Feţele fascismului: politică, ideologie şi scrisul istoric în secolul XX
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Romanian |
| Published: |
Bucureşti
Ed. Univ.
2005
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in eng. Sprache Includes bibliographical references (p. [337]-358) and index |
| Physical Description: | 369 S. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Feţele fascismului |b politică, ideologie şi scrisul istoric în secolul XX |c Mihai Chioveanu |
| 264 | 1 | |a Bucureşti |b Ed. Univ. |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a 369 S. | ||
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in eng. Sprache | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. [337]-358) and index | ||
| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fascism / History / 20th century | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | CUPRINS
Prefaţă
.................................................................................................................................... 9
Introducere
............................................................................................................................. 13
Obiectul cercetării şi importanţa sa
.................................................................................... 13
Istoriografia în domeniu
..................................................................................................... 16
Obiective, ipoteze, metodologie
......................................................................................... 25
1 -
Cariera istoriografică a unui subiect incomod
.............................................................. 29
Marile Paradigme
............................................................................................................... 29
în căutarea unui consens. Studiile teoretice actuale despre fascism
.................................. 50
Discursul despre trecut ca instrument al puterii. Cazul fascismului
................................... 58
2 -
Moştenirea interbelică
.................................................................................................... 67
Secolul
XX:
Interstiţiu al extremelor
................................................................................. 67
Naşterea unei ideologii
...................................................................................................... 74
Rădăcinile naţionale ale fascismelor
.................................................................................. 83
Emergenţa şi natura contagioasă a fascismului
.................................................................. 92
Teoriile fasciste despre fascism
...................................................................................... 102
Primii comentatori publici ai fascismului european
........................................................... 113
3 -
Fascismul în istoriografia marxistă
............................................................................... 117
Importanţa temei
................................................................................................................ 117
Teoriile primordiale Ortodoxia marxistă şi ereziile
.................................................... 139
Confiscarea revoluţiei proletare
......................................................................................... 154
Antifascismul
..................................................................................................................... 159
4 -
Un labirint cu numeroase intrări şi cu ieşiri diferite
.................................................... 167
Ororile războiului şi memoria europenilor
......................................................................... 167
Moştenirea fascismului: trecutul inutilizabil şi scrisul istoric în Europa post-belică
......... 204
Reorientări în câmpul de studiu al fascismului. De la marile paradigme şi cazurile
centrale la mişcările marginale
.......................................................................................... 213
5
-
Cazul fascismului românesc
........................................................................................... 225
Stadiul şi importanţa studierii fascismului românesc în istoriografia occidentală
............. 225
Politicasi
ideologie în România Mare
............................................................................... 249
Discursul interbelic românesc despre fascismul european şi extrema dreaptă românească
264
Directivele de partid şi vulgata marxistă
............................................................................ 295
Epilog
...................................................................................................................................... 322
Istoriografia românească în tranziţie
.................................................................................. 322
Recuperarea trecutului inutilizabil în România post-comunistă
........................................ 330
Bibliografie
............................................................................................................................ 337
Abstract
.................................................................................................................................. 359
Indice de persoane
................................................................................................................ 363
Faces
of fascism: Politics, Ideology and Historical
Writing in the 20th Century
Foreword
............................................................................................................................... 9
Introduction
.......................................................................................................................... 13
The Far Right as a research theme and its relevance
........................................................ 13
Historical writing in the field of Right wing extremism
.................................................... 16
Goals, work hypothesizes, methodology
.......................................................................... 25
1 -
The historiographical career of an awkward topic
.................................................. 29
The Great Paradigms
......................................................................................................... 29
In search for a consensus. Recent theoretical studies in the field of fascism
.................... 50
The fascist past and historical discourse as an instrument of political power
................... 58
2 -
The legacy of the interwar period
................................................................................. 67
20th Century as an interstice of the extremes
..................................................................... 67
The Birth of an ideology
................................................................................................... 74
The National Roots of the fascisms
.................................................................................. 83
The emergence and contagious nature of fascism
............................................................. 92
Fascist theories on fascism
................................................................................................ 102
The first Public Commentators of fascism
........................................................................ 113
3 -
Fascism and Marxist bistoriography
............................................................................. 117
The importance of the topic
.............................................................................................. 117
Primordial theories. Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy and the heretical definitions of
fascism
............................................................................................................................... 139
Confiscating the proletarian revolution
.........................................................................
I54
Anti-fascism
...................................................................................................................... 159
4 -
A Labyrinth with numerous entrances and different exits
.......................................... 167
War Atrocities and European memory
............................................................................. 167
The legacy of fascism: the unusable past and historical writing in Pos-war Europe
....... 204
Reorientations
in the field of studies on fascism. From the Great Paradigms and the
central cases to marginal movements
............................................................................... 213
5
-The case of Romanian fascism
....................................................................................... 225
The place and role of the Romanian fascism in Western historiography
......................... 225
Politics and ideology in Greater Romania
.................................................................... 249
Romanian discourses on European and Romanian fascism between the Wars
................. 264
Party Directives and the Marxist historical
vulgate
.......................................................... 295
Epilogue
................................................................................................................................. 322
Romanian Historiography in transitions
........................................................................... 322
Coming to terms with the awkward recent past
................................................................
330
Bibliography
................................. ............ 337
Abstract
...................... ................................................................ ........ 359
Index
................................. ........................................................................... ......... 363
ABSTRACT
The fascist
conundrum continues to fascinate the modern reader. An all-multitude of
studies notwithstanding, the meteoric career of one of the most debated political phenomena
in modern history remains largely obscured. Even today, fascism still appears to many scholars as
a labyrinth with one entrance and numerous exits , a collection of various and often contradictory
ideas and attitudes. Accordingly, so complex an issue may be looked at from different
perspectives.
The general portraits of fascism are comprehensive but, paradoxically, limited in scope
and lacking in integration. Despite the significant variety of theories and paradigms existing in the
western literature, including fascism as a form of totalitarianism (Hannah
Arendt, 1958),
a
metapolitical counter-revolution (Ernst Nolte,
1965),
a by product of a disintegrated liberal
democracy
(Juan Linz, 1975)
and of a cultural and political breakdown (Wolfgang
Sauer,
1967),
fascism as a political-cultural revolution (George L.
Mosse,
1979),
and more recently a
form of palingenetic, revolutionary ultra-nationalism (Stanley Payne,
1996);
little is known
about the marginal, exotic, fanatic, anarchic, religious and mystical, inconsistent yet very popular
East European variants of fascism. Moreover, the above grasp of features tends to become a
suitable substitute to an articulated paradigm.
Based on the case study of
те
European and Romanian Far Right as a research theme, and
it s relevance for both Romanian and western historiography, the present dissertation aims to
examine the existing literature on fascism in its historical development, in a combined European-
national context, along with a special focus on its dynamic nature and content. This kind of
approach from the perspective of the historical writing in the field of Right wing extremism offers
an excellent methodological hint and nonetheless justifies an encounter with the luwnasterful
issue of fascism, in Romania and worldwide.
Therefore, whenever appropriate, my study seeks to highlight, by means of asymmetric
comparison the differences and similarities between the way fascism, and legionarism in
particular, have been approached and analysed in different historiographies. Yet, my intention
when taking on board the interpretative framework, several overarching western paradigms,
and the current state of knowledge in the field of studies on fascism is not to academically
colonise or severely criticise Romanian historiography for its bewilderments and delays when it
comes to this particular awkward topic, but rather to understand the inner causes behind the poor
results, nonetheless to determine if proper to use similar methods of analysis and raise similar
questions in order to understand Iron Guardism as a complex phenomenon, to open new
perspectives, transcend the assumptions of one culture, and thus avoid the risks of incoherence that
prevail in the search for unique and concrete. Altogether this fresh approach may lead on a long
term to some valuable insights, eliminate the provincialization that generally defines Romanian
historiography, remove the established canon , including
clichés
and stereotypical images, and
hence allow scholars to extract the Romanian case from the category of No Man s Land and
place it into a larger symbolic geography , and consequently contribute, if possible, to the
definition of generic fascism.
360
Abstract
In
this sense the first chapter of the present dissertation offers an overview of the complex
historiographical career of fascism in western literature focusing mainly on the most important
paradigms that shaped the historical discourse between
1945
and
2000,
namely: totalitarianism, the
critic of capitalism, modernity and modernization, structuralism, racism and the Holocaust.
Second, the efforts of a rather small group of historians and political scientists such as Roger
Eatwell, Stanley Payne, Roger Griffin and others to reach a consensual definition of generic
fascism made my interest, as it was to illuminate with regard the most recent and potential future
theoretical studies in the field of fascism. Nonetheless the intrinsic relation between historical
writing and politics, in the particular case of the fascist past made my attention in this first chapter.
The second chapter focuses on fascism in its Epoch in an attempt to analyse it as a new,
unique, counter-revolutionary , nevertheless politics pioneering 20th century phenomenon,
bi
this sense, the birth of fascist ideology, its intellectual roots, as well as the national roots of the
extreme right wing movements, and me emergence and contagious nature of fascism in Europe
after the First World War made my first and foremost interest. This kind of approach helped to
prefigure the future object of study of scholars in the field of fascism. Moreover, I have tried to
understand the way fascism as a political phenomenon, a historical reality, an ideal-type, and a
trope was perceived, understood, and defined by its contemporaneous commentators, whether
henchmen, critics, or
denigratore.
The political milieu in which fascism was successfully
disseminated, the expectations
vis-à-vis
fascism, as well as its appeal to different social strata,
nevertheless the multiple nature of the concept when used by opponents and proponents within
public discourse
-
this allowed me to confront fascism in its own terms
-,
its different content,
including distortions and confusion, came under scrutiny and helped me understand the legacy of
the interwar period, including stereotypes, prejudgments, stigmas, a metaphoric and polemic type
of discourse and so on, over post war historical writing.
Considering the fact that for more than half a century the eastern part of Europe lived under
the shadow of communism, the third chapter was dedicated exclusively to the place and role of
fascism within Marxist historiography and political theory. However, my intention was from the
very beginning to look not only for the Marxist-Leninist and Stalinist „orthodoxy , but also at the
primordial Marxists theories from the
1920s
and the heretical definitions of fascism elaborated
by Marxist thinkers in the
1930s.
Nevertheless, the chapter deals extensively with the ubiquitous
Grand themes of
Antifascism
and proletarian revolution within East European historiographies
after
1945,
focusing mainly on the case of GDR, and the Marxist oriented Western literature.
The fourth chapter attempts to analyse the complex relation among politics, political justice,
memory and historical writing after
1945
in Europe, Israel, and US. Oblivion, amnesia, denial, guilt,
shame, remembrance, competing memories, ideology, identity, vested interests, are but few
dimensions of the long term process that led to the transformation of the Holocaust as an event, and
later a taboo theme into the present cultural phenomenon. Focusing on the cases of FRG, DRG and
Austria, France, Israel, USA, USSR, Poland, Ukraine and former Czechoslovakia, the first
subchapter underlines the difficulties encompassed by all Europeans when it came to critically
scrutinize their recent past and accept their role as perpetrators, bystanders, and even victims. The
second subchapter follows the same idea. However, in this case my interest was exclusively with the
way several European historiographies rejected and or accepted with difficulties to deal with the
unusable fascist past of their own country. In this sense Resistance vs. Collaborationism represents
the core of the difficult process of thinking and rethinking the past, a process that continuously
influenced historical writing in Post
1945
Europe. Finally, the last subchapter is an attempt to
explain in the light of the previous two why western historiography paid more attention to the central
Abstract
361
cases of fascism: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Franco s Spain and so on, and only latter and with
difficulties turned to the marginal fascist movements from the East.
Over the last half of the 20th century, the historical discourse on Eastern Europe, including
here the interwar fascist experience , was shaped by the Cold War ideologies, though the impact
of conflicting metaphors of orientalism and nationalism on historical writing can not be neglected.
The situation did not change much after
1989.
At least in the case of (the majority of) the
nativists , it is still for the dialogue of the deaf to epitomise the methodological and theoretical
approach. Furthermore, in the East, the end of communism brought with it a beginning of
memory and a compensatory glorification of the pre-Communist age. In some cases, and from the
narrow perspective of several politically sensitive topics from the national past, subjects on which
Communists were typically as silent as the nationalists, the process started long before the collapse
of the communist regimes. Consequently, during the last decade, many historians simply followed
the previous mainstream and remained attached to national-communist mythology and
paradigm. Beyond severe ideological and political implication, it is the price of isolation many
nationalists often come to pay, and their distorted perspective on several topics that are approached
not as key issues but employed as tropics of discourse. Romanian Fascism is an illustrative
example in this sense.
A taboo theme in the
1950s
and
1960s,
than, in the
1970s
and
1980s,
a marginal episode
in the national saga , the Iron Guard never gained much attention before
1989.
Starting with the
early
1970s
few books and several articles, less than one should expect, were published on this
topic and almost all of them insisted on the spectacular aspects such as the assassinations and
terror perpetrated by the
legionari,
or underlined truisms such as the ultra-reactionary, anti¬
democratic, anti-national, and anti-popular character of the movement. The thesis of
lhe
fron
Guard as an expression of the terrorist dictatorship of finance capitalist and fifth column of
hitlerism was embraced as a kernel of truth, while peculiar social aspects
-
for example, the
existence within the movement of a strong workers faction
-
were obliterated. The paradigm of
a generalised turned fascist
(fascizare)
phenomenon of the entire political body in interwar
Romania, except for the Communist Party, the leader of the Romanian progressive forces within
the international Anti-fascist straggle , was permanently stressed by the official
marxist vulgata.
For the nationalists , the Iron Guard represented nothing but a perfect scapegoat , and only a
few in-depth studies come close to what really happened as their focus on specific issues
allowed them to do so. Yet the tone is not neutral, as the goal is in many cases ideologically and
politically bound.
After
1989,
the generational turn-over did not manage to break the institutional
monopoly of the previous period. Only one notable yet extremely narrative history of the Iron
Guard was written by a Romanian author. Instead, an over-abundance of memoir works ,
collections of documents and writings of the
legionari
leaders, and revisionist, sometimes
idolatrous, official histories written by former members of the Iron Guard or some of the
admirers were published.
Paradoxical as it might seem, it is rather for the contribution of western historians to play a
paramount role in the study of fascism in Romania. Valuable, and in qualitative terms essential,
western historiography stresses the political and social facets of Romanian fascism, and
approaches, though from a larger perspective, the phenomenon as a by-product of interwar
Romanian society.
Eugen
Weber offers a social and electoral profile of Iron Guard as a ^ violent
revolutionary movement against the state , and presents in general lines its puritan Host
-
Zeev
Barbu
later completed Weber s analysis with some socio-psychological estimation.
Emanuel
Turczinski and Peter Sugar focus on the political culture and political traditions in the region, and
outline the background for the diffusion of fascism.
Theodor
Araion
discusses the influence of
362
Abstract
Italian fascism
on bon
Guardism, insisting on the relations between CAUR and the
legionar
leadership. John Breuilly approaches fascism as part of the nation-building process, looks at the
relationship between the state, mass politics after
1918,
and fascism in opposition, and stresses the
negative success and attraction of the former, nonetheless its failure in authoritarian states with
politics dominated by a strong conservative or radical right. Nagy-Talavera compares the
Romanian phenomenon with a similar historical outcome in an attempt to compare similar
political answers in similar societies, while stressing the idea of fascism as a pragmatic way of
doing politics. Finally,
Renzo de
Felice and Peter Wiles, who also pay attention to the Romanian
case, come to deny the very existence of fascism in Romania and translate the phenomenon in
terms of nationalist populism, while others such as Mariano Ambri define Iron Guardism as a
false fascism.
Except for the recent works of
Armin
Heinén
and Francisco
Veiga,
historians from outside
Romania rarely pay special attention to the Romanian case, and for the most part treat it as a
small piece in a larger puzzle , as they focus rather on the issue of fascist regimes and operate
within the paradigm of totalitarianism. Unfamiliar with the topic, attempting to avoid the logic
of the nativists, the ideological frame, and the proposed ready-made images, confronting the
influence of the Romanian second literature, and in the absence or limited access to primary
sources, some often focus on the most striking particularities of the Romanian phenomenon,
particularities that not only do not fit in the general theoretical discussion but also leave the reader
an impression of Legionarism as a conundrum of the fascist conundrum.
The aspects presented above constitute the comer stones of the last chapter (and of the
epilogue) of the dissertation, a chapter that focuses mainly on the place and role of the Romanian
fascism in western historiography, the post
1948
Romanian Marxist-leninist historical
vulgata,
and, nevertheless, in the post-communist Romanian Historiography.
In addition to these, the last chapter includes a radiography of politics and ideology in
Greater Romania , focusing on the domestic political, social,· and economic dynamic of interwar
Romania. Romanian discourses on European and Romanian fascism between the Wars also made
my interest. The obsession of permanent synchronisation with Europe on the part of the Romanian
intelligentsia included after
1919,
among other aspects, the mimetic importation of fascism, and
the adoption by the emerging retinue elites of a new political format. Beside the massive impact
of Italian fascism, and the limited to some particular aspects influence of German National
Socialism, on Romanian politics, the preference of the Romanian intellectuals, with their
permanent emphasis on national specificity , for the indigenous version of fascism was largely
discussed.
|
| adam_txt |
CUPRINS
Prefaţă
. 9
Introducere
. 13
Obiectul cercetării şi importanţa sa
. 13
Istoriografia în domeniu
. 16
Obiective, ipoteze, metodologie
. 25
1 -
Cariera istoriografică a unui subiect incomod
. 29
Marile Paradigme
. 29
în căutarea unui consens. Studiile teoretice actuale despre fascism
. 50
Discursul despre trecut ca instrument al puterii. Cazul fascismului
. 58
2 -
Moştenirea interbelică
. 67
Secolul
XX:
Interstiţiu al extremelor
. 67
Naşterea unei ideologii
. 74
Rădăcinile naţionale ale fascismelor
. 83
Emergenţa şi natura contagioasă a fascismului
. 92
"Teoriile" fasciste despre fascism
. 102
Primii comentatori publici ai fascismului european
. 113
3 -
Fascismul în istoriografia marxistă
. 117
Importanţa temei
. 117
Teoriile primordiale "Ortodoxia marxistă" şi "ereziile"
. 139
Confiscarea revoluţiei proletare
. 154
Antifascismul
. 159
4 -
Un labirint cu numeroase intrări şi cu ieşiri diferite
. 167
Ororile războiului şi memoria europenilor
. 167
Moştenirea fascismului: trecutul inutilizabil şi scrisul istoric în Europa post-belică
. 204
Reorientări în câmpul de studiu al fascismului. De la marile paradigme şi cazurile
centrale la mişcările marginale
. 213
5
-
Cazul fascismului românesc
. 225
Stadiul şi importanţa studierii fascismului românesc în istoriografia occidentală
. 225
Politicasi
ideologie în România Mare
. 249
Discursul interbelic românesc despre fascismul european şi extrema dreaptă românească
264
Directivele de partid şi vulgata marxistă
. 295
Epilog
. 322
Istoriografia românească în tranziţie
. 322
Recuperarea trecutului inutilizabil în România post-comunistă
. 330
Bibliografie
. 337
Abstract
. 359
Indice de persoane
. 363
Faces
of fascism: Politics, Ideology and Historical
Writing in the 20th Century
Foreword
. 9
Introduction
. 13
The Far Right as a research theme and its relevance
. 13
Historical writing in the field of Right wing extremism
. 16
Goals, work hypothesizes, methodology
. 25
1 -
The historiographical "career" of an awkward topic
. 29
The Great Paradigms
. 29
In search for a consensus. Recent theoretical studies in the field of fascism
. 50
The fascist past and historical discourse as an instrument of political power
. 58
2 -
The legacy of the interwar period
. 67
20th Century as an interstice of the extremes
. 67
The Birth of an ideology
. 74
The National Roots of the fascisms
. 83
The emergence and contagious nature of fascism
. 92
Fascist theories on fascism
. 102
The first Public Commentators of fascism
. 113
3 -
Fascism and Marxist bistoriography
. 117
The importance of the topic
. 117
Primordial theories. "Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy" and the "heretical" definitions of
fascism
. 139
Confiscating the "proletarian revolution"
.
I54
Anti-fascism
. 159
4 -
A Labyrinth with numerous entrances and different exits
. 167
War Atrocities and European memory
. 167
The legacy of fascism: the unusable past and historical writing in Pos-war Europe
. 204
Reorientations
in the field of studies on fascism. From the Great Paradigms and the
central cases to marginal movements
. 213
5
-The case of Romanian fascism
. 225
The place and role of the Romanian fascism in Western historiography
. 225
Politics and ideology in "Greater Romania"
. 249
Romanian discourses on European and Romanian fascism between the Wars
. 264
Party Directives and the Marxist historical
vulgate
. 295
Epilogue
. 322
Romanian Historiography in transitions
. 322
Coming to terms with the awkward recent past
.
330
Bibliography
. . 337
Abstract
. . . 359
Index
. . . 363
ABSTRACT
The fascist
"conundrum" continues to fascinate the modern reader. An all-multitude of
studies notwithstanding, the "meteoric career" of "one of the most debated" political phenomena
in modern history remains largely obscured. Even today, fascism still appears to many scholars as
"a labyrinth with one entrance and numerous exits", a collection of various and often contradictory
ideas and attitudes. Accordingly, so complex an issue may be looked at from different
perspectives.
The general "portraits of fascism" are comprehensive but, paradoxically, limited in scope
and lacking in integration. Despite the significant variety of theories and paradigms existing in the
western literature, including fascism as a "form of totalitarianism" (Hannah
Arendt, 1958),
a
"metapolitical counter-revolution" (Ernst Nolte,
1965),
a by product of a "disintegrated liberal
democracy"
(Juan Linz, 1975)
and of a "cultural and political breakdown" (Wolfgang
Sauer,
1967),
fascism as a "political-cultural revolution" (George L.
Mosse,
1979),
and more recently a
"form of palingenetic, revolutionary ultra-nationalism" (Stanley Payne,
1996);
little is known
about the "marginal, exotic, fanatic, anarchic, religious and mystical, inconsistent yet very popular
East European variants of fascism. Moreover, the above grasp of features tends to become a
suitable substitute to an articulated paradigm.
Based on the case study of
те
European and Romanian Far Right as a research theme, and
it's relevance for both Romanian and western historiography, the present dissertation aims to
examine the existing literature on fascism in its historical development, in a combined European-
national context, along with a special focus on its dynamic nature and content. This kind of
approach from the perspective of the historical writing in the field of Right wing extremism offers
an excellent methodological hint and nonetheless justifies an "encounter" with the "luwnasterful
issue" of fascism, in Romania and worldwide.
Therefore, whenever appropriate, my study seeks to highlight, by means of asymmetric
comparison the differences and similarities between the way fascism, and legionarism in
particular, have been approached and analysed in different historiographies. Yet, my intention
when "taking on board" the interpretative framework, several "overarching" western paradigms,
and the current state of knowledge in the field of studies on fascism is not to academically
"colonise" or severely criticise Romanian historiography for its bewilderments and delays when it
comes to this particular awkward topic, but rather to understand the inner causes behind the poor
results, nonetheless to determine if proper to use similar methods of analysis and raise similar
questions in order to understand Iron Guardism as a complex phenomenon, to open new
perspectives, transcend the assumptions of one culture, and thus avoid the risks of incoherence that
prevail in the "search for unique and concrete." Altogether this fresh approach may lead on a long
term to some valuable insights, eliminate the provincialization that generally defines Romanian
historiography, remove the "established canon", including
clichés
and stereotypical images, and
hence allow scholars to "extract" the Romanian case from the category of No Man's Land and
place it into a larger "symbolic geography", and consequently contribute, if possible, to the
definition of "generic fascism."
360
Abstract
In
this sense the first chapter of the present dissertation offers an overview of the complex
historiographical "career" of fascism in western literature focusing mainly on the most important
paradigms that shaped the historical discourse between
1945
and
2000,
namely: totalitarianism, the
critic of capitalism, modernity and modernization, structuralism, racism and the Holocaust.
Second, the efforts of a rather small group of historians and political scientists such as Roger
Eatwell, Stanley Payne, Roger Griffin and others to reach a consensual definition of generic
fascism made my interest, as it was to illuminate with regard the most recent and potential future
theoretical studies in the field of fascism. Nonetheless the intrinsic relation between historical
writing and politics, in the particular case of the fascist past made my attention in this first chapter.
The second chapter focuses on "fascism in its Epoch" in an attempt to analyse it as a new,
unique, "counter-revolutionary", nevertheless politics "pioneering" 20th century phenomenon,
bi
this sense, the birth of fascist ideology, its intellectual roots, as well as the national roots of the
extreme right wing movements, and me emergence and contagious nature of fascism in Europe
after the First World War made my first and foremost interest. This kind of approach helped to
"prefigure" the future object of study of scholars in the field of fascism. Moreover, I have tried to
understand the way fascism as a political phenomenon, a historical reality, an ideal-type, and a
trope was perceived, understood, and defined by its contemporaneous commentators, whether
henchmen, critics, or
denigratore.
The political milieu in which fascism was "successfully"
disseminated, the expectations
vis-à-vis
fascism, as well as its appeal to different social strata,
nevertheless the multiple nature of the concept when used by opponents and proponents within
public discourse
-
this allowed me to confront fascism in its own terms
-,
its different content,
including distortions and confusion, came under scrutiny and helped me understand the legacy of
the interwar period, including stereotypes, prejudgments, stigmas, a metaphoric and polemic type
of discourse and so on, over post war historical writing.
Considering the fact that for more than half a century the eastern part of Europe lived under
the shadow of communism, the third chapter was dedicated exclusively to the place and role of
fascism within Marxist historiography and political theory. However, my intention was from the
very beginning to look not only for the Marxist-Leninist and Stalinist „orthodoxy", but also at the
primordial Marxists theories from the
1920s
and the "heretical" definitions of fascism elaborated
by Marxist thinkers in the
1930s.
Nevertheless, the chapter deals extensively with the ubiquitous
Grand themes of
Antifascism
and "proletarian revolution" within East European historiographies
after
1945,
focusing mainly on the case of GDR, and the Marxist oriented Western literature.
The fourth chapter attempts to analyse the complex relation among politics, political justice,
memory and historical writing after
1945
in Europe, Israel, and US. Oblivion, amnesia, denial, guilt,
shame, remembrance, competing memories, ideology, identity, vested interests, are but few
dimensions of the long term process that led to the transformation of the Holocaust as an event, and
later a taboo theme into the present cultural phenomenon. Focusing on the cases of FRG, DRG and
Austria, France, Israel, USA, USSR, Poland, Ukraine and former Czechoslovakia, the first
subchapter underlines the difficulties encompassed by all Europeans when it came to critically
scrutinize their recent past and accept their role as perpetrators, bystanders, and even victims. The
second subchapter follows the same idea. However, in this case my interest was exclusively with the
way several European historiographies rejected and or accepted with difficulties to deal with the
unusable fascist past of their own country. In this sense Resistance vs. Collaborationism represents
the core of the difficult process of thinking and rethinking the past, a process that continuously
influenced historical writing in Post
1945
Europe. Finally, the last subchapter is an attempt to
explain in the light of the previous two why western historiography paid more attention to the central
Abstract
361
cases of fascism: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Franco's Spain and so on, and only latter and with
difficulties turned to the marginal fascist movements from the East.
Over the last half of the 20th century, the historical discourse on Eastern Europe, including
here the interwar "fascist experience", was shaped by the Cold War ideologies, though the impact
of conflicting metaphors of orientalism and nationalism on historical writing can not be neglected.
The situation did not change much after
1989.
At least in the case of (the majority of) the
"nativists", it is still for the dialogue of the deaf to epitomise the methodological and theoretical
approach. Furthermore, in the East, the end of communism brought with it "a beginning of
memory and a compensatory glorification of the pre-Communist age." In some cases, and from the
narrow perspective of several politically sensitive topics from the national past, subjects on which
Communists were typically as silent as the nationalists, the process started long before the collapse
of the communist regimes. Consequently, during the last decade, many historians simply followed
the previous mainstream and remained attached to national-communist mythology and
"paradigm." Beyond severe ideological and political implication, it is the price of isolation many
nationalists often come to pay, and their distorted perspective on several topics that are approached
not as key issues but employed as "tropics of discourse." Romanian Fascism is an illustrative
example in this sense.
A "taboo" theme in the
1950s
and
1960s,
than, in the
1970s
and
1980s,
a marginal episode
in the "national saga", the Iron Guard never gained much attention before
1989.
Starting with the
early
1970s
few books and several articles, less than one should expect, were published on this
topic and almost all of them insisted on the spectacular aspects such as the assassinations and
terror perpetrated by the
legionari,
or underlined truisms such as the "ultra-reactionary, anti¬
democratic, anti-national, and anti-popular character of the movement." The thesis of
lhe
fron
Guard as an expression of "the terrorist dictatorship of finance capitalist" and "fifth column of
hitlerism" was embraced as a kernel of truth, while peculiar social aspects
-
for example, the
existence within the movement of a strong workers faction
-
were "obliterated." The paradigm of
a generalised "turned fascist"
(fascizare)
phenomenon of the entire political body in interwar
Romania, except for the Communist Party, the "leader of the Romanian progressive forces within
the international Anti-fascist straggle", was permanently stressed by the official
"marxist" vulgata.
For the "nationalists", the Iron Guard represented nothing but a perfect "scapegoat", and only a
few in-depth studies come close to "what really happened" as their focus on specific issues
allowed them to do so. Yet the tone is not neutral, as the goal is in many cases ideologically and
politically bound.
After
1989,
the "generational turn-over" did not manage to break the institutional
monopoly of the previous period. Only one "notable" yet extremely narrative history of the Iron
Guard was written by a Romanian author. Instead, an over-abundance of "memoir works",
collections of documents and writings of the
legionari
leaders, and revisionist, sometimes
idolatrous, "official histories" written by former members of the Iron Guard or some of the
admirers were published.
Paradoxical as it might seem, it is rather for the contribution of western historians to play a
paramount role in the study of fascism in Romania. Valuable, and in qualitative terms essential,
western historiography stresses the political and social facets of Romanian fascism, and
approaches, though from a larger perspective, the phenomenon as a by-product of interwar
Romanian society.
Eugen
Weber offers a social and electoral profile of Iron Guard as a ^"violent
revolutionary movement against the state", and presents in general lines its "puritan Host"
-
Zeev
Barbu
later completed Weber's analysis with some socio-psychological estimation.
Emanuel
Turczinski and Peter Sugar focus on the political culture and political traditions in the region, and
outline the background for the diffusion of fascism.
Theodor
Araion
discusses the influence of
362
Abstract
Italian fascism
on bon
Guardism, insisting on the relations between CAUR and the
legionar
leadership. John Breuilly approaches fascism as part of the nation-building process, looks at the
relationship between the state, mass politics after
1918,
and fascism in opposition, and stresses the
"negative success and attraction" of the former, nonetheless its failure in authoritarian states with
politics dominated by a strong conservative or radical right. Nagy-Talavera compares the
Romanian phenomenon with a similar "historical outcome" in an attempt to compare similar
political answers in similar societies, while stressing the idea of fascism as a pragmatic way of
doing politics. Finally,
Renzo de
Felice and Peter Wiles, who also pay attention to the Romanian
case, come to deny the very existence of fascism in Romania and translate the phenomenon in
terms of nationalist populism, while others such as Mariano Ambri define Iron Guardism as a
"false fascism."
Except for the recent works of
Armin
Heinén
and Francisco
Veiga,
historians from outside
Romania rarely pay special attention to the Romanian case, and for the most part treat it as a
"small piece in a larger puzzle", as they focus rather on the issue of fascist regimes and operate
within the paradigm of totalitarianism. "Unfamiliar" with the topic, attempting to avoid the logic
of the nativists, the ideological frame, and the "proposed" ready-made images, confronting the
influence of the Romanian second literature, and in the absence or limited access to primary
sources, some often focus on the most striking particularities of the Romanian phenomenon,
particularities that not only do not fit in the general theoretical discussion but also leave the reader
an impression of Legionarism as a "conundrum of the fascist conundrum."
The aspects presented above constitute the comer stones of the last chapter (and of the
epilogue) of the dissertation, a chapter that focuses mainly on the place and role of the Romanian
fascism in western historiography, the post
1948
Romanian Marxist-leninist historical
vulgata,
and, nevertheless, in the post-communist Romanian Historiography.
In addition to these, the last chapter includes a radiography of politics and ideology in
"Greater Romania", focusing on the domestic political, social,· and economic dynamic of interwar
Romania. Romanian discourses on European and Romanian fascism between the Wars also made
my interest. The obsession of permanent synchronisation with Europe on the part of the Romanian
intelligentsia included after
1919,
among other aspects, the mimetic importation of fascism, and
the adoption by the emerging "retinue elites" of a new political format. Beside the massive impact
of Italian fascism, and the limited to some particular aspects influence of German National
Socialism, on Romanian politics, the preference of the Romanian intellectuals, with their
permanent emphasis on "national specificity", for the indigenous version of fascism was largely
discussed. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Chioveanu, Mihai |
| author_facet | Chioveanu, Mihai |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Chioveanu, Mihai |
| author_variant | m c mc |
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| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Chioveanu, Mihai Verfasser aut Feţele fascismului politică, ideologie şi scrisul istoric în secolul XX Mihai Chioveanu Bucureşti Ed. Univ. 2005 369 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in eng. Sprache Includes bibliographical references (p. [337]-358) and index Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Fascism / History / 20th century Fascism / Romania / History / 20th century Faschismus Geschichte Fascism History 20th century Fascism Romania History 20th century Faschismus (DE-588)4016494-9 gnd rswk-swf Rezeption (DE-588)4049716-1 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Faschismus (DE-588)4016494-9 s Rezeption (DE-588)4049716-1 s Geschichte z DE-604 Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016072683&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016072683&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Chioveanu, Mihai Feţele fascismului politică, ideologie şi scrisul istoric în secolul XX Fascism / History / 20th century Fascism / Romania / History / 20th century Faschismus Geschichte Fascism History 20th century Fascism Romania History 20th century Faschismus (DE-588)4016494-9 gnd Rezeption (DE-588)4049716-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016494-9 (DE-588)4049716-1 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | Feţele fascismului politică, ideologie şi scrisul istoric în secolul XX |
| title_auth | Feţele fascismului politică, ideologie şi scrisul istoric în secolul XX |
| title_exact_search | Feţele fascismului politică, ideologie şi scrisul istoric în secolul XX |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Feţele fascismului politică, ideologie şi scrisul istoric în secolul XX |
| title_full | Feţele fascismului politică, ideologie şi scrisul istoric în secolul XX Mihai Chioveanu |
| title_fullStr | Feţele fascismului politică, ideologie şi scrisul istoric în secolul XX Mihai Chioveanu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Feţele fascismului politică, ideologie şi scrisul istoric în secolul XX Mihai Chioveanu |
| title_short | Feţele fascismului |
| title_sort | fetele fascismului politica ideologie si scrisul istoric in secolul xx |
| title_sub | politică, ideologie şi scrisul istoric în secolul XX |
| topic | Fascism / History / 20th century Fascism / Romania / History / 20th century Faschismus Geschichte Fascism History 20th century Fascism Romania History 20th century Faschismus (DE-588)4016494-9 gnd Rezeption (DE-588)4049716-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fascism / History / 20th century Fascism / Romania / History / 20th century Faschismus Geschichte Fascism History 20th century Fascism Romania History 20th century Rezeption Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016072683&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016072683&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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