuous Improvement 160 Six Sigma 161 Employee Empowerment 161 Benchmarking 162 Just-in-Time (JIT) 163 Taguchi Concepts 164 Knowledge of TQM Tools 165 Tools of TQM 165 Check Sheets 165 Scatter Diagrams 166 Cause-and-Effect Diagrams 166 Pareto Charts 167 Flowcharts 167 Histograms 168 Statistical Process Control (SPC) 168 The Role of Inspection 168 When and Where to Inspect 169 Source Inspection 169 Service Industry Inspection 170 Inspection of Attributes versus Variables 170 TQM in Services 171 Summary 173 · Key Terms 173 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 173· Additional Case Studies 174 Supplement 6: Statistical Process Control 175 Statistical Process Control (SPC) 176 Control Charts for Variables 178 Tiie Central Limit Theorem 179 Setting Mean Chart Limits (x-Charts) 180 Setting Range Chart Limits (R-Charts) 182 Using Mean and Range Charts 182 Control Charts for Attributes 184 Managerial Issues and Control Charts 187 Process Capability 189 Process Capability Ratio (Cp) 189 Process Capability Index (C k) 190 Acceptance Sampling 191 Operating Characteristic Curve 191 Average Outgoing Quality 192 Summary 194 · Key Terms 194 * Using Software for SPC 194 · Solved Problems 196 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 197 · Additional Case Studies 197 7. Process Strategy 199 Global Company Profile: Dell Computer Corp. 200 Four Process Strategies 202 Process Focus 202 Repetitive Focus 204 Product Focus 205 Mass Customization Focus 206 Comparison of Process Choices 208 Process Analysis and Design 211 Flow Diagrams 211 Time-Function Mapping 212 Value-Stream Mapping 212 Process Charts 212 Service Blueprinting 213 Service Process Design 214 Customer Interaction and Process Design 215 More Opportunities to Improve Service Processes 216 Selection of Equipment and Technology 217 Production Technology 217 Machine Technology 217 Automatic Identification System (AIS) 218 Process Control 218 Vision Systems 219 Robots 219 Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS) 219 Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) 220 Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) 220 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (СІМ) 220 Technology in Services 221 Process Redesign 222 Ethics and Environmentally Friendly Processes 223 Summary 225 · Key Terms 225 · Solved Problem 225 • Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 225 · Additional Case Studies 226 Supplement 7: Capacity Planning 227 Capacity 228 Design and Effective Capacity 229 Capacity and Strategy 230 Capacity Considerations 230 Managing Demand 231 Capacity Planning 232 Break-Even Analysis 233 Single-Product Case 235 Multiproduct Case 235 Applying Decision Trees to Capacity Decisions 237 Applying Investment Analysis to Strategy-Driven Investments 238 Investment, Variable Cost, and Cash Flow 238 Net Present Value 238 Summary 241 · Key Terms 242 · Using Software for Break-Even Analysis 242 · Solved Problems 243 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 244 · Additional Case Studies 244 XII Contents 8. Location Strategies 245 Global Company Profile: Federal Express 246 The Strategic Importance of Location 248 Factors that Affect Location Decisions 249 Labor Productivity 250 Exchange Rates and Currency Risk 250 Costs 251 Attitudes 252 Proximity to Markets 252 Proximity to Suppliers 252 Proximity to Competitors (Clustering) 252 Methods of Evaluating Location Alternatives 253 The Factor-Rating Method 253 Locational Break-Even Analysis 254 Center-of-Gravity Method 255 Transportation Model 257 Service Location Strategy 258 How Hotel Chains Select Sites 258 The Telemarketing Industry 260 Geographic Information Systems 260 Summary 261 · Key Terms 262 · Using Software to Solve Location Problems 262 · Solved Problems 263 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 264 • Additional Case Studies 265 9. Layout Strategy 267 Global Company Profile: McDonald s 268 The Strategic Importance of Layout Decisions 270 Types of Layout 270 Office Layout 271 Retail Layout 272 Senicescapes 273 Warehousing and Storage Layouts 274 Cross-Docking 274 Random Stocking 275 Customizing 275 Fixed-Position Layout 276 Process-Oriented Layout 277 Computer Software for Process-Oriented Layouts 281 Work Cells 282 Requirements of Work Cells 282 Staffing and Balancing Work Cells 284 The Focused Work Center and the Focused Factory 285 Repetitive and Product-Oriented Layout 286 Assembly-Line Balancing 287 Summary 291 · Key Terms 291 · Using Software to Solve Layout Problems 292 · Solved Problems 293* Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 296 · Additional Case Studies 296 10. Human Resources and Job Design 297 Global Company Profile: Southwest Airlines 298 Human Resource Strategy for Competitive Advantage 300 Constraints on Human Resource Strategy 300 Labor Planning 301 Employment-Stability Policies 301 Work Schedules 301 Job Classifications and Work Rules 302 Job Design 302 Labor Specialization 302 Job Expansion 303 Psychological Components of Job Design 304 Self-Directed Teams 305 Motivation and Incentive Systems 306 Ergonomics and Work Methods 307 The Visual Workplace 312 Ethics and The Work Environment 314 Labor Standards 314 Summary 314 Key Terms 315 · Solved Problem 315 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 317 • Additional Case Studies 317 Supplement 10: Work Measurement 319 Labor Standards and Work Measurement 320 Historical Experience 321 Time Studies 321 Predetermined Time Standards 325 Work Sampling 327 Summary 330 · Key Terms 330 · Solved Problems 330 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 332 • Additional Case Studies 332 PART THREE Managing Operations 333 11. Supply-Chain Management 333 Global Company Profile: Volkswagen 334 The Strategic Importance of the Supply Chain 336 Global Supply-Chain Issues 337 Supply-Chain Economics 338 Make-or-Buy Decisions 338 Outsourcing 339 Ethics in the Supply Chain 341 Supply-Chain Strategies 342 Many Suppliers 342 Few Suppliers 342 Vertical Integration 342 Contents XIII Keiretsu Networks 344 Virtual Companies 344 Managing the Supply Chain 345 Issues in an Integrated Supply Chain 345 Opportunities in an Integrated Supply Chain 347 Internet Purchasing 349 Vendor Selection 350 Vendor Evaluation 350 Vendor Development 351 Negotiations 351 Logistics Management 352 Distribution Systems 352 Cost of Shipping Alternatives 354 Logistics, Security, and JIT 354 Benchmarking Supply-Chain Management 354 Summary 355 · Key Terms 355 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 355 · Additional Case Studies 356 Supplement 11: E-Commerce and Operations Management 357 The Internet 358 Electronic Commerce 359 E-Commerce Definitions 360 Economics of E-Commerce 360 Product Design 361 Collaborative Project Management 362 E-Procurement 362 Online Catalogs 362 RFQs and Bid Packaging 363 Internet Outsourcing 363 Online Auctions 364 Inventory Tracking 364 Inventory Reduction 365 Warehousing for E-Commerce 365 Just-in-Time Delivery for E-Commerce 366 Scheduling and Logistics Improvements 366 Coordinated Pickup and Delivery 366 Logistics Cost Reduction 367 Summary 367· Key Tenns 367· Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 367 · Additional Case Studies 367 12. Inventory Management 369 Global Company Profile: Amazonxom 370 Functions of Inventory 372 Types of Inventory 372 Inventor} Management 373 ABC Analysis 373 Record Accuracx 374 Cycle Counting 375 Control of Service Inventories 376 Inventory Models 376 Independent versus Dependent Demand 376 Holding, Ordering, and Setup Costs 377 Inventory Models for Independent Demand 377 The Basic Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Mode! 378 Minimizing Costs 378 Reorder Points 382 Production Order Quantity Model 383 Quantity Discount Models 386 Probabilistic Models and Safety Stock 388 Other Probabilistic Models 391 Fixed-Period (P) Systems 393 Summary 394 · Key Terms 395 · Using Software to Solve Inventory Problems 396 · Solved Problems 397 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 399 • Additional Case Studies 400 13. Aggregate Planning 401 Global Company Profile: Anheuser-Busch 402 The Planning Process 404 The Nature of Aggregate Planning 404 Aggregate Planning Strategies 406 Capacity Options 406 Demand Options 407 Mixing Options to Develop a Plan 409 Methods for Aggregate Planning 410 Graphical and Charting Methods 410 Mathematical Approaches to Planning 413 Comparison of Aggregate Planning Methods 416 Aggregate Planning in Services 416 Restaurants 417 Hospitals 417 National Chains of Small Service Firms 417 Miscellaneous Services 417 Airline Industry 418 Yield Management 418 Summary 421 · Key Terms 421 · Using Software for Aggregate Planning 421 · Solved Problems 422 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 424 · Additional Case Studies 425 14. Material Requirements Planning (MRP) andERP427 Global Company Profile: Collins Industries 428 Dependent Inventory Model Requirements 430 Master Production Schedule 430 XIV Contents Bills of Material 433 Accurate Inventory Records 434 Purchase Orders Outstanding 434 Lead Times for Each Component 435 MRP Structure 436 MRP Management 439 MRP Dynamics 439 MRP and JIT 440 Lot-Sizing Techniques 441 Extensions of MRP 444 Closed-Loop MRP 445 Capacity Planning 445 Material Requirements Planning II (MRP II) 446 MRP in Services 446 Distribution Resource Planning (DRP) 448 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 448 Advantages and Disadvantages of ERP Systems 451 ERP in the Service Sector 451 Summary 452 · Key Terms 452 · Using Software to Solve MRP Problems 452 · Solved Problems 453 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 456 · Additional Case Studies 456 15. Short-Term Scheduling 457 Global Company Profile: Delta Airlines 458 The Strategic Importance of Short-Term Scheduling 460 Scheduling Issues 460 Forward and Backward Scheduling 461 Scheduling Criteria 463 Scheduling Process-Focused Facilities 463 Loading Jobs 464 Input-Output Control 464 Gantt Charts 465 Assignment Method 467 Sequencing Jobs 469 Priority Rules for Dispatching Jobs 469 Critical Ratio 472 Sequencing N Jobs on Two Machines: Johnson s Rule 473 Limitations of Rule-Based Dispatching Systems 474 Finite Capacity Scheduling (FCS) 475 Theory of Constraints 476 Bottlenecks 476 Drum, Buffer, Rope 477 Scheduling Repetitive Facilities 478 Scheduling Services 478 Scheduling Service Employees with Cyclical Scheduling 479 Summary 481 · Key Terms 481 · Using Software for Short-Term Scheduling 481 · Solved Problems 483 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 486 · Additional Case Studies 486 16. Just-in-Time and Lean Production Systems 487 Global Company Profile: Green Gear Cycling 488 Just-in-Time and Lean Production 490 Suppliers 491 Goals of JIT Partnerships 492 Concerns of Suppliers 494 JIT Layout 494 Distance Reduction 494 Increased Flexibility 494 Impact on Employees 494 Reduced Space and Inventory 495 Inventory 495 Reduce Variability 495 Reduce Inventory 496 Reduce Lot Sizes 496 Reduce Setup Costs 498 Scheduling 499 Level Schedules 499 Kanban 499 Quality 503 Employee Empowerment 503 Lean Production 503 Building a Lean Organization 504 5 S s 505 Seven Wastes 506 JIT in Services 506 Summary 507 · Key Terms 507 · Solved Problem 508 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 508 • Additional Case Studies 508 17. Maintenance and Reliability 509 Global Company Profile: Orlando Utilities Commission 510 The Strategic Importance of Maintenance and Reliability 512 Reliability 513 Improving Individual Components 513 Providing Redundancy 515 Maintenance 516 Implementing Preventive Maintenance 516 Increasing Repair Capabilities 519 Total Productive Maintenance 520 Techniques for Establishing Maintenance Policies 520 Summary 520 · Key Terms 521 · Using Software to Solve Reliability Problems 521 · Solved Problems 521 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 522 • Additional Case Studies 522 Contents xv PART FOUR Quantitative Modules 5 23 A. Decision-Making Tools 523 The Decision Process in Operations 524 Fundamentals of Decision Making 525 Decision Tables 525 Types of Decision-Making Environments 526 Decision Making Under Uncertainty 526 Decision Making Under Risk 527 Decision Making Under Certainty 527 Expected Value of Perfect Information (EVPI) 528 Decision Trees 528 A More Complex Decision Tree 530 Using Decision Trees in Ethical Decision Making 531 Summary 532 · Key Terms 532 · Using Software for Decision Models 533 · Solved Problems 533 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 534 · Additional Case Studies 534 B. Linear Programming 535 Requirements of a Linear Programming Problem 537 Formulating Linear Programming Problems 537 Shader Electronics Example 537 Graphical Solution to a Linear Programming Problem 538 Graphical Representation of Constraints 538 Iso-Profit Line Solution Method 540 Corner-Point Solution Method 542 Sensitivity Analysis 543 Sensitivity Report 543 Changes in the Resources or Right-Hand-Side Values 544 Changes in the Objective Function Coefficient 545 Solving Minimization Problems 545 Linear Programming Applications 547 Production-Mix Example 547 Diet Problem Example 548 Production Scheduling Example 549 Labor Scheduling Example 550 The Simplex Method of LP 552 Summary 552 · Key Terms 552 · Using Software to Solve LP Problems 552 · Solved Problems 554 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 556 · Additional Case Studies 556 C. Transportation Models 557 Transportation Modeling 558 Developing an Initial Solution 559 The Northwest-Comer Rule 560 The Intuitive Lowest-Cost Method 560 The Stepping-Stone Method 561 Special Issues in Modeling 564 Demand Not Equal to Supply 564 Degeneracy 565 Summary 566 · Key Terms 566 · Using Software to Solve Transportation Problems 566 · Solved Problems 568 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 569 · Additional Case Studies 570 D. Waiting-Line Models 571 Characteristics of a Waiting-Line System 573 Arrival Characteristics 573 Waiting-Line Characteristics 574 Service Characteristics 575 Measuring the Queue s Performance 575 Queuing Costs 577 The Variety of Queuing Models 578 Model A: Single-Channel Queuing Model with Poisson Arrivals and Exponential Senice Times 578 Model B: Multiple-Channel Queuing Model 581 Model C: Constant-Service-Time Model 584 Model D: Limited-Population Model 584 Other Queuing Approaches 586 Summary 587 · Key Terms 587 · Using Software to Solve Queuing Problems 587 · Solved Problems 588 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 590 • Additional Case Study 590 E. Learning Curves 591 Learning Curves in Services and Manufacturing 593 Applying the Learning Curve 594 Arithmetic Approach 594 Logarithmic Approach 594 Learning-Curve Coefficient Approach 595 Strategic Implications of Learning Curves 596 Limitations of Learning Curves 597 Summary 597 · Key Term 598 · Using Software for Learning Curves 598 · Solved Problems 598 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 599 F. Simulation 601 What is Simulation? 602 Advantages and Disadvantages of Simulation 603 Monte Carlo Simulation 603 Simulation of a Queuing Problem 607 Simulation and Inventory Analysis 608 Summary 611 · Key Terms 611 » Using Software in Simulation 611 · Solved Problems 613 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 614 · Additional Case Studies 614 xvi Contents Appendices Al Indices II Photo Credits Cl CD-ROM Tutorials 1. Statistical Tools for Managers Tl-1 Discrete Probability Distributions Tl-2 Expected Value of a Discrete Probability Distribution Τ 1-3 Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution Τ 1-3 Continuous Probability Distributions Tl-4 The Normal Distribution Tl-4 Summary Tl-7 · Key Terms Tl-7 · Discussion Questions Tl-7 · Problems Tl-7 · Bibliography T1-Ł 2. Acceptance Sampling T2-1 Sampling Plans T2-2 Single Sampling 72-2 Double Sampling T2-2 Sequential Sampling T2-2 Operating Characteristic (OC) Curves T2-2 Producer s and Consumer s Risk T2-3 Average Outgoing Quality T2-5 Summary T2-6 · Key Terms T2-6 · Solved Problem T2-7 · Discussion Questions T2-7 · Problems T2-7 3. The Simplex Method of Linear Programming T3-1 Converting the Constraints to Equations T3-2 Setting Up the First Simplex Tableau T3-2 Simplex Solution Procedures T3-4 Summary of Simplex Steps for Maximization Problems T3-6 Artificial and Surplus Variables T3-7 Solving Minimization Problems T3-7 Summary T3-8 · Key Terms T3-8 · Solved Problem T3-8 · Discussion Questions T3-8 · Problems T3-9 4. The MODI and VAM Methods of Solving Transportation Problems T4-1 MODI Method T4-2 How to use the MODI Method T4-2 Solving the Arizona Plumbing Problem with MODIT4-2 Vogel s Approximation Method: Another Way to Find an Initial Solution T4-4 Discussion Questions T4-8 · Problems T4-8 5. Vehicle Routing and Scheduling T5-1 Introduction T5-2 Service Delivery Example: Meals-for-ME T5-2 Objectives of Routing and Scheduling Problems T5-2 Characteristics of Routing and Scheduling Problems T5-3 Classifying Routing and Scheduling Problems T5-3 Solving Routing and Scheduling Problems T5-4 Routing Service Vehicles T5-5 The Traveling Salesman Problem T5-5 Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem T5-8 The Vehicle Routing Problem T5-9 Cluster First, Route Second Approach T5-10 Scheduling Service Vehicles T5-1 1 The Concurrent Scheduler Approach T5-13 Other Routing and Scheduling Problems T5-13 Summary T5-14 · Key Terms T5-15 · Discussion Questions T5-15 · Problems T5-15 · Case Study: Routing and Scheduling of Phlebotomists T5-17 · Bibliography T5- 17
adam_txt	Brief Contents PART ONE Introduction to Operations Management 1 1. Operations and Productivity 1 2. Operations Strategy in a Global Environment 21 3. Project Management 45 4. Forecasting 81 PART TWO Designing Operations 121 5. Design of Goods and Services 121 6. Managing Quality 153 Supplement 6: Statistical Process Control 175 7. Process Strategy 199 Supplement 7: Capacity Planning 227 8. Location Strategies 245 9. Layout Strategy 267 10. Human Resources and Job Design 297 Supplement 10: Work Measurement 319 PART THREE Managing Operations 333 11. Supply-Chain Management 333 Supplement 11 : E-Commerce and Operations Management 357 12. Inventory Management 369 13. Aggregate Planning 401 14. Material Requirements Planning (MRP) and ERP 427 15. Short-Term Scheduling 457 16. Just-in-Time and Lean Production Systems 487 17. Maintenance and Reliability 509 PART FOUR Quantitative Modules 523 A. Decision-Making Tools 523 B. Linear Programming 535 C. Transportation Models 557 D. Waiting-Line Models 571 E. Learning Curves 591 F. Simulation 601 CD-ROM Tutorials 1. Statistical Tools for Managers Tl-1 2. Acceptance Sampling T2-1 3. The Simplex Method of Linear Programming T3-1 4. The MODI and VAM Methods of Solving Transportation Problems T4-1 5. Vehicle Routing and Scheduling T5-1 Contents About the Authors iv Preface xvii PART ONE Introduction to Operations Management 1 1. Operations and Productivity 1 Global Company Profile: Hard Rock Cafe 2 What Is Operations Management? 4 Organizing to Produce Goods and Services 4 Why Study OM? 4 What Operations Managers Do 6 How This Book Is Organized 6 The Heritage of Operations Management 7 Operations in the Service Sector 9 Differences between Goods and Services 9 Growth of Services 10 Service Pay 11 Exciting New Trends in Operations Management 12 The Productivity Challenge 13 Productivity Measurement 14 Productivity Variables 16 Productivity and the Service Sector 17 Ethics and Social Responsibility 18 Summary 19 · Key Terms 19 · Solved Problems 19 ' Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 20 · Additional Case Study 20 2. Operations Strategy in a Global Environment 21 Global Company Profile: Boeing 22 A Global View of Operations 24 Cultural and Ethical Issues 27 Developing Missions and Strategies 27 Mission 27 Strategy 28 Achieving Competitive Advantage Through Operations 29 Competing on Differentiation 30 Competing on Cost 30 Competing on Response 31 Ten Strategic OM Decisions 32 Issues in Operations Strategy 35 Research 35 Preconditions 36 Dynamics 36 Strategy Development and Implementation 37 Identify Critical Success Factors 37 Build and Staff the Organization 38 Integrate OM with Other Activities 39 Global Operations Strategy Options 39 International Strategy 40 Multidomestic Strategy 41 Global Strategy 41 Transnational Strategy 42 Summary 42 · Key Terms 43 · Solved Problem 43 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 43 · Additional Case Studies 44 3. Project Management 45 Global Company Profile: Bechtel Group 46 The Importance of Project Management 48 Project Planning 48 The Project Manager 49 Work Breakdown Structure 50 Project Scheduling 51 Project Controlling 52 Project Management Techniques: PERT and CPM 53 The Framework of PERT and CPM 53 Network Diagrams and Approaches 53 Activity-on-Node Example 55 Activity-on-Arrow Example 57 Determining the Project Schedule 57 Forward Pass 58 Backward Pass 60 Calculating Slack Time and Identifying the Critical Path(s) 61 Variability in Activity Times 62 Three Time Estimates in PERT 63 Probability of Project Completion 65 Cost-Time Trade-Offs and Project Crashing 67 A Critique of PERT and CPM 70 Using Microsoft Project to Manage Projects 71 Creating a Project Schedule Using MS Project 71 Tracking Progress and Managing Costs Using MS Project 74 Contents Summary 75 · Key Terms 75 · Using Software to Solve Project Management Problems 75 · Solved Problems 76 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 80 · Additional Case Studies 80 4. Forecasting 81 Global Company Profile: Tupperware Corporation 82 What Is Forecasting? 84 Forecasting Time Horizons 84 The Influence of Product Life Cycle 85 Types of Forecasts 85 The Strategic Importance of Forecasting 85 Human Resources 85 Capacity 85 Supply-Chain Management 85 Seven Steps in the Forecasting System 86 Forecasting Approaches 86 Overview of Qualitative Methods 86 Overview of Quantitative Methods 87 Time-Series Forecasting 87 Decomposition of a Time Series 88 Naive Approach 88 Moving Averages 89 Exponential Smoothing 90 Measuring Forecast Error 92 Exponential Smoothing with Trend Adjustment 95 Trend Projections 98 Seasonal Variations in Data 100 Cyclical Variations in Data 105 Associative Forecasting Methods: Regression and Correlation Analysis 105 Using Regression Analysis to Forecast 105 Standard Error of the Estimate 107 Correlation Coefficients for Regression Lines 108 Multiple-Regression Analysis 109 Monitoring and Controlling Forecasts 110 Adaptive Smoothing 112 Focus Forecasting 112 Forecasting in the Service Sector 112 Summary 113 · Key Tenns 115* Using Software in Forecasting 115' Solved Problems 116* Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 118* Additional Case Studies 119 PART TWO Designing Operations 121 5. Design of Goods and Services 121 Global Company Profile: Regal Marine 122 Goods and Services Selection 124 Product Strategy Options Support Competitive Advantage 124 Product Life Cycles 125 Life Cycle and Strategy 126 Product-by-Value Analysis 126 Generating New Products 126 New Product Opportunities 127 Importance of New Products 128 Product Development 128 Product Development System 128 Quality Function Deployment (QFD) 129 Organizing for Product Development 131 Manufacturability and Value Engineering 132 Issues for Product Design 133 Robust Design 133 Modular Design 133 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) 133 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) 134 Virtual Reality Technology 135 Value Analysis 135 Ethics and Environmentally Friendly Designs 135 Time-Based Competition 138 Purchasing Technology by Acquiring a Firm 139 Joint Ventures 139 Alliances 139 Defining the Product 140 Make-or-Buy Decisions 141 Group Technology 142 Documents for Production 142 Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM) 143 Service Design 144 Documents for Services 146 Application of Decision Trees to Product Design 147 Transition to Production 148 Summary 149 · Key Terms 149 · Solved Problem 149 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 150 • Additional Case Studies 151 6. Managing Quality 153 Global Company Profile: Arnold Palmer Hospital 154 Quality and Strategy 156 Defining Quality 156 Implications of Quality 157 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award 157 Cost of Quality (COQ) 158 Ethics and Quality Management 158 International Quality Standards 159 150 9000 159 ISO 14000 160 Contents χι Total Quality Management 160 Continuous Improvement 160 Six Sigma 161 Employee Empowerment 161 Benchmarking 162 Just-in-Time (JIT) 163 Taguchi Concepts 164 Knowledge of TQM Tools 165 Tools of TQM 165 Check Sheets 165 Scatter Diagrams 166 Cause-and-Effect Diagrams 166 Pareto Charts 167 Flowcharts 167 Histograms 168 Statistical Process Control (SPC) 168 The Role of Inspection 168 When and Where to Inspect 169 Source Inspection 169 Service Industry Inspection 170 Inspection of Attributes versus Variables 170 TQM in Services 171 Summary 173 · Key Terms 173 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 173· Additional Case Studies 174 Supplement 6: Statistical Process Control 175 Statistical Process Control (SPC) 176 Control Charts for Variables 178 Tiie Central Limit Theorem 179 Setting Mean Chart Limits (x-Charts) 180 Setting Range Chart Limits (R-Charts) 182 Using Mean and Range Charts 182 Control Charts for Attributes 184 Managerial Issues and Control Charts 187 Process Capability 189 Process Capability Ratio (Cp) 189 Process Capability Index (C k) 190 Acceptance Sampling 191 Operating Characteristic Curve 191 Average Outgoing Quality 192 Summary 194 · Key Terms 194 * Using Software for SPC 194 · Solved Problems 196 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 197 · Additional Case Studies 197 7. Process Strategy 199 Global Company Profile: Dell Computer Corp. 200 Four Process Strategies 202 Process Focus 202 Repetitive Focus 204 Product Focus 205 Mass Customization Focus 206 Comparison of Process Choices 208 Process Analysis and Design 211 Flow Diagrams 211 Time-Function Mapping 212 Value-Stream Mapping 212 Process Charts 212 Service Blueprinting 213 Service Process Design 214 Customer Interaction and Process Design 215 More Opportunities to Improve Service Processes 216 Selection of Equipment and Technology 217 Production Technology 217 Machine Technology 217 Automatic Identification System (AIS) 218 Process Control 218 Vision Systems 219 Robots 219 Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS) 219 Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) 220 Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) 220 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (СІМ) 220 Technology in Services 221 Process Redesign 222 Ethics and Environmentally Friendly Processes 223 Summary 225 · Key Terms 225 · Solved Problem 225 • Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 225 · Additional Case Studies 226 Supplement 7: Capacity Planning 227 Capacity 228 Design and Effective Capacity 229 Capacity and Strategy 230 Capacity Considerations 230 Managing Demand 231 Capacity Planning 232 Break-Even Analysis 233 Single-Product Case 235 Multiproduct Case 235 Applying Decision Trees to Capacity Decisions 237 Applying Investment Analysis to Strategy-Driven Investments 238 Investment, Variable Cost, and Cash Flow 238 Net Present Value 238 Summary 241 · Key Terms 242 · Using Software for Break-Even Analysis 242 · Solved Problems 243 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 244 · Additional Case Studies 244 XII Contents 8. Location Strategies 245 Global Company Profile: Federal Express 246 The Strategic Importance of Location 248 Factors that Affect Location Decisions 249 Labor Productivity 250 Exchange Rates and Currency Risk 250 Costs 251 Attitudes 252 Proximity to Markets 252 Proximity to Suppliers 252 Proximity to Competitors (Clustering) 252 Methods of Evaluating Location Alternatives 253 The Factor-Rating Method 253 Locational Break-Even Analysis 254 Center-of-Gravity Method 255 Transportation Model 257 Service Location Strategy 258 How Hotel Chains Select Sites 258 The Telemarketing Industry 260 Geographic Information Systems 260 Summary 261 · Key Terms 262 · Using Software to Solve Location Problems 262 · Solved Problems 263 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 264 • Additional Case Studies 265 9. Layout Strategy 267 Global Company Profile: McDonald's 268 The Strategic Importance of Layout Decisions 270 Types of Layout 270 Office Layout 271 Retail Layout 272 Senicescapes 273 Warehousing and Storage Layouts 274 Cross-Docking 274 Random Stocking 275 Customizing 275 Fixed-Position Layout 276 Process-Oriented Layout 277 Computer Software for Process-Oriented Layouts 281 Work Cells 282 Requirements of Work Cells 282 Staffing and Balancing Work Cells 284 The Focused Work Center and the Focused Factory 285 Repetitive and Product-Oriented Layout 286 Assembly-Line Balancing 287 Summary 291 · Key Terms 291 · Using Software to Solve Layout Problems 292 · Solved Problems 293* Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 296 · Additional Case Studies 296 10. Human Resources and Job Design 297 Global Company Profile: Southwest Airlines 298 Human Resource Strategy for Competitive Advantage 300 Constraints on Human Resource Strategy 300 Labor Planning 301 Employment-Stability Policies 301 Work Schedules 301 Job Classifications and Work Rules 302 Job Design 302 Labor Specialization 302 Job Expansion 303 Psychological Components of Job Design 304 Self-Directed Teams 305 Motivation and Incentive Systems 306 Ergonomics and Work Methods 307 The Visual Workplace 312 Ethics and The Work Environment 314 Labor Standards 314 Summary 314' Key Terms 315 · Solved Problem 315 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 317 • Additional Case Studies 317 Supplement 10: Work Measurement 319 Labor Standards and Work Measurement 320 Historical Experience 321 Time Studies 321 Predetermined Time Standards 325 Work Sampling 327 Summary 330 · Key Terms 330 · Solved Problems 330 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 332 • Additional Case Studies 332 PART THREE Managing Operations 333 11. Supply-Chain Management 333 Global Company Profile: Volkswagen 334 The Strategic Importance of the Supply Chain 336 Global Supply-Chain Issues 337 Supply-Chain Economics 338 Make-or-Buy Decisions 338 Outsourcing 339 Ethics in the Supply Chain 341 Supply-Chain Strategies 342 Many Suppliers 342 Few Suppliers 342 Vertical Integration 342 Contents XIII Keiretsu Networks 344 Virtual Companies 344 Managing the Supply Chain 345 Issues in an Integrated Supply Chain 345 Opportunities in an Integrated Supply Chain 347 Internet Purchasing 349 Vendor Selection 350 Vendor Evaluation 350 Vendor Development 351 Negotiations 351 Logistics Management 352 Distribution Systems 352 Cost of Shipping Alternatives 354 Logistics, Security, and JIT 354 Benchmarking Supply-Chain Management 354 Summary 355 · Key Terms 355 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 355 · Additional Case Studies 356 Supplement 11: E-Commerce and Operations Management 357 The Internet 358 Electronic Commerce 359 E-Commerce Definitions 360 Economics of E-Commerce 360 Product Design 361 Collaborative Project Management 362 E-Procurement 362 Online Catalogs 362 RFQs and Bid Packaging 363 Internet Outsourcing 363 Online Auctions 364 Inventory Tracking 364 Inventory Reduction 365 Warehousing for E-Commerce 365 Just-in-Time Delivery for E-Commerce 366 Scheduling and Logistics Improvements 366 Coordinated Pickup and Delivery 366 Logistics Cost Reduction 367 Summary 367· Key Tenns 367· Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 367 · Additional Case Studies 367 12. Inventory Management 369 Global Company Profile: Amazonxom 370 Functions of Inventory 372 Types of Inventory 372 Inventor}' Management 373 ABC Analysis 373 Record Accuracx 374 Cycle Counting 375 Control of Service Inventories 376 Inventory Models 376 Independent versus Dependent Demand 376 Holding, Ordering, and Setup Costs 377 Inventory Models for Independent Demand 377 The Basic Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Mode! 378 Minimizing Costs 378 Reorder Points 382 Production Order Quantity Model 383 Quantity Discount Models 386 Probabilistic Models and Safety Stock 388 Other Probabilistic Models 391 Fixed-Period (P) Systems 393 Summary 394 · Key Terms 395 · Using Software to Solve Inventory Problems 396 · Solved Problems 397 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 399 • Additional Case Studies 400 13. Aggregate Planning 401 Global Company Profile: Anheuser-Busch 402 The Planning Process 404 The Nature of Aggregate Planning 404 Aggregate Planning Strategies 406 Capacity Options 406 Demand Options 407 Mixing Options to Develop a Plan 409 Methods for Aggregate Planning 410 Graphical and Charting Methods 410 Mathematical Approaches to Planning 413 Comparison of Aggregate Planning Methods 416 Aggregate Planning in Services 416 Restaurants 417 Hospitals 417 National Chains of Small Service Firms 417 Miscellaneous Services 417 Airline Industry 418 Yield Management 418 Summary 421 · Key Terms 421 · Using Software for Aggregate Planning 421 · Solved Problems 422 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 424 · Additional Case Studies 425 14. Material Requirements Planning (MRP) andERP427 Global Company Profile: Collins Industries 428 Dependent Inventory Model Requirements 430 Master Production Schedule 430 XIV Contents Bills of Material 433 Accurate Inventory Records 434 Purchase Orders Outstanding 434 Lead Times for Each Component 435 MRP Structure 436 MRP Management 439 MRP Dynamics 439 MRP and JIT 440 Lot-Sizing Techniques 441 Extensions of MRP 444 Closed-Loop MRP 445 Capacity Planning 445 Material Requirements Planning II (MRP II) 446 MRP in Services 446 Distribution Resource Planning (DRP) 448 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 448 Advantages and Disadvantages of ERP Systems 451 ERP in the Service Sector 451 Summary 452 · Key Terms 452 · Using Software to Solve MRP Problems 452 · Solved Problems 453 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 456 · Additional Case Studies 456 15. Short-Term Scheduling 457 Global Company Profile: Delta Airlines 458 The Strategic Importance of Short-Term Scheduling 460 Scheduling Issues 460 Forward and Backward Scheduling 461 Scheduling Criteria 463 Scheduling Process-Focused Facilities 463 Loading Jobs 464 Input-Output Control 464 Gantt Charts 465 Assignment Method 467 Sequencing Jobs 469 Priority Rules for Dispatching Jobs 469 Critical Ratio 472 Sequencing N Jobs on Two Machines: Johnson's Rule 473 Limitations of Rule-Based Dispatching Systems 474 Finite Capacity Scheduling (FCS) 475 Theory of Constraints 476 Bottlenecks 476 Drum, Buffer, Rope 477 Scheduling Repetitive Facilities 478 Scheduling Services 478 Scheduling Service Employees with Cyclical Scheduling 479 Summary 481 · Key Terms 481 · Using Software for Short-Term Scheduling 481 · Solved Problems 483 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 486 · Additional Case Studies 486 16. Just-in-Time and Lean Production Systems 487 Global Company Profile: Green Gear Cycling 488 Just-in-Time and Lean Production 490 Suppliers 491 Goals of JIT Partnerships 492 Concerns of Suppliers 494 JIT Layout 494 Distance Reduction 494 Increased Flexibility 494 Impact on Employees 494 Reduced Space and Inventory 495 Inventory 495 Reduce Variability 495 Reduce Inventory 496 Reduce Lot Sizes 496 Reduce Setup Costs 498 Scheduling 499 Level Schedules 499 Kanban 499 Quality 503 Employee Empowerment 503 Lean Production 503 Building a Lean Organization 504 5 S's 505 Seven Wastes 506 JIT in Services 506 Summary 507 · Key Terms 507 · Solved Problem 508 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 508 • Additional Case Studies 508 17. Maintenance and Reliability 509 Global Company Profile: Orlando Utilities Commission 510 The Strategic Importance of Maintenance and Reliability 512 Reliability 513 Improving Individual Components 513 Providing Redundancy 515 Maintenance 516 Implementing Preventive Maintenance 516 Increasing Repair Capabilities 519 Total Productive Maintenance 520 Techniques for Establishing Maintenance Policies 520 Summary 520 · Key Terms 521 · Using Software to Solve Reliability Problems 521 · Solved Problems 521 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 522 • Additional Case Studies 522 Contents xv PART FOUR Quantitative Modules 5 23 A. Decision-Making Tools 523 The Decision Process in Operations 524 Fundamentals of Decision Making 525 Decision Tables 525 Types of Decision-Making Environments 526 Decision Making Under Uncertainty 526 Decision Making Under Risk 527 Decision Making Under Certainty 527 Expected Value of Perfect Information (EVPI) 528 Decision Trees 528 A More Complex Decision Tree 530 Using Decision Trees in Ethical Decision Making 531 Summary 532 · Key Terms 532 · Using Software for Decision Models 533 · Solved Problems 533 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 534 · Additional Case Studies 534 B. Linear Programming 535 Requirements of a Linear Programming Problem 537 Formulating Linear Programming Problems 537 Shader Electronics Example 537 Graphical Solution to a Linear Programming Problem 538 Graphical Representation of Constraints 538 Iso-Profit Line Solution Method 540 Corner-Point Solution Method 542 Sensitivity Analysis 543 Sensitivity Report 543 Changes in the Resources or Right-Hand-Side Values 544 Changes in the Objective Function Coefficient 545 Solving Minimization Problems 545 Linear Programming Applications 547 Production-Mix Example 547 Diet Problem Example 548 Production Scheduling Example 549 Labor Scheduling Example 550 The Simplex Method of LP 552 Summary 552 · Key Terms 552 · Using Software to Solve LP Problems 552 · Solved Problems 554 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 556 · Additional Case Studies 556 C. Transportation Models 557 Transportation Modeling 558 Developing an Initial Solution 559 The Northwest-Comer Rule 560 The Intuitive Lowest-Cost Method 560 The Stepping-Stone Method 561 Special Issues in Modeling 564 Demand Not Equal to Supply 564 Degeneracy 565 Summary 566 · Key Terms 566 · Using Software to Solve Transportation Problems 566 · Solved Problems 568 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 569 · Additional Case Studies 570 D. Waiting-Line Models 571 Characteristics of a Waiting-Line System 573 Arrival Characteristics 573 Waiting-Line Characteristics 574 Service Characteristics 575 Measuring the Queue's Performance 575 Queuing Costs 577 The Variety of Queuing Models 578 Model A: Single-Channel Queuing Model with Poisson Arrivals and Exponential Senice Times 578 Model B: Multiple-Channel Queuing Model 581 Model C: Constant-Service-Time Model 584 Model D: Limited-Population Model 584 Other Queuing Approaches 586 Summary 587 · Key Terms 587 · Using Software to Solve Queuing Problems 587 · Solved Problems 588 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 590 • Additional Case Study 590 E. Learning Curves 591 Learning Curves in Services and Manufacturing 593 Applying the Learning Curve 594 Arithmetic Approach 594 Logarithmic Approach 594 Learning-Curve Coefficient Approach 595 Strategic Implications of Learning Curves 596 Limitations of Learning Curves 597 Summary 597 · Key Term 598 · Using Software for Learning Curves 598 · Solved Problems 598 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 599 F. Simulation 601 What is Simulation? 602 Advantages and Disadvantages of Simulation 603 Monte Carlo Simulation 603 Simulation of a Queuing Problem 607 Simulation and Inventory Analysis 608 Summary 611 · Key Terms 611 » Using Software in Simulation 611 · Solved Problems 613 · Internet and Student CD-ROM Exercises 614 · Additional Case Studies 614 xvi Contents Appendices Al Indices II Photo Credits Cl CD-ROM Tutorials 1. Statistical Tools for Managers Tl-1 Discrete Probability Distributions Tl-2 Expected Value of a Discrete Probability Distribution Τ 1-3 Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution Τ 1-3 Continuous Probability Distributions Tl-4 The Normal Distribution Tl-4 Summary Tl-7 · Key Terms Tl-7 · Discussion Questions Tl-7 · Problems Tl-7 · Bibliography T1-Ł 2. Acceptance Sampling T2-1 Sampling Plans T2-2 Single Sampling 72-2 Double Sampling T2-2 Sequential Sampling T2-2 Operating Characteristic (OC) Curves T2-2 Producer's and Consumer's Risk T2-3 Average Outgoing Quality T2-5 Summary T2-6 · Key Terms T2-6 · Solved Problem T2-7 · Discussion Questions T2-7 · Problems T2-7 3. The Simplex Method of Linear Programming T3-1 Converting the Constraints to Equations T3-2 Setting Up the First Simplex Tableau T3-2 Simplex Solution Procedures T3-4 Summary of Simplex Steps for Maximization Problems T3-6 Artificial and Surplus Variables T3-7 Solving Minimization Problems T3-7 Summary T3-8 · Key Terms T3-8 · Solved Problem T3-8 · Discussion Questions T3-8 · Problems T3-9 4. The MODI and VAM Methods of Solving Transportation Problems T4-1 MODI Method T4-2 How to use the MODI Method T4-2 Solving the Arizona Plumbing Problem with MODIT4-2 Vogel's Approximation Method: Another Way to Find an Initial Solution T4-4 Discussion Questions T4-8 · Problems T4-8 5. Vehicle Routing and Scheduling T5-1 Introduction T5-2 Service Delivery Example: Meals-for-ME T5-2 Objectives of Routing and Scheduling Problems T5-2 Characteristics of Routing and Scheduling Problems T5-3 Classifying Routing and Scheduling Problems T5-3 Solving Routing and Scheduling Problems T5-4 Routing Service Vehicles T5-5 The Traveling Salesman Problem T5-5 Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem T5-8 The Vehicle Routing Problem T5-9 Cluster First, Route Second Approach T5-10 Scheduling Service Vehicles T5-1 1 The Concurrent Scheduler Approach T5-13 Other Routing and Scheduling Problems T5-13 Summary T5-14 · Key Terms T5-15 · Discussion Questions T5-15 · Problems T5-15 · Case Study: Routing and Scheduling of Phlebotomists T5-17 · Bibliography T5- 17
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spellingShingle	Heizer, Jay H. 1935- Render, Barry Operations management Production management Produktion (DE-588)4047347-8 gnd Operations Management (DE-588)4549167-7 gnd Management (DE-588)4037278-9 gnd
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title	Operations management
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title_fullStr	Operations management Jay Heizer ; Barry Render
title_full_unstemmed	Operations management Jay Heizer ; Barry Render
title_short	Operations management
title_sort	operations management
topic	Production management Produktion (DE-588)4047347-8 gnd Operations Management (DE-588)4549167-7 gnd Management (DE-588)4037278-9 gnd
topic_facet	Production management Produktion Operations Management Management Einführung
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