Transnational commercial law: primary materials
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2007
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIX, 894 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780199287079 |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Commercial law | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Conflict of laws |x Commercial law | |
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CONTENTS*SUMMARY
TABLE OF CASES XXIX
TABLE OF STATUTES AND STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS XXXIII
TABLE OF CODES XXXV
TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND MODEL LAWS XXXVII
TABLE OF EC TREATIES AND LEGISLATION XLVII
TABLE OF UNIFORM RULES, UNIFORM TRADE TERMS, RESTATEMENTS AND MODEL
FORMS XLIX
TABLE OF OTHER DOCUMENTS LIII
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS LV
INTRODUCTION LIX
INTRODUCTORY READING LXI
I GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1. THE NATURE, HISTORY AND SOURCES OF COMMERCIAL LAW 3
2. THE CONFLICT OF LAWS IN COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS 57
3. INTERNATIONAL LAW AS IT AFFECTS PRIVATE LAW CONVENTIONS GOVERNING
CROSS-BORDER COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS 89
4. COMPARATIVE LAW AND ITS RELEVANCE TO TRANSNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL LAW 133
5. THE HARMONIZATION OF COMMERCIAL LAW: INSTRUMENTS
AND INSTITUTIONS 191
6. THE HARMONIZATION PROCESS 215
II A VIEW THROUGH ILLUSTRATIVE CONTRACTS
AND HARMONIZING INSTRUMENTS
7. INTERNATIONAL SALES AND THE VIENNA SALES CONVENTION 255
8. AGENCY AND DISTRIBUTION 317
9. INTERNATIONAL BANK PAYMENT UNDERTAKINGS 347
10. FINANCIAL LEASING: THE 1988 UNIDROIT CONVENTION AND THE
UNIDROIT DRAFT MODEL LAW 389
XI
CONTENTS*SUMMARY
11. RECEIVABLES FINANCING: THE UNIDROIT CONVENTION ON
INTERNATIONAL FACTORING AND THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION
ON THE ASSIGNMENT OF RECEIVABLES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 405
12. INTERNATIONAL INTERESTS IN MOBILE EQUIPMENT AND THE CAPE TOWN
CONVENTION AND AIRCRAFT PROTOCOL: ADDING A NEW DIMENSION
TO INTERNATIONAL LAW-MAKING 433
13. TRANSACTIONS IN SECURITIES 471
III HARMONIZATION OF GENERAL CONTRACT LAW
14. RESTATEMENTS OF CONTRACT LAW 505
IV TRANSNATIONAL INSOLVENCY
15. HARMONIZATION AND CO-OPERATION IN CROSS-BORDER INSOLVENCY 541
V INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION
16. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL PROCEDURE 581
17. INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 621
VI RECURRENT ISSUES OF HARMONIZATION
18. THE SPHERE OF APPLICATION OF A CONVENTION; THE ROLE OF THE CONFLICT
OF LAWS; DETERMINING THE CONNECTING FACTOR; CO-EXISTENCE AND
CONFLICTS OF INSTRUMENTS 687
19. UNIFORMITY IN TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW 701
20. GETTING TO YES: PRACTICAL AND POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF HARMONIZATION
729
INDEX 741
XN
CONTENTS
TABLE OF CASES XXIX
TABLE OF STATUTES AND STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS XXXIII
TABLE OF CODES XXXV
TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND MODEL LAWS XXXVII
TABLE OF EC TREATIES AND LEGISLATION XLVII
TABLE OF UNIFORM RULES, UNIFORM TRADE TERMS, RESTATEMENTS AND MODEL
FORMS XLIX
TABLE OF OTHER DOCUMENTS LIII
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS LV
INTRODUCTION LIX
INTRODUCTORY READING LXI
I GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1. THE NATURE, HISTORY AND SOURCES OF COMMERCIAL LAW
A. THE NATURE OF COMMERCIAL LAW
THREE DEFINITIONS
COMMERCIAL LAW
TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
LEX MERCATORIA
WHAT DRIVES COMMERCIAL LAW?
A MEDIEVAL EXAMPLE
A LATER EXAMPLE
A MODERN EXAMPLE
COMMERCIAL LAW AND CIVIL LAW
THE TRANSITION FROM PLANNED ECONOMIES TO MARKET ECONOMIES
B. THE HISTORY OF COMMERCIAL LAW
THE EARLY AND MEDIEVAL CODES
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEDIEVAL LAW MERCHANT
THE NATIONALIZATION OF COMMERCIAL LAW
THE RETURN TO INTERNATIONALISM AND THE GROWTH OF TRANSNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL LAW
THE GROWTH OF REGIONALISM
C. THE SOURCES OF NATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
CONTRACT
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.10
1.14
1.15
1.20
1.24
1.25
1.31
1.32
1.33
XLLL
CONTENTS
USAGE
SUPPLETIVE RULES OF COMMON LAW
DOMESTIC LEGISLATION
D. THE NATURE AND SOURCES OF TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
IS THERE AN AUTONOMOUS TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW?
THE LEX MERCATORIA AND THE CONFLICT OF LAWS
EXTERNAL VALIDATION BY A COURT OR TRIBUNAL
DETERMINATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH LAW
THE SOURCES OF TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
LEX MERCATORIA
INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS
CONSCIOUS OR UNCONSCIOUS JUDICIAL OR LEGISLATIVE PARALLELISM
CONTRACTUALLY INCORPORATED RULES AND TRADE TERMS PROMULGATED
BY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
STANDARD-TERM CONTRACTS
RESTATEMENTS OF SCHOLARS
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
E. LEX MERCATORIA
THE SOURCES OF THE LEX MERCATORIA
THE NORMATIVE FORCE OF USAGE
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AS EVIDENCE OF USAGE
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.45
1.47
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.65
1.66
2. THE CONFLICT OF LAWS IN COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS
A. THE NATURE OF CONFLICT OF LAWS
DEFINITION 2.01
THE STRUCTURE OF A CONFLICTS RULE ('META LAW') 2.04
B. THE ROLE OF CONFLICT OF LAWS IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
PRIOR TO THE ADVENT OF TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW 2.07
A NEW ERA: THE WARSAW CONVENTION OF 1929 2.10
C. SELECTED ISSUES OF GENERAL CONFLICT OF LAWS THEORY
JURISDICTION 2.14
RULES V 'APPROACHES' 2.15
CONNECTING FACTORS OF PARTICULAR RELEVANCE IN COMMERCIAL LAW 2.22
CONTRACTS 2.23
PROPERTY 2.37
OTHER IMPORTANT CONNECTING FACTORS 1.A1
CHARACTERIZATION 2.45
XIV
CONTENTS
PUBLIC POLICY {ORDREPUBLIC) 2.48
MANDATORY RULES IN THE LAW OF CONTRACTS 2.51
NEO-STATUTIST THEORY AND MARKET REGULATION 2.57
RENVOI 2.58
D. THE FUTURE: WILL WE CONTINUE TO NEED CONFLICT OF LAWS? 2.61
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
3. INTERNATIONAL LAW AS IT AFFECTS PRIVATE LAW CONVENTIONS GOVERNING
CROSS-BORDER COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS
A. NATURE AND SOURCES 3.01
INTERNATIONAL LAW AS LAW 3.04
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SOFT LAW 3.06
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DOMESTIC LAW 3.07
APPLICATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 3.10
INFLUENCES ON INTERNATIONAL LAW
IMPACT OF SOPHISTICATED AND SPECIALISED INTERNATIONAL LAW-MAKING
ORGANIZATIONS 3.11
IMPACT OF INCREASED COMPLEXITY OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW-MAKING PROCESS
3.12
IMPACT OF TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT 3.13
IMPACT OF THE ENHANCED ROLE OF THE INDIVIDUAL UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW
3.14
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 3.15
THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 3.19
CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 3.21
TREATY LAW 3.26
B. THE TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF PRIVATE LAW CONVENTIONS 3.32
PREAMBLE 3.33
BODY OF THE CONVENTION 3.36
SPHERE OF APPLICATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS 3.37
SUBSTANTIVE RULES 3.39
FINAL CLAUSES 3.41
C. INTERPRETATION OF CONVENTIONS 3.47
AN ILLUSTRATION: THE FACTORING CONVENTION 3.52
TREATMENT OF ERRORS IN A CONVENTION 3.55
A PROCEDURE FOR THE CORRECTION OF ERRORS 3.56
UNCORRECTED ERRORS AND INTERPRETATION 3.57
D. ENFORCEMENT OF PRIVATE CONVENTIONAL RIGHTS AGAINST STATES
THE CONSEQUENCES OF INTERNATIONALLY WRONGFUL ACTS AND THE CONCEPT
OF DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION 3.60
XV
CONTENTS
E. RESERVATIONS AND DECLARATIONS 3.69
F. WITHDRAWAL FROM A TREATY 3.70
G. CONFLICTS BETWEEN CONVENTIONS 3.72
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
4. COMPARATIVE LAW AND ITS RELEVANCE TO TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
A. NATURE OF COMPARATIVE LAW AND A BRIEF HISTORY
NATURE OF COMPARATIVE LAW 4.01
A BRIEF HISTORY 4.04
B. CLASSIFICATION OF LEGAL SYSTEMS
THE TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION BY FAMILY 4.07
AN ISSUE-BASED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 4.11
CIVIL LAW AND COMMON LAW 4.12
ISLAMIC LAW 4.17
C. AIMS OF COMPARATIVE LAW
EDUCATIONAL AIMS OF COMPARATIVE LAW
PRACTICAL USES OF COMPARATIVE LAW
ENHANCEMENT OF UNDERSTANDING OF ONE'S OWN LAW
UPDATING OF NATIONAL JURISPRUDENCE
AID TO THE DRAFTING OF NEW LEGISLATION
GUIDE TO THE POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF A NEW DEVELOPMENT IN NATIONAL
JURISPRUDENCE
DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
REFINEMENT OF THE CONFLICT OF LAWS
COMMERCIAL LAW DISPUTE RESOLUTION
CONSISTENCY OF INTERPRETATION OF UNIFORM LAWS
CONSISTENCY OF DETERMINATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE USAGE
ROLE OF COMPARATIVE LAW IN TRANSNATIONAL PRACTICE
CULTURAL AIMS OF COMPARATIVE LAW
D. METHODOLOGY
THE FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO COMPARATIVE LAW
COMMON SOLUTIONS OR BEST SOLUTIONS?
WORKING METHODS
E. PROBLEMS
THE PITFALLS OF COMPARISON
THE KNOWLEDGE PROBLEM
LANGUAGE
4.18
4.19
4.23
4.26
4.28
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.40
4.41
4.42
4.47
4.48
4.49
4.50
4.54
4.56
4.59
4.62
XVI
CONTENTS
LEGAL TRANSPLANTS AND COMPARATIVE LAW
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES 4.63
TRANSPLANTATION NOT ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPARATIVE STUDY 4.65
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEGAL TRANSPLANTS A.70
HOW NECESSARY IS A KNOWLEDGE OF COMPARATIVE LAW TO THE DEVELOPMENT
AND PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW? 4.72
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
5. THE HARMONIZATION OF COMMERCIAL LAW: INSTRUMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS
A. INTRODUCTION
THE REASONS FOR HARMONIZATION 5.01
SUBSTANTIVE LAW HARMONIZATION AND HARMONIZATION OF CONFLICTS RULES 5.06
B. THE INSTRUMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL HARMONIZATION
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS INTENDED TO BECOME LEGALLY BINDING 5.07
FACULTATIVE INSTRUMENTS 5.08
CONTRACTUALLY INCORPORATED NON-BINDING RULES PROMULGATED BY
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 5.11
GUIDES 5.15
THE DIALOGUE OF SOURCES 5.16
C. THE PRINCIPAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE HARMONIZATION OF
COMMERCIAL LAW
GENERAL 5.17
THE HAGUE CONFERENCE ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 5.19
UNIDROIT 5.22
UNCITRAL 5.28
THE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE (ICC) 5.32
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL PROFESSIONAL AND INDUSTRY
ORGANIZATIONS 5.33
CO-ORDINATION OF LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITIES 5.34
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
6. THE HARMONIZATION PROCESS
A. INTRODUCTION 6.01
B. STAGES IN A HARMONIZATION PROJECT
A BRIGHT IDEA 6.05
ESTABLISHING THE EXISTENCE OF A PROBLEM AND SUPPORT FOR ITS SOLUTION
6.06
IS THE AGENCY THE MOST SUITABLE FOR THE PROJECT? 6.08
SURVEY OF THE CURRENT LEGAL ENVIRONMENT 6.10
XVN
CONTENTS
APPROVAL OF THE PROJECT BY THE RELEVANT ORGAN OF THE AGENCY
ESTABLISHMENT OF A STUDY OR WORKING GROUP AND SUB-GROUPS
WHAT TYPE OF INSTRUMENT?
DISTRIBUTION OF DRAFTS AND CONSIDERATION AT MEETINGS
APPROVAL OF THE TEXT
COMMITTEE OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS
DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE/SESSION
EXPLANATORY REPORT/OFFICIAL COMMENTARY
PROMOTION OF THE INSTRUMENT
C. PROBLEMS OF HARMONIZATION
OVER-AMBITION
TENSIONS ARISING IN THE PREPARATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
DIFFERENCES IN LEGAL CONCEPTS
DRAFTING AND LANGUAGE
INTERPRETERS
ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS
D. HARMONIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.25
6.26
6.27
6.30
6.33
6.35
6.36
6.37
6.38
6.39
6.43
II A VIEW THROUGH ILLUSTRATIVE CONTRACTS
AND HARMONIZING INSTRUMENTS
7. INTERNATIONAL SALES AND THE VIENNA SALES CONVENTION
A. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 7.01
B. THE GENESIS OF THE CONVENTION 7.02
RABEL AND UNIDROIT 7.03
ASSESSMENT OF THE HAGUE CONVENTIONS 7.04
THE ORIGIN OF THE CISG 7.07
ENTRY INTO FORCE 7.08
C. THE SPHERE OF APPLICATION 7.09
TYPES OF CONTRACT COVERED 7.11
THE INTERNATIONALITY REQUIREMENT 7.12
THE CONNECTING FACTOR 7.14
BOTH PARTIES IN CONTRACTING STATES 7.15
RULES OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW LEADING TO LAW OF CONTRACTING STATE
7.16
EXCLUSIONS FROM THE CONVENTION 7.30
CONTRACTING OUT OF THE CONVENTION 7.32
XVIN
CONTENTS
D. INTERPRETATIVE RULES AND THE ROLE OF GOOD FAITH 7.36
AUTONOMOUS INTERPRETATION 7.38
THE PROBLEM OF UNIFORMITY 7.39
ACCESS TO CASE LAW AND COMMENTARIES ON THE CISG 7.44
THE PROBLEM OF GOOD FAITH 7.46
THREE VIEWS ON GOOD FAITH 7.47
FIRST VIEW: NO POSITIVE DUTY 7.48
SECOND VIEW: ARTICLE 7(1) IMPOSES POSITIVE DUTY OF GOOD FAITH 7.51
THIRD VIEW: GOOD FAITH AS A GENERAL PRINCIPLE 7.55
E. USAGES 7.66
F. FORMATION 7.70
G. THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE PARTIES
GENERAL PROVISIONS
THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER AND THE REMEDIES OF THE BUYER
THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER AND THE REMEDIES OF THE SELLER
FUNDAMENTAL BREACH
'BREACH'
'FUNDAMENTAL'
H. INTEREST
DOES THE CONVENTION GOVERN DETERMINATION OF THE RATE OF INTEREST?
WHAT IS THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE?
I. FORCE MAJEURE AND EXEMPTIONS FOR NON-PERFORMANCE
J. RISK
K. CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
8. AGENCY AND DISTRIBUTION
A. INTRODUCTION
B. THE FIRST COMPANY DIRECTIVE (EEC)
C. THE EEC DIRECTIVE ON COMMERCIAL AGENTS
INTRODUCTION
SCOPE OF APPLICATION
RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
D. THE UNIDROIT CONVENTION ON AGENCY IN THE INTERNATIONAL
SALE OF GOODS
THE RELATIONSHIP WITH CISG
7.72
7.73
7.75
7.77
7.78
7.81
7.82
7.88
7.92
7.94
7.97
7.101
7.104
8.01
8.06
8.09
8.11
8.12
8.17
8.20
XIX
CONTENTS
SPHERE OF APPLICATION -21
THE LEGAL EFFECT OF THE ACTS OF THE AGENT 8.22
TERMINATION OF THE AGENT'S AUTHORITY 8.24
ASSESSMENT O.Z.J
E. THE UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL
CONTRACTS AND THE PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 334
E FRANCHISING
INTRODUCTION O.IJ
UNIDROIT MODEL FRANCHISE DISCLOSURE LAW 8.31
SCOPE OF APPLICATION A 32-
DELIVERY OF DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION TO BE DISCLOSED 8.33
REMEDIES 8.34
NO WAIVERS O.DJ
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
9. INTERNATIONAL BANK PAYMENT UNDERTAKINGS
A. INTRODUCTION
THE ROLE OF BANKS IN FINANCING INTERNATIONAL TRADE 9.01
SOME TERMINOLOGICAL PROBLEMS 9.07
THE DIFFERENT INTERESTS 9.08
RULES OF BANKING PRACTICE AND THE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 9.09
WHY BANK PAYMENT UNDERTAKINGS ARE INTERESTING 9.10
THE CONTRACT OF SALE AS THE CENTRAL CONTRACT 9.13
B. DOCUMENTARY CREDITS: THE UCP AND THE EUCP 9.14
CLASSIFICATION OF CREDITS BY PAYMENT METHOD 9.17
PRINCIPLES OF DOCUMENTARY CREDITS LAW 9.18
AUTONOMY OF THE CREDIT 9.19
A DOCUMENTARY CREDIT TAKES EFFECT UPON ISSUE 9.20
DOCUMENTARY CHARACTER OF THE CREDIT 9.21
BANKS ARE CONCERNED ONLY WITH THE APPARENT GOOD ORDER OF THE DOCUMENTS
9.22
BANKS DEAL AS PRINCIPALS, NOT AS AGENTS 9.23
THE TERMS OF A CREDIT MUST BE STRICTLY COMPLIED WITH 9.24
A CREDIT IS NOT TRANSFERABLE UNLESS EXPRESSLY DESIGNATED AS SUCH 9.25
THEEUCP 9.26
C. DEMAND GUARANTEES: THE URDG
PURPOSE OF THE URDG 9.29
NATURE OF A DEMAND GUARANTEE
DISTINGUISHED FROM LETTER OF CREDIT 9.31
XX
CONTENTS
DISTINGUISHED FROM SURETYSHIP GUARANTEE 9.33
INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER OF DEMAND GUARANTEES 9.34
GUARANTEE STRUCTURES 9.35
ADVANTAGES 9.36
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 9.37
IRREVOCABILITY AND COMING INTO EFFECT 9.39
THE DEMAND FOR PAYMENT 9.40
EXTEND OR PAY DEMANDS 9.42
TERMINATION OF THE GUARANTEE 9.43
GOVERNING LAW AND J URISDICTION 9.44
D. THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD PRACTICES (ISP98) 9.46
E. THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON INDEPENDENT GUARANTEES
AND STAND-BY LETTERS OF CREDIT
FEATURES OF DIE UN CONVENTION 9.51
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIE CONVENTION AND THE URDG 9.53
F. ICC UNIFORM RULES FOR CONTRACT BONDS 9.54
DEFAULT 9.56
GOVERNING LAW AND J URISDICTION 9.57
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
10. FINANCIAL LEASING: THE 1988 UNIDROIT CONVENTION AND THE
UNIDROIT DRAFT MODEL LAW
INTRODUCTION 10.01
BACKGROUND TO THE LEASING CONVENTION 10.02
SPHERE OF APPLICATION 10.07
EXCLUSION OF CONVENTION 10.14
PURPOSES OF THE CONVENTION 10.15
REMOVAL OF RESPONSIBILITY FROM THE LESSOR TO THE SUPPLIER 10.16
CONFERMENT OF RIGHTS AGAINST THE SUPPLIER 10.19
EXCULPATION OF LESSOR FROM LIABILITY UNDER THE LEASING AGREEMENT 10.21
LIABILITY TO THIRD PARTIES 10.23
PROTECTION AGAINST LESSEE S INSOLVENCY 10.24
DEFAULT REMEDIES OF LESSOR 10.26
EVALUATION OF THE LEASING CONVENTION 10.27
LEASING UNDER THE MOBILE EQUIPMENT CONVENTION AND PROTOCOL 10.28
THE UNIDROIT DRAFT MODEL LAW 10.29
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
XXI
CONTENTS
11. RECEIVABLES FINANCING: THE UNIDROIT CONVENTION ON
INTERNATIONAL FACTORING AND THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON
THE ASSIGNMENT OF RECEIVABLES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE
A. INTRODUCTION
THE NATURE OF RECEIVABLES FINANCING
THE NEED FOR AN INTERNATIONAL REGIME
B. SOME FACTS ABOUT FACTORING
WHAT IS FACTORING?
C. THE UNIDROIT CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL FACTORING
GENESIS OF THE CONVENTION
SPHERE OF APPLICATION
SPHERE OF APPLICATION RATIONE MATERIAE
INTERNATIONALITY
CONNECTING FACTOR
DEROGATION
INTERPRETATION
REMOVAL OF BARRIERS TO ACQUISITION OF RECEIVABLES
OTHER PROVISIONS
EVALUATION
D. THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE ASSIGNMENT OF
RECEIVABLES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE
NATURE OF CONVENTION: SUBSTANTIVE RULES AND CONFLICTS RULES
SPHERE OF APPLICATION
EFFECTIVENESS OF ASSIGNMENTS
RELATIONS BETWEEN ASSIGNOR AND ASSIGNEE
DEBTOR PROVISIONS
PRIORITIES
CONFLICT OF LAWS RULES
SUBSTANTIVE LAW RULES
11.01
11.03
11.05
11.11
11.13
11.14
11.16
11.17
11.18
11.19
11.21
11.26
11.28
11.29
11.30
11.31
11.36
11.37
11.38
11.39
11.40
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
12. INTERNATIONAL INTERESTS IN MOBILE EQUIPMENT AND THE CAPE TOWN
CONVENTION AND AIRCRAFT PROTOCOL: ADDING A NEW DIMENSION TO
INTERNATIONAL LAW-MAKING
A. BACKGROUND AND KEY FEATURES 12.01
UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES 12.12
FIVE KEY FEATURES OF THE CONVENTION 12.14
THREE KEY FEATURES OF THE PROTOCOL 12.16
XXN
CONTENTS
B. THE TWO-INSTRUMENT APPROACH
C. SPHERE OF APPLICATION
WHEN THE CONVENTION APPLIES
PRINCIPAL MATTERS COVERED BY THE CONVENTION
DEFINITIONS
INTERPRETATION
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONVENTION AND NATIONAL LAW
D. THE CONCEPT OF THE INTERNATIONAL INTEREST
THE INTERNATIONAL INTEREST DEFINED
THE NATURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL INTEREST
FORMALITIES
THE CONNECTING FACTOR
E. DEFAULT REMEDIES
F. THE INTERNATIONAL REGISTRY AND THE REGISTRATION SYSTEM
THE INTERNATIONAL REGISTRY
A FULLY AUTOMATED SYSTEM
WHAT IS REGISTRABLE?
SEARCHES AND SEARCH CERTIFICATES
DURATION OF REGISTRATION
LIABILITY OF THE REGISTRAR
JURISDICTION
G. PRIORITIES
THE APPROACH TO PRIORITY RULES
ASSIGNMENTS
H. INSOLVENCY
I. THE DECLARATION SYSTEM
J. EVALUATION OF THE CONVENTION AND PROTOCOL
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
12.17
12.21
12.22
12.24
12.25
12.26
12.27
12.28
12.31
12.32
12.33
12.37
12.39
12.40
12.42
12.43
12.44
12.45
12.46
12.48
12.49
12.50
12.52
13. TRANSACTIONS IN SECURITIES
A. INTRODUCTION
SECURITIES MARKET LAW AS AMALGAM OF COMMERCIAL AND REGULATORY LAW 13.01
TYPES OF TRANSACTION 13.03
B. DEMATERIALIZATION, IMMOBILIZATION, NETTING AND TECHNOLOGY:
EFFECTS ON CUSTODY, SETTLEMENT AND THE USE OF SECURITIES
AS COLLATERAL
FACTS AND ISSUES 13.05
XXIN
CONTENTS
C. CONFLICT-OF-LAWS ISSUES IN THE NEW ENVIRONMENT:
CHARACTERIZATION AND CONNECTING FACTOR REVISITED
FRAMING THE QUESTIONS AND SEARCHING FOR ANSWERS 13.08
REGIONAL AND GLOBAL SOLUTIONS 13.11
THE HAGUE CONVENTION: INTRODUCTION 13.12
THE PRIMA APPROACH 13.14
SCOPE OF THE CONVENTION 13.15
THE ARTICLE 2(1) ISSUES 13.16
CHARACTERIZATION 13.17
INTERNATIONALITY 13.19
THE APPLICABLE LAW: THE PRIMARY RULE AND THE FALL-BACK RULES 13.20
THE PRIMARY RULE 13.22
THE FALL-BACK RULES 13.23
INSOLVENCY 13.24
PUBLIC POLICY (BRDRE PUBLIC,) AND INTERNATIONALLY MANDATORY RULES 13.25
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSFEROR'S LAW AND TRANSFEREE'S LAW 13.26
THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY SETTLEMENT FINALITY DIRECTIVE 13.28
THE EC COLLATERAL DIRECTIVE 13.32
NATIONAL SOLUTIONS 13.34
D. SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS*NATIONAL AND TRANSNATIONAL 13.37
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
III HARMONIZATION OF GENERAL CONTRACT LAW
14. RESTATEMENTS OF CONTRACT LAW
A. INTRODUCTION 14.01
B. RESTATEMENTS OF CONTRACT LAW
INTRODUCTION 14.04
THE NATURE OF THE PRINCIPLES 14.07
THE PURPOSES OF THE PRINCIPLES 14.10
THE SCOPE OF THE PRINCIPLES 14.15
THE SPHERE OF APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES 14.17
THE PRINCIPLES 'SHALL' BE APPLIED 14.18
THE PRINCIPLES 'MAY BE APPLIED 14.28
THE SUBSTANTIVE CONTENT OF THE PRINCIPLES 14.41
FREEDOM OF CONTRACT 14.42
PACTA SUNT SERVANDA 14.43
GOODJAITH 14.44
INTERPRETATION 14.49
ADEQUATE ASSURANCE OF PERFORMANCE 14.50
XXIV
CONTENTS
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE AS A PRIMARY REMEDY
OTHER REMEDIES
HARDSHIP AND CHANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES
ASSIGNMENT AND NOVATION
AGENCY
THE PRINCIPLES AND MANDATORY RULES
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
IV TRANSNATIONAL INSOLVENCY
15. HARMONIZATION AND CO-OPERATION IN CROSS-BORDER INSOLVENCY
A. INTRODUCTION
B. THE OPPOSING JURISDICTION PRINCIPLES
C. THE UNCITRAL MODEL LAW ON CROSS-BORDER
INSOLVENCY
NATURE AND PURPOSE
SPHERE OF APPLICATION
ACCESS BY FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVE AND RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN PROCEEDINGS
AUTOMATIC STAY
CO-OPERATION WITH FOREIGN COURTS AND FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES
D. JUDICIAL CO-OPERATION IN CONCURRENT INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS
E. THE EUROPEAN INSOLVENCY REGULATION
BACKGROUND TO THE REGULATION
SCOPE OF THE REGULATION
TYPE OF INSOLVENCY PROCEEDING
THECOMI
APPLICABLE LAW
THE PRINCIPLE OF RECOGNITION
INSOLVENCY OF CORPORATE GROUPS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
14.51
14.53
14.54
14.56
14.57
14.58
15.01
15.06
15.13
15.14
15.16
15.18
15.20
15.21
15.22
15.24
15.25
15.26
15.27
15.29
15.31
15.35
V INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION
16. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL PROCEDURE
A. INTRODUCTION
THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM AND THE CHALLENGES AHEAD 16.01
SOURCES 16.06
XXV
CONTENTS
B. JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES 16.09
C. JURISDICTION TO ADJUDICATE
TRADITIONAL AUTONOMOUS RULES IN NATIONAL SYSTEMS 16.13
MODERNIZATION, INTERNATIONAL CO-ORDINATION AND THE NEEDS OF
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
GENERAL
L6
-
20
PARTY AUTONOMY AND FORUM SELECTION 16.29
DISCRETIONARY LIMITATIONS OF JURISDICTION: THE DOCTRINE OF FORUM NON
CONVENIENS 16.3 O
D. PROVISIONAL AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES 16.43
E. CONDUCT OF DIE PROCEEDINGS AND JUDICIAL ASSISTANCE
SERVICE ABROAD OF JUDICIAL DOCUMENTS 16.51
TAKING OF EVIDENCE 16.56
F. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS
BRUSSELS I REGULATION 16.60
THE LAS LENAS AND BUENOS AIRES PROTOCOLS 16.61
G. FROM INTERNATIONAL TO TRANSNATIONAL CIVIL PROCEDURE: THE
ALI/UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF TRANSNATIONAL CIVIL PROCEDURE
OBJECTIVES 16.62
SELECTED SOLUTIONS 16.64
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
17. INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION
A. THE NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION AND ITS
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES
ARBITRATION AND LITIGATION 17.03
ARBITRATION AND EXPERT DETERMINATION 17.07
ARBITRATION AND ADJUDICATION 17.10
ARBITRATION AND ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 17.12
WHEN IS ARBITRATION 'INTERNATIONAL'? 17.14
WHEN IS ARBITRATION 'COMMERCIAL'? 17.19
B. THE HARMONIZATION OF THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL
ARBITRATION 17.23
THE UNCITRAL MODEL LAW 17.27
THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT 17.28
THE COMPOSITION OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL 17.30
JURISDICTION OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL 17.31
CONDUCT OF ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS \ 7.32
XXVI
CONTENTS
MAKING OF AWARD AND TERMINATION OF PROCEEDINGS 17.33
RECOURSE AGAINST THE AWARD AND THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT
OF AWARDS 17.34
1958 NEW YORK CONVENTION ON THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT
OF FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS 17.35
RULES OF ARBITRATION AS PARTY-DETERMINED FRAMEWORK FOR DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT THROUGH ARBITRATION
AD HOC ARBITRATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARBITRATION 17.39
MAJOR ARBITRATION INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR RULES 17.41
AN OUTLINE OF THE UNCITRAL RULES AND THE ICC RULES
COMMENCING THE ARBITRATION 17.43
ARBITRALTRIBUNAL 17.45
ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS 17.50
ARBITRAL AWARDS 17.56
COSTS 17.59
THE PRINCIPLES WHICH UNDERPIN THE HARMONIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL
ARBITRATION AND THE TENSIONS IN THE MODERN LAW 17.60
C. ARBITRATION AND THE CONFLICT OF LAWS 17.67
THE LAW GOVERNING DIE PARTIES' CAPACITY TO ENTER INTO AN ARBITRATION
AGREEMENT 17.70
THE LAW GOVERNING THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT AND THE PERFORMANCE OF
THAT AGREEMENT 17.71
THE LAW GOVERNING THE EXISTENCE AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ARBITRAL
TRIBUNAL*THE LEX ARBITRI 17.74
THE 'DELOCALIZATION' DEBATE 17.79
THE LAW, OR THE RELEVANT LEGAL RULES, GOVERNING THE SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES
IN DISPUTE 17.110
THE LAW GOVERNING THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE AWARD 17.123
D. THE REVIEW OF ARBITRAL AWARDS 17.124
E. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF ARBITRAL AWARDS 17.133
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
VI RECURRENT ISSUES OF HARMONIZATION
18. THE SPHERE OF APPLICATION OF A CONVENTION; THE ROLE OF THE CONFLICT
OF LAWS; DETERMINING THE CONNECTING FACTOR; CO-EXISTENCE AND
CONFLICTS OF INSTRUMENTS
A. SPHERE OF APPLICATION IN GENERAL 18.01
B. THE ROLE OF THE CONFLICT OF LAWS 18.06
XXVU
CONTENTS
C. THE SELECTION OF THE CONNECTING FACTOR 18.08
D. CO-EXISTENCE, CONCURRENCE, AND CONFLICTS OF CONVENTIONS 18.11
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
19. UNIFORMITY IN TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
A. THE OBSTACLES TO ACHIEVING AND MAINTAINING UNIFORMITY 19.01
B. RESPONSES (I): PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ITS RECEPTION IN
DOMESTIC LAW 19.05
C. RESPONSES (II): DEVICES IN PRIVATE-LAW INSTRUMENTS 19.07
D. UNIFORMITY THROUGH INTERPRETATION IN A UNIFORM SYSTEM? 19.10
E. RESERVATIONS AND DECLARATIONS 19.13
F. STRUCTURAL ISSUES AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT DEVICES FOR ACHIEVING AND
MAINTAINING UNIFORMITY 19.15
G. CONTRACT PRACTICE 19.22
H. DO DIVERGENCES MATTER? 19.23
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
20. GETTING TO YES: PRACTICAL AND POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF HARMONIZATION
A. INTRODUCTION 20.01
B. ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES 20.04
C. CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES 20.18
D. POST-ADOPTION STAGE: IMPERATIVES AND SHORTCOMINGS 20.21
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
INDEX 741
XXVM |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS*SUMMARY
TABLE OF CASES XXIX
TABLE OF STATUTES AND STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS XXXIII
TABLE OF CODES XXXV
TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND MODEL LAWS XXXVII
TABLE OF EC TREATIES AND LEGISLATION XLVII
TABLE OF UNIFORM RULES, UNIFORM TRADE TERMS, RESTATEMENTS AND MODEL
FORMS XLIX
TABLE OF OTHER DOCUMENTS LIII
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS LV
INTRODUCTION LIX
INTRODUCTORY READING LXI
I GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1. THE NATURE, HISTORY AND SOURCES OF COMMERCIAL LAW 3
2. THE CONFLICT OF LAWS IN COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS 57
3. INTERNATIONAL LAW AS IT AFFECTS PRIVATE LAW CONVENTIONS GOVERNING
CROSS-BORDER COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS 89
4. COMPARATIVE LAW AND ITS RELEVANCE TO TRANSNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL LAW 133
5. THE HARMONIZATION OF COMMERCIAL LAW: INSTRUMENTS
AND INSTITUTIONS 191
6. THE HARMONIZATION PROCESS 215
II A VIEW THROUGH ILLUSTRATIVE CONTRACTS
AND HARMONIZING INSTRUMENTS
7. INTERNATIONAL SALES AND THE VIENNA SALES CONVENTION 255
8. AGENCY AND DISTRIBUTION 317
9. INTERNATIONAL BANK PAYMENT UNDERTAKINGS 347
10. FINANCIAL LEASING: THE 1988 UNIDROIT CONVENTION AND THE
UNIDROIT DRAFT MODEL LAW 389
XI
CONTENTS*SUMMARY
11. RECEIVABLES FINANCING: THE UNIDROIT CONVENTION ON
INTERNATIONAL FACTORING AND THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION
ON THE ASSIGNMENT OF RECEIVABLES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 405
12. INTERNATIONAL INTERESTS IN MOBILE EQUIPMENT AND THE CAPE TOWN
CONVENTION AND AIRCRAFT PROTOCOL: ADDING A NEW DIMENSION
TO INTERNATIONAL LAW-MAKING 433
13. TRANSACTIONS IN SECURITIES 471
III HARMONIZATION OF GENERAL CONTRACT LAW
14. RESTATEMENTS OF CONTRACT LAW 505
IV TRANSNATIONAL INSOLVENCY
15. HARMONIZATION AND CO-OPERATION IN CROSS-BORDER INSOLVENCY 541
V INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION
16. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL PROCEDURE 581
17. INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 621
VI RECURRENT ISSUES OF HARMONIZATION
18. THE SPHERE OF APPLICATION OF A CONVENTION; THE ROLE OF THE CONFLICT
OF LAWS; DETERMINING THE CONNECTING FACTOR; CO-EXISTENCE AND
CONFLICTS OF INSTRUMENTS 687
19. UNIFORMITY IN TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW 701
20. GETTING TO YES: PRACTICAL AND POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF HARMONIZATION
729
INDEX 741
XN
CONTENTS
TABLE OF CASES XXIX
TABLE OF STATUTES AND STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS XXXIII
TABLE OF CODES XXXV
TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND MODEL LAWS XXXVII
TABLE OF EC TREATIES AND LEGISLATION XLVII
TABLE OF UNIFORM RULES, UNIFORM TRADE TERMS, RESTATEMENTS AND MODEL
FORMS XLIX
TABLE OF OTHER DOCUMENTS LIII
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS LV
INTRODUCTION LIX
INTRODUCTORY READING LXI
I GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1. THE NATURE, HISTORY AND SOURCES OF COMMERCIAL LAW
A. THE NATURE OF COMMERCIAL LAW
THREE DEFINITIONS
COMMERCIAL LAW
TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
LEX MERCATORIA
WHAT DRIVES COMMERCIAL LAW?
A MEDIEVAL EXAMPLE
A LATER EXAMPLE
A MODERN EXAMPLE
COMMERCIAL LAW AND CIVIL LAW
THE TRANSITION FROM PLANNED ECONOMIES TO MARKET ECONOMIES
B. THE HISTORY OF COMMERCIAL LAW
THE EARLY AND MEDIEVAL CODES
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEDIEVAL LAW MERCHANT
THE NATIONALIZATION OF COMMERCIAL LAW
THE RETURN TO INTERNATIONALISM AND THE GROWTH OF TRANSNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL LAW
THE GROWTH OF REGIONALISM
C. THE SOURCES OF NATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
CONTRACT
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.10
1.14
1.15
1.20
1.24
1.25
1.31
1.32
1.33
XLLL
CONTENTS
USAGE
SUPPLETIVE RULES OF COMMON LAW
DOMESTIC LEGISLATION
D. THE NATURE AND SOURCES OF TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
IS THERE AN AUTONOMOUS TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW?
THE LEX MERCATORIA AND THE CONFLICT OF LAWS
EXTERNAL VALIDATION BY A COURT OR TRIBUNAL
DETERMINATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH LAW
THE SOURCES OF TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
LEX MERCATORIA
INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS
CONSCIOUS OR UNCONSCIOUS JUDICIAL OR LEGISLATIVE PARALLELISM
CONTRACTUALLY INCORPORATED RULES AND TRADE TERMS PROMULGATED
BY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
STANDARD-TERM CONTRACTS
RESTATEMENTS OF SCHOLARS
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
E. LEX MERCATORIA
THE SOURCES OF THE LEX MERCATORIA
THE NORMATIVE FORCE OF USAGE
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AS EVIDENCE OF USAGE
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.45
1.47
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.65
1.66
2. THE CONFLICT OF LAWS IN COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS
A. THE NATURE OF CONFLICT OF LAWS
DEFINITION 2.01
THE STRUCTURE OF A CONFLICTS RULE ('META LAW') 2.04
B. THE ROLE OF CONFLICT OF LAWS IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
PRIOR TO THE ADVENT OF TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW 2.07
A NEW ERA: THE WARSAW CONVENTION OF 1929 2.10
C. SELECTED ISSUES OF GENERAL CONFLICT OF LAWS THEORY
JURISDICTION 2.14
RULES V 'APPROACHES' 2.15
CONNECTING FACTORS OF PARTICULAR RELEVANCE IN COMMERCIAL LAW 2.22
CONTRACTS 2.23
PROPERTY 2.37
OTHER IMPORTANT CONNECTING FACTORS 1.A1
CHARACTERIZATION 2.45
XIV
CONTENTS
PUBLIC POLICY {ORDREPUBLIC) 2.48
MANDATORY RULES IN THE LAW OF CONTRACTS 2.51
NEO-STATUTIST THEORY AND MARKET REGULATION 2.57
RENVOI 2.58
D. THE FUTURE: WILL WE CONTINUE TO NEED CONFLICT OF LAWS? 2.61
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
3. INTERNATIONAL LAW AS IT AFFECTS PRIVATE LAW CONVENTIONS GOVERNING
CROSS-BORDER COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS
A. NATURE AND SOURCES 3.01
INTERNATIONAL LAW AS LAW 3.04
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SOFT LAW 3.06
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DOMESTIC LAW 3.07
APPLICATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 3.10
INFLUENCES ON INTERNATIONAL LAW
IMPACT OF SOPHISTICATED AND SPECIALISED INTERNATIONAL LAW-MAKING
ORGANIZATIONS 3.11
IMPACT OF INCREASED COMPLEXITY OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW-MAKING PROCESS
3.12
IMPACT OF TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT 3.13
IMPACT OF THE ENHANCED ROLE OF THE INDIVIDUAL UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW
3.14
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 3.15
THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 3.19
CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 3.21
TREATY LAW 3.26
B. THE TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF PRIVATE LAW CONVENTIONS 3.32
PREAMBLE 3.33
BODY OF THE CONVENTION 3.36
SPHERE OF APPLICATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS 3.37
SUBSTANTIVE RULES 3.39
FINAL CLAUSES 3.41
C. INTERPRETATION OF CONVENTIONS 3.47
AN ILLUSTRATION: THE FACTORING CONVENTION 3.52
TREATMENT OF ERRORS IN A CONVENTION 3.55
A PROCEDURE FOR THE CORRECTION OF ERRORS 3.56
UNCORRECTED ERRORS AND INTERPRETATION 3.57
D. ENFORCEMENT OF PRIVATE CONVENTIONAL RIGHTS AGAINST STATES
THE CONSEQUENCES OF INTERNATIONALLY WRONGFUL ACTS AND THE CONCEPT
OF DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION 3.60
XV
CONTENTS
E. RESERVATIONS AND DECLARATIONS 3.69
F. WITHDRAWAL FROM A TREATY 3.70
G. CONFLICTS BETWEEN CONVENTIONS 3.72
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
4. COMPARATIVE LAW AND ITS RELEVANCE TO TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
A. NATURE OF COMPARATIVE LAW AND A BRIEF HISTORY
NATURE OF COMPARATIVE LAW 4.01
A BRIEF HISTORY 4.04
B. CLASSIFICATION OF LEGAL SYSTEMS
THE TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION BY FAMILY 4.07
AN ISSUE-BASED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 4.11
CIVIL LAW AND COMMON LAW 4.12
ISLAMIC LAW 4.17
C. AIMS OF COMPARATIVE LAW
EDUCATIONAL AIMS OF COMPARATIVE LAW
PRACTICAL USES OF COMPARATIVE LAW
ENHANCEMENT OF UNDERSTANDING OF ONE'S OWN LAW
UPDATING OF NATIONAL JURISPRUDENCE
AID TO THE DRAFTING OF NEW LEGISLATION
GUIDE TO THE POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF A NEW DEVELOPMENT IN NATIONAL
JURISPRUDENCE
DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
REFINEMENT OF THE CONFLICT OF LAWS
COMMERCIAL LAW DISPUTE RESOLUTION
CONSISTENCY OF INTERPRETATION OF UNIFORM LAWS
CONSISTENCY OF DETERMINATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE USAGE
ROLE OF COMPARATIVE LAW IN TRANSNATIONAL PRACTICE
CULTURAL AIMS OF COMPARATIVE LAW
D. METHODOLOGY
THE FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO COMPARATIVE LAW
COMMON SOLUTIONS OR BEST SOLUTIONS?
WORKING METHODS
E. PROBLEMS
THE PITFALLS OF COMPARISON
THE KNOWLEDGE PROBLEM
LANGUAGE
4.18
4.19
4.23
4.26
4.28
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.40
4.41
4.42
4.47
4.48
4.49
4.50
4.54
4.56
4.59
4.62
XVI
CONTENTS
LEGAL TRANSPLANTS AND COMPARATIVE LAW
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES 4.63
TRANSPLANTATION NOT ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMPARATIVE STUDY 4.65
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEGAL TRANSPLANTS A.70
HOW NECESSARY IS A KNOWLEDGE OF COMPARATIVE LAW TO THE DEVELOPMENT
AND PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW? 4.72
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
5. THE HARMONIZATION OF COMMERCIAL LAW: INSTRUMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS
A. INTRODUCTION
THE REASONS FOR HARMONIZATION 5.01
SUBSTANTIVE LAW HARMONIZATION AND HARMONIZATION OF CONFLICTS RULES 5.06
B. THE INSTRUMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL HARMONIZATION
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS INTENDED TO BECOME LEGALLY BINDING 5.07
FACULTATIVE INSTRUMENTS 5.08
CONTRACTUALLY INCORPORATED NON-BINDING RULES PROMULGATED BY
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 5.11
GUIDES 5.15
THE DIALOGUE OF SOURCES 5.16
C. THE PRINCIPAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE HARMONIZATION OF
COMMERCIAL LAW
GENERAL 5.17
THE HAGUE CONFERENCE ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 5.19
UNIDROIT 5.22
UNCITRAL 5.28
THE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE (ICC) 5.32
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL PROFESSIONAL AND INDUSTRY
ORGANIZATIONS 5.33
CO-ORDINATION OF LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITIES 5.34
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
6. THE HARMONIZATION PROCESS
A. INTRODUCTION 6.01
B. STAGES IN A HARMONIZATION PROJECT
A BRIGHT IDEA 6.05
ESTABLISHING THE EXISTENCE OF A PROBLEM AND SUPPORT FOR ITS SOLUTION
6.06
IS THE AGENCY THE MOST SUITABLE FOR THE PROJECT? 6.08
SURVEY OF THE CURRENT LEGAL ENVIRONMENT 6.10
XVN
CONTENTS
APPROVAL OF THE PROJECT BY THE RELEVANT ORGAN OF THE AGENCY
ESTABLISHMENT OF A STUDY OR WORKING GROUP AND SUB-GROUPS
WHAT TYPE OF INSTRUMENT?
DISTRIBUTION OF DRAFTS AND CONSIDERATION AT MEETINGS
APPROVAL OF THE TEXT
COMMITTEE OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS
DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE/SESSION
EXPLANATORY REPORT/OFFICIAL COMMENTARY
PROMOTION OF THE INSTRUMENT
C. PROBLEMS OF HARMONIZATION
OVER-AMBITION
TENSIONS ARISING IN THE PREPARATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
DIFFERENCES IN LEGAL CONCEPTS
DRAFTING AND LANGUAGE
INTERPRETERS
ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS
D. HARMONIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.25
6.26
6.27
6.30
6.33
6.35
6.36
6.37
6.38
6.39
6.43
II A VIEW THROUGH ILLUSTRATIVE CONTRACTS
AND HARMONIZING INSTRUMENTS
7. INTERNATIONAL SALES AND THE VIENNA SALES CONVENTION
A. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 7.01
B. THE GENESIS OF THE CONVENTION 7.02
RABEL AND UNIDROIT 7.03
ASSESSMENT OF THE HAGUE CONVENTIONS 7.04
THE ORIGIN OF THE CISG 7.07
ENTRY INTO FORCE 7.08
C. THE SPHERE OF APPLICATION 7.09
TYPES OF CONTRACT COVERED 7.11
THE INTERNATIONALITY REQUIREMENT 7.12
THE CONNECTING FACTOR 7.14
BOTH PARTIES IN CONTRACTING STATES 7.15
RULES OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW LEADING TO LAW OF CONTRACTING STATE
7.16
EXCLUSIONS FROM THE CONVENTION 7.30
CONTRACTING OUT OF THE CONVENTION 7.32
XVIN
CONTENTS
D. INTERPRETATIVE RULES AND THE ROLE OF GOOD FAITH 7.36
AUTONOMOUS INTERPRETATION 7.38
THE PROBLEM OF UNIFORMITY 7.39
ACCESS TO CASE LAW AND COMMENTARIES ON THE CISG 7.44
THE PROBLEM OF GOOD FAITH 7.46
THREE VIEWS ON GOOD FAITH 7.47
FIRST VIEW: NO POSITIVE DUTY 7.48
SECOND VIEW: ARTICLE 7(1) IMPOSES POSITIVE DUTY OF GOOD FAITH 7.51
THIRD VIEW: GOOD FAITH AS A GENERAL PRINCIPLE 7.55
E. USAGES 7.66
F. FORMATION 7.70
G. THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE PARTIES
GENERAL PROVISIONS
THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER AND THE REMEDIES OF THE BUYER
THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER AND THE REMEDIES OF THE SELLER
FUNDAMENTAL BREACH
'BREACH'
'FUNDAMENTAL'
H. INTEREST
DOES THE CONVENTION GOVERN DETERMINATION OF THE RATE OF INTEREST?
WHAT IS THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE?
I. FORCE MAJEURE AND EXEMPTIONS FOR NON-PERFORMANCE
J. RISK
K. CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
8. AGENCY AND DISTRIBUTION
A. INTRODUCTION
B. THE FIRST COMPANY DIRECTIVE (EEC)
C. THE EEC DIRECTIVE ON COMMERCIAL AGENTS
INTRODUCTION
SCOPE OF APPLICATION
RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
D. THE UNIDROIT CONVENTION ON AGENCY IN THE INTERNATIONAL
SALE OF GOODS
THE RELATIONSHIP WITH CISG
7.72
7.73
7.75
7.77
7.78
7.81
7.82
7.88
7.92
7.94
7.97
7.101
7.104
8.01
8.06
8.09
8.11
8.12
8.17
8.20
XIX
CONTENTS
SPHERE OF APPLICATION -21
THE LEGAL EFFECT OF THE ACTS OF THE AGENT 8.22
TERMINATION OF THE AGENT'S AUTHORITY 8.24
ASSESSMENT O.Z.J
E. THE UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL
CONTRACTS AND THE PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 334
E FRANCHISING
INTRODUCTION O.IJ
UNIDROIT MODEL FRANCHISE DISCLOSURE LAW 8.31
SCOPE OF APPLICATION A 32-
DELIVERY OF DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION TO BE DISCLOSED 8.33
REMEDIES 8.34
NO WAIVERS O.DJ
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
9. INTERNATIONAL BANK PAYMENT UNDERTAKINGS
A. INTRODUCTION
THE ROLE OF BANKS IN FINANCING INTERNATIONAL TRADE 9.01
SOME TERMINOLOGICAL PROBLEMS 9.07
THE DIFFERENT INTERESTS 9.08
RULES OF BANKING PRACTICE AND THE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 9.09
WHY BANK PAYMENT UNDERTAKINGS ARE INTERESTING 9.10
THE CONTRACT OF SALE AS THE CENTRAL CONTRACT 9.13
B. DOCUMENTARY CREDITS: THE UCP AND THE EUCP 9.14
CLASSIFICATION OF CREDITS BY PAYMENT METHOD 9.17
PRINCIPLES OF DOCUMENTARY CREDITS LAW 9.18
AUTONOMY OF THE CREDIT 9.19
A DOCUMENTARY CREDIT TAKES EFFECT UPON ISSUE 9.20
DOCUMENTARY CHARACTER OF THE CREDIT 9.21
BANKS ARE CONCERNED ONLY WITH THE APPARENT GOOD ORDER OF THE DOCUMENTS
9.22
BANKS DEAL AS PRINCIPALS, NOT AS AGENTS 9.23
THE TERMS OF A CREDIT MUST BE STRICTLY COMPLIED WITH 9.24
A CREDIT IS NOT TRANSFERABLE UNLESS EXPRESSLY DESIGNATED AS SUCH 9.25
THEEUCP 9.26
C. DEMAND GUARANTEES: THE URDG
PURPOSE OF THE URDG 9.29
NATURE OF A DEMAND GUARANTEE
DISTINGUISHED FROM LETTER OF CREDIT 9.31
XX
CONTENTS
DISTINGUISHED FROM SURETYSHIP GUARANTEE 9.33
INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER OF DEMAND GUARANTEES 9.34
GUARANTEE STRUCTURES 9.35
ADVANTAGES 9.36
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 9.37
IRREVOCABILITY AND COMING INTO EFFECT 9.39
THE DEMAND FOR PAYMENT 9.40
EXTEND OR PAY DEMANDS 9.42
TERMINATION OF THE GUARANTEE 9.43
GOVERNING LAW AND J URISDICTION 9.44
D. THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD PRACTICES (ISP98) 9.46
E. THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON INDEPENDENT GUARANTEES
AND STAND-BY LETTERS OF CREDIT
FEATURES OF DIE UN CONVENTION 9.51
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIE CONVENTION AND THE URDG 9.53
F. ICC UNIFORM RULES FOR CONTRACT BONDS 9.54
DEFAULT 9.56
GOVERNING LAW AND J URISDICTION 9.57
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
10. FINANCIAL LEASING: THE 1988 UNIDROIT CONVENTION AND THE
UNIDROIT DRAFT MODEL LAW
INTRODUCTION 10.01
BACKGROUND TO THE LEASING CONVENTION 10.02
SPHERE OF APPLICATION 10.07
EXCLUSION OF CONVENTION 10.14
PURPOSES OF THE CONVENTION 10.15
REMOVAL OF RESPONSIBILITY FROM THE LESSOR TO THE SUPPLIER 10.16
CONFERMENT OF RIGHTS AGAINST THE SUPPLIER 10.19
EXCULPATION OF LESSOR FROM LIABILITY UNDER THE LEASING AGREEMENT 10.21
LIABILITY TO THIRD PARTIES 10.23
PROTECTION AGAINST LESSEE S INSOLVENCY 10.24
DEFAULT REMEDIES OF LESSOR 10.26
EVALUATION OF THE LEASING CONVENTION 10.27
LEASING UNDER THE MOBILE EQUIPMENT CONVENTION AND PROTOCOL 10.28
THE UNIDROIT DRAFT MODEL LAW 10.29
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
XXI
CONTENTS
11. RECEIVABLES FINANCING: THE UNIDROIT CONVENTION ON
INTERNATIONAL FACTORING AND THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON
THE ASSIGNMENT OF RECEIVABLES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE
A. INTRODUCTION
THE NATURE OF RECEIVABLES FINANCING
THE NEED FOR AN INTERNATIONAL REGIME
B. SOME FACTS ABOUT FACTORING
WHAT IS FACTORING?
C. THE UNIDROIT CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL FACTORING
GENESIS OF THE CONVENTION
SPHERE OF APPLICATION
SPHERE OF APPLICATION RATIONE MATERIAE
INTERNATIONALITY
CONNECTING FACTOR
DEROGATION
INTERPRETATION
REMOVAL OF BARRIERS TO ACQUISITION OF RECEIVABLES
OTHER PROVISIONS
EVALUATION
D. THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE ASSIGNMENT OF
RECEIVABLES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE
NATURE OF CONVENTION: SUBSTANTIVE RULES AND CONFLICTS RULES
SPHERE OF APPLICATION
EFFECTIVENESS OF ASSIGNMENTS
RELATIONS BETWEEN ASSIGNOR AND ASSIGNEE
DEBTOR PROVISIONS
PRIORITIES
CONFLICT OF LAWS RULES
SUBSTANTIVE LAW RULES
11.01
11.03
11.05
11.11
11.13
11.14
11.16
11.17
11.18
11.19
11.21
11.26
11.28
11.29
11.30
11.31
11.36
11.37
11.38
11.39
11.40
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
12. INTERNATIONAL INTERESTS IN MOBILE EQUIPMENT AND THE CAPE TOWN
CONVENTION AND AIRCRAFT PROTOCOL: ADDING A NEW DIMENSION TO
INTERNATIONAL LAW-MAKING
A. BACKGROUND AND KEY FEATURES 12.01
UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES 12.12
FIVE KEY FEATURES OF THE CONVENTION 12.14
THREE KEY FEATURES OF THE PROTOCOL 12.16
XXN
CONTENTS
B. THE TWO-INSTRUMENT APPROACH
C. SPHERE OF APPLICATION
WHEN THE CONVENTION APPLIES
PRINCIPAL MATTERS COVERED BY THE CONVENTION
DEFINITIONS
INTERPRETATION
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONVENTION AND NATIONAL LAW
D. THE CONCEPT OF THE INTERNATIONAL INTEREST
THE INTERNATIONAL INTEREST DEFINED
THE NATURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL INTEREST
FORMALITIES
THE CONNECTING FACTOR
E. DEFAULT REMEDIES
F. THE INTERNATIONAL REGISTRY AND THE REGISTRATION SYSTEM
THE INTERNATIONAL REGISTRY
A FULLY AUTOMATED SYSTEM
WHAT IS REGISTRABLE?
SEARCHES AND SEARCH CERTIFICATES
DURATION OF REGISTRATION
LIABILITY OF THE REGISTRAR
JURISDICTION
G. PRIORITIES
THE APPROACH TO PRIORITY RULES
ASSIGNMENTS
H. INSOLVENCY
I. THE DECLARATION SYSTEM
J. EVALUATION OF THE CONVENTION AND PROTOCOL
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
12.17
12.21
12.22
12.24
12.25
12.26
12.27
12.28
12.31
12.32
12.33
12.37
12.39
12.40
12.42
12.43
12.44
12.45
12.46
12.48
12.49
12.50
12.52
13. TRANSACTIONS IN SECURITIES
A. INTRODUCTION
SECURITIES MARKET LAW AS AMALGAM OF COMMERCIAL AND REGULATORY LAW 13.01
TYPES OF TRANSACTION 13.03
B. DEMATERIALIZATION, IMMOBILIZATION, NETTING AND TECHNOLOGY:
EFFECTS ON CUSTODY, SETTLEMENT AND THE USE OF SECURITIES
AS COLLATERAL
FACTS AND ISSUES 13.05
XXIN
CONTENTS
C. CONFLICT-OF-LAWS ISSUES IN THE NEW ENVIRONMENT:
CHARACTERIZATION AND CONNECTING FACTOR REVISITED
FRAMING THE QUESTIONS AND SEARCHING FOR ANSWERS 13.08
REGIONAL AND GLOBAL SOLUTIONS 13.11
THE HAGUE CONVENTION: INTRODUCTION 13.12
THE PRIMA APPROACH 13.14
SCOPE OF THE CONVENTION 13.15
THE ARTICLE 2(1) ISSUES 13.16
CHARACTERIZATION 13.17
INTERNATIONALITY 13.19
THE APPLICABLE LAW: THE PRIMARY RULE AND THE FALL-BACK RULES 13.20
THE PRIMARY RULE 13.22
THE FALL-BACK RULES 13.23
INSOLVENCY 13.24
PUBLIC POLICY (BRDRE PUBLIC,) AND INTERNATIONALLY MANDATORY RULES 13.25
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSFEROR'S LAW AND TRANSFEREE'S LAW 13.26
THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY SETTLEMENT FINALITY DIRECTIVE 13.28
THE EC COLLATERAL DIRECTIVE 13.32
NATIONAL SOLUTIONS 13.34
D. SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS*NATIONAL AND TRANSNATIONAL 13.37
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
III HARMONIZATION OF GENERAL CONTRACT LAW
14. RESTATEMENTS OF CONTRACT LAW
A. INTRODUCTION 14.01
B. RESTATEMENTS OF CONTRACT LAW
INTRODUCTION 14.04
THE NATURE OF THE PRINCIPLES 14.07
THE PURPOSES OF THE PRINCIPLES 14.10
THE SCOPE OF THE PRINCIPLES 14.15
THE SPHERE OF APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES 14.17
THE PRINCIPLES 'SHALL' BE APPLIED 14.18
THE PRINCIPLES 'MAY BE APPLIED 14.28
THE SUBSTANTIVE CONTENT OF THE PRINCIPLES 14.41
FREEDOM OF CONTRACT 14.42
PACTA SUNT SERVANDA 14.43
GOODJAITH 14.44
INTERPRETATION 14.49
ADEQUATE ASSURANCE OF PERFORMANCE 14.50
XXIV
CONTENTS
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE AS A PRIMARY REMEDY
OTHER REMEDIES
HARDSHIP AND CHANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES
ASSIGNMENT AND NOVATION
AGENCY
THE PRINCIPLES AND MANDATORY RULES
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
IV TRANSNATIONAL INSOLVENCY
15. HARMONIZATION AND CO-OPERATION IN CROSS-BORDER INSOLVENCY
A. INTRODUCTION
B. THE OPPOSING JURISDICTION PRINCIPLES
C. THE UNCITRAL MODEL LAW ON CROSS-BORDER
INSOLVENCY
NATURE AND PURPOSE
SPHERE OF APPLICATION
ACCESS BY FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVE AND RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN PROCEEDINGS
AUTOMATIC STAY
CO-OPERATION WITH FOREIGN COURTS AND FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES
D. JUDICIAL CO-OPERATION IN CONCURRENT INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS
E. THE EUROPEAN INSOLVENCY REGULATION
BACKGROUND TO THE REGULATION
SCOPE OF THE REGULATION
TYPE OF INSOLVENCY PROCEEDING
THECOMI
APPLICABLE LAW
THE PRINCIPLE OF RECOGNITION
INSOLVENCY OF CORPORATE GROUPS
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
14.51
14.53
14.54
14.56
14.57
14.58
15.01
15.06
15.13
15.14
15.16
15.18
15.20
15.21
15.22
15.24
15.25
15.26
15.27
15.29
15.31
15.35
V INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION
16. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL PROCEDURE
A. INTRODUCTION
THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM AND THE CHALLENGES AHEAD 16.01
SOURCES 16.06
XXV
CONTENTS
B. JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES 16.09
C. JURISDICTION TO ADJUDICATE
TRADITIONAL AUTONOMOUS RULES IN NATIONAL SYSTEMS 16.13
MODERNIZATION, INTERNATIONAL CO-ORDINATION AND THE NEEDS OF
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
GENERAL
L6
-
20
PARTY AUTONOMY AND FORUM SELECTION 16.29
DISCRETIONARY LIMITATIONS OF JURISDICTION: THE DOCTRINE OF FORUM NON
CONVENIENS 16.3 O
D. PROVISIONAL AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES 16.43
E. CONDUCT OF DIE PROCEEDINGS AND JUDICIAL ASSISTANCE
SERVICE ABROAD OF JUDICIAL DOCUMENTS 16.51
TAKING OF EVIDENCE 16.56
F. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS
BRUSSELS I REGULATION 16.60
THE LAS LENAS AND BUENOS AIRES PROTOCOLS 16.61
G. FROM INTERNATIONAL TO TRANSNATIONAL CIVIL PROCEDURE: THE
ALI/UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF TRANSNATIONAL CIVIL PROCEDURE
OBJECTIVES 16.62
SELECTED SOLUTIONS 16.64
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
17. INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION
A. THE NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION AND ITS
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES
ARBITRATION AND LITIGATION 17.03
ARBITRATION AND EXPERT DETERMINATION 17.07
ARBITRATION AND ADJUDICATION 17.10
ARBITRATION AND ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 17.12
WHEN IS ARBITRATION 'INTERNATIONAL'? 17.14
WHEN IS ARBITRATION 'COMMERCIAL'? 17.19
B. THE HARMONIZATION OF THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL
ARBITRATION 17.23
THE UNCITRAL MODEL LAW 17.27
THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT 17.28
THE COMPOSITION OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL 17.30
JURISDICTION OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL 17.31
CONDUCT OF ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS \ 7.32
XXVI
CONTENTS
MAKING OF AWARD AND TERMINATION OF PROCEEDINGS 17.33
RECOURSE AGAINST THE AWARD AND THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT
OF AWARDS 17.34
1958 NEW YORK CONVENTION ON THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT
OF FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS 17.35
RULES OF ARBITRATION AS PARTY-DETERMINED FRAMEWORK FOR DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT THROUGH ARBITRATION
AD HOC ARBITRATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARBITRATION 17.39
MAJOR ARBITRATION INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR RULES 17.41
AN OUTLINE OF THE UNCITRAL RULES AND THE ICC RULES
COMMENCING THE ARBITRATION 17.43
ARBITRALTRIBUNAL 17.45
ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS 17.50
ARBITRAL AWARDS 17.56
COSTS 17.59
THE PRINCIPLES WHICH UNDERPIN THE HARMONIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL
ARBITRATION AND THE TENSIONS IN THE MODERN LAW 17.60
C. ARBITRATION AND THE CONFLICT OF LAWS 17.67
THE LAW GOVERNING DIE PARTIES' CAPACITY TO ENTER INTO AN ARBITRATION
AGREEMENT 17.70
THE LAW GOVERNING THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT AND THE PERFORMANCE OF
THAT AGREEMENT 17.71
THE LAW GOVERNING THE EXISTENCE AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ARBITRAL
TRIBUNAL*THE LEX ARBITRI 17.74
THE 'DELOCALIZATION' DEBATE 17.79
THE LAW, OR THE RELEVANT LEGAL RULES, GOVERNING THE SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES
IN DISPUTE 17.110
THE LAW GOVERNING THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE AWARD 17.123
D. THE REVIEW OF ARBITRAL AWARDS 17.124
E. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF ARBITRAL AWARDS 17.133
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
VI RECURRENT ISSUES OF HARMONIZATION
18. THE SPHERE OF APPLICATION OF A CONVENTION; THE ROLE OF THE CONFLICT
OF LAWS; DETERMINING THE CONNECTING FACTOR; CO-EXISTENCE AND
CONFLICTS OF INSTRUMENTS
A. SPHERE OF APPLICATION IN GENERAL 18.01
B. THE ROLE OF THE CONFLICT OF LAWS 18.06
XXVU
CONTENTS
C. THE SELECTION OF THE CONNECTING FACTOR 18.08
D. CO-EXISTENCE, CONCURRENCE, AND CONFLICTS OF CONVENTIONS 18.11
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
19. UNIFORMITY IN TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW
A. THE OBSTACLES TO ACHIEVING AND MAINTAINING UNIFORMITY 19.01
B. RESPONSES (I): PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ITS RECEPTION IN
DOMESTIC LAW 19.05
C. RESPONSES (II): DEVICES IN PRIVATE-LAW INSTRUMENTS 19.07
D. UNIFORMITY THROUGH INTERPRETATION IN A UNIFORM SYSTEM? 19.10
E. RESERVATIONS AND DECLARATIONS 19.13
F. STRUCTURAL ISSUES AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT DEVICES FOR ACHIEVING AND
MAINTAINING UNIFORMITY 19.15
G. CONTRACT PRACTICE 19.22
H. DO DIVERGENCES MATTER? 19.23
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
20. GETTING TO YES: PRACTICAL AND POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF HARMONIZATION
A. INTRODUCTION 20.01
B. ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES 20.04
C. CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES 20.18
D. POST-ADOPTION STAGE: IMPERATIVES AND SHORTCOMINGS 20.21
QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING
INDEX 741
XXVM |
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