Insects and ecosystem function:
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2008
|
| Edition: | [Nachdr.] |
| Series: | Ecological studies
173 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 413 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783540740032 3540740031 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Insects and ecosystem function |c W. W. Weisser ... (ed.) |
| 250 | |a [Nachdr.] | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 413 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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Contents
Section
I Introduction
1
The Various Effects of Insects on Ecosystem Functioning
. 3
W. W. Weisser and E. Siemann
1.1
Summary
. 3
1.2
Introduction
. 3
1.3
A Brief Overview of Insect Effects on Ecosystem Function
. 8
1.3.1
Insect Effects on Ecosystem Function
Via Interactions with Plants
. 8
1.3.1.1
Herbivory
. 8
1.3.1.2
Plant-Insect Mutualisms
. 14
1.3.2
Other Direct and Indirect Effects of Insects
on Ecosystem Function
. 14
1.4
The Aim and Structure of this Book
. 15
References
. 19
Section II Insects and the Belowground System
2
Insect Herbivores, Nutrient Cycling and Plant Productivity
27
S.E. Hartley and
T. H.
Jones
2.1
Summary
. 27
2.2
Introduction
. 28
2.3
Decomposition
. 28
2.3.1
The Resources Available
. 28
2.3.2
Effects of Insect Herbivory on Decomposition
. 31
VIII Contents
2.3.2.1
Herbivory and Litter Quality
. 31
2.3.2.2
Herbivory, Root Exudation and Root Biomass
. 32
2.4
Nutrient Cycling and Plant Productivity
. 33
2.4.1
Effects on Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling
. 34
2.4.1.1
Methane and Carbon Dioxide
. 34
2.4.1.2
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
. 35
2.4.1.3
Inputs from Aboveground Herbivores
. 36
2.4.1.4
The Importance of Belowground Biota: Evidence
from Controlled Environment Studies
. 39
2.4.1.5
Insect Herbivory and Spatial Variation
in Nutrient Availability
. 40
2.4.2
Herbivory and Plant Biomass
. 41
2.5
Conclusions
. 45
References
. 46
3
Indirect Effects of Invertebrate Herbivory
on the Decomposer Subsystem
. 53
D.A. Wardle and R.D. Bardgett
3.1
Summary
. 53
3.2
Introduction
. 54
3.3
Mechanistic Bases of Invertebrate Herbivore Effects
. 54
3.3.1
Immediate Effects on Resource Quantity
. 56
3.3.2
Longer-Term Effects on Resource Quantity
. 56
5.3.3
Effects of Changed Litter Quality
. 57
3.3.4
Return of Invertebrate Waste Products
. 58
3.3.5
Effects of Changes in Vegetation Composition
. 59
3.3.6
Feedbacks and Aboveground Consequences
. 61
3.4
Significance of Invertebrate Herbivore Outbreaks
. 61
3.5
Multiple Species Herbivore Communities
. 62
3.6
Comparisons of Ecosystems
. 64
3.7
Conclusions
. 65
References
. 66
4
Biotic Interactions in the Rhizosphere:
Effects on Plant Growth and Herbivore Development
. 71
M. Bonkowski and S.
Scheu
4.1
Summary
. 71
4.2
The Rhizosphere
-
Interface of Intense Microbial
and Faunal Interactions
. 72
Contents
IX
4.2.1
Plants as Drivers
of Rhizosphere Interactions
. 73
4.3
Belowground Interactions and the Herbivore System
. 74
4.3.1
Effects of Mycorrhiza and Rhizobacteria
on Aboveground Herbivores
. 76
4.3.2
Interactions with the Micro-Decomposer Food Web
. 77
4.3.2.1
The Bacterial Loop and Herbivore Performance
. 78
4.3.2.2
The Fungal Food Chain and Herbivore Performance
. 79
4.3.2.3
Ecosystem Engineers and Herbivore Performance
. 81
4.4
Top-Down Effects by Subsidizing
Generalist
Predators
. 83
References
. 85
5
Belowground Herbivores and Ecosystem Processes
. 93
G.J. Masters
5.1
Summary
. 93
5.2
Introduction
. 94
5.3
Experimenting with Belowground Insect Herbivores
. 94
5.4
Belowground Herbivory and Plant Productivity:
Allocation and Biomass
. 97
5.5
Implications of Belowground Herbivory
for Nutrient Cycling
. 101
5.6
Implications of Belowground Herbivory
for Multitrophic Interactions
. 104
5.7
Conclusion
. 109
References
. 109
Section III Plant-Insect Interactions and Ecosystem Processes
6
Bottom-Up Effects and Feedbacks in Simple
and Diverse Experimental Grassland Communities
. 115
J. Joshi, S.J. Otway, J. Koricheva,
A.B.
Pfisterer, J. Alphei,
B.A. Roy, M. Scherer-Lorenzen, B.
Schmid, E.
Spehn
and A. Hector
6.1
Summary
. 115
6.2
Introduction
. 116
6.3
Effects of Plant Diversity on Herbivorous Insects
Feeding Above Ground
. 117
χ
Contents
6.3.1
Hypotheses Predicting the Response of Herbivores
to Higher Plant Diversity
. 117
6.3.2
Responses of Specialist and
Generalist
Herbivores
in Plant Diversity Experiments
. 119
6.3.3
Concomitant Responses of Natural Enemies of Herbivores
. 123
6.3.4
Insect Herbivores as Drivers of Ecosystem Processes
. 124
6.4
Effects of Plant Diversity on Pathogens
. 125
6.5
Belowground Food Web
. 126
6.5.1
Plant Biomass and Microbial Response
. 126
6.5.2
Soil Animals that Feed on Microbes
. 128
6.6
Conclusions
. 129
References
. 130
7
The Potential of Phytophagous Insects in Restoring Invaded
Ecosystems: Examples from Biological Weed Control
. 135
H.
Zwölfer
and H.
Zimmermann
7.1
Summary
. 135
7.2
Introduction
. 136
7.3
Success Rates and Successes in Biological Weed Control
. . 137
7.4
Weed Characteristics and Positive Traits
of Insects in Biological Control
. 138
7.4.1
Weed Species
. 139
7.4.2
Insect Species
. 139
7.5
Three Examples of Successful Weed Control
. 140
7.5.1
Rhinocyllus conicus on Carduus nutans
. 140
7.5.2
Interactions Between Three Weevil Species in the Biocontrol
of the Invader Sesbania
punicea in
South Africa
. 143
7.5.2.1
The Seed-Destroying Agents: Trichapion lativentre
and Rhyssomatus
marginatus
. 144
7.5.2.2
The Stem-Borer: Neodiplogrammus quadrivittatus
. 145
7.5.3
Aquatic Weeds
. 146
7.6
Discussion and Conclusions
. 147
References
. 150
8
Plant-Insect-Pathogen Interactions on Local
and Regional Scales
.,. 155
A. Kruess, S.
Eber,
S.
Kluth and T. Tscharntke
8.1
Summary
. 155
8.2
Introduction
. 156
Contents
XI
8.3
Biological Weed Control, Interactions
and Ecosystem Processes
. 157
8.3.1
Classical Biological Control
. 157
8.3.2
Plant-Pathogen-Herbivore Interactions
. 158
8.4
Creeping Thistle, Insects, Pathogens and Processes
. 160
8.4.1
The Creeping Thistle (Cirsium
arvense)
. 160
8.4.2
Interactions Between Pathogens and Insect Vectors
on a Local Scale
. 161
8.4.3
Regional Dynamics of Cirsium
arvense
and an Associated Herbivore
. 163
8.4.4
The Influence of Landscape Context
at Different Spatial Scales
. 165
8.5
Conclusions and Future Outlook
. 168
References
. 169
9
Food Web Interactions and Ecosystem Processes
. 175
A. Janssen
and M.W. Sabelis
9.1
Summary
. 175
9.2
Introduction
. 175
9.3
Interactions Among Entire Trophic Levels
. 178
9.4
Effects of Diversity Within Trophic Levels
. 179
9.4.1
Apparent Competition
. 180
9.4.2
Omnivory
. 180
9.4.3
Intraguild
Prédation
. 181
9.4.4
Plant-Mediated Indirect Interactions Between Herbivores
. 181
9.4.5
Indirect Plant Defences
. 182
9.4.6
Interactions Among Plants
. 183
9.4.7
Behavioural Effects
. 184
9.5
Conclusions and Perspectives
. 184
References
. 186
10
A General Rule for Predicting When Insects Will Have
Strong Top-Down Effects on Plant Communities:
On the Relationship Between Insect Outbreaks
and Host Concentration
. 193
W.P. Carson, J. Patrick Cronin and
Z.T.
Long
10.1
Summary
. 193
10.2
Introduction
. 193
10.3
The Significance of Insect Outbreaks
. 194
XII Contents
10.3.1
Insect Outbreaks Are Common
in Numerous Community-Types Worldwide
. 195
10.3.2
Insect Outbreaks Are More Common and More
Devastating per Host in Large, Dense and
Continuous Host Stands
. 199
10.3.3
Native Outbreaking Insects Function as Keystone Species
by Reducing the Abundance of the Dominant Species
and Increasing Diversity
. 200
10.3.4
Insect Outbreaks Are Common Relative
to Host Life Span Yet May Often Go Unnoticed
. 201
10.3.5
Chyrsomelid Beetles and Lepidoptera Seem
to be Responsible for the Majority of Outbreaks
. 201
10.4
The Host Concentration Model May Predict Insect Impact
on Plant Communities at Multiple Spatial Scales Better
Than Resource Supply Theory
. 202
10.4.1
Resource Supply Theory
. 202
10.4.2
The Host Concentration Model
(HCM)
. 203
10.4.3
Distinguishing Between the Two Models
. 204
10.5
Relationship to Other Related Processes Proposed
to Promote Diversity
. 204
10.5.1
Does Pathogen Impact Increase with Host Concentration?
. 205
References
. 205
11
The Ecology Driving Nutrient Fluxes in Forests
. 213
B.
Stadler,
E.
Mühlenberg
and
В.
Michalzik
11.1
Summary
. 213
11.2
Introduction
. 214
11.3
Life Histories of Canopy Insects
. 215
11.3.1
Aphids
. 215
11.3.2
Scale Insects
. 215
11.3.3
Lepidopterous Larvae
. 216
11.4
Population Ecological Background of Nutrient Fluxes
. 217
11.4.1
Sites and Experimental Setup
. 219
11.4.2
Results
. 220
11.5
Trophic Effects and Organic Pathways
. 224
11.6
Herbivore-Mediated Changes in Quality
and Quantity of Nutrient Fluxes
. 226
11.7
Synthesis and Conclusions
. 230
11.7.1
Understanding the Temporal Dynamics
of Energy and Nutrient Fluxes
. 230
11.7.2
Understanding the Spatial Variability in Fluxes
. 231
Contents XIII
11.7.3
Understanding the Mechanics that
Regulate
Fluxes
. 232
11.7.4
Generating Testable Hypotheses
. 233
References
. 235
Section IV Methods: Reducing, Enhancing
and Simulating Insect Herbivory
12
Simulating Herbivory: Problems and Possibilities
. 243
J.
Hjälten
12.1
Summary
. 243
12.2
Introduction to the Problem
. 244
12.3
Advantages of Simulated Herbivory
. 245
12.4
Disadvantages of Simulated Herbivory
. 247
12.4.1
Simple Biotic Interactions
. 247
12.4.2
Complex Biotic Interactions
. 249
12.4.3
Basic Ecosystem Processes
. 250
12.5
Conclusions and Suggestions for the Future
. 251
References
. 253
13
The Use and Usefulness of Artificial Herbivory
in Plant-Herbivore Studies
. 257
K. Lehtilä
and E.
Boałt
13.1
Summary
. 257
13.2
Introduction
. 258
13.3
Material and Methods
. 258
13.4
Commonness of Differences Between Natural
and Artificial Herbivory
. 260
13.5
Strength of the Effect of Natural and Artificial Damage
. . . 266
13.6
Responses of Different Types of Response Traits
to Artificial and Natural Damage
. 267
13.7
Simulations of Mammalian and Invertebrate Herbivory
. . . 269
13.8
Attempts of Exact Simulation
. 270
13.9
Conclusions
. 271
References
. 273
XIV Contents
14
From Mesocosms to the Field: The Role and Value
of Cage Experiments in Understanding Top-Down Effects
in Ecosystems
. 277
O.J.
Schmitz
14.1
Summary
. 277
14.2
Introduction
. 278
14.3
Research Approach
. 281
14.4
Jn-Ecosystem Investigation Using Enclosure Experiments
. 282
14.4.1
Natural History: Knowing the Players in the System
. 282
14.4.2
Enclosure Cages: Design and Biophysical Properties
. 285
14.4.3
Considerations for the Design of Cage Experiments
. 288
14.4.3.1
Artificial Complements of Populations or Communities
in Enclosure Cages Are Not Realistic
. 288
14.4.3.2
Experimental Outcome Could Be an Artifact of the Venue
. 288
14.4.3.3
Enclosures Unrealistically Constrain Movement of Species
. 289
14.4.3.4
Time Scale of Enclosure Experiments Exclude or Distort
Important Features of Communities and Ecosystems
. 290
14.4.4
Mechanistic Insights from Enclosure Cage Experiments
. . 290
14.4.4
Identifying the Potential for Top-Down Control
. 291
14.4.5
Of-Ecosystem Studies: Testing the Reliability
of Mechanistic Insights from Cage Experiments
. 297
14.4.5.1
Direct and Indirect Effects of Top Predators
. 299
14.4.5.2
Top Predator Effects on Plant Diversity and Productivity
. . 300
References
. 300
15
Reducing Herbivory Using Insecticides
. 303
E. Siemann.W.P Carson, W.E. Rogers and W.W. Weisser
15.1
Summary
. 303
15.2
Basic Concepts
. 303
15.3
Using Insecticides to Infer the Role of Herbivores
. 304
15.4
Ghost of Herbivory Past
. 307
15.5
Artifacts of Method May Masquerade as Release
from Herbivory
. 308
15.5.1
What Types of Artifacts Are a Concern?
. 308
15.5.2
Overview of Published Studies
. 309
15.5.3
Quantification of Herbivore Damage
. 310
15.5.4
Phytotoxic Effects
. 311
15.5.5
Insecticides May Be Toxic to Several Groups of Insects
. . . 313
15.5.6
Effects of Insecticides on
Non-
Arthropods
. 314
15.5.7
Effects of Insecticides on Soil Organisms
. 314
Contents
XV
15.5.8
Nutrient Inputs
May
Facilitate
Plant
Growth
. 315
15.5.9
Insect-Vectored Diseases
. 317
15.5.10
Community-Level Artifacts
. 318
15.6
Are There Better Types of Insecticides?
. 318
15.7
Conclusions
. 319
Appendix: Results of Surveyed Studies
. 320
References
. 324
16
The Role of Herbivores in Exotic Plant Invasions:
Insights Using a Combination of Methods to Enhance
or Reduce Herbivory
. 329
W.E. Rogers and E. Siemann
16.1
Summary
. 329
16.2
Introduction
. 329
16.3
The Role of Herbivores in Exotic Plant Invasions
. 330
16.4
Focal Plant Species
. 331
16.5
Experimental Methods for Assessing Herbivory Effects
. . . 331
16.5.1
Common Garden/Reciprocal Transplant Studies
. 332
16.5.2
Reducing Herbivory on Target Plants
Using Insecticide Sprays
. 336
16.5.3
Reducing Herbivory on Community Assemblages
Using Insecticide Sprays
. 337
16.5.4
Factorial Manipulations of Herbivory, Resources
and Competition
. 338
16.5.5
Simulating Herbivory Via Mechanical Leaf Damage
. 339
16.5.6
Simulating Herbivory Via Mechanical Root Damage
. 341
16.5.7
Simulating Herbivory Using Herbicide Sprays
. 342
.16.5.8
Assessing Herbivore Damage Using Exdosures
and Enclosures
. 344
16.6
Implications and Potential Significance
. 347
References
. 349
17
Herbivore-Specific Transcriptional Responses
and Their Research Potential for Ecosystem Studies
. 357
С
Voelckel and I.T. Baldwin
17.1
Summary
. 357
17.2
The Subtle Effects of Insects on Ecosystem Function
. 357
17.3
Transcriptional Regulation of Plant Responses
. 358
17.4
Insect-Induced Transcriptional Changes
. 362
XVI Contents
17.5
How a Molecular Understanding of Plant-Insect
Interactions Can Help Elucidate Ecosystem Function
. 371
References
. 375
Section V Synthesis
18
Testing the Role of Insects in Ecosystem Functioning
. 383
E. Siemann and W.W. Weisser
18.1
Summary
. 383
18.2
Introduction
. 384
18.3
Simple Models of Niche Space
. 385
18.3.1
Reduced Vigour Model
. 385
18.3.2
Reduced Range of Tolerance Model
. 387
18.3.3
Specialist Herbivores
. 388
18.4
Effects of Herbivores in Resource Competition Models
. . . 389
18.4.1
Specialist Herbivores in Resource Competition Models
. 391
18.4.2
Generalist
Herbivores in Resource Competition Models
. . 395
18.5
Differential Impacts on Plants with Different Traits
. 396
18.6
Conclusions from the Modelling Work
. 396
18.7
Suggestions for Future Studies
. 397
18.7.1
Exploring Below- and Aboveground Interactions
in More Detail
. 397
18.7.2
Measuring Herbivory Effects at Nominal Levels
as Well as in Outbreak Situations
. 398
18.7.3
Quantifying the Effects of Plant Resource Allocation
Under Herbivory for Ecosystem Functioning
. 399
18.7.4
Combining Various Methodologies to Achieve
an Understanding of Insect Effects on Ecosystem Function
. 399
References
. 400
Subject Index
. 403
Taxonomie
Index
. 409 |
| adam_txt |
Contents
Section
I Introduction
1
The Various Effects of Insects on Ecosystem Functioning
. 3
W. W. Weisser and E. Siemann
1.1
Summary
. 3
1.2
Introduction
. 3
1.3
A Brief Overview of Insect Effects on Ecosystem Function
. 8
1.3.1
Insect Effects on Ecosystem Function
Via Interactions with Plants
. 8
1.3.1.1
Herbivory
. 8
1.3.1.2
Plant-Insect Mutualisms
. 14
1.3.2
Other Direct and Indirect Effects of Insects
on Ecosystem Function
. 14
1.4
The Aim and Structure of this Book
. 15
References
. 19
Section II Insects and the Belowground System
2
Insect Herbivores, Nutrient Cycling and Plant Productivity
27
S.E. Hartley and
T. H.
Jones
2.1
Summary
. 27
2.2
Introduction
. 28
2.3
Decomposition
. 28
2.3.1
The Resources Available
. 28
2.3.2
Effects of Insect Herbivory on Decomposition
. 31
VIII Contents
2.3.2.1
Herbivory and Litter Quality
. 31
2.3.2.2
Herbivory, Root Exudation and Root Biomass
. 32
2.4
Nutrient Cycling and Plant Productivity
. 33
2.4.1
Effects on Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling
. 34
2.4.1.1
Methane and Carbon Dioxide
. 34
2.4.1.2
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
. 35
2.4.1.3
Inputs from Aboveground Herbivores
. 36
2.4.1.4
The Importance of Belowground Biota: Evidence
from Controlled Environment Studies
. 39
2.4.1.5
Insect Herbivory and Spatial Variation
in Nutrient Availability
. 40
2.4.2
Herbivory and Plant Biomass
. 41
2.5
Conclusions
. 45
References
. 46
3
Indirect Effects of Invertebrate Herbivory
on the Decomposer Subsystem
. 53
D.A. Wardle and R.D. Bardgett
3.1
Summary
. 53
3.2
Introduction
. 54
3.3
Mechanistic Bases of Invertebrate Herbivore Effects
. 54
3.3.1
Immediate Effects on Resource Quantity
. 56
3.3.2
Longer-Term Effects on Resource Quantity
. 56
5.3.3
Effects of Changed Litter Quality
. 57
3.3.4
Return of Invertebrate Waste Products
. 58
3.3.5
Effects of Changes in Vegetation Composition
. 59
3.3.6
Feedbacks and Aboveground Consequences
. 61
3.4
Significance of Invertebrate Herbivore Outbreaks
. 61
3.5
Multiple Species Herbivore Communities
. 62
3.6
Comparisons of Ecosystems
. 64
3.7
Conclusions
. 65
References
. 66
4
Biotic Interactions in the Rhizosphere:
Effects on Plant Growth and Herbivore Development
. 71
M. Bonkowski and S.
Scheu
4.1
Summary
. 71
4.2
The Rhizosphere
-
Interface of Intense Microbial
and Faunal Interactions
. 72
Contents
IX
4.2.1
Plants as Drivers
of Rhizosphere Interactions
. 73
4.3
Belowground Interactions and the Herbivore System
. 74
4.3.1
Effects of Mycorrhiza and Rhizobacteria
on Aboveground Herbivores
. 76
4.3.2
Interactions with the Micro-Decomposer Food Web
. 77
4.3.2.1
The Bacterial Loop and Herbivore Performance
. 78
4.3.2.2
The Fungal Food Chain and Herbivore Performance
. 79
4.3.2.3
Ecosystem Engineers and Herbivore Performance
. 81
4.4
Top-Down Effects by Subsidizing
Generalist
Predators
. 83
References
. 85
5
Belowground Herbivores and Ecosystem Processes
. 93
G.J. Masters
5.1
Summary
. 93
5.2
Introduction
. 94
5.3
Experimenting with Belowground Insect Herbivores
. 94
5.4
Belowground Herbivory and Plant Productivity:
Allocation and Biomass
. 97
5.5
Implications of Belowground Herbivory
for Nutrient Cycling
. 101
5.6
Implications of Belowground Herbivory
for Multitrophic Interactions
. 104
5.7
Conclusion
. 109
References
. 109
Section III Plant-Insect Interactions and Ecosystem Processes
6
Bottom-Up Effects and Feedbacks in Simple
and Diverse Experimental Grassland Communities
. 115
J. Joshi, S.J. Otway, J. Koricheva,
A.B.
Pfisterer, J. Alphei,
B.A. Roy, M. Scherer-Lorenzen, B.
Schmid, E.
Spehn
and A. Hector
6.1
Summary
. 115
6.2
Introduction
. 116
6.3
Effects of Plant Diversity on Herbivorous Insects
Feeding Above Ground
. 117
χ
Contents
6.3.1
Hypotheses Predicting the Response of Herbivores
to Higher Plant Diversity
. 117
6.3.2
Responses of Specialist and
Generalist
Herbivores
in Plant Diversity Experiments
. 119
6.3.3
Concomitant Responses of Natural Enemies of Herbivores
. 123
6.3.4
Insect Herbivores as Drivers of Ecosystem Processes
. 124
6.4
Effects of Plant Diversity on Pathogens
. 125
6.5
Belowground Food Web
. 126
6.5.1
Plant Biomass and Microbial Response
. 126
6.5.2
Soil Animals that Feed on Microbes
. 128
6.6
Conclusions
. 129
References
. 130
7
The Potential of Phytophagous Insects in Restoring Invaded
Ecosystems: Examples from Biological Weed Control
. 135
H.
Zwölfer
and H.
Zimmermann
7.1
Summary
. 135
7.2
Introduction
. 136
7.3
Success Rates and Successes in Biological Weed Control
. . 137
7.4
Weed Characteristics and Positive Traits
of Insects in Biological Control
. 138
7.4.1
Weed Species
. 139
7.4.2
Insect Species
. 139
7.5
Three Examples of Successful Weed Control
. 140
7.5.1
Rhinocyllus conicus on Carduus nutans
. 140
7.5.2
Interactions Between Three Weevil Species in the Biocontrol
of the Invader Sesbania
punicea in
South Africa
. 143
7.5.2.1
The Seed-Destroying Agents: Trichapion lativentre
and Rhyssomatus
marginatus
. 144
7.5.2.2
The Stem-Borer: Neodiplogrammus quadrivittatus
. 145
7.5.3
Aquatic Weeds
. 146
7.6
Discussion and Conclusions
. 147
References
. 150
8
Plant-Insect-Pathogen Interactions on Local
and Regional Scales
.,. 155
A. Kruess, S.
Eber,
S.
Kluth and T. Tscharntke
8.1
Summary
. 155
8.2
Introduction
. 156
Contents
XI
8.3
Biological Weed Control, Interactions
and Ecosystem Processes
. 157
8.3.1
Classical Biological Control
. 157
8.3.2
Plant-Pathogen-Herbivore Interactions
. 158
8.4
Creeping Thistle, Insects, Pathogens and Processes
. 160
8.4.1
The Creeping Thistle (Cirsium
arvense)
. 160
8.4.2
Interactions Between Pathogens and Insect Vectors
on a Local Scale
. 161
8.4.3
Regional Dynamics of Cirsium
arvense
and an Associated Herbivore
. 163
8.4.4
The Influence of Landscape Context
at Different Spatial Scales
. 165
8.5
Conclusions and Future Outlook
. 168
References
. 169
9
Food Web Interactions and Ecosystem Processes
. 175
A. Janssen
and M.W. Sabelis
9.1
Summary
. 175
9.2
Introduction
. 175
9.3
Interactions Among Entire Trophic Levels
. 178
9.4
Effects of Diversity Within Trophic Levels
. 179
9.4.1
Apparent Competition
. 180
9.4.2
Omnivory
. 180
9.4.3
Intraguild
Prédation
. 181
9.4.4
Plant-Mediated Indirect Interactions Between Herbivores
. 181
9.4.5
Indirect Plant Defences
. 182
9.4.6
Interactions Among Plants
. 183
9.4.7
Behavioural Effects
. 184
9.5
Conclusions and Perspectives
. 184
References
. 186
10
A General Rule for Predicting When Insects Will Have
Strong Top-Down Effects on Plant Communities:
On the Relationship Between Insect Outbreaks
and Host Concentration
. 193
W.P. Carson, J. Patrick Cronin and
Z.T.
Long
10.1
Summary
. 193
10.2
Introduction
. 193
10.3
The Significance of Insect Outbreaks
. 194
XII Contents
10.3.1
Insect Outbreaks Are Common
in Numerous Community-Types Worldwide
. 195
10.3.2
Insect Outbreaks Are More Common and More
Devastating per Host in Large, Dense and
Continuous Host Stands
. 199
10.3.3
Native Outbreaking Insects Function as Keystone Species
by Reducing the Abundance of the Dominant Species
and Increasing Diversity
. 200
10.3.4
Insect Outbreaks Are Common Relative
to Host Life Span Yet May Often Go Unnoticed
. 201
10.3.5
Chyrsomelid Beetles and Lepidoptera Seem
to be Responsible for the Majority of Outbreaks
. 201
10.4
The Host Concentration Model May Predict Insect Impact
on Plant Communities at Multiple Spatial Scales Better
Than Resource Supply Theory
. 202
10.4.1
Resource Supply Theory
. 202
10.4.2
The Host Concentration Model
(HCM)
. 203
10.4.3
Distinguishing Between the Two Models
. 204
10.5
Relationship to Other Related Processes Proposed
to Promote Diversity
. 204
10.5.1
Does Pathogen Impact Increase with Host Concentration?
. 205
References
. 205
11
The Ecology Driving Nutrient Fluxes in Forests
. 213
B.
Stadler,
E.
Mühlenberg
and
В.
Michalzik
11.1
Summary
. 213
11.2
Introduction
. 214
11.3
Life Histories of Canopy Insects
. 215
11.3.1
Aphids
. 215
11.3.2
Scale Insects
. 215
11.3.3
Lepidopterous Larvae
. 216
11.4
Population Ecological Background of Nutrient Fluxes
. 217
11.4.1
Sites and Experimental Setup
. 219
11.4.2
Results
. 220
11.5
Trophic Effects and Organic Pathways
. 224
11.6
Herbivore-Mediated Changes in Quality
and Quantity of Nutrient Fluxes
. 226
11.7
Synthesis and Conclusions
. 230
11.7.1
Understanding the Temporal Dynamics
of Energy and Nutrient Fluxes
. 230
11.7.2
Understanding the Spatial Variability in Fluxes
. 231
Contents XIII
11.7.3
Understanding the Mechanics that
Regulate
Fluxes
. 232
11.7.4
Generating Testable Hypotheses
. 233
References
. 235
Section IV Methods: Reducing, Enhancing
and Simulating Insect Herbivory
12
Simulating Herbivory: Problems and Possibilities
. 243
J.
Hjälten
12.1
Summary
. 243
12.2
Introduction to the Problem
. 244
12.3
Advantages of Simulated Herbivory
. 245
12.4
Disadvantages of Simulated Herbivory
. 247
12.4.1
Simple Biotic Interactions
. 247
12.4.2
Complex Biotic Interactions
. 249
12.4.3
Basic Ecosystem Processes
. 250
12.5
Conclusions and Suggestions for the Future
. 251
References
. 253
13
The Use and Usefulness of Artificial Herbivory
in Plant-Herbivore Studies
. 257
K. Lehtilä
and E.
Boałt
13.1
Summary
. 257
13.2
Introduction
. 258
13.3
Material and Methods
. 258
13.4
Commonness of Differences Between Natural
and Artificial Herbivory
. 260
13.5
Strength of the Effect of Natural and Artificial Damage
. . . 266
13.6
Responses of Different Types of Response Traits
to Artificial and Natural Damage
. 267
13.7
Simulations of Mammalian and Invertebrate Herbivory
. . . 269
13.8
Attempts of Exact Simulation
. 270
13.9
Conclusions
. 271
References
. 273
XIV Contents
14
From Mesocosms to the Field: The Role and Value
of Cage Experiments in Understanding Top-Down Effects
in Ecosystems
. 277
O.J.
Schmitz
14.1
Summary
. 277
14.2
Introduction
. 278
14.3
Research Approach
. 281
14.4
Jn-Ecosystem Investigation Using Enclosure Experiments
. 282
14.4.1
Natural History: Knowing the Players in the System
. 282
14.4.2
Enclosure Cages: Design and Biophysical Properties
. 285
14.4.3
Considerations for the Design of Cage Experiments
. 288
14.4.3.1
Artificial Complements of Populations or Communities
in Enclosure Cages Are Not Realistic
. 288
14.4.3.2
Experimental Outcome Could Be an Artifact of the Venue
. 288
14.4.3.3
Enclosures Unrealistically Constrain Movement of Species
. 289
14.4.3.4
Time Scale of Enclosure Experiments Exclude or Distort
Important Features of Communities and Ecosystems
. 290
14.4.4
Mechanistic Insights from Enclosure Cage Experiments
. . 290
14.4.4
Identifying the Potential for Top-Down Control
. 291
14.4.5
Of-Ecosystem Studies: Testing the Reliability
of Mechanistic Insights from Cage Experiments
. 297
14.4.5.1
Direct and Indirect Effects of Top Predators
. 299
14.4.5.2
Top Predator Effects on Plant Diversity and Productivity
. . 300
References
. 300
15
Reducing Herbivory Using Insecticides
. 303
E. Siemann.W.P Carson, W.E. Rogers and W.W. Weisser
15.1
Summary
. 303
15.2
Basic Concepts
. 303
15.3
Using Insecticides to Infer the Role of Herbivores
. 304
15.4
Ghost of Herbivory Past
. 307
15.5
Artifacts of Method May Masquerade as Release
from Herbivory
. 308
15.5.1
What Types of Artifacts Are a Concern?
. 308
15.5.2
Overview of Published Studies
. 309
15.5.3
Quantification of Herbivore Damage
. 310
15.5.4
Phytotoxic Effects
. 311
15.5.5
Insecticides May Be Toxic to Several Groups of Insects
. . . 313
15.5.6
Effects of Insecticides on
Non-
Arthropods
. 314
15.5.7
Effects of Insecticides on Soil Organisms
. 314
Contents
XV
15.5.8
Nutrient Inputs
May
Facilitate
Plant
Growth
. 315
15.5.9
Insect-Vectored Diseases
. 317
15.5.10
Community-Level Artifacts
. 318
15.6
Are There Better Types of Insecticides?
. 318
15.7
Conclusions
. 319
Appendix: Results of Surveyed Studies
. 320
References
. 324
16
The Role of Herbivores in Exotic Plant Invasions:
Insights Using a Combination of Methods to Enhance
or Reduce Herbivory
. 329
W.E. Rogers and E. Siemann
16.1
Summary
. 329
16.2
Introduction
. 329
16.3
The Role of Herbivores in Exotic Plant Invasions
. 330
16.4
Focal Plant Species
. 331
16.5
Experimental Methods for Assessing Herbivory Effects
. . . 331
16.5.1
Common Garden/Reciprocal Transplant Studies
. 332
16.5.2
Reducing Herbivory on Target Plants
Using Insecticide Sprays
. 336
16.5.3
Reducing Herbivory on Community Assemblages
Using Insecticide Sprays
. 337
16.5.4
Factorial Manipulations of Herbivory, Resources
and Competition
. 338
16.5.5
Simulating Herbivory Via Mechanical Leaf Damage
. 339
16.5.6
Simulating Herbivory Via Mechanical Root Damage
. 341
16.5.7
Simulating Herbivory Using Herbicide Sprays
. 342
.16.5.8
Assessing Herbivore Damage Using Exdosures
and Enclosures
. 344
16.6
Implications and Potential Significance
. 347
References
. 349
17
Herbivore-Specific Transcriptional Responses
and Their Research Potential for Ecosystem Studies
. 357
С
Voelckel and I.T. Baldwin
17.1
Summary
. 357
17.2
The Subtle Effects of Insects on Ecosystem Function
. 357
17.3
Transcriptional Regulation of Plant Responses
. 358
17.4
Insect-Induced Transcriptional Changes
. 362
XVI Contents
17.5
How a Molecular Understanding of Plant-Insect
Interactions Can Help Elucidate Ecosystem Function
. 371
References
. 375
Section V Synthesis
18
Testing the Role of Insects in Ecosystem Functioning
. 383
E. Siemann and W.W. Weisser
18.1
Summary
. 383
18.2
Introduction
. 384
18.3
Simple Models of Niche Space
. 385
18.3.1
Reduced Vigour Model
. 385
18.3.2
Reduced Range of Tolerance Model
. 387
18.3.3
Specialist Herbivores
. 388
18.4
Effects of Herbivores in Resource Competition Models
. . . 389
18.4.1
Specialist Herbivores in Resource Competition Models
. 391
18.4.2
Generalist
Herbivores in Resource Competition Models
. . 395
18.5
Differential Impacts on Plants with Different Traits
. 396
18.6
Conclusions from the Modelling Work
. 396
18.7
Suggestions for Future Studies
. 397
18.7.1
Exploring Below- and Aboveground Interactions
in More Detail
. 397
18.7.2
Measuring Herbivory Effects at Nominal Levels
as Well as in Outbreak Situations
. 398
18.7.3
Quantifying the Effects of Plant Resource Allocation
Under Herbivory for Ecosystem Functioning
. 399
18.7.4
Combining Various Methodologies to Achieve
an Understanding of Insect Effects on Ecosystem Function
. 399
References
. 400
Subject Index
. 403
Taxonomie
Index
. 409 |
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| series2 | Ecological studies |
| spelling | Insects and ecosystem function W. W. Weisser ... (ed.) [Nachdr.] Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2008 XXI, 413 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ecological studies 173 Insectes - Écologie ram Insekten (DE-588)4027110-9 gnd rswk-swf Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd rswk-swf Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 s Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 s Insekten (DE-588)4027110-9 s DE-604 Weisser, Wolfgang W. Sonstige (DE-588)1068423781 oth Ecological studies 173 (DE-604)BV000004586 173 text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2983718&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016069664&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Insects and ecosystem function Ecological studies Insectes - Écologie ram Insekten (DE-588)4027110-9 gnd Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027110-9 (DE-588)4601495-0 (DE-588)4309007-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Insects and ecosystem function |
| title_auth | Insects and ecosystem function |
| title_exact_search | Insects and ecosystem function |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Insects and ecosystem function |
| title_full | Insects and ecosystem function W. W. Weisser ... (ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Insects and ecosystem function W. W. Weisser ... (ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Insects and ecosystem function W. W. Weisser ... (ed.) |
| title_short | Insects and ecosystem function |
| title_sort | insects and ecosystem function |
| topic | Insectes - Écologie ram Insekten (DE-588)4027110-9 gnd Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Insectes - Écologie Insekten Biodiversität Terrestrisches Ökosystem Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2983718&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016069664&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000004586 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT weisserwolfgangw insectsandecosystemfunction |