Instrumentation, measurements, and experiments in fluids:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton, FL [u.a.]
CRC /Taylor & Francis
2007
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents only Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | 492 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780849307591 0849307597 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Rathakrishnan, E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Instrumentation, measurements, and experiments in fluids |c E. Rathakrishnan |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, FL [u.a.] |b CRC /Taylor & Francis |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a 492 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Mecánica de fluidos - Medición | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mecánica de fluídos | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mecánica de fluídos - Experimentos | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fluid mechanics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fluid mechanics |x Measurement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fluid mechanics |x Experiments | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Strömungsmechanik |0 (DE-588)4077970-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip075/2006039202.html |3 Table of contents only | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0704/2006039202-d.html |3 Publisher description | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015990635&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| _version_ | 1804137048452366337 |
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| adam_text | E. RATHAKRISHNAH INSTRUMENTATION, MEASUREMENTS, AND EXPERIMENTS IN
FLUIDS (LOC) CRC PRESS / Y TAYLOR &. FRANCIS GROUP BOCA RATON LONDON
NEW YORK CRC PRESS IS AN IMPRINT OF THE TAYLOR & FRANCIS CROUP, AN
INFORMA BUSINESS CONTENTS .PREFACE . . ......: ..- ........ :........,
XIX ABOUT THE BOOK: XXIII ABOUT THE AUTHOR * XXV 1 NEED AND OBJECTIVE OF
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 1 . 1.1 INTRODUCTION . ...1 1.2 SOME FLUID MECHANICS
MEASUREMENTS /. 1 1.2.1 WIND TUNNEL STUDIES./........:... .... ..... 2
1.2.2 ANALOGUE METHODS: .........;.... .2 ~ * * 1.2.3 FLOW VISUALIZATION
2 1.3 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 3 1.3.1 SENSING ELEMENT 3 1.3.2 SIGNAL
CONVERTER .3 . 1.3.3 .DISPLAY.. I.,...,.. . 3* 1.3.3.1 PERFORMANCE TERMS
4 1.4 , SOME OF THE IMPORTANT QUANTITIES ASSOCIATED WITH FLUID FLOW
MEASUREMENTS .5 1.5 SUMMARY - ,.. .6 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS
...I... .9 2.1 INTRODUCTION.. . .........;... .-9 2.2 PROPERTIES OF
FLUIDS 9 -. . 2.2.1 PRESSURE .. ......:...: ..::. ,10 2,2,2 TEMPERATURE
:, .11 Z2;3 DENSITY . .*:....-....* * ... . 11 *.. 2.2.4 VISCOSITY
;*****, ** 12 2.2.5 ABSOLUTE COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY . *. 1.12 .2.2.6
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY COEFFICIENT.-.-... 15 2.2.7 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF
AIR....:.:..., .. 15 2.2.8 COMPRESSIBILITY.: -.... . ....... ; 16
2.3 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 16 2.3.1 SPECIFIC HEAT, .17 2.3.2 THE RATIO
OF SPECIFIC HEATS.... 17 2.4 SURFACE TENSION. . . : * . 18 2.5 ;
ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW ..... . 19 2.5.1 RELATION BETWEEN LOCAL AND
MATERIAL RATES OF CHANGE 20 2.5.2 GRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF FLUID MOTION
.21 2.5.2.1 PATHLINE : 22 2.5.2.2 STREAKLINE ...:... 22 2.5.2.3
STREAMLINES : 22 2.5.2:4 TIMELINES -.......! 22 2.6 BASIC AND SUBSIDIARY
LAWS FOR CONTINUOUS MEDI,A 23, 2.6.1 SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES 23.
2.6.2 INTEGRAL AND DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS 23 2.6.3 STATE EQUATION ......
24 2.7 KINEMATICS OF FLUID FLOW 24 2.7.1 BOUNDARY LAYER THICKNESS 27
2.7.2 DISPLACEMENT THICKNESS ****** 27 2.7.3 TRANSITION POINT 29 2.7.4
SEPARATION POINT . 29 2.7.5 ROTATIONAL AND IRROTATIONAL MOTION 29 2.8
STREAMLINES .....: 30 2.8.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STREAM FUNCTION AND
VELOCITY POTENTIAL 31 2.9 POTENTIAL FLOW 31 2.9.1 TWO-DIMENSIONAL
SOURCE AND SINK ...... 33 2.9.2 SIMPLE VORTEX 34 2.9.3 SOURCE-SINK
PAIR 35 2.10 VISCOUS FLOWS 36 2.10.1 DRAG OF BODIES .38 2.10.1.1
PRESSURE DRAG ; ...38 2.10.1.2 SKIN FRICTION DRAG 40 2.10.1.3 COMPARISON
OF DRAG OF VARIOUS BODIES 41 2.10.2 TURBULENCE . 42 2.10.3 FLOW THROUGH
PIPES 49 2.11 GAS DYNAMICS 53 2.11.1 PERFECT GAS . . 53 2.11.2
VELOCITY OF SOUND 54 2.11.3 MACHNUMBER ........,...;... : 55 2.11.4 ,
FLOW WITH AREA CHANGE 55 2.11.4.1 ISENTROPIC RELATIONS .55 2.11.4.2
AREA-MACH NUMBER RELATION 56 2.11.4.3 PRANDTL-MEYER FUNCTION 56 2.11.5
NORMAL SHOCK RELATIONS 57 2.11.6 OBLIQUE SHOCK RELATIONS :: 58 2.11.7
FLOW WITH FRICTION 59 2.11.7-1 WORKING FORMULAE FOR FANNO-TYPE FLOW.. 59
2.11.8 FLOW WITH SIMPLE T 0 -CHANGE 61 2.11.8.1 WORKING FORMULAE FOR
RAYLEIGH-TYPE FLOW ... 61 2.12 SUMMARY 62 WIND TUNNELS 73 3.1
INTRODUCTION ; 73 3.1.1 LOW-SPEED WIND TUNNELS , 73 3.1.2 HIGH-SPEED
WIND TUNNELS -.......: 74 3.1.2.1 GENERAL FEATURES 75 3.1.2.2 THEEFFUSER
75 3.1.2.3 TEST-SECTION. .75 3.1.2.4 DIFFUSER .: 75 3.1.2.5 DRIVING UNIT
75 3.1.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE TUNNELS 76 3.2 LOW-SPEED WIND TUNNELS 76 3.2.1
EFFUSER : ., : 76 3.2.2 TEST-SECTION .....76 3.2.3. DIFFUSER ,
..,.... ...,...-.... .... 77 3.2.4 DRIVING UNIT ....77 3.3 POWER LOSSES
IN A WIND TUNNEL :* 77 3.3.1 CALCULATION OF PERCENTAGE ENERGY LBSS.IN
THE VARIOUS PARTS OF WIND TUNNEL ....77 3.3.1.1 ENERGY RATIO 78 3.3.1.2
LOSSES IN CYLINDRICAL SECTION 79 3.3.1.3 LOSSES IN CONVERGENT CONE :..
80 3.3.1.4 LOSSES IN DIFFUSER .. .* : 81 3.3.1.5 HONEYCOMBS . 83
3.3.1.6 GUIDE VANES , 84 3.3.1.7 LOSSES DUE TO OPEN-JET TEST-SECTION 85
3.3.1.8 SCREENS (WIRE GAUZE).. 86 3.4 HIGH-SPEED WIND TUNNELS ......
90 3.4.1 BLOWDOWN-TYPE WIND TUNNELS ...,..: 91 3.4.1.1 , ADVANTAGES 91
3.4.1.2 DISADVANTAGES 92 3.4.2^ INDUCTION-TYPE TUNNELS .92 3.4.2.1
ADVANTAGES 92 3.4.2.2 DISADVANTAGES 93 3.4.3 . CONTINUOUS SUPERSONIC
WIND TUNNELS-. 93- 3.4.4 LOSSES IN SUPERSONIC TUNNELS 95 3.4.5
SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL DIFFUSERS 96 . 3.4.5.1 POLYTROPIC EFFICIENCY. 97
3.4.5.2 ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY 97 3.4.6 EFFECTS OF SECOND THROAT 98 3.4.7
COMPRESSOR TUNNEL MATCHING 101 3.4.7.1 BASIC FORMULAE FOR SUPERSONIC
WIND TUNNEL CALCULATIONS .... ......- 104 3.4.8 . THE MASS FLOW ......
105 3.4.9 BLOWDOWN TUNNEL OPERATION : 109 3.4.9.1 REYNOLDS NUMBER
CONTROL ILL 3.4.10 OPTIMUM CONDITIONS 113 3,4.11 RUNNING TIME OF
BLOWDOWN WIND TUNNELS 114 3.5 HYPERSONIC TUNNELS * . . ..... 116 .. . *
3.5.1 HYPERSONIC NOZZLE 119 3.6 INSTRUMENTATION AND CALIBRATION OF WIND
TUNNELS 119 3.6.1 LOW-SPEED WIND TUNNELS..: 120 3.6.2 SPEED SETTING.
.....:... 120 3.6.3 FLOW DIRECTION ................: .121 3.6.3.1 YAW
SPHERE .- . 122 3.6.3.2 CLAW YAW METER ...123 *.. * 3.6.4 TURBULENCE
...,...,.,:... 124 * 3.6.4.1 TURBULENCE SPHERE .....;.. 124 3.6.4.2
PRESSURE SPHERE 126 3.6.4.3 LIMITATIONS OF TURBULENCE SPHERE 128 *3.6.5
HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETER .. . 128 3.6.6 RAKES., ... . .... 129 3.6.7
SURGING. 129 3.7 WIND TUNNEL BALANCE ..*/.: 130 3.7.1 WIRE BALANCES
...:.. R .........131 3.7.2 STRUT-TYPE BALANCES , 132 * 3.7.3
PLATFORM-TYPE BALANCE :*,.:... ......133 3.7.4 YOKE-TYPE BALANCE .J. . .
: 134 3.7.5 PYRAMID-TYPE BALANCE ......... 135 3.7.6 STRAIN-GAUGE
BALANCE :: ., ....: 135 3.7.6.1 STRAIN-GAUGE OPERATION THEORY : 136
3.7.6.2 BASIC EQUATIONS OF STRAIN-GAUGE TRANSDUCER , : .. 139 3.7.6.3
STRAIN-GAUGE SIGNAL-MEASURING DEVICES ...... 139 .3.7.6.4 BALANCING
BRIDGE ( . 140 3.7.7 * BALANCE CALIBRATION .......:..-..... .... .
140. 3.7.8 WIND TUNNEL BOUNDARY CORRECTION 141 3.8 CALIBRATION OF
SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS : 142 3.8.1 CALIBRATION .........;...,... ...
144 3.8.2 MACH NUMBER DETERMINATION 144 1 3.8.3 PITOT PRESSURE
MEASUREMENT 145 3.8.4 STATIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENT........! 145 3.8.5
DETERMINATION OF FLOW ANGULARITY 146 3.8.6 DETERMINATION OF TURBULENCE
LEVEL 146 3.8.7 DETERMINATION OF TEST-SECTION NOISE .-..,. 147 3.8.8 THE
USE OF CALIBRATION RESULTS .. 147 3.8.9 STARTING OF SUPERSONIC TUNNELS
148 . 3.8.10 STARTING LOADS:...:....... 148 3.8.11 REYNOLDS NUMBER
EFFECTS 149 3.8.12 MODEL MOUNTING-STING EFFECTS * 149 3:9 CALIBRATION
AND USE OF HYPERSONIC TUNNELS 149 3.9.1 CALIBRATION OF HYPERSONIC
TUNNELS 150 3.9.2 MACH NUMBER DETERMINATION : 150 3.9.3) DETERMINATION
OF FLOW ANGULARITY *. 153 3.9.4 DETERMINATION OF TURBULENCE LEVEL
153 3.9.4.1 BLOCKAGE TESTS . 153 3.9.4.2 STARTING LOADS .V.,153 3.9.5
REYNOLDS NUMBER EFFECTS : 153 . 3.9.6 FORCE MEASUREMENTS 154 3.10 FLOW
VISUALIZATION ...:.:.. 155 3.11 HYPERVELOCITY FACILITIES * 155 3.11.1
HOTSHOT TUNNELS 156 3.11.2 PLASMA ARC TUNNELS : ? ......: 157 * 3.11.3
SHOCK TUBES ...........:..: . :.*. . 158 3.11.4 SHOCK TUNNELS .. .
*.... 159 3.11.5 GUN TUNNELS ...... 160. 3.12 LUDWIEG TUBE :
:................,........,. 161 3.12.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF LUDWIEG
TUBE . . ., : (KOPPENWALLNER, 2000) .... 162 3.12.2 SOME SPECIFIC
ADVANTAGES ARID DISADVANTAGES OF LUDWIEG TUBE 164 3.12.2.1 ADVANTAGES OF
LUDWIEG TUBE TUNNEL COMPARED TO STANDARD BLOWDOWN TUNNELS 164 * .
3.12.2.2 DISADVANTAGES OF LUDWIEG TUBE TUNNEL..... 165 3.12.3 HYPERSONIC
SIMULATION REQUIREMENTS 165 3.12.3.1 MACH-REYNOLDS SIMULATION FOR
COMPRESSIBILITY AND VISCOUS EFFECTS ... .. 166 3.12.3.2 SIMULATION OF
REAL GAS EFFECTS ,...166 3.12.3.3 INDUSTRIAL TUNNELS 167 3.12.3.4
RESEARCH TUNNELS * 167 3.12.4 PRESSURE MEASURING SYSTEM :. 167 3.13
SUMMARY ; . :.. 167 FLOW VISUALIZATION 175 4.1 INTRODUCTION ,. :* ?
.175 4.2* VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES : 175 4.2.1 SMOKE TUNNEL .: . 176
4.2.1.1 SMOKE PRODUCTION METHODS 177 4.2.1.2 WOOD SMOKE ,....177 4.2.1.3
KEROSENE SMOKE GENERATOR 178 4.2.2 DESIGN OF SMOKE TUNNEL 180 4.2.2.1
APPLICATION OF SMOKE VISUALIZATION ..-...* 182 4.3 COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS
184 4.3.1 INTERFEROMETER 185 V . , - 4.3.L1 FORMATION OF INTERFERENCE
PATTERNS *.. 185 4.3.1.2 QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION : 187 4.3.2
FRINGE-DISPLACEMENT METHOD 189 4.3.3 SCHLIEREN SYSTEM . . ! ..189 .
4.3.4. RANGE AND SENSITIVITY OF THE SCHLIEREN SYSTEM.. * 193 4.3.5
OPTICAL COMPONENTS QUALITY REQUIREMENTS * .. . 193 4.3.5.1 SCHLIEREN
MIRRORS 193 4.3.5.2. LIGHT SOURCE 194 . .4.3.5.3 CONDENSER LENS .:
....194 4.3.5.4 FOCUSING LENS :.-. 194 4.3.5.5 KNIFE-EDGE ., ....:... .
194 4.3.5.6 COLOR SCHLIEREN , . ... 194 4.3.5.7 SHORT DURATION LIGHT
SOURCE: A . 195 4.3.6 SENSITIVITY OF THE SCHLIEREN METHOD FOR SHOCK. AND
EXPANSION STUDIES .:, 197 4.3.7 .. SHADOWGRAPH *. ........;.... , 199 ,
; 4.3.8 COMPARISON OF SCHLIEREN . AND SHADOWGRAPH METHODS 201 4.4
SUMMARY 201 HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETRY .: ... ..:.: * [ 203 5.1
INTRODUCTION . : ..... . . 203 5.2 OPERATING PRINCIPLE. ; , .203 5.3
HOT-WIRE FILAMENTS.,...:.. , 204 5.4 CONSTANT CURRENT HOT-WIRE
ANEMOMETER CCA .... 209 5.4.1 MEAN VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS ......: 209
5.4.2 FLUCTUATING VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 210 . 5.4.3. THERMAL INERTIA OF
HOT-WIRE 212 5.4.4 RMS MEASUREMENTS OF THE FLUCTUATING VELOCITIES 213 *
5.4.5 MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY COMPONENTS 214. 5.4.6 MEASUREMENT OF
TEMPERATURE BY CONSTANT CURRENT METHOD R. .......:., [. ; ..... .215
5.4.^ MEASUREMENT OF STEADY-STATE TEMPERATURE.: 215 5.4.8 MEASUREMENT OF
TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS 215 5.5 CONSTANT TEMPERATURE HOT-WIRE
ANEMOMETERS : 216 5.5.1 RELATION BETWEEN FLOW VELOCITY * 1 AND. OUTPUT
VOLTAGE 217 5.6 HOT-WIRE PROBES .......:.. . ,.218 5.7 HOT : WIRE BRIDGE
FOR CLASSROOM DEMONSTRATION 220 5.7.1 HOT-WIRE BRIDGE OPERATING
PROCEDURE 221 5.7.2 A NOTE OF CAUTION 221 5.8, EFFECT OF
COMPRESSIBILITY. .222 5.9 LIMITATIONS OF HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETER 223 5.10
SUMMARY ., .* 224 . ANALOGUE METHODS 229 6.1 INTRODUCTION . . 229 6.2
HELE-SHAW APPARATUS A 229 6.2.1 BASIC EQUATIONS OF HELE-SHAW ANALOGY 233
6.3 ELECTROLYTIC TANK. . 235 O 6.4 HYDRAULIC ANALOGY 238 6.4.1 THEORY
OF THE ANALOGY T 239 6.4.1.1 SHALLOW WATER FLOW .... : 239 6.4.1.2 GAS
FLOW 240 6.5 HYDRAULIC JUMPS (SHOCKS) 243 6.5.1 GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR
ATTACHED OBLIQUE SHOCKS 245 6.5.2 GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR SLANT (OBLIQUE)
ATTACHED HYDRAULIC JUMPS 245 6.5.3 LIMITATION OF THE ANALOGY : 246
6.5.3.1 TWO-DIMENSIONALITY . 246 6.5.3.2 SPECIFIC HEATS RATIO , : .246
6.5.3:3 VELOCITY PF WAVE PROPAGATION 246 6.5.3.4 VERTICAL ACCELERATIONS
247 6.5.3.5 VISCOSITY AND HEAT CONDUCTIVITY .:..... 248 6.5.3.6 SURFACE
TENSION 248 6.5.3.7 APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUE FOR DIFFERENT TYPE^ OF
PROBLEMS *...... 248 6.514 , DEPTH MEASUREMENT 249 6.6 VELOCITY
MEASUREMENT 250 6.7 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 250 6.7.1 TOWING TANK. ..-.....,
.....: 251 6.7.1.1 FLOW PAST SHPCKLESS LIFTING AND NONLIFTING AIRFOILS
251 6.7.2 STREAMLINE SIMILARITY AND TRANSONIC SIMILARITY RULE ... 253
6.8 APPLICATION OF THE HYDRAULIC ANALOGY TO SUPERSONIC AIRFOILS 255
6.8.1 AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON AIRFOILS 255 6.8.2 HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ON
AIRFOILS 255 6.8.3 MEASUREMENTS WITH A SEMI-WEDGE AIRFOIL 255 6.9
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY : 256 6.10 SUMMARY -259 PRESSURE-MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES 263 7.1 . INTRODUCTION 263 7.1.1 PRESSURE-MEASURING DEVICES
,263 7.1.2 PRINCIPLE OF MANOMETER 264 7.2 BAROMETERS 264 7.2.1 SYPHON
BAROMETER : . 266 7.2.2 FORTIN BAROMETER 266 7.2.3 ANEROID BAROMETER 268
7.3 MANOMETERS ,..., 268 7.3.1 INCLINED MANOMETER 271 7.3.2 MICRO
MANOMETER 273 7.3.3 BETZ MANOMETER !. 273 7.4 DIAL-TYPE PRESSURE GAUGE
274 7.5 PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS -. 276 7.5.1 LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL
TRANSFORMER LVDT 278 7.5.2 CAPACITANCE PICKUP .... 279 7.5.3
OPTICAL-TYPE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER 279 7.6 PITOT, STATIC, AND PITOT-STATIC
TUBES 280- 7.6.1 DYNAMIC HEAD MEASURERNENT 281 7.6.1.1 INCOMPRESSIBLE
FLOW 282 7.7 PITOT-STATIC TUBE CHARACTERISTICS 287 7.7.1 PITOT-STATIC
TUBE LIMITATIONS 291 7.8 FACTORS INFLUENCING PITOT-STATIC TUBE
PERFORMANCE .291 7.8.1 - TURBULENCE EFFECT .,..: .292 7.8.2 VELOCITY
GRADIENT EFFECT 292 7.8.3 VISCOSITY EFFECTS - 293 7.8.4 VIBRATION
EFFECT ON PITOT-STATIC PROBE MEASUREMENTS;.. 293 7.8.5. MISALIGNMENT
EFFECT 295 7.9 PITOT PROBES 295 7:10 STATIC PROBES , ........ .296 7.11
PITOT-STATIC PROBES 296 7.12 YAW EFFECT IN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 297 7.13
STATIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENT IN COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS 297 7.14 DETERMINATION
OF FLOW DIRECTION 299 7.14.1 YAW SPHERE *: ), 301 7.14.2 CLAW YAW
PROBE.: : 302 7.14.3 * THREE-HOLE AND FIVE-HOLE YAW PROBES 302 7.14.4
COBRA PROBE 303 7.15 LOW-PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 304 7.15.1 THE MCLEOD
GAUGE 304 7.15.2 : -PIRANI GAUGE ... .: 306 7.15.3 KNUDSEN GAUGE : ;
308 .7.15.4 LONIZATION GAUGE .... 309 7.16 PRESTON AND STANTON TUBES
309 7.17 SOUND MEASUREMENTS : 310 7.17.1 INTRODUCTION .310 7.17.2
SOUND AND NOISE . ** 310 7.17.3 PURE TONE 312 7.17.4 BROADBAND AND WHITE
NOISE .312 7.17.5 SOUND UNITS ..: . . 312 7.17.6 HUMAN HEARING LIMITS
.. 313 7.17.7 IMPULSE SOUND 314 7.18 DYNAMIC PRESSURE GAUGES ; 315 7.19
SUMMARY ;. 317 8 VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 323 8.1 INTRODUCTION 323 8.2
VELOCITY AND MACH NUMBER FROM PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS 323 8.3 LASER
DOPPLER ANEMOMETER 325 1 8.3,1 LDAPRINCIPLE ....:.-.. T . 325 8.3.2
DOPPLER SHIFT EQUATION ,.,:........ 326 8.3.3 REFERENCE BEAM SYSTEM: :
328 8.3.4 FRINGE SYSTEM R ...- 328 8.4 MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY BY
HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETER * .. 329 8.5 MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY USING
VORTEX-SHEDDING TECHNIQUE... 329 8.6 . FLUID-JET ANEMOMETER... ....... .
: -. 331 8.7 SUMMARY 332 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT ...... 335 9.1
INTRODUCTION ,:..* .335 9.2 TEMPERATURE SCALES . : ..335 9.2.1 THE
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICAL TEMPERATURE SCALE ....:.... 337 9.3 TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT :. 338 9.3.1 FLUID THERMOMETERS, , 338 * . 9.3.1.1
MERCURY-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER .....:........ 338 9.3.2 BECKMANN
THERMOMETER. . .* , 339 9.3.3 GAS THERMOMETER .........: 340 9.3.4
TEMPERATURE GAUGES USING FLUIDS 342 9.4 ! TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BY
THERMAL EXPANSION 343 9.4.1 BIMETALLIC THERMOMETERS :.; , 343 9.5
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS BY ELECTRICAL EFFECTS ...:.. 345 ; 9.5.1
THERMOCOUPLES , 346 9.5.2 MEASUREMENT OF THERMOCOUPLE VOLTAGE 346
9.5.2.1 EXTERNAL REFERENCE JUNCTION 350 9.5.2.2 SOFTWARE COMPENSATION
352 . 9.5.2.3 HARDWARE COMPENSATION. -... .352 ; 9.5.2.4
VOLTAGE-TO-TEMPERATURECONVERSION 353 9.5.2.5 NOISE REJECTION ... 358
9.5.2.6 TREE SWITCHING ... .... ..:........ .359 9.5.2.7 ANALOGUE FILTER
. 359 9.5.2.8 INTEGRATION.... . .... .:........... 359 9.5.2.9
GUARDING.. : ..359 9.6 PRACTICAL THERMOCOUPLE MEASUREMENTS .,: 359 9.6.1
POOR JUNCTION CONNECTIONS , * * * 360 9.6.2 . DECALIBRATION .360 9.6.3
SHUNT IMPEDANCE 360 9.6.4 GALVANIC ACTION .361 9.6.5 THERMAL SHUNTING
361 9.6.6 WIRE CALIBRATION .* 362 * 9.6.7 DOCUMENTATION . !-. 362 9.6.8
DIAGNOSTICS , 362 .*.* 9.6.8.1 -EVENT RECORD ., 362 9.6.8.2 ZONE BOX
TEST ..... . 363 9.6.9 THERMOCOUPLE RESISTANCE ..........:. 364 9.7 THE
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR ,. 364 9.7.1 METAL FILM RTDS..
........;......,.. . .;..366 9.7.1.1 RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS 366 , .
9.7.1.2 FOUR-WIRE OHMS ...368 9.7.2 MEASUREMENT ERRORS WITH THREE-WIRE
BRIDGE ....368 9.7.3 RESISTANCE TO TEMPERATURE CONVERSION 369 9.7.3.1 *
PROTECTION *..?..* 370 9.7.3.2 SELF-HEATING.. . ....370 9.7.3.3 THERMAL
SHUNTING :370 9.73.4 THERMALEMF ... ? 370 9.7.4- THERMISTORS .. .. 370
9.7.4.1 MEASUREMENT WITH THERMISTOR 372 9I8 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
WITH PYROMETERS.. *.. . ; 372 9.8.1 OPTICALPYROMETER....:. 372 9.8.2
RADIATION PYROMETER :.:..,.....:....,...: ,373 , 9.8.3 INFRARED
THERMOGRAPHY * 374 9.8.4 .FUSION PYROMETERS .374 9.8.5 THERMAL PAINTS
.375 9.9 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT IN FLUID FLOWS ........... 375 9.9.1
STATIC TEMPERATURE DETERMINATION : 377 9.9.2 TOTAL TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT -....377, 9.10 TEMPERATURE-MEASURING PROBLEMS IN FLUID FLOWS
378 9.10.1 CONDUCTION ERROR , .. 378 . 9.10.2 RADIATION ERROR... .
380 9.11 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF TEMPERATURE SENSORS 381 9.12 SUMMARY . ..
.......... 383. 10 MEASUREMENT OF WALL SHEAR STRESS :.. 389 10.1
INTRODUCTION . ; 389 10.2 MEASUREMENT METHODS . 390 10.2.1 FLOATING
ELEMENT METHOD..., . .390 10.2.2 MOMENTUM INTEGRAL METHOD .391 . 10.2.3
PRESTON TUBE . . ..... ..... ....,.391 10.2.4 FENCE TECHNIQUE 393
10.2.5 HEAT TRANSFER GAUGE. .394 10.2.6 LAW OF THE WALL ... : : 395
10.3 SUMMARY -. . .. : 396 - * * * * 11 MASS AND VOLUME FLOW
MEASUREMENTS */*;*** 399 11.1 INTRODUCTION. :. ....... .399 . 11.2
DIRECT METHODS........: 400 11.2.1 . TANKS. . : . 400 11.2.2
DISPLACEMENT METERS ......: . .;. 400 11.3 INDIRECT METHODS . .
...!.. 402 11.3.1 VARIABLE-HEAD METERS : 402 * 11.3.2 SOME PRACTICAL
DETAILS OF OBSTRUCTION METERS 407 11.3.3 SONIC NOZZLE . ...: ..... 412
11.3.4 PITOT TUBES.......... ... : ..... 413 11.3.5 ROTAMETERS , 414
11.3.6 DRAG-BODY METERS . . ,:.,...... .415 11.3.7 ULTRASONIC FLOW
METERS 416 11.3.8 VORTEX-SHEDDING FLOW METERS ...... 418 11.3.9
MEASUREMENT OF GROSS MASS FLOW RATE 419 11.4 VOLUME FLOW METER .
..-... ,...420 .11.4.1 DIRECT MASS FLOW METERS ........A .,..422 11.5
SUMMARY ...:.... ........ 423 12 SPECIAL FLOWS ..........: 429 12.1
INTRODUCTION 429 12.2 GEOPHYSICAL FLOWS : 429 12.2.1 ROTATING TANK ;
.:.... ....../.... 430 12.3 EXPERIMENT ON TAYLOR-PROUDMAN THEOREM
..... : 430 12.4 EXPERIMENT ONEKMANLAYER .. *. 432 12.5 EXPERIMENT ON
SPIN-UP AND SPIN-DOWN ...: 432. 12.6 TRANSITION AND REVERSE TRANSITION
433 12.6.1 TRANSITION IN A CHANNEL FLOW : * A VISUALIZATION 435 12.6.1.1
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE .436 12.6.2 REVERSE TRANSITION OR
RELAMINARIZATION 436 12.6.2.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :....... 437 12.7
MEASUREMENT IN BOUNDARY LAYERS ..:*.- .. .. 438 12.7.1 LAMINAR BOUNDARY
LAYER ON A FLAT PLATE 438 12.7.2. TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER ON A FLAT
PLATE -..440 12.8 SUMMARY ....,..-. . .. ,.. 441 13 DATA ACQUISITION
AND PROCESSING .. ...... 445 13.1 INTRODUCTION 445 13.2 DATA
ACQUISITION PRINCIPLE. ,. .445 13.2.1 GENERATION OF SIGNAL ,446 13.2.2
SIGNAL CONDITIONING ., 446 13.2.3 MULTIPLEXING :.... ......447
13.2.3.1 MULTICHANNEL ANALOGUE MULTIPLEXED . SYSTEM... ..:...:...... 448
13.2.3.2 SIMULTANEOUSLY SAMPLED MULTIPLEXER ... SYSTEM .. 448 13.2.3.3
MULTICHANNEL DIGITAL MULTIPLEXER SYSTEM... 448 13.2.3.4 LOW-LEVEL
MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM ...449 13.3 DATA CONVERSION .... . 450 13.3.1 DATA
STORAGE AND DISPLAY. . .451 13.3.1.1 DATA PROCESSING: ., ;..... 452
13.3.2 DIGITAL INTERFACING...... *.....,,.,. 452 13.4 PERSONAL COMPUTER
HARDWARE 452 13.4.1 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) 453 13.4.1.1
INSTRUCTION REGISTER AND DECODER 453 13.4.1.2 . ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
(ALU) 453 13.4.2 INPUT/OUTPUT UNITS . * 454 13.4.2.1 INPUT/OUTPUT
ADDRESSING , 455 13.4.2.2 SYSTEM BUSES 456 . 13.4.3 INPUT/OUTPUT
SERVICING , 458 13.5 DATA ACQUISITION USING PERSONAL COMPUTERS 459
13.5.1 THE GPIB INTERFACE 459 13.5.1.1 , DT 2805 ADC/DAC INTERFACE 464
13.6 DIGITIZATION ERRORS DUE TO A/D CONVERSION ....- 465 13.7 SUMMARY
.......... ; . 466 14 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 471 14.1 INTRODUCTION
:....... . . 471 14.2 ESTIMATION OF MEASUREMENT ERRORS 471 14.3
EXTERNAL ESTIMATE OF THE ERROR .....; 472 14.3.1 DEPENDENCE AND
INDEPENDENCE OF ERRORS 474 14.3.2 ESTIMATION OF EXTERNAL ERROR 476 14.4
INTERNAL ESTIMATE OF THE ERROR 476 14.5 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS . ..477
14.5.1 USES OF UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS ...:.: 477 14.6 UNCERTAINTY
ESTIMATION : * 478 14.7 GENERAL PROCEDURE 478 14.7.1 UNCERTAINTY IN FLOW
MACH NUMBER 479 14.8 UNCERTAINTY CALCULATION . . 481 14.9 SUMMARY 482
* . . - * * * REFERENCES :... . , 485 INDEX ....;... 487
|
| adam_txt |
E. RATHAKRISHNAH INSTRUMENTATION, MEASUREMENTS, AND EXPERIMENTS IN
FLUIDS (LOC) CRC PRESS / Y TAYLOR &. FRANCIS GROUP BOCA RATON LONDON
NEW YORK CRC PRESS IS AN IMPRINT OF THE TAYLOR'& FRANCIS CROUP, AN
INFORMA BUSINESS CONTENTS .PREFACE .'.'.: '.- . :.,
XIX ABOUT THE BOOK: XXIII ABOUT THE AUTHOR * XXV 1 NEED AND OBJECTIVE OF
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 1 . 1.1 INTRODUCTION . .1 1.2 SOME FLUID MECHANICS
MEASUREMENTS /. 1 1.2.1 WIND TUNNEL STUDIES./.:. '. . 2
1.2.2 ANALOGUE METHODS: .;. .2 ~ * * 1.2.3 FLOW VISUALIZATION
2 1.3 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 3 1.3.1 SENSING ELEMENT ' 3 1.3.2 " SIGNAL
CONVERTER .3 . 1.3.3 .DISPLAY. I.,.,.'. 3* 1.3.3.1 PERFORMANCE TERMS
4 1.4 , SOME OF THE IMPORTANT QUANTITIES ASSOCIATED WITH FLUID ' FLOW
MEASUREMENTS .5 1.5 SUMMARY - ,. .6 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS
.I. .9 2.1' INTRODUCTION.'. .;. .-9 2.2 PROPERTIES OF
FLUIDS 9 -. . 2.2.1 PRESSURE .'.:.: .::. ,10 2,2,2 TEMPERATURE
:, .11 Z2;3 " DENSITY'. .*:.-.* * .'. 11 *. 2.2.4 VISCOSITY
;*****, ** 12 2.2.5 ABSOLUTE COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY . *. 1.12 .2.2.6
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY COEFFICIENT.-.-.' 15 2.2.7 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF
AIR.:.:., '. 15 ' 2.2.8 COMPRESSIBILITY.: -. '.'. ; ' 16
2.3 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 16 2.3.1 SPECIFIC HEAT, .17 2.3.2 THE RATIO
OF SPECIFIC HEATS.' 17 2.4 SURFACE TENSION. .'. : *'. 18 2.5 ;
ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW .'. 19 2.5.1 RELATION BETWEEN LOCAL AND
MATERIAL RATES OF CHANGE 20 2.5.2 GRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF FLUID MOTION
.21 2.5.2.1 PATHLINE : 22 2.5.2.2 STREAKLINE ' .:. 22 2.5.2.3
STREAMLINES : 22 2.5.2:4 TIMELINES -.! 22 2.6 BASIC AND SUBSIDIARY
LAWS FOR CONTINUOUS MEDI,A 23, 2.6.1 SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES 23.
2.6.2 INTEGRAL AND DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS 23 2.6.3 STATE EQUATION ."
24 2.7 KINEMATICS OF FLUID FLOW 24 2.7.1 BOUNDARY LAYER THICKNESS 27
2.7.2 DISPLACEMENT THICKNESS ****** 27 2.7.3 TRANSITION POINT 29 2.7.4
SEPARATION POINT '. 29 2.7.5 ROTATIONAL AND IRROTATIONAL MOTION 29 2.8
STREAMLINES .: 30 2.8.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STREAM FUNCTION AND
VELOCITY POTENTIAL ' 31 2.9 POTENTIAL FLOW 31 2.9.1 TWO-DIMENSIONAL
SOURCE AND SINK . \ 33 2.9.2 SIMPLE VORTEX 34 2.9.3 SOURCE-SINK
PAIR 35 2.10 VISCOUS FLOWS 36 2.10.1 DRAG OF BODIES .38 2.10.1.1
PRESSURE DRAG ; .38 2.10.1.2 SKIN FRICTION DRAG 40 2.10.1.3 COMPARISON
OF DRAG OF VARIOUS BODIES 41 2.10.2 TURBULENCE '. 42 2.10.3 FLOW THROUGH
PIPES 49 2.11 GAS DYNAMICS 53 2.11.1 PERFECT GAS ".' '. 53 2.11.2
VELOCITY OF SOUND 54 2.11.3 MACHNUMBER .,.;. : 55 2.11.4 ,
FLOW WITH AREA CHANGE 55 2.11.4.1 ISENTROPIC RELATIONS .55 2.11.4.2
AREA-MACH NUMBER RELATION 56 2.11.4.3 PRANDTL-MEYER FUNCTION 56 2.11.5
NORMAL SHOCK RELATIONS 57 2.11.6 OBLIQUE SHOCK RELATIONS :: 58 2.11.7
FLOW WITH FRICTION 59 2.11.7-1 WORKING FORMULAE FOR FANNO-TYPE FLOW. 59
2.11.8 FLOW WITH SIMPLE T 0 -CHANGE 61 2.11.8.1 WORKING FORMULAE FOR
RAYLEIGH-TYPE FLOW . 61 2.12 SUMMARY 62 WIND TUNNELS 73 3.1
INTRODUCTION ; 73 3.1.1 LOW-SPEED WIND TUNNELS , 73 3.1.2 ' HIGH-SPEED
WIND TUNNELS -.: 74 3.1.2.1 GENERAL FEATURES 75 3.1.2.2 THEEFFUSER
75 3.1.2.3 TEST-SECTION. .75 3.1.2.4 DIFFUSER .: 75 3.1.2.5 DRIVING UNIT
75 3.1.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE TUNNELS 76 3.2 LOW-SPEED WIND TUNNELS 76 3.2.1
EFFUSER : ., : 76 3.2.2 TEST-SECTION .76 3.2.3. DIFFUSER ,
'.,.'.,.-.'. 77 3.2.4 DRIVING UNIT .77 3.3 POWER LOSSES
IN A WIND TUNNEL ':* 77 3.3.1 CALCULATION OF PERCENTAGE ENERGY LBSS.IN
THE VARIOUS PARTS OF WIND TUNNEL \.77 3.3.1.1 ENERGY RATIO 78 3.3.1.2
LOSSES IN CYLINDRICAL SECTION 79 3.3.1.3 LOSSES IN CONVERGENT CONE :.
80 3.3.1.4 LOSSES IN DIFFUSER '. .* : 81 3.3.1.5 HONEYCOMBS '. 83
3.3.1.6 GUIDE VANES , 84 3.3.1.7 LOSSES DUE TO OPEN-JET TEST-SECTION 85
3.3.1.8 SCREENS (WIRE GAUZE). 86 3.4 HIGH-SPEED WIND TUNNELS .' '
90 3.4.1 BLOWDOWN-TYPE WIND TUNNELS .,.: 91 3.4.1.1 , ADVANTAGES 91 '
3.4.1.2 DISADVANTAGES 92 3.4.2^ INDUCTION-TYPE TUNNELS .92 3.4.2.1
ADVANTAGES \ 92 3.4.2.2 DISADVANTAGES 93 3.4.3 '. CONTINUOUS SUPERSONIC
WIND TUNNELS-. 93- 3.4.4 LOSSES IN SUPERSONIC TUNNELS 95 3.4.5
SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL DIFFUSERS 96 . 3.4.5.1 POLYTROPIC EFFICIENCY. 97
3.4.5.2 ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY 97 3.4.6 EFFECTS OF SECOND THROAT 98 3.4.7
COMPRESSOR TUNNEL MATCHING 101' 3.4.7.1 BASIC FORMULAE FOR SUPERSONIC
WIND TUNNEL CALCULATIONS .'.- 104 3.4.8 . THE MASS FLOW .'
105 3.4.9 BLOWDOWN TUNNEL OPERATION : 109 3.4.9.1 REYNOLDS NUMBER
CONTROL ILL 3.4.10 OPTIMUM CONDITIONS 113 3,4.11 RUNNING TIME OF
BLOWDOWN WIND TUNNELS 114 3.5 HYPERSONIC TUNNELS * .'. .' 116 . . *
3.5.1 HYPERSONIC NOZZLE 119 3.6 INSTRUMENTATION AND CALIBRATION OF WIND
TUNNELS 119 3.6.1 LOW-SPEED WIND TUNNELS.: 120 3.6.2 SPEED SETTING.
.:. 120 3.6.3 FLOW DIRECTION ".: .121 "3.6.3.1 YAW
SPHERE .-'. 122 3.6.3.2 CLAW YAW METER .123 *. * 3.6.4 TURBULENCE
.,.,.,:. 124 *' 3.6.4.1 TURBULENCE SPHERE .;.' 124 3.6.4.2
PRESSURE SPHERE 126 3.6.4.3 LIMITATIONS OF TURBULENCE SPHERE 128 *3.6.5
HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETER .'. 128 3.6.6 RAKES., .' .'. 129 3.6.7
SURGING. 129 3.7 WIND TUNNEL BALANCE .*/.: 130 3.7.1 WIRE BALANCES
.:. R .131 3.7.2 STRUT-TYPE BALANCES , 132 * 3.7.3
PLATFORM-TYPE BALANCE :*,.:. .133 3.7.4 YOKE-TYPE BALANCE .J. .'.
: 134 3.7.5 PYRAMID-TYPE BALANCE \ . 135 3.7.6 STRAIN-GAUGE
BALANCE ::'.,'.: 135 3.7.6.1 STRAIN-GAUGE OPERATION THEORY : 136
3.7.6.2 BASIC EQUATIONS OF STRAIN-GAUGE TRANSDUCER , : '. 139 3.7.6.3
STRAIN-GAUGE SIGNAL-MEASURING DEVICES . 139 .3.7.6.4 BALANCING
BRIDGE ( . 140' 3.7.7 *' BALANCE CALIBRATION .:.-. .'.
140. 3.7.8 WIND TUNNEL BOUNDARY CORRECTION 141 3.8 CALIBRATION OF
SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS : 142 3.8.1 CALIBRATION .;.,.' .
144 3.8.2 MACH NUMBER DETERMINATION 144 1 3.8.3 PITOT PRESSURE
MEASUREMENT 145 3.8.4 STATIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENT.! 145 3.8.5
DETERMINATION OF FLOW ANGULARITY 146 3.8.6 DETERMINATION OF TURBULENCE
LEVEL 146 3.8.7 DETERMINATION OF TEST-SECTION NOISE .-.,. 147 3.8.8 THE
USE OF CALIBRATION RESULTS . \ 147 3.8.9 STARTING OF SUPERSONIC TUNNELS
148 . 3.8.10 STARTING LOADS:.:. 148 3.8.11 REYNOLDS NUMBER
EFFECTS 149 3.8.12 MODEL MOUNTING-STING EFFECTS * 149 3:9 CALIBRATION
AND USE OF HYPERSONIC TUNNELS 149 3.9.1 CALIBRATION OF HYPERSONIC
TUNNELS 150 ' 3.9.2 MACH NUMBER DETERMINATION : 150 3.9.3) DETERMINATION
OF FLOW ANGULARITY *. 153 ' 3.9.4 DETERMINATION OF TURBULENCE LEVEL '
153 3.9.4.1 BLOCKAGE TESTS ". 153 3.9.4.2 STARTING LOADS .V.,153 3.9.5
REYNOLDS NUMBER EFFECTS : 153 . 3.9.6 FORCE MEASUREMENTS 154 3.10 FLOW
VISUALIZATION .:.:. 155 3.11 HYPERVELOCITY FACILITIES * 155 3.11.1
HOTSHOT TUNNELS 156 3.11.2 PLASMA ARC TUNNELS : ? .: 157 * 3.11.3
SHOCK TUBES .:.: '. :.*.'.' 158 3.11.4 SHOCK TUNNELS .'.
'*. 159 3.11.5 GUN TUNNELS . 160. 3.12 LUDWIEG TUBE :
:.,.,. 161 3.12.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF LUDWIEG
TUBE . . ., : (KOPPENWALLNER, 2000) . 162 3.12.2 SOME SPECIFIC
ADVANTAGES ARID DISADVANTAGES OF LUDWIEG TUBE 164 3.12.2.1 ADVANTAGES OF
LUDWIEG TUBE TUNNEL COMPARED TO STANDARD BLOWDOWN TUNNELS 164 * .
3.12.2.2 DISADVANTAGES OF LUDWIEG TUBE TUNNEL. 165 3.12.3 HYPERSONIC
SIMULATION REQUIREMENTS 165 3.12.3.1 MACH-REYNOLDS SIMULATION FOR
COMPRESSIBILITY AND VISCOUS EFFECTS . . 166 3.12.3.2 SIMULATION OF
REAL GAS EFFECTS ,.166 3.12.3.3 INDUSTRIAL TUNNELS 167 3.12.3.4
RESEARCH TUNNELS * 167 3.12.4 PRESSURE MEASURING SYSTEM :. 167 3.13
SUMMARY ' ; '. :. 167 FLOW VISUALIZATION 175 4.1 INTRODUCTION ,. :* ?
.175 4.2* VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES : 175 4.2.1 SMOKE TUNNEL \ .:'. 176
4.2.1.1 SMOKE PRODUCTION METHODS 177 4.2.1.2 WOOD SMOKE ,.177 4.2.1.3
KEROSENE SMOKE GENERATOR 178 4.2.2 DESIGN OF SMOKE TUNNEL 180 4.2.2.1
APPLICATION OF SMOKE VISUALIZATION .-.* 182 4.3 COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS
184 4.3.1 INTERFEROMETER 185 V . , - 4.3.L1 FORMATION OF INTERFERENCE
PATTERNS *. 185 4.3.1.2 QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION : 187 4.3.2
FRINGE-DISPLACEMENT METHOD 189 4.3.3 SCHLIEREN SYSTEM '.'.'! \ .189 .
4.3.4. RANGE AND SENSITIVITY OF THE SCHLIEREN SYSTEM. * 193 4.3.5
OPTICAL COMPONENTS' QUALITY REQUIREMENTS *'.'. 193 4.3.5.1 SCHLIEREN
MIRRORS 193 ' 4.3.5.2. LIGHT SOURCE 194 . .4.3.5.3 CONDENSER LENS '.:
.194 4.3.5.4 FOCUSING LENS :.-. 194 4.3.5.5 KNIFE-EDGE ., .:.'.
194 " 4.3.5.6 COLOR SCHLIEREN , .'.' 194 4.3.5.7 SHORT DURATION LIGHT
SOURCE: A . 195 4.3.6 SENSITIVITY OF THE SCHLIEREN METHOD FOR SHOCK. AND
EXPANSION STUDIES .:, 197 4.3.7 . SHADOWGRAPH *.'.;. , 199 ,
; 4.3.8 COMPARISON OF SCHLIEREN . AND SHADOWGRAPH METHODS 201 4.4
SUMMARY 201 HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETRY .: . '.:.:'* ' [ 203 5.1
INTRODUCTION '. :". .'. 203 5.2 OPERATING PRINCIPLE. ; , .203 5.3
HOT-WIRE FILAMENTS.,.:. , 204 5.4 CONSTANT CURRENT HOT-WIRE
ANEMOMETER CCA ' '. 209 5.4.1 MEAN VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS .: 209
'5.4.2 FLUCTUATING VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 210 . 5.4.3. THERMAL INERTIA OF
HOT-WIRE 212 5.4.4 RMS MEASUREMENTS OF THE FLUCTUATING VELOCITIES 213 *
5.4.5 MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY COMPONENTS 214. '5.4.6 MEASUREMENT OF
TEMPERATURE BY CONSTANT ' CURRENT METHOD R. .:., [. ; . .215
5.4.^ MEASUREMENT OF STEADY-STATE TEMPERATURE.: 215 5.4.8 MEASUREMENT OF
TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS 215 5.5 CONSTANT TEMPERATURE HOT-WIRE
ANEMOMETERS : 216 5.5.1 RELATION BETWEEN FLOW VELOCITY * 1 AND. OUTPUT
VOLTAGE 217 5.6 HOT-WIRE PROBES .:.'. ,.218 5.7 HOT : WIRE BRIDGE
FOR CLASSROOM DEMONSTRATION 220 5.7.1 HOT-WIRE BRIDGE OPERATING
PROCEDURE 221 5.7.2 A NOTE OF CAUTION 221 5.8, EFFECT OF
COMPRESSIBILITY. .222 5.9' LIMITATIONS OF HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETER 223 5.10
SUMMARY ., .* 224 . ANALOGUE METHODS 229 6.1 INTRODUCTION .' '. 229 6.2'
HELE-SHAW APPARATUS A 229 6.2.1 BASIC EQUATIONS OF HELE-SHAW ANALOGY 233
' 6.3 ELECTROLYTIC TANK. '. 235 O 6.4 HYDRAULIC ANALOGY 238 6.4.1 THEORY
OF THE ANALOGY T 239 6.4.1.1 SHALLOW WATER FLOW . : 239 6.4.1.2 GAS
FLOW ' 240 6.5 HYDRAULIC JUMPS (SHOCKS) 243 6.5.1 GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR
ATTACHED OBLIQUE SHOCKS 245 6.5.2 GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR SLANT (OBLIQUE)
ATTACHED HYDRAULIC JUMPS \ 245 6.5.3 LIMITATION OF THE ANALOGY : 246
6.5.3.1 TWO-DIMENSIONALITY .' 246 6.5.3.2 SPECIFIC HEATS RATIO , : .246
6.5.3:3 VELOCITY PF WAVE PROPAGATION 246 6.5.3.4 VERTICAL ACCELERATIONS
247 6.5.3.5 VISCOSITY AND HEAT CONDUCTIVITY .:. 248 6.5.3.6 SURFACE
TENSION 248 6.5.3.7 APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUE FOR DIFFERENT TYPE^ OF
PROBLEMS *. 248 6.514 , DEPTH MEASUREMENT 249 6.6 'VELOCITY
MEASUREMENT 250 6.7 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 250 6.7.1' TOWING TANK. .-.,
.: 251 6.7.1.1 FLOW PAST SHPCKLESS LIFTING AND NONLIFTING AIRFOILS
251 6.7.2 STREAMLINE SIMILARITY AND TRANSONIC SIMILARITY RULE . 253
6.8 APPLICATION OF THE HYDRAULIC ANALOGY TO SUPERSONIC AIRFOILS 255
6.8.1 AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON AIRFOILS 255 6.8.2 HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ON
AIRFOILS 255 6.8.3 MEASUREMENTS WITH A SEMI-WEDGE AIRFOIL 255 6.9
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ': 256 6.10 SUMMARY -259 PRESSURE-MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES 263 7.1 . INTRODUCTION 263 7.1.1 PRESSURE-MEASURING DEVICES
,263 7.1.2 PRINCIPLE OF MANOMETER 264 7.2 BAROMETERS 264 7.2.1 SYPHON
BAROMETER : . 266 7.2.2 FORTIN BAROMETER 266 7.2.3 ANEROID BAROMETER 268
7.3 MANOMETERS ,., 268 7.3.1 INCLINED MANOMETER 271 7.3.2 MICRO
MANOMETER 273 7.3.3 BETZ MANOMETER !.' 273 7.4 DIAL-TYPE PRESSURE GAUGE
274 7.5 PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS -. 276 7.5.1 LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL
TRANSFORMER LVDT 278 7.5.2 CAPACITANCE PICKUP \ . 279 7.5.3
OPTICAL-TYPE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER 279 7.6 PITOT, STATIC, AND PITOT-STATIC
TUBES 280- 7.6.1 DYNAMIC HEAD MEASURERNENT 281 7.6.1.1 INCOMPRESSIBLE
FLOW ' 282 7.7 PITOT-STATIC TUBE CHARACTERISTICS 287 7.7.1 PITOT-STATIC
TUBE LIMITATIONS 291 7.8 FACTORS INFLUENCING PITOT-STATIC TUBE
PERFORMANCE .291 7.8.1 - TURBULENCE EFFECT .,.: ".292 7.8.2 VELOCITY
GRADIENT EFFECT ' 292 7.8.3 VISCOSITY EFFECTS - 293 7.8.4 VIBRATION
EFFECT ON PITOT-STATIC PROBE MEASUREMENTS;. 293 7.8.5. MISALIGNMENT
EFFECT 295 7.9 PITOT PROBES 295 7:10 STATIC PROBES , '. .296 7.11
PITOT-STATIC PROBES 296 7.12 YAW EFFECT IN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 297 7.13
STATIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENT IN COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS 297 7.14 DETERMINATION
OF FLOW DIRECTION 299 7.14.1 YAW SPHERE *: ), 301 7.14.2 CLAW YAW
PROBE.: : 302 7.14.3 * THREE-HOLE AND FIVE-HOLE YAW PROBES 302 7.14.4
COBRA PROBE 303 7.15 LOW-PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 304 7.15.1 THE MCLEOD
GAUGE 304 7.15.2 : -PIRANI GAUGE . .:' 306 7.15.3'' KNUDSEN GAUGE : ;
308 .7.15.4 LONIZATION GAUGE '. 309 7.16 PRESTON AND STANTON TUBES
309 7.17 SOUND MEASUREMENTS : 310 7.17.1 INTRODUCTION " .310 7.17.2
SOUND AND NOISE'. ** 310 7.17.3 PURE TONE 312 7.17.4 BROADBAND AND WHITE
NOISE .312 7.17.5 SOUND UNITS .: .'. 312 7.17.6 HUMAN HEARING LIMITS
\. 313 7.17.7 IMPULSE SOUND 314 7.18 DYNAMIC PRESSURE GAUGES ; 315 7.19
SUMMARY ;. 317 8 VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 323 8.1 INTRODUCTION 323 8.2
VELOCITY AND MACH NUMBER FROM PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS 323 8.3 LASER
DOPPLER ANEMOMETER ' 325 1 8.3,1 LDAPRINCIPLE .:.-. T .' 325 8.3.2
DOPPLER SHIFT EQUATION ,.,:. 326 8.3.3 REFERENCE BEAM SYSTEM: :
328 8.3.4 FRINGE SYSTEM R .- 328 8.4 MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY BY
HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETER * . 329 8.5 MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY USING
VORTEX-SHEDDING TECHNIQUE. 329 8.6 . FLUID-JET ANEMOMETER.'.'.
: -. 331 8.7 SUMMARY 332 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT . 335 9.1
INTRODUCTION ,:.* .335 9.2 TEMPERATURE SCALES .' : .335 9.2.1 THE
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICAL TEMPERATURE SCALE .:. 337 9.3 TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT :. 338 9.3.1 FLUID THERMOMETERS, , 338 * . 9.3.1.1
MERCURY-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER .:. 338 9.3.2 BECKMANN
THERMOMETER. .'.* , 339 9.3.3 GAS THERMOMETER .: 340 9.3.4
TEMPERATURE GAUGES USING FLUIDS 342 9.4 ! TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BY
THERMAL EXPANSION 343 9.4.1 BIMETALLIC THERMOMETERS :.; , 343 9.5
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS BY ELECTRICAL EFFECTS .:. 345 ; 9.5.1
THERMOCOUPLES , 346 9.5.2 MEASUREMENT OF THERMOCOUPLE VOLTAGE 346
9.5.2.1 EXTERNAL REFERENCE JUNCTION 350 9.5.2.2 SOFTWARE COMPENSATION
352 . 9.5.2.3 HARDWARE COMPENSATION. -. .352 ; 9.5.2.4
VOLTAGE-TO-TEMPERATURECONVERSION 353 9.5.2.5 NOISE REJECTION . 358
9.5.2.6 TREE SWITCHING . . .:. .359 9.5.2.7 ANALOGUE FILTER
'. 359 9.5.2.8 INTEGRATION. .\ .".:. 359 9.5.2.9
GUARDING. : .359 9.6 PRACTICAL THERMOCOUPLE MEASUREMENTS .,: 359 9.6.1
POOR JUNCTION CONNECTIONS , * * * 360 9.6.2 . DECALIBRATION ' .360 9.6.3
SHUNT IMPEDANCE 360 9.6.4 GALVANIC ACTION .361 9.6.5 THERMAL SHUNTING
361 9.6.6 WIRE CALIBRATION .* 362 * 9.6.7 DOCUMENTATION ." !-. 362 9.6.8
DIAGNOSTICS , 362 '.*.*' 9.6.8.1 '-EVENT RECORD ., 362 9.6.8.2 ZONE BOX
TEST .' .'363 9.6.9 THERMOCOUPLE RESISTANCE .:. 364 9.7 THE
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR ,. 364 '9.7.1 METAL FILM RTDS.
.;.,. . .;.366 9.7.1.1 RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS 366 , .
9.7.1.2 FOUR-WIRE OHMS .368 9.7.2 MEASUREMENT ERRORS WITH THREE-WIRE
BRIDGE .368 9.7.3 RESISTANCE TO TEMPERATURE CONVERSION 369 9.7.3.1 *
PROTECTION *.?.* 370 9.7.3.2 SELF-HEATING. .' .370 9.7.3.3 THERMAL
SHUNTING :370 9.73.4 THERMALEMF . ? 370 9.7.4- THERMISTORS .'.' 370
9.7.4.1 MEASUREMENT WITH THERMISTOR 372' 9I8 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
WITH PYROMETERS.' *.'.'; 372 9.8.1 OPTICALPYROMETER.:. 372 9.8.2'
RADIATION PYROMETER :.:.,.:.,.: ,373 , 9.8.3 INFRARED
THERMOGRAPHY * 374 9.8.4 .FUSION PYROMETERS .374 9.8.5 THERMAL PAINTS
.375 9.9 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT IN FLUID FLOWS . 375 9.9.1
STATIC TEMPERATURE' DETERMINATION : 377 9.9.2 TOTAL TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT -.377, 9.10 TEMPERATURE-MEASURING PROBLEMS IN FLUID FLOWS
378 9.10.1 CONDUCTION ERROR , .' 378 . 9.10.2 RADIATION ERROR." .\
380 9.11 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF TEMPERATURE SENSORS 381 9.12 SUMMARY .".'
. 383. 10 MEASUREMENT OF WALL SHEAR STRESS :. 389 10.1
INTRODUCTION '. ; 389 10.2 MEASUREMENT METHODS '. 390 10.2.1 FLOATING
ELEMENT METHOD., '. .390 10.2.2 MOMENTUM INTEGRAL METHOD .391 . 10.2.3
PRESTON TUBE .' ". .'. '.,.391 10.2.4 FENCE TECHNIQUE 393
10.2.5 HEAT TRANSFER GAUGE. .394 10.2.6 LAW OF THE WALL '.': : 395
10.3 SUMMARY -. .' .' : 396 ' ' ' - * ' * * * 11 MASS AND VOLUME FLOW
MEASUREMENTS */*;*** 399 11.1 INTRODUCTION. :.'. .399 . 11.2
DIRECT METHODS.: 400 11.2.1 . TANKS. .':'. 400 11.2.2
DISPLACEMENT METERS .: ." .;. 400' 11.3 INDIRECT METHODS .'. '
.!. 402 11.3.1 VARIABLE-HEAD METERS : 402 * 11.3.2 SOME PRACTICAL
DETAILS OF OBSTRUCTION METERS 407 11.3.3 SONIC NOZZLE .'.: .' 412
11.3.4 PITOT TUBES. '. : . 413 11.3.5 ROTAMETERS , 414
11.3.6 DRAG-BODY METERS .'. ,:.,. .415 11.3.7 ULTRASONIC FLOW
METERS 416 11.3.8 VORTEX-SHEDDING FLOW METERS .' 418 11.3.9
MEASUREMENT OF GROSS MASS FLOW RATE 419 11.4 VOLUME FLOW METER .'
.-.' ,.420 .11.4.1 DIRECT MASS FLOW METERS .A .,.422 11.5
SUMMARY .:. . 423 12 SPECIAL FLOWS .: 429 12.1
INTRODUCTION ' 429 12.2 GEOPHYSICAL FLOWS : 429 12.2.1 ROTATING TANK ;
'.:. ./. 430 12.3 EXPERIMENT ON TAYLOR-PROUDMAN THEOREM
.': 430 12.4 EXPERIMENT ONEKMANLAYER '. *. 432 12.5 EXPERIMENT ON
SPIN-UP AND SPIN-DOWN .: 432. 12.6 TRANSITION AND REVERSE TRANSITION
433 12.6.1 TRANSITION IN A CHANNEL FLOW : * A VISUALIZATION 435 12.6.1.1
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE .436 12.6.2 REVERSE TRANSITION OR
RELAMINARIZATION ' 436 12.6.2.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :. 437 12.7
MEASUREMENT IN BOUNDARY LAYERS .:*.- '. . 438 12.7.1 LAMINAR BOUNDARY
LAYER ON A FLAT PLATE 438 12.7.2. TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER ON A FLAT
PLATE -.440 12.8 SUMMARY .,.-. '. '. ,. 441 13 DATA ACQUISITION
AND PROCESSING . .' 445 13.1 INTRODUCTION '445 13.2 DATA
ACQUISITION PRINCIPLE. ,. .445 13.2.1 GENERATION OF SIGNAL ,446 13.2.2
SIGNAL CONDITIONING .,' 446 13.2.3 " MULTIPLEXING :. .447
13.2.3.1 MULTICHANNEL ANALOGUE MULTIPLEXED . SYSTEM. .:.:. 448
13.2.3.2 SIMULTANEOUSLY SAMPLED MULTIPLEXER . SYSTEM '.' 448 13.2.3.3
MULTICHANNEL DIGITAL MULTIPLEXER SYSTEM. 448 13.2.3.4 LOW-LEVEL
MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM .449 13.3 DATA CONVERSION .'. 450 13.3.1 DATA
STORAGE AND DISPLAY.'. .451 13.3.1.1 DATA PROCESSING: ., ;. 452
13.3.2 DIGITAL INTERFACING. *.,,.,. 452 13.4 PERSONAL COMPUTER
HARDWARE 452 13.4.1 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) 453 13.4.1.1
INSTRUCTION REGISTER AND DECODER 453 13.4.1.2 . ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
(ALU) 453 13.4.2 INPUT/OUTPUT UNITS .'* 454 13.4.2.1 INPUT/OUTPUT
ADDRESSING , 455 13.4.2.2 SYSTEM BUSES 456 . 13.4.3 INPUT/OUTPUT
SERVICING , 458 13.5 DATA ACQUISITION USING PERSONAL COMPUTERS 459
13.5.1 THE GPIB INTERFACE 459 13.5.1.1 , DT 2805 ADC/DAC INTERFACE 464
13.6 DIGITIZATION ERRORS DUE TO A/D CONVERSION .- 465 13.7 SUMMARY
. ; . 466 14 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 471 14.1 INTRODUCTION
:. '. '. 471 14.2 ESTIMATION OF MEASUREMENT ERRORS 471 14.3
EXTERNAL ESTIMATE OF THE ERROR '.; 472 14.3.1 DEPENDENCE AND
INDEPENDENCE OF ERRORS 474 14.3.2 ESTIMATION OF EXTERNAL ERROR 476 14.4
INTERNAL ESTIMATE OF THE ERROR 476 14.5 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS .' .477
14.5.1 USES OF UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS .:.: 477 14.6 UNCERTAINTY
ESTIMATION : * 478 14.7 GENERAL PROCEDURE 478 14.7.1 UNCERTAINTY IN FLOW
MACH NUMBER 479 14.8 UNCERTAINTY CALCULATION '.'.' 481 14.9 SUMMARY 482
* ' . . - ' * * * REFERENCES :.".' , ' 485 INDEX .;. 487 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author | Rathakrishnan, E. |
| author_facet | Rathakrishnan, E. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rathakrishnan, E. |
| author_variant | e r er |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022785193 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TA357 |
| callnumber-raw | TA357 |
| callnumber-search | TA357 |
| callnumber-sort | TA 3357 |
| callnumber-subject | TA - General and Civil Engineering |
| classification_rvk | UF 4000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)427533495 (DE-599)BVBBV022785193 |
| dewey-full | 620.1/06 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| dewey-raw | 620.1/06 |
| dewey-search | 620.1/06 |
| dewey-sort | 3620.1 16 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Physik |
| discipline_str_mv | Physik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV022785193 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:37:45Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:06:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780849307591 0849307597 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2006039202 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015990635 |
| oclc_num | 427533495 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-634 DE-1050 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-634 DE-1050 DE-11 |
| physical | 492 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | CRC /Taylor & Francis |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rathakrishnan, E. Verfasser aut Instrumentation, measurements, and experiments in fluids E. Rathakrishnan Boca Raton, FL [u.a.] CRC /Taylor & Francis 2007 492 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Mecánica de fluidos - Medición Mecánica de fluídos Mecánica de fluídos - Experimentos Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics Measurement Fluid mechanics Experiments Strömungsmechanik (DE-588)4077970-1 gnd rswk-swf Strömungsmesstechnik (DE-588)4129610-2 gnd rswk-swf Strömungsmechanik (DE-588)4077970-1 s Strömungsmesstechnik (DE-588)4129610-2 s 1\p DE-604 DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip075/2006039202.html Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0704/2006039202-d.html Publisher description HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015990635&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Rathakrishnan, E. Instrumentation, measurements, and experiments in fluids Mecánica de fluidos - Medición Mecánica de fluídos Mecánica de fluídos - Experimentos Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics Measurement Fluid mechanics Experiments Strömungsmechanik (DE-588)4077970-1 gnd Strömungsmesstechnik (DE-588)4129610-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4077970-1 (DE-588)4129610-2 |
| title | Instrumentation, measurements, and experiments in fluids |
| title_auth | Instrumentation, measurements, and experiments in fluids |
| title_exact_search | Instrumentation, measurements, and experiments in fluids |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Instrumentation, measurements, and experiments in fluids |
| title_full | Instrumentation, measurements, and experiments in fluids E. Rathakrishnan |
| title_fullStr | Instrumentation, measurements, and experiments in fluids E. Rathakrishnan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Instrumentation, measurements, and experiments in fluids E. Rathakrishnan |
| title_short | Instrumentation, measurements, and experiments in fluids |
| title_sort | instrumentation measurements and experiments in fluids |
| topic | Mecánica de fluidos - Medición Mecánica de fluídos Mecánica de fluídos - Experimentos Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics Measurement Fluid mechanics Experiments Strömungsmechanik (DE-588)4077970-1 gnd Strömungsmesstechnik (DE-588)4129610-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mecánica de fluidos - Medición Mecánica de fluídos Mecánica de fluídos - Experimentos Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics Measurement Fluid mechanics Experiments Strömungsmechanik Strömungsmesstechnik |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip075/2006039202.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0704/2006039202-d.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015990635&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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