Sóvidék a középkorban: fejezetek a székelység középkori történelemből
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Hungarian |
| Published: |
Székelyudvarhely
Haáz Rezső Múzeum
2005
|
| Series: | Múzeumi füzetek
23 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in rumän. und engl. Sprache. - Literaturverz. S. 184 - 192 |
| Physical Description: | 236, [27] S. zahlr. Ill. und Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9730038511 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Sóvidék a középkorban |b fejezetek a székelység középkori történelemből |c Sófalvi András |
| 264 | 1 | |a Székelyudvarhely |b Haáz Rezső Múzeum |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a 236, [27] S. |b zahlr. Ill. und Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Múzeumi füzetek |v 23 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in rumän. und engl. Sprache. - Literaturverz. S. 184 - 192 | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1100-1600 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Hungarians |z Romania |z Transylvania |x History | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Szekler |0 (DE-588)4408066-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Ungarn | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Hungary |x History |y 1000-1699 | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Praid (Romania) |x History | |
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| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Szekler |0 (DE-588)4408066-9 |D s |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804137137312890880 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Tartalom
Bevezetés
Sóvidék térben és időben
...................................9
A középkori Sóvidék kutatásáról
.............................10
A téma megközelítése és a kutatás szemlélete
...................11
A régészet szerepe a Sóvidék kora történetének kutatásában
.......15
A SÓVIDÉK TERMÉSZETI ADOTTSÁGAI. AZ EMBER ÉS A KÖRNYEZET
VISZONYA A SÓVIDÉK TELEPÜLÉSTÖRTÉNETÉBEN
..........................20
A Sóvidék természetföldrajzi viszonyainak áttekintése
.............20
Ember és környezet viszonya a Sóvidék korai településtörténetében
. .22
A középkori és kora újkori sóvidéki környezet
...................24
A települések és a környezet viszonya a Sóvidéken
...............29
A Sóvidék Árpád-kori településtörténete
...........................35
Sóvidék a székelység betelepülése előtti időszakban
..............35
Nyelvészeti kutatások. A helynevek tanúságai
...................35
Romkontinuitás
..........................................36
A régészeti kutatások, terepbejárások eredményei
................37
Hagyomány
............................................38
A székelység betelepülése Délkelet-Erdélybe (Székelyföldre)
........38
Településtörténeti előzmények
..............................40
A székelység mai lakóhelyén való megtelepedésének
időrendi problémái
.......................................41
A székelység betelepedését megelőző területi (és egyházi)
szervezet kérdése
........................................43
A keleti (székelyföldi) székelység
.............................
44
A székelység betelepülése a Sóvidékre
........................
48
A sóvidéki székelység nyugati kapcsolatai („eredete )
a földrajzi nevek alapján
...................................
48
A régészeti kutatások következtetései
.........................51
A SÓVIDÉK KÖZÉPKORI TELEPÜLÉSKÉPE
................................
55
A székely településrend és gazdálkodás tanulságai
...............
55
A szórt jellegű település fogalma
.............................
55
Kutatástörténeti problémák
.................................
57
A székely „nemzetségi szervezet
............................
->8
A magánbirtok mint önálló megtelepedési és gazdálkodási egység
.. .60
Az állattartás szerepe
.....................................
6^
Településszerkezeti vizsgálatok a Sóvidéken
....................
б3
A sóvidéki falvak korai településképe
..........................
64
A halmazosodás folyamata
.................................68
Halmazfalvak a Sóvidéken
..................................69
A székely tízes mint településtörténeti tényező
..................71
Településhálózat
-
utak- a települések mobilitása
...............73
Utak a késő középkori Sóvidéken
............................74
Az „eltűnt Besenyőfalva
...................................75
A település-pusztásodás problémái
...........................77
A székely települések vertikális mozgása
.......................77
A Sóvidék mai településképének kialakulása
.....................78
Határhasználat és gazdálkodás a középkori és kora újkori Sóvidéken
......80
Késő középkori átalakulások
................................80
A falvak határának terjeszkedése, a havasi területek felosztása
.......81
A határhasználatra és gazdálkodásra vonatkozó XVI-XVII.
századi írott források a Sóvidékről
............................84
A teraszos földművelés kezdetei. Az eke és a szántás
..............88
Állattartás. Havasi szállástartás, a hegyi tanyák kezdetei
...........88
A székelyföldi nomadizmus és a kettős szállás kérdése
............89
Erdők, fakitermelés, malmok
................................90
Kenderáztató tavak
.......................................91
TÁRSADALOM ÉS NÉPESEDÉS A KÉSŐ KÖZÉPKORI SÓVIDÉKEN
..................93
Társadalmi átalakulások a Sóvidéken a
XVI.
század
második felében és a
XVII,
század elején
.......................93
Demográfiai adatok
......................................96
Egyházi építészet a középkori és kora újkori Sóvidéken
.................98
Sófalva középkori temploma
................................98
Régészeti kutatások a felsősófalvi református templomban
.........99
Az Árpád-kori templomtól a
XIX.
századi újjáépítésig
............102
Sóvárad középkori temploma
..............................110
Atyha középkori és kora újkori egyházi emlékei
.................114
Korond középkori
temploma(i)
.............................117
A reformáció és az ellenreformáció a Sóvidéken
................118
Sóvidék elpusztult kápolnái
................................119
1.
Firtos
-
Péter-hegyesi kápolna
............................119
2.
Firtos
-
Keresztelő Szent János kápolna
.....................120
3.
Firtos
-
„Várkápolna
..................................122
4.
Atyha
-
Kadács-hegyesi kápolna
..........................123
5.
A korondi kápolna
....................................124
6.
Parajd
-
Nyíres-teteji kápolna
............................124
7.
Parajd/Szováta
-
Kápolna-mezei kápolna
...................125
8.
Bekecs
-
Szent Antal kápolna
............................126
9.
A sóváradi kápolna
....................................127
Székelyföld és a Sóvidék középkori várai
..........................129
Székelyföld középkori várai és a keleti határvédelem
.............129
Kutatástörténeti áttekintő
.................................129
Az írott források problémája
...............................131
A néphagyományok tanúságai
.............................133
Nem épített várat a székely?
...............................136
Székelyföld fekvése és szerepe a középkorban
..................140
A kora Árpád-kori határvédelem problémái: gazdasági,
társadalmi, politikai és hadászati kérdések
.....................143
Sóvidék középkori várai
...................................147
Sóvidék fekvése és keleti megközelítései
......................148
Tartód vára
............................................149
Rapsóné vára
..........................................151
Firtos vára
.............................................154
Következtetések. A kutatás feladatai
.........................158
A SÓVIDÉKI (SZÉKELYFÖLDI) SÓBÁNYÁSZAT KRITIKAI TÖRTÉNETE
A KEZDETEKTŐL 1562-IG
.......................................1 61
A kutatás irányvonalai
....................................161
A természetes folyamatok és az emberi tevékenység hatásai
.......162
A sóvidéki sókitermelésre utaló adatok a magyar
államalapítást megelőző időszakból
.........................163
Őskori
-
bronzkori leletek
.................................163
A római kori sóbányászat kérdése
...........................165
Népvándorlás kori ismereteink
.............................169
A sóvidéki sóbányászat a középkorban
.......................170
A székelység betelepülése előtti sóbányászat kérdése
............170
A székelység sóhasználata és sókereskedése a középkorban
........173
Kitekintés: a sóvidéki sóbányászat a fejedelemség korában
........182
Irodalom és rövidítések jegyzéke
..............................1
84
Rezumat
................................................193
Abstract
..................................................199
A régészeti leletanyag jegyzéke
...............................205
The Só
Region in the Middle Ages
Chapters from the Medieval History of the Szeklers
Abstract
The Szekler
Só/Salt
region lying at the feet of the
Görgény-mountains
/s a
natural-geographical and historical region. The area in the Middle Ages was an
integral part of the Hungarian Kingdom (today part of Romania) and of Szekler-
land within this, its eastern part belonged to
Udvarhelyszék
and its western part
to
Marosszék.
Its administrative division has been maintained ere now, its area is
divided by the border between
Hargita
and
Maros
counties. The region, due to
its geographical situation, was a border area not only in historical and military
(eg. Roman Age, Early
Arpadian-Age),
but in religous aspects as well (Protes¬
tantism
-
Catholicism) until the beginning of the 20th century. The area consti¬
tutes a transition between the Transylvanian-basin and the eastern highlands in
many respects. These factors hide significant possibilities for researches.
According to the methods of the scientific research the collection of the
whole medieval source material has been primordial. This means the early, very
deficient written medieval sources (papal census lists, charters) and the rela¬
tively rich documents of the
1
6th century (charters, litigations, boundary rid¬
ings, censuses etc.). The collection has been expanded to linguistical (place-
names, field-names, family names), ethnographical (folk-legends, data con¬
cerning the utilisation of fields) and geographical-cartographical data (mili¬
tary surveys) as well. The basis of sources is composed of the archeological
finds coming from excavations and the knowledge- and find-material as
results of walks through the terrain for several years.
The working out and evaluation of researches has been based on complex,
interdisciplinary methods. The first task was a critical analysis of sources, large
orientation in literature and cooperation and consultation with outward pro¬
fessionals. The most important component of researches is the profound
knowledge of the area which for the author, having been born in the
Só
region,
was given in advance. The archeological researches made on the area,
besides looking for find-places, were focused upon the mapping up of the uti¬
lization of geographical endowments of the area (selection of finding-places
and of present settlements, defendence, definiton of raw material finding-
places etc.). Analyses and evaluations have been carried out compared to the
neighbouring areas, embedding the special development of the
Só
region in
a larger context, namely the history of the medieval Szeklerland.
The introduction contains a short history of researches, together with the
definition of guiding principles and working methods. There is a divided
chapter dealing with the role of archeology, which has a significant part in the
history of Szeklerland in the Middle Ages and in the anterior periods. Besides pre¬
senting the natural endowments of the
Só
region, the author, on the basis of
archeological and linguistical data and of results of distinct professional
researches, makes an attempt to outline the relationship between environment
199
and people living here along history, to reconstruct the medieval and postme-
dieval environment and to define the relationship between environment and
settlements existing today.
The history of the area before the Szeklers coming is a determinant part of
the settlement history of the region in the Arpadian-Age. On the basis of
archeological and linguistical data we have only a very scratchy picture of the
period. The Szeklers settled down to the
Só
region
-
like to other parts of
Udvarhelyszék
-
somewhen on the turn of the
12-1
3 th centuries. According to
the archeological results and historical sources we are informed about three
early settlements in the
Só
region:
Korond, Sófalva
and
Sóvárad.
The rest of
settlements came into being during the Middle Ages and at the beginning of
the early modem age:
Atyha, Parajd, Alsósófalva
and
Szováta,
the establish¬
ment of the last one is almost exactly known from the end of the 1570s. The
forming of settlements according to written documents is modified by arche¬
ological sources and those in history of art, usually dating their forming out
to
100-150
years earlier.
Based on the knowledge of medieval legal relations, of the settling-posses¬
sory, social and agricultural system of Szeklers and on researches made on the
areas (archeological find-collections, cartographical data, analyses of the
ground-plans of villages), the next chapter is about the settlement aspect and
structural changes of Szekler villages in the
Só
region from the beginnings to the
late Middle Ages. The fact that during the last eight hundred years there has
not been a change in population, is very important from the point of view of
settlement history. Due to the early social structure of. Szeklers, family doma¬
nial units, the significant role of animal keeping and natural-geographical
endowments, the early villages in the
Só
region were characterized by a dif¬
fused settlement structure, with domanial units scattered in space in which
grounds and externals had not divided yet. The late medieval economical and
social changes, the growth of population, the coming to the fore of agricul¬
ture, the division of grounds and externals were the main factors which start¬
ed the accumulation of settlements and determined the development of the
present settlement aspect. This process is reflected in the present ground-
plans of settlements, on the analogy of the development of mountain home¬
steads. The villages of
Havasalja
in
Udvarhelyszék
with similar natural-geo¬
graphical endowments may have undergone to similar changes in their set¬
tlement structure in the Middle Ages. The military and administrative ten
member organization appearing in
postmedieval
sources doesn t seem to
d
proven in the early period.
,
The present settlement structure of the
Só
region was formed out by way
о
the mountain homesteads at alpine lodgings. The population of the area
with different endowments of the
Só
region happened according to demo-
graphical and economical factors, from river-valleys towards platforms an
there is no proof of their settling in the opposite direction. The late me°ieV.
road system was significantly different from the present one and it was
grea
У
determined by salt delivery to the surrounding villages and other parts
Szeklerland.
200
The military role of Szeklers and the natural-geographical factors in the
early centuries preferred the agriculture based on extensive animal keeping.
Economical and dwelling units emerging on clearings were not divided from
each other, so there was no real border in the present sense of the word in
the proper Middle Ages. Under the effect of late medieval economical
changes (the role of agriculture coming to the fore) and of demographical
pressure the image of the Szekler village changed: most of the fields became
part of the ambit arranged into balks, the regular cycle of crop rotation
appeared, the reapporting rural land community formed out. The data of the
postmedieval
litigations have several allusions to agriculture and animal keep¬
ing, utilisation of woods and other additional activities, place-names and car¬
tographical sources reflect the process of clearings. The beginnings of the so-
called Szekler embanked agriculture are not earlier than the turn of the
Ιο¬
ί
6th centuries.
Postmedieval
sources reflect that the economical structure
and utilisation of fields which determined the life of Szekler villages before
collectivization, started to take shape at this time. The sources of the early
modern age inform us about the beginnings of mountain lodgings and of the
division of mountaineous areas. The mountain lodgings are not the same
with the so-called double shepherding based on the changing of summer
and winter pastures and in terms of Szeklerland it is baseless to talk about
nomadism.
The late medieval social conditions of the
Só
region correspond with the ge¬
neral development of
Udvarhelyszék
and
Marosszék.
In point of population at
the beginning of the
1
7th century the villages of the
Só
region belong to the
group of small and middle-sized villages of Szeklerland. If we compare the
late medieval picture to the present one, villages with a small population
(100-200
people) are followed by settlements with more thousand people in
the present
Só
region. If we compare it to the average developmental level of
Udvarhelyszék
and
Marosszék,
the region has reached the populational and
economical indexes above average during the last two centuries. The develop¬
ment has been influenced by economical factors. The villages of the region
from modern times, besides the traditional agricultural branches (animal
keeping, agriculture), favoured newer and newer means of subsistence (sylvi¬
culture, conversion of timber, ceramics, salt-mining, health-tourism etc.).
The determining chapter of the second part is about researches in church
architecture and church history of the
Só
region. During a short find-saving
excavation the medieval foundation walls of the church
ofSófalva
came to sur¬
face. The finding of the Romanesque sanctuary made it obvious that
Sófalva,
besides
Sóvárad
and Korond, belongs to the early Szekler settlements of the
Só
region, although its first written document at the end of the 15th century
s quite late. The analysis of the old and newly found carvings of the church
nas significantly enriched our ideas about the medieval church architecture
and church history of
Sófalva.
,
The survey of the medieval church of
Sóvárad
still standing on its founda-
on walls and the analysis of its carvings broadly outlines the building histo-
ty of the church. The publishing of the late Gothic chalice in the property of
201
church has increased the goldsmith s list of collection of Szeklerland with a
very precious liturgical piece.
The effect of Reformation in the
Só
region was felt soon. The villages of the
area opened westwards almost wholly converted to the Reformed and
Unitarian church by the third part of the
1
5th century. The strong activity of
Counter-Reformation reconverted a significant part of the population of the
Só
region to the Catholic religion; nowadays the members of the Catholic
and Protestant denominations are about fifty-fifty in the
Só
region.
Memory, place-names and written sources on the
Só
region inform us
about the existence of several chapels standing outside of settlements which
have been ruined by now. The remains of some of them are still recognizable
on the surface. Because of deficient sources we hardly know anything about
the time of their building and their function. There have not been any sys¬
tematic researches on their areas
-
with the exception of one chapel
-,
and
we do not even find bibliographical allusions to them. In the course of
researches the
autor
analysed nine destroyed chapels from the fields of the set¬
tlements of the
Só
region, collecting sources and doing researches on the area.
The chapels were built in the Middle Ages or during Reformation and they are
significant memories of the church historical life of the region, hardly known
by now. For the time being the function of these chapels is vague for us, in
certain cases we do not even know the time of their building. Some of them
were church buildings built to the edge or around the settlements of
Catholics pushed into minority during Reformation. Future researches on
their function and the history of their building should be carried out in the
light of changes created by Reformation and Counter-Reformation and
postmedieval
changes of Catholicism.
At the beginning of the
1
990 s heavy discussions evolved about the dat¬
ing, builders and function of Szekler (South-Eastern Transylvanian) castles and
embankment ranges. In the chapters about castels the author
-
on the basis
of a re-analysis of data and researches made on the area
-
studies the ques¬
tion of castles in a larger context, with a knowledge of the political-social-eco¬
nomical-strategical conditions of the period. The methodology of the
research is based on a complex approach, including and analysing all possi¬
ble source material. The presentation of the problem of written sources is fol¬
lowed by the significance, researching possibilities and testimony of unno¬
ticed folk-traditions, emphasizing those elements which may refer to the
function and indirectly to the history of castels in this way. Due to the
specia
development of the medieval Szekler society, there could not have been built
any private squire castels in Szeklerland after the settlement of Szeklers. At the
same time the author points out that, contrary to the modern historical con*
ception, according to which Szeklers did not build any castles (in fact they
αϊ
not stand in their areas any castles built by external power), written source^
do not have any information against the Szeklers being castle-builder pe
pie. Due to its strategical position, Szeklerland was the tower of the soU^er, Q
eastsouthern frontier s defence in the Middle Ages, consequently Szeklers na
significant role in the frontier s defence. They had a special way for their pe
202
sonai
and material defence, from the late Middle Ages, besides refuges the
redoubt of churches came to the fore.
In the early Arpadian-Age we cannot suspect a frontier s defensive system
based on stone castles even in the Western part of the country, this was built
up no earlier than the late Arpadian-Age. The question is: while there are
hardly any standing stone castels against attacking unities of the Western
Roman Empire with a military hardware, how is it possible that against light-
armed Eastern people they built a frontier s system based on stone castles in
the eastern part of the country in the early Arpadian-Age?
The methodological problem of the interpretation of archeological data,
find-material and sources consulted on basis of preconceptions is followed by
a profound analysis of the castles of the
Só
region (the castles of
Tartód,
Rapsóné
and Firtos). The location and medieval settlement history of the area
and the position of castles is of significant importance. The chapter goes
along the one by one analysis of castles and their surroundings and places
them in a larger context. The castles of
Tartód
and
Rapsóné,
by their geo¬
graphical position were not able to fulfill a frontier s defence function, in the
case of
Rapsóné s
castle the embankment ranges too were inapt for this role.
The castle of Firtos, due to its strategical position was able to control the road
passing by close to it, but we don t have any archeological data for its stand¬
ing in the early Arpadian-Age. In the light of our present knowledge the castles
of the
Só
region might have been refuges for larger surroundings and Szeklers
built them under the defense of the western foothills of the
Görgény-mountains
after their settling down in the area. From the second part of the
1
6th century
written documents and litigations contain some elements referring to the
environment of castles, but they have only a few allusions to castles. Some of
the so-called embankment ranges may have arisen after these litigations.
The last chapter analyses the history of the larger
Só
region, the history of
salt-mining in Szeklerland from the beginnings to
1562,
on the basis of authen¬
tic historical, linguistical and archeological sources. Observations on the area,
the location and strategical position of the
Só
region are of significant impor¬
tance. The natural-geographical conditions which have always been disad¬
vantageous in many respects, have left their mark on the economical and
social development of the area. The development of salt-mining has been
determined by the peripherical position of the area, bad transport and pre¬
vailing political conditions. Salt-mining in the Salt region started to develop
in modern times.
The find material of the Bronze Ageian Wietenberg culture in the
Só
region
can be related to the salt-production and salt-provision of the south-eastern
Transylvanian group of the culture. The location of the
Só
region from the
Roman limes eastwards and the fact that we do not know any authentic
Roman finding, does not support that longstanding assumption that in the
surroundings of
Sófalva-Parajd
and in
Szováta
there was salt-mining in the
Roman Age already.
,
There are no historical, linguistical and archeological proofs for salt-min-
ln9 activity in the
Só
region in the early Arpadian-Age. With the settlement of
203
Szeklers
in the
1
3th century the area was dropped out of the organization of
the medieval royal salt-economy. Szeklers received their salt gratis from the
squarries in the
Só
region and from along the
Homoród
until
1562.
From the 15th
century Szeklers started trading with salt in the neighbouring Saxon
sedes.
We
don t know the intensity of the trade and the quantity of salt included into it,
so we had better be careful with overestimating it. For the time being we
don t know about a special group or stratum who pursued salt-trade, it seems
the whole of Szeklers was doing this activity. Medieval salt-mining did not
really influence the medieval economical and social development of the sett¬
lements lying around salt-quarries.
The chapters and studies of the book
-
together with illustrative inserts:
plans, surveys, maps and photographs
-
are chapters of the medieval history
of Szeklers which, through the medieval history of a small region provide a
conclusion upon the medieval development of Szeklerland and Szeklers. Al¬
most none of the part-studies can be considered as finished, the research may
and must be carried on. The book, on the basis of the available source mate¬
rial, offers a synthesis of the medieval history of the area and provides a read¬
ing based on the critical analysis of sources, summary and evaluation of data.
An objective, real historical image contrary to the misshapen works born
without critical source handling was among the main aims of the book. With
the publishing of my work I would like to increase the range of regional
researches and at the same time its results constitute the basis of an archeo-
logical topography.
204
|
| adam_txt |
Tartalom
Bevezetés
Sóvidék térben és időben
.9
A középkori Sóvidék kutatásáról
.10
A téma megközelítése és a kutatás szemlélete
.11
A régészet szerepe a Sóvidék kora történetének kutatásában
.15
A SÓVIDÉK TERMÉSZETI ADOTTSÁGAI. AZ EMBER ÉS A KÖRNYEZET
VISZONYA A SÓVIDÉK TELEPÜLÉSTÖRTÉNETÉBEN
.20
A Sóvidék természetföldrajzi viszonyainak áttekintése
.20
Ember és környezet viszonya a Sóvidék korai településtörténetében
. .22
A középkori és kora újkori sóvidéki környezet
.24
A települések és a környezet viszonya a Sóvidéken
.29
A Sóvidék Árpád-kori településtörténete
.35
Sóvidék a székelység betelepülése előtti időszakban
.35
Nyelvészeti kutatások. A helynevek tanúságai
.35
Romkontinuitás
.36
A régészeti kutatások, terepbejárások eredményei
.37
Hagyomány
.38
A székelység betelepülése Délkelet-Erdélybe (Székelyföldre)
.38
Településtörténeti előzmények
.40
A székelység mai lakóhelyén való megtelepedésének
időrendi problémái
.41
A székelység betelepedését megelőző területi (és egyházi)
szervezet kérdése
.43
A keleti (székelyföldi) székelység
.
44
A székelység betelepülése a Sóvidékre
.
48
A sóvidéki székelység nyugati kapcsolatai („eredete")
a földrajzi nevek alapján
.
48
A régészeti kutatások következtetései
.51
A SÓVIDÉK KÖZÉPKORI TELEPÜLÉSKÉPE
.
55
A székely településrend és gazdálkodás tanulságai
.
55
A szórt jellegű település fogalma
.
55
Kutatástörténeti problémák
.
57
A székely „nemzetségi szervezet"
.
->8
A magánbirtok mint önálló megtelepedési és gazdálkodási egység
. .60
Az állattartás szerepe
.
6^
Településszerkezeti vizsgálatok a Sóvidéken
.
б3
A sóvidéki falvak korai településképe
.
64
A halmazosodás folyamata
.68
Halmazfalvak a Sóvidéken
.69
A székely tízes mint településtörténeti tényező
.71
Településhálózat
-
utak- a települések mobilitása
.73
Utak a késő középkori Sóvidéken
.74
Az „eltűnt" Besenyőfalva
.75
A település-pusztásodás problémái
.77
A székely települések vertikális mozgása
.77
A Sóvidék mai településképének kialakulása
.78
Határhasználat és gazdálkodás a középkori és kora újkori Sóvidéken
.80
Késő középkori átalakulások
.80
A falvak határának terjeszkedése, a havasi területek felosztása
.81
A határhasználatra és gazdálkodásra vonatkozó XVI-XVII.
századi írott források a Sóvidékről
.84
A teraszos földművelés kezdetei. Az eke és a szántás
.88
Állattartás. Havasi szállástartás, a hegyi tanyák kezdetei
.88
A székelyföldi nomadizmus és a kettős szállás kérdése
.89
Erdők, fakitermelés, malmok
.90
Kenderáztató tavak
.91
TÁRSADALOM ÉS NÉPESEDÉS A KÉSŐ KÖZÉPKORI SÓVIDÉKEN
.93
Társadalmi átalakulások a Sóvidéken a
XVI.
század
második felében és a
XVII,
század elején
.93
Demográfiai adatok
.96
Egyházi építészet a középkori és kora újkori Sóvidéken
.98
Sófalva középkori temploma
.98
Régészeti kutatások a felsősófalvi református templomban
.99
Az Árpád-kori templomtól a
XIX.
századi újjáépítésig
.102
Sóvárad középkori temploma
.110
Atyha középkori és kora újkori egyházi emlékei
.114
Korond középkori
temploma(i)
.117
A reformáció és az ellenreformáció a Sóvidéken
.118
Sóvidék elpusztult kápolnái
.119
1.
Firtos
-
Péter-hegyesi kápolna
.119
2.
Firtos
-
Keresztelő Szent János kápolna
.120
3.
Firtos
-
„Várkápolna"
.122
4.
Atyha
-
Kadács-hegyesi kápolna
.123
5.
A korondi kápolna
.124
6.
Parajd
-
Nyíres-teteji kápolna
.124
7.
Parajd/Szováta
-
Kápolna-mezei kápolna
.125
8.
Bekecs
-
Szent Antal kápolna
.126
9.
A sóváradi kápolna
.127
Székelyföld és a Sóvidék középkori várai
.129
Székelyföld középkori várai és a keleti határvédelem
.129
Kutatástörténeti áttekintő
.129
Az írott források problémája
.131
A néphagyományok tanúságai
.133
Nem épített várat a székely?
.136
Székelyföld fekvése és szerepe a középkorban
.140
A kora Árpád-kori határvédelem problémái: gazdasági,
társadalmi, politikai és hadászati kérdések
.143
Sóvidék középkori várai
.147
Sóvidék fekvése és keleti megközelítései
.148
Tartód vára
.149
Rapsóné vára
.151
Firtos vára
.154
Következtetések. A kutatás feladatai
.158
A SÓVIDÉKI (SZÉKELYFÖLDI) SÓBÁNYÁSZAT KRITIKAI TÖRTÉNETE
A KEZDETEKTŐL 1562-IG
.1 61
A kutatás irányvonalai
.161
A természetes folyamatok és az emberi tevékenység hatásai
.162
A sóvidéki sókitermelésre utaló adatok a magyar
államalapítást megelőző időszakból
.163
Őskori
-
bronzkori leletek
.163
A római kori sóbányászat kérdése
.165
Népvándorlás kori ismereteink
.169
A sóvidéki sóbányászat a középkorban
.170
A székelység betelepülése előtti sóbányászat kérdése
.170
A székelység sóhasználata és sókereskedése a középkorban
.173
Kitekintés: a sóvidéki sóbányászat a fejedelemség korában
.182
Irodalom és rövidítések jegyzéke
.1
84
Rezumat
.193
Abstract
.199
A régészeti leletanyag jegyzéke
.205
The Só
Region in the Middle Ages
Chapters from the Medieval History of the Szeklers
Abstract
The Szekler
Só/Salt
region lying at the feet of the
Görgény-mountains
/s a
natural-geographical and historical region. The area in the Middle Ages was an
integral part of the Hungarian Kingdom (today part of Romania) and of Szekler-
land within this, its eastern part belonged to
Udvarhelyszék
and its western part
to
Marosszék.
Its administrative division has been maintained ere now, its area is
divided by the border between
Hargita
and
Maros
counties. The region, due to
its geographical situation, was a border area not only in historical and military
(eg. Roman Age, Early
Arpadian-Age),
but in religous aspects as well (Protes¬
tantism
-
Catholicism) until the beginning of the 20th century. The area consti¬
tutes a transition between the Transylvanian-basin and the eastern highlands in
many respects. These factors hide significant possibilities for researches.
According to the methods of the scientific research the collection of the
whole medieval source material has been primordial. This means the early, very
deficient written medieval sources (papal census lists, charters) and the rela¬
tively rich documents of the
1
6th century (charters, litigations, boundary rid¬
ings, censuses etc.). The collection has been expanded to linguistical (place-
names, field-names, family names), ethnographical (folk-legends, data con¬
cerning the utilisation of fields) and geographical-cartographical data (mili¬
tary surveys) as well. The basis of sources is composed of the archeological
finds coming from excavations and the knowledge- and find-material as
results of walks through the terrain for several years.
The working out and evaluation of researches has been based on complex,
interdisciplinary methods. The first task was a critical analysis of sources, large
orientation in literature and cooperation and consultation with outward pro¬
fessionals. The most important component of researches is the profound
knowledge of the area which for the author, having been born in the
Só
region,
was given in advance. The archeological researches made on the area,
besides looking for find-places, were focused upon the mapping up of the uti¬
lization of geographical endowments of the area (selection of finding-places
and of present settlements, defendence, definiton of raw material finding-
places etc.). Analyses and evaluations have been carried out compared to the
neighbouring areas, embedding the special development of the
Só
region in
a larger context, namely the history of the medieval Szeklerland.
The introduction contains a short history of researches, together with the
definition of guiding principles and working methods. There is a divided
chapter dealing with the role of archeology, which has a significant part in the
history of Szeklerland in the Middle Ages and in the anterior periods. Besides pre¬
senting the natural endowments of the
Só
region, the author, on the basis of
archeological and linguistical data and of results of distinct professional
researches, makes an attempt to outline the relationship between environment
199
and people living here along history, to reconstruct the medieval and postme-
dieval environment and to define the relationship between environment and
settlements existing today.
The history of the area before the Szeklers' coming is a determinant part of
the settlement history of the region in the Arpadian-Age. On the basis of
archeological and linguistical data we have only a very scratchy picture of the
period. The Szeklers settled down to the
Só
region
-
like to other parts of
Udvarhelyszék
-
somewhen on the turn of the
12-1
3 th centuries. According to
the archeological results and historical sources we are informed about three
early settlements in the
Só
region:
Korond, Sófalva
and
Sóvárad.
The rest of
settlements came into being during the Middle Ages and at the beginning of
the early modem age:
Atyha, Parajd, Alsósófalva
and
Szováta,
the establish¬
ment of the last one is almost exactly known from the end of the 1570s. The
forming of settlements according to written documents is modified by arche¬
ological sources and those in history of art, usually dating their forming out
to
100-150
years earlier.
Based on the knowledge of medieval legal relations, of the settling-posses¬
sory, social and agricultural system of Szeklers and on researches made on the
areas (archeological find-collections, cartographical data, analyses of the
ground-plans of villages), the next chapter is about the settlement aspect and
structural changes of Szekler villages in the
Só
region from the beginnings to the
late Middle Ages. The fact that during the last eight hundred years there has
not been a change in population, is very important from the point of view of
settlement history. Due to the early social structure of. Szeklers, family doma¬
nial units, the significant role of animal keeping and natural-geographical
endowments, the early villages in the
Só
region were characterized by a dif¬
fused settlement structure, with domanial units scattered in space in which
grounds and externals had not divided yet. The late medieval economical and
social changes, the growth of population, the coming to the fore of agricul¬
ture, the division of grounds and externals were the main factors which start¬
ed the accumulation of settlements and determined the development of the
present settlement aspect. This process is reflected in the present ground-
plans of settlements, on the analogy of the development of mountain home¬
steads. The villages of
Havasalja
in
Udvarhelyszék
with similar natural-geo¬
graphical endowments may have undergone to similar changes in their set¬
tlement structure in the Middle Ages. The military and administrative ten
member organization appearing in
postmedieval
sources doesn't seem to
d
proven in the early period.
,
The present settlement structure of the
Só
region was formed out by way
о
the mountain homesteads at alpine lodgings. The population of the area
with different endowments of the
Só
region happened according to demo-
graphical and economical factors, from river-valleys towards platforms an
there is no proof of their settling in the opposite direction. The late me°ieV.
road system was significantly different from the present one and it was
grea
У
determined by salt delivery to the surrounding villages and other parts
Szeklerland.
200
The military role of Szeklers and the natural-geographical factors in the
early centuries preferred the agriculture based on extensive animal keeping.
Economical and dwelling units emerging on clearings were not divided from
each other, so there was no real border in the present sense of the word in
the proper Middle Ages. Under the effect of late medieval economical
changes (the role of agriculture coming to the fore) and of demographical
pressure the image of the Szekler village changed: most of the fields became
part of the ambit arranged into balks, the regular cycle of crop rotation
appeared, the reapporting rural land community formed out. The data of the
postmedieval
litigations have several allusions to agriculture and animal keep¬
ing, utilisation of woods and other additional activities, place-names and car¬
tographical sources reflect the process of clearings. The beginnings of the so-
called Szekler embanked agriculture are not earlier than the turn of the
Ιο¬
ί
6th centuries.
Postmedieval
sources reflect that the economical structure
and utilisation of fields which determined the life of Szekler villages before
collectivization, started to take shape at this time. The sources of the early
modern age inform us about the beginnings of mountain lodgings and of the
division of mountaineous areas. The mountain lodgings are not the same
with the so-called double shepherding based on the changing of summer
and winter pastures and in terms of Szeklerland it is baseless to talk about
nomadism.
The late medieval social conditions of the
Só
region correspond with the ge¬
neral development of
Udvarhelyszék
and
Marosszék.
In point of population at
the beginning of the
1
7th century the villages of the
Só
region belong to the
group of small and middle-sized villages of Szeklerland. If we compare the
late medieval picture to the present one, villages with a small population
(100-200
people) are followed by settlements with more thousand people in
the present
Só
region. If we compare it to the average developmental level of
Udvarhelyszék
and
Marosszék,
the region has reached the populational and
economical indexes above average during the last two centuries. The develop¬
ment has been influenced by economical factors. The villages of the region
from modern times, besides the traditional agricultural branches (animal
keeping, agriculture), favoured newer and newer means of subsistence (sylvi¬
culture, conversion of timber, ceramics, salt-mining, health-tourism etc.).
The determining chapter of the second part is about researches in church
architecture and church history of the
Só
region. During a short find-saving
excavation the medieval foundation walls of the church
ofSófalva
came to sur¬
face. The finding of the Romanesque sanctuary made it obvious that
Sófalva,
besides
Sóvárad
and Korond, belongs to the early Szekler settlements of the
Só
region, although its first written document at the end of the 15th century
's quite late. The analysis of the old and newly found carvings of the church
nas significantly enriched our ideas about the medieval church architecture
and church history of
Sófalva.
,
The survey of the medieval church of
Sóvárad
still standing on its founda-
"on walls and the analysis of its carvings broadly outlines the building histo-
ty of the church. The publishing of the late Gothic chalice in the property of
201
church has increased the goldsmith's list of collection of Szeklerland with a
very precious liturgical piece.
The effect of Reformation in the
Só
region was felt soon. The villages of the
area opened westwards almost wholly converted to the Reformed and
Unitarian church by the third part of the
1
5th century. The strong activity of
Counter-Reformation reconverted a significant part of the population of the
Só
region to the Catholic religion; nowadays the members of the Catholic
and Protestant denominations are about fifty-fifty in the
Só
region.
Memory, place-names and written sources on the
Só
region inform us
about the existence of several chapels standing outside of settlements which
have been ruined by now. The remains of some of them are still recognizable
on the surface. Because of deficient sources we hardly know anything about
the time of their building and their function. There have not been any sys¬
tematic researches on their areas
-
with the exception of one chapel
-,
and
we do not even find bibliographical allusions to them. In the course of
researches the
autor
analysed nine destroyed chapels from the fields of the set¬
tlements of the
Só
region, collecting sources and doing researches on the area.
The chapels were built in the Middle Ages or during Reformation and they are
significant memories of the church historical life of the region, hardly known
by now. For the time being the function of these chapels is vague for us, in
certain cases we do not even know the time of their building. Some of them
were church buildings built to the edge or around the settlements of
Catholics pushed into minority during Reformation. Future researches on
their function and the history of their building should be carried out in the
light of changes created by Reformation and Counter-Reformation and
postmedieval
changes of Catholicism.
At the beginning of the
1
990's heavy discussions evolved about the dat¬
ing, builders and function of Szekler (South-Eastern Transylvanian) castles and
embankment ranges. In the chapters about castels the author
-
on the basis
of a re-analysis of data and researches made on the area
-
studies the ques¬
tion of castles in a larger context, with a knowledge of the political-social-eco¬
nomical-strategical conditions of the period. The methodology of the
research is based on a complex approach, including and analysing all possi¬
ble source material. The presentation of the problem of written sources is fol¬
lowed by the significance, researching possibilities and testimony of unno¬
ticed folk-traditions, emphasizing those elements which may refer to the
function and indirectly to the history of castels in this way. Due to the
specia
development of the medieval Szekler society, there could not have been built
any private squire castels in Szeklerland after the settlement of Szeklers. At the
same time the author points out that, contrary to the modern historical con*
ception, according to which Szeklers did not build any castles (in fact they
αϊ
not stand in their areas any castles built by external power), written source^
do not have any information against the Szeklers' being castle-builder pe
"
pie. Due to its strategical position, Szeklerland was the tower of the soU^er, 'Q
eastsouthern frontier's defence in the Middle Ages, consequently Szeklers na
significant role in the frontier's defence. They had a special way for their pe
202
sonai
and material defence, from the late Middle Ages, besides refuges the
redoubt of churches came to the fore.
In the early Arpadian-Age we cannot suspect a frontier's defensive system
based on stone castles even in the Western part of the country, this was built
up no earlier than the late Arpadian-Age. The question is: while there are
hardly any standing stone castels against attacking unities of the Western
Roman Empire with a military hardware, how is it possible that against light-
armed Eastern people they built a frontier's system based on stone castles in
the eastern part of the country in the early Arpadian-Age?
The methodological problem of the interpretation of archeological data,
find-material and sources consulted on basis of preconceptions is followed by
a profound analysis of the castles of the
Só
region (the castles of
Tartód,
Rapsóné
and Firtos). The location and medieval settlement history of the area
and the position of castles is of significant importance. The chapter goes
along the one by one analysis of castles and their surroundings and places
them in a larger context. The castles of
Tartód
and
Rapsóné,
by their geo¬
graphical position were not able to fulfill a frontier's defence function, in the
case of
Rapsóné's
castle the embankment ranges too were inapt for this role.
The castle of Firtos, due to its strategical position was able to control the road
passing by close to it, but we don't have any archeological data for its stand¬
ing in the early Arpadian-Age. In the light of our present knowledge the castles
of the
Só
region might have been refuges for larger surroundings and Szeklers
built them under the defense of the western foothills of the
Görgény-mountains
after their settling down in the area. From the second part of the
1
6th century
written documents and litigations contain some elements referring to the
environment of castles, but they have only a few allusions to castles. Some of
the so-called embankment ranges may have arisen after these litigations.
The last chapter analyses the history of the larger
Só
region, the history of
salt-mining in Szeklerland from the beginnings to
1562,
on the basis of authen¬
tic historical, linguistical and archeological sources. Observations on the area,
the location and strategical position of the
Só
region are of significant impor¬
tance. The natural-geographical conditions which have always been disad¬
vantageous in many respects, have left their mark on the economical and
social development of the area. The development of salt-mining has been
determined by the peripherical position of the area, bad transport and pre¬
vailing political conditions. Salt-mining in the Salt region started to develop
in modern times.
The find material of the Bronze Ageian Wietenberg culture in the
Só
region
can be related to the salt-production and salt-provision of the south-eastern
Transylvanian group of the culture. The location of the
Só
region from the
Roman limes eastwards and the fact that we do not know any authentic
Roman finding, does not support that longstanding assumption that in the
surroundings of
Sófalva-Parajd
and in
Szováta
there was salt-mining in the
Roman Age already.
,
There are no historical, linguistical and archeological proofs for salt-min-
ln9 activity in the
Só
region in the early Arpadian-Age. With the settlement of
203
Szeklers
in the
1
3th century the area was dropped out of the organization of
the medieval royal salt-economy. Szeklers received their salt gratis from the
squarries in the
Só
region and from along the
Homoród
until
1562.
From the 15th
century Szeklers started trading with salt in the neighbouring Saxon
sedes.
We
don't know the intensity of the trade and the quantity of salt included into it,
so we had better be careful with overestimating it. For the time being we
don't know about a special group or stratum who pursued salt-trade, it seems
the whole of Szeklers was doing this activity. Medieval salt-mining did not
really influence the medieval economical and social development of the sett¬
lements lying around salt-quarries.
The chapters and studies of the book
-
together with illustrative inserts:
plans, surveys, maps and photographs
-
are chapters of the medieval history
of Szeklers which, through the medieval history of a small region provide a
conclusion upon the medieval development of Szeklerland and Szeklers. Al¬
most none of the part-studies can be considered as finished, the research may
and must be carried on. The book, on the basis of the available source mate¬
rial, offers a synthesis of the medieval history of the area and provides a read¬
ing based on the critical analysis of sources, summary and evaluation of data.
An objective, real historical image contrary to the misshapen works born
without critical source handling was among the main aims of the book. With
the publishing of my work I would like to increase the range of regional
researches and at the same time its results constitute the basis of an archeo-
logical topography.
204 |
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| author | Sófalvi, András |
| author_facet | Sófalvi, András |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Sófalvi, András |
| author_variant | a s as |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022875961 |
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| callnumber-raw | DR279.92.H8 |
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| callnumber-sort | DR 3279.92 H8 |
| callnumber-subject | DR - Balkan Peninsula |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)180691087 (DE-599)BVBBV022875961 |
| era | Geschichte 1100-1600 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1100-1600 |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Statistik |
| geographic | Rumänien Ungarn Hungary History 1000-1699 Praid (Romania) History |
| geographic_facet | Rumänien Ungarn Hungary History 1000-1699 Praid (Romania) History |
| id | DE-604.BV022875961 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:48:57Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:07:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9730038511 |
| language | Hungarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016081001 |
| oclc_num | 180691087 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 236, [27] S. zahlr. Ill. und Kt. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Haáz Rezső Múzeum |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Múzeumi füzetek |
| series2 | Múzeumi füzetek |
| spelling | Sófalvi, András Verfasser aut Sóvidék a középkorban fejezetek a székelység középkori történelemből Sófalvi András Székelyudvarhely Haáz Rezső Múzeum 2005 236, [27] S. zahlr. Ill. und Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Múzeumi füzetek 23 Zsfassung in rumän. und engl. Sprache. - Literaturverz. S. 184 - 192 Geschichte 1100-1600 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Hungarians Romania Transylvania History Szekler (DE-588)4408066-9 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien Ungarn Hungary History 1000-1699 Praid (Romania) History (DE-588)4056995-0 Statistik gnd-content Szekler (DE-588)4408066-9 s Geschichte 1100-1600 z DE-604 Múzeumi füzetek 23 (DE-604)BV012699402 23 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016081001&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016081001&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Sófalvi, András Sóvidék a középkorban fejezetek a székelység középkori történelemből Múzeumi füzetek Geschichte Hungarians Romania Transylvania History Szekler (DE-588)4408066-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4408066-9 (DE-588)4056995-0 |
| title | Sóvidék a középkorban fejezetek a székelység középkori történelemből |
| title_auth | Sóvidék a középkorban fejezetek a székelység középkori történelemből |
| title_exact_search | Sóvidék a középkorban fejezetek a székelység középkori történelemből |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Sóvidék a középkorban fejezetek a székelység középkori történelemből |
| title_full | Sóvidék a középkorban fejezetek a székelység középkori történelemből Sófalvi András |
| title_fullStr | Sóvidék a középkorban fejezetek a székelység középkori történelemből Sófalvi András |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sóvidék a középkorban fejezetek a székelység középkori történelemből Sófalvi András |
| title_short | Sóvidék a középkorban |
| title_sort | sovidek a kozepkorban fejezetek a szekelyseg kozepkori tortenelembol |
| title_sub | fejezetek a székelység középkori történelemből |
| topic | Geschichte Hungarians Romania Transylvania History Szekler (DE-588)4408066-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Hungarians Romania Transylvania History Szekler Rumänien Ungarn Hungary History 1000-1699 Praid (Romania) History Statistik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016081001&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016081001&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012699402 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sofalviandras sovidekakozepkorbanfejezetekaszekelysegkozepkoritortenelembol |