Verfügbarkeit: The Pap smear

The Pap smear:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Boon, Mathilde E. (VerfasserIn), Suurmeijer, Albert J. H. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Leiden Coulomb Press 1991
Ausgabe:	1. print.
Schlagworte:	Pap-Test
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XIII, 332 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9071421171

Internformat

MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Preface xiii 1 Anatomy, Histology, and Cytology 1 1.1 Introduction ................................ 1 1.2 Macroscopic and Microscopic Anatomy ................. 1 1.2.1 Vulva ............................... 1 1.2.2 Vagina ............................... 2 1.2.3 Uterus ............................... 2 1.2.4 Adnexa .............................. 3 1.3 Histology and Cytology of Normal Epithelia .............. 5 1.3.1 Stratified Squamous Epithelium ................. 5 1.3.2 Endocervical Columnar Epithelium ............... 16 1.3.3 Endometrium ........................... 17 1.3.4 Adnexa .............................. 19 2 Nonepithelial Cells in the Pap Smear 21 2.1 Cells from Blood and Connective Tissue ................ 21 2.1.1 Erythrocytes ........................... 21 2.1.2 Leukocytes ............................ 21 2.1.3 Plasma Cells ........................... 21 2.1.4 Histiocytes ............................ 22 2.1.5 Lymph Follicle Cells ....................... 22 2.1.6 Fibroblasts ............................ 22 2.1.7 Capillaries ............................. 22 2.2 Contaminants ............................... 22 2.3 Cells from the Placenta ......................... 23 2.3.1 Syncytiotrophoblastic Cells ................... 23 2.3.2 Cytotrophoblastic Cells ..................... 23 2.3.3 Decidual Cells .......................... 23 3 Hormonal Cytology 26 3.1 Introduction ................................ 26 3.1.1 The Influence of Sex Hormones on the Squamous Epithelium 26 3.1.2 Description of the Cytohormonal Patterns ........... 27 3.2 Cytohormonal Patterns ......................... 29 3.2.1 Physiologic Cytohormonal Patterns ............... 29 3.2.2 Pathologic Hormonal Patterns ................. 32 3.3 Circadian Rhythms of Squamous Epithelium ............. 36 3.4 Preparatory Techniques ......................... 37 3.4.1 Prerequisites for Reliable Cytohormonal Evaluation of the Stratified Squamous Epithelium ................. 38 3.4.2 Application of Cytohormonal Evaluation ............ 39 4 Infection and Inflammation 41 4.1 Introduction ................................ 41 4.2 Infection and Inflammation ....................... 41 4.2.1 Histology of Inflammation .................... 42 4.2.2 Cytology of Inflammation .................... 42 4.2.3 Special Types of Cervicitis, Vaginitis, and Endometritis ... 47 4.3 Microorganisms of the Vagina and the Cervix ............. 49 4.3.1 Bacteria .............................. 49 4.3.2 Protozoa ............................. 54 4.3.3 Fungi including Candida ..................... 57 4.3.4 Viruses .............................. 58 4.4 Infections and CIN Positive and CIN Negative Smears ........ 70 4.5 Seasonal Rhythms of Cervical Infections ................ 70 4.6 Coexistence Bacteria and other Infectious Agents ........... 72 Proliferation and Regeneration 77 5.1 Proliferative Lesions ........................... 77 5.1.1 Reserve Cell Hyperplasia .................... 77 5.1.2 Metaplasia ............................ 77 5.1.3 Basal Cell Hyperplasia ...................... 80 5.1.4 Leukoplakia ............................ 80 5.2 Repair and Regeneration ......................... 82 5.2.1 Ulcer ................................ 82 5.2.2 Tissue Repair ........................... 82 5.2.3 Erosion .............................. 85 5.3 Other Conditions ............................. 85 5.3.1 Squamous Papilloma of the Cervix ............... 85 5.3.2 Cervical Polyps .......................... 85 5.3.3 Endometrial Polyp ........................ 86 5.3.4 Nabothian Cysts ......................... 86 Tumor Pathology 89 6.1 Introduction . . .............................. 89 6.2 Classification of Tumors ......................... 89 6.2.1 Benign and Malignant Tumors ................. 89 6.2.2 Classification according to Cell Type .............. 89 6.2.3 Nomenclature ........................... 90 6.3 Metastasis and Invasive Growth ..................... 90 6.4 Premalignant Abnormalities ....................... 92 6.5 Prognosis ................................. 92 6.6 The Cause of Cancer ........................... 92 Morphogenesis and Morphology 94 7.1 Introduction ................................ 94 7.2 DNA and Chromosomes of Tumor Cells ................ 95 7.3 Cell Morphology ............................. 95 7.3.1 Cell Biology and Morphology .................. 95 7.3.2 Nuclear Patterns ......................... 97 7.3.3 The Cytologie Diagnosis: Malignant Cell ...........102 The Precursor Lesions 105 8.1 Introduction, Terminology, and Classification .............105 8.2 Terminology Used in This Book .....................107 8.3 The Morphogenesis of Cervical Carcinoma ...............107 8.3.1 The Natural History of Dysplasia and Atypical Reserve Cell Hyperplasia ............................108 8.3.2 The Natural History of Carcinoma in Situ ...........110 8.4 Histology and Cytology of Precursor Lesions .............. Ill 8.4.1 Atypical Reserve Cell Hyperplasia ............... Ill 8.4.2 Dysplasia .............................115 8.4.3 Carcinoma in Situ ........................124 8.5 Mixed Patterns in Abnormal Pap Smears ...............132 8.6 Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Maturation in the Precursor Lesions . . . 132 8.7 Abnormal Pap Smears During Pregnancy ...............133 8.8 Correlating Cytologie and Histologie Diagnosis ............134 8.9 Incidence of the Precursor Lesions ...................137 8.10 Treatment of Carcinoma in Situ .....................139 8.11 Symptoms of Carcinoma in Situ .....................140 8.12 Examination of the Portio ........................141 8.12.1 The Schiller Test .........................141 8.12.2 Colposcopy ............................146 8.12.3 Diagnosis .............................146 8.13 Seasonal Rhythms in Rates of Precursor Lesions ...........147 Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma 150 9.1 Introduction ................................150 9.2 Microinvasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma ................150 9.2.1 Histology .............................150 9.2.2 Cytology .............................152 9.3 Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma ...................152 9.3.1 Histology .............................152 9.3.2 Cytology .............................156 9.3.3 Differential Diagnosis ......................160 9.3.4 Electron Microscopy .......................161 9.3.5 The Cancer Patient and the False Negative Smear ......161 9.3.6 Sensitivity of the Pap Smear ..................164 9.4 Epidemiology of Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma .........165 9.4.1 Factors which Play a Role in Cervical Carcinogenesis .....165 9.4.2 Incidence and Mortality Rates of Cervical Carcinoma .... 171 9.5 Clinical Aspects Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma .........175 9.5.1 Symptoms .............................175 9.5.2 Diagnosis .............................176 9.5.3 Treatment of Cervical Carcinoma ................177 9.6 Prognosis .................................178 10 Cervical Adenocarcinoma 182 10.1 Introduction ................................182 10.2 Diagnosis of Lesions of Endocervical Epithelium ...........182 10.2.1 Atypia of the Endocervical Glandular Epithelium .......182 10.2.2 Cervical Adenocarcinoma in Situ and Cervical Invasive Ade¬ nocarcinoma ...........................182 10.3 Age Distribution of Adenocarcinoma ..................192 10.4 Clinical Aspects ..............................194 10.5 Etiologie Factors .............................195 10.6 Changing Rates ..............................195 11 Rare Variants of Cervical Carcinoma 197 11.1 Variants of Squamous Cell Carcinoma .................197 11.1.1 Verrucous Carcinoma ......................197 11.1.2 Basal Cell Carcinoma ......................197 11.2 Variants of Cervical Adenocarcinoma ..................199 11.2.1 Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma ...................199 11.2.2 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma ...................199 11.3 Adenosquamous Carcinoma .......................202 11.4 Glassy Cell Carcinoma ..........................203 11.5 Neuroendocrine Carcinoma .......................203 12 Endometrial Adenocarcinoma 206 12.1 Introduction ................................206 12.2 Diagnosis of Endometrial Lesions ....................206 12.2.1 Endometrial Hyperplasia ....................206 12.2.2 Endometrial Adenocarcinoma ..................208 12.3 Clinical Aspects of Endometrial Carcinoma ..............213 12.3.1 Diagnosis of Endometrial Carcinoma ..............215 13 Other Tumors and Related Lesions 217 13.1 Ovarian Tumors .....■........................217 13.1.1 Adenocarcinoma of the Ovary ..................217 13.1.2 Ovarian Tumors which Produce Sex Hormones ........222 13.1.3 Clinical Aspects of Ovarian Adenocarcinoma .........222 13.2 Adenocarcinoma of the Fallopian Tube ................223 13.3 Malignant Tumors of the Vulva .....................223 13.3.1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Related Lesions ........223 13.3.2 Paget s Disease of the Vulva ...................226 13.3.3 Adenocarcinoma of Bartholin s Gland .............226 13.3.4 Malignant Melanoma .......................226 13.4 Diseases of the Vagina ..........................227 13.4.1 Benign Abnormalities: Adenosis ................227 13.4.2 Malignant Tumors of the Vagina ................227 13.5 Uterine Sarcomas and Lymphomas ...................231 13.5.1 Uterine Sarcomas .........................231 13.5.2 Malignant Lymphomas ......................232 13.6 Metastasis and Ingrowth .........................239 14 Iatrogenic Lesions 242 14.1 Introduction ................................242 14.2 Changes Induced by Hormones .....................242 14.2.1 Hormonal Contraceptives ....................242 14.2.2 Hormonal Treatment for Menopausa! Symptoms .......245 14.2.3 Hormonal Treatment to Induce Ovulation ...........245 14.2.4 Hormonal Treatment to Prevent Abortion ...........246 14.2.5 Influence of Other Drugs on the K.I ...............246 14.3 Influence of an IUD on the Smear ....................246 14.4 Effect of Surgical Intervention, Electrocoagulation, and Cryotherapy 246 14.5 Changes Due to Ionizing Irradiation ..................248 14.5.1 Radiation Dysplasia .......................248 14.5.2 Persistent and Recurrent Carcinoma ..............251 14.6 Cytotoxic Effect .............................251 14.7 Effect of Immunodepressants ......................251 14.8 DES Exposure in Utero & Intraepithelial Neoplasia ..........253 15 Optimal Pap Smear 255 15.1 Introduction ................................255 15.2 Preparation of the Cellular Sample ...................255 15.3 Taking the Pap Smear ..........................255 15.4 Focusing on the Squamocolumnar Junction ..............256 15.4.1 The Importance of Endocervical Cells in the Pap Smear . . .256 15.4.2 From Papanicolaou to Ayre ...................257 15.4.3 Recent Sampling Designs to Improve EC+ Scores .......258 15.5 Presence of Endocervical Cells in Spatula Smears ...........259 15.6 Comparing Sampling Methods .....................259 15.6.1 Comparing Sampling Methods in Population Screening .... 259 15.6.2 Comparing Sampling Methods in General Practice ......260 15.7 Sampling the Endometrium .......................262 15.8 Fixation ..................................262 16 Papanicolaou Staining Method 265 16.1 Introduction ................................265 16.2 Fundamentals of the Papanicolaou Method ..............266 16.2.1 The Nuclear Stain ........................266 16.2.2 Counterstains ...........................266 16.3 Other Factors Influencing Staining Results ...............268 16.4 General Staining Protocol ........................268 16.5 pH Measurements of Commercial Staining Solutions .........269 16.6 Evaluation of the Staining Results ...................269 16.7 Six-Step Papanicolaou Method in the MIDAS .............272 16.8 Variations of Staining Results Within One Smear ...........273 16.9 Mounting Stained Preparations .....................273 16.9.1 Mounting .............................273 17 Thin Plastic Sections of Cytobrush Samples (with L.P. Kok) 276 17.1 Introduction ................................276 17.2 Preparing and Staining Plastic Sections ................277 17.3 Diagnosing Plastic Sections .......................278 17.3.1 Diagnostic Criteria ........................278 17.3.2 Diagnoses of Problem Cases ...................290 17.3.3 Advantages of Thin Sectioning of Thick Epithelial Fragments for Diagnosis ...........................290 17.4 DNA Studies on Plastic Cytobrush Sections ..............295 17.4.1 DNA Measurements of Feulgen-Stained Plastic Sections . . .295 17.5 Prediction on Plastic-Embedded Samples ...............297 17.6 Localization of Precursor Lesions ....................302 18 Confocal Imaging of the Pap Smear (with L.P. Kok) 305 18.1 Introduction ................................305 18.2 Confocal Imaging of Dense Epithelial Fragments ...........306 18.3 Confocal Imaging of Thick Parts of the Pap Smear ..........307 18.4 Infectious Agents in the Pap Smear ...................310 19 Mass Cervical Screening 317 19.1 Introduction ................................317 19.2 How to Evaluate Mass Screening Programs ..............317 19.2.1 European Mass Screening Programs ..............317 19.2.2 Cervical Screening in The Netherlands .............318 19.2.3 Conclusions ............................323 19.2.4 New Population Screening Program in The Netherlands . . . 323 Subject Index 325
adam_txt	Preface xiii 1 Anatomy, Histology, and Cytology 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Macroscopic and Microscopic Anatomy . 1 1.2.1 Vulva . 1 1.2.2 Vagina . 2 1.2.3 Uterus . 2 1.2.4 Adnexa . 3 1.3 Histology and Cytology of Normal Epithelia . 5 1.3.1 Stratified Squamous Epithelium . 5 1.3.2 Endocervical Columnar Epithelium . 16 1.3.3 Endometrium . 17 1.3.4 Adnexa . 19 2 Nonepithelial Cells in the Pap Smear 21 2.1 Cells from Blood and Connective Tissue . 21 2.1.1 Erythrocytes . 21 2.1.2 Leukocytes . 21 2.1.3 Plasma Cells . 21 2.1.4 Histiocytes . 22 2.1.5 Lymph Follicle Cells . 22 2.1.6 Fibroblasts . 22 2.1.7 Capillaries . 22 2.2 Contaminants . 22 2.3 Cells from the Placenta . 23 2.3.1 Syncytiotrophoblastic Cells . 23 2.3.2 Cytotrophoblastic Cells . 23 2.3.3 Decidual Cells . 23 3 Hormonal Cytology 26 3.1 Introduction . 26 3.1.1 The Influence of Sex Hormones on the Squamous Epithelium 26 3.1.2 Description of the Cytohormonal Patterns . 27 3.2 Cytohormonal Patterns . 29 3.2.1 Physiologic Cytohormonal Patterns . 29 3.2.2 Pathologic Hormonal Patterns . 32 3.3 Circadian Rhythms of Squamous Epithelium . 36 3.4 Preparatory Techniques . 37 3.4.1 Prerequisites for Reliable Cytohormonal Evaluation of the Stratified Squamous Epithelium . 38 3.4.2 Application of Cytohormonal Evaluation . 39 4 Infection and Inflammation 41 4.1 Introduction . 41 4.2 Infection and Inflammation . 41 4.2.1 Histology of Inflammation . 42 4.2.2 Cytology of Inflammation . 42 4.2.3 Special Types of Cervicitis, Vaginitis, and Endometritis . 47 4.3 Microorganisms of the Vagina and the Cervix . 49 4.3.1 Bacteria . 49 4.3.2 Protozoa . 54 4.3.3 Fungi including Candida . 57 4.3.4 Viruses . 58 4.4 Infections and CIN Positive and CIN Negative Smears . 70 4.5 Seasonal Rhythms of Cervical Infections . 70 4.6 Coexistence Bacteria and other Infectious Agents . 72 Proliferation and Regeneration 77 5.1 Proliferative Lesions . 77 5.1.1 Reserve Cell Hyperplasia . 77 5.1.2 Metaplasia . 77 5.1.3 Basal Cell Hyperplasia . 80 5.1.4 Leukoplakia . 80 5.2 Repair and Regeneration . 82 5.2.1 Ulcer . 82 5.2.2 Tissue Repair . 82 5.2.3 Erosion . 85 5.3 Other Conditions . 85 5.3.1 Squamous Papilloma of the Cervix . 85 5.3.2 Cervical Polyps . 85 5.3.3 Endometrial Polyp . 86 5.3.4 Nabothian Cysts . 86 Tumor Pathology 89 6.1 Introduction . . . 89 6.2 Classification of Tumors . 89 6.2.1 Benign and Malignant Tumors . 89 6.2.2 Classification according to Cell Type . 89 6.2.3 Nomenclature . 90 6.3 Metastasis and Invasive Growth . 90 6.4 Premalignant Abnormalities . 92 6.5 Prognosis . 92 6.6 The Cause of Cancer . 92 Morphogenesis and Morphology 94 7.1 Introduction . 94 7.2 DNA and Chromosomes of Tumor Cells . 95 7.3 Cell Morphology . 95 7.3.1 Cell Biology and Morphology . 95 7.3.2 Nuclear Patterns . 97 7.3.3 The Cytologie Diagnosis: Malignant Cell .102 The Precursor Lesions 105 8.1 Introduction, Terminology, and Classification .105 8.2 Terminology Used in This Book .107 8.3 The Morphogenesis of Cervical Carcinoma .107 8.3.1 The Natural History of Dysplasia and Atypical Reserve Cell Hyperplasia .108 8.3.2 The Natural History of Carcinoma in Situ .110 8.4 Histology and Cytology of Precursor Lesions . Ill 8.4.1 Atypical Reserve Cell Hyperplasia . Ill 8.4.2 Dysplasia .115 8.4.3 Carcinoma in Situ .124 8.5 Mixed Patterns in Abnormal Pap Smears .132 8.6 Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Maturation in the Precursor Lesions . . . 132 8.7 Abnormal Pap Smears During Pregnancy .133 8.8 Correlating Cytologie and Histologie Diagnosis .134 8.9 Incidence of the Precursor Lesions .137 8.10 Treatment of Carcinoma in Situ .139 8.11 Symptoms of Carcinoma in Situ .140 8.12 Examination of the Portio .141 8.12.1 The Schiller Test .141 8.12.2 Colposcopy .146 8.12.3 Diagnosis .146 8.13 Seasonal Rhythms in Rates of Precursor Lesions .147 Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma 150 9.1 Introduction .150 9.2 Microinvasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma .150 9.2.1 Histology .150 9.2.2 Cytology .152 9.3 Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma .152 9.3.1 Histology .152 9.3.2 Cytology .156 9.3.3 Differential Diagnosis .160 9.3.4 Electron Microscopy .161 9.3.5 The Cancer Patient and the False Negative Smear .161 9.3.6 Sensitivity of the Pap Smear .164 9.4 Epidemiology of Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma .165 9.4.1 Factors which Play a Role in Cervical Carcinogenesis .165 9.4.2 Incidence and Mortality Rates of Cervical Carcinoma . 171 9.5 Clinical Aspects Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma .175 9.5.1 Symptoms .175 9.5.2 Diagnosis .176 9.5.3 Treatment of Cervical Carcinoma .177 9.6 Prognosis .178 10 Cervical Adenocarcinoma 182 10.1 Introduction .182 10.2 Diagnosis of Lesions of Endocervical Epithelium .182 10.2.1 Atypia of the Endocervical Glandular Epithelium .182 10.2.2 Cervical Adenocarcinoma in Situ and Cervical Invasive Ade¬ nocarcinoma .182 10.3 Age Distribution of Adenocarcinoma .192 10.4 Clinical Aspects .194 10.5 Etiologie Factors .195 10.6 Changing Rates .195 11 Rare Variants of Cervical Carcinoma 197 11.1 Variants of Squamous Cell Carcinoma .197 11.1.1 Verrucous Carcinoma .197 11.1.2 Basal Cell Carcinoma .197 11.2 Variants of Cervical Adenocarcinoma .199 11.2.1 Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma .199 11.2.2 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma .199 11.3 Adenosquamous Carcinoma .202 11.4 Glassy Cell Carcinoma .203 11.5 Neuroendocrine Carcinoma .203 12 Endometrial Adenocarcinoma 206 12.1 Introduction .206 12.2 Diagnosis of Endometrial Lesions .206 12.2.1 Endometrial Hyperplasia .206 12.2.2 Endometrial Adenocarcinoma .208 12.3 Clinical Aspects of Endometrial Carcinoma .213 12.3.1 Diagnosis of Endometrial Carcinoma .215 13 Other Tumors and Related Lesions 217 13.1 Ovarian Tumors .■.217 13.1.1 Adenocarcinoma of the Ovary .217 13.1.2 Ovarian Tumors which Produce Sex Hormones .222 13.1.3 Clinical Aspects of Ovarian Adenocarcinoma .222 13.2 Adenocarcinoma of the Fallopian Tube .223 13.3 Malignant Tumors of the Vulva .223 13.3.1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Related Lesions .223 13.3.2 Paget's Disease of the Vulva .226 13.3.3 Adenocarcinoma of Bartholin's Gland .226 13.3.4 Malignant Melanoma .226 13.4 Diseases of the Vagina .227 13.4.1 Benign Abnormalities: Adenosis .227 13.4.2 Malignant Tumors of the Vagina .227 13.5 Uterine Sarcomas and Lymphomas .231 13.5.1 Uterine Sarcomas .231 13.5.2 Malignant Lymphomas .232 13.6 Metastasis and Ingrowth .239 14 Iatrogenic Lesions 242 14.1 Introduction .242 14.2 Changes Induced by Hormones .242 14.2.1 Hormonal Contraceptives .242 14.2.2 Hormonal Treatment for Menopausa! Symptoms .245 14.2.3 Hormonal Treatment to Induce Ovulation .245 14.2.4 Hormonal Treatment to Prevent Abortion .246 14.2.5 Influence of Other Drugs on the K.I .246 14.3 Influence of an IUD on the Smear .246 14.4 Effect of Surgical Intervention, Electrocoagulation, and Cryotherapy 246 14.5 Changes Due to Ionizing Irradiation .248 14.5.1 Radiation Dysplasia .248 14.5.2 Persistent and Recurrent Carcinoma .251 14.6 Cytotoxic Effect .251 14.7 Effect of Immunodepressants .251 14.8 DES Exposure in Utero & Intraepithelial Neoplasia .253 15 Optimal Pap Smear 255 15.1 Introduction .255 15.2 Preparation of the Cellular Sample .255 15.3 Taking the Pap Smear .255 15.4 Focusing on the Squamocolumnar Junction .256 15.4.1 The Importance of Endocervical Cells in the Pap Smear . . .256 15.4.2 From Papanicolaou to Ayre .257 15.4.3 Recent Sampling Designs to Improve EC+ Scores .258 15.5 Presence of Endocervical Cells in Spatula Smears .259 15.6 Comparing Sampling Methods .259 15.6.1 Comparing Sampling Methods in Population Screening . 259 15.6.2 Comparing Sampling Methods in General Practice .260 15.7 Sampling the Endometrium .262 15.8 Fixation .262 16 Papanicolaou Staining Method 265 16.1 Introduction .265 16.2 Fundamentals of the Papanicolaou Method .266 16.2.1 The Nuclear Stain .266 16.2.2 Counterstains .266 16.3 Other Factors Influencing Staining Results .268 16.4 General Staining Protocol .268 16.5 pH Measurements of Commercial Staining Solutions .269 16.6 Evaluation of the Staining Results .269 16.7 Six-Step Papanicolaou Method in the MIDAS .272 16.8 Variations of Staining Results Within One Smear .273 16.9 Mounting Stained Preparations .273 16.9.1 Mounting .273 17 Thin Plastic Sections of Cytobrush Samples (with L.P. Kok) 276 17.1 Introduction .276 17.2 Preparing and Staining Plastic Sections .277 17.3 Diagnosing Plastic Sections .278 17.3.1 Diagnostic Criteria .278 17.3.2 Diagnoses of Problem Cases .290 17.3.3 Advantages of Thin Sectioning of Thick Epithelial Fragments for Diagnosis .290 17.4 DNA Studies on Plastic Cytobrush Sections .295 17.4.1 DNA Measurements of Feulgen-Stained Plastic Sections . . .295 17.5 Prediction on Plastic-Embedded Samples .297 17.6 Localization of Precursor Lesions .302 18 Confocal Imaging of the Pap Smear (with L.P. Kok) 305 18.1 Introduction .305 18.2 Confocal Imaging of Dense Epithelial Fragments .306 18.3 Confocal Imaging of Thick Parts of the Pap Smear .307 18.4 Infectious Agents in the Pap Smear .310 19 Mass Cervical Screening 317 19.1 Introduction .317 19.2 How to Evaluate Mass Screening Programs .317 19.2.1 European Mass Screening Programs .317 19.2.2 Cervical Screening in The Netherlands .318 19.2.3 Conclusions .323 19.2.4 New Population Screening Program in The Netherlands . . . 323 Subject Index 325
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id	DE-604.BV022779358
illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-02T18:35:44Z
indexdate	2024-07-09T21:05:58Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9071421171
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015984884
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physical	XIII, 332 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst.
publishDate	1991
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spelling	Boon, Mathilde E. Verfasser aut The Pap smear by Mathilde E. Boon and Albert J. H. Suurmeijer 1. print. Leiden Coulomb Press 1991 XIII, 332 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pap-Test (DE-588)7584392-4 gnd rswk-swf Pap-Test (DE-588)7584392-4 s DE-604 Suurmeijer, Albert J. H. Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015984884&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Boon, Mathilde E. Suurmeijer, Albert J. H. The Pap smear Pap-Test (DE-588)7584392-4 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)7584392-4
title	The Pap smear
title_auth	The Pap smear
title_exact_search	The Pap smear
title_exact_search_txtP	The Pap smear
title_full	The Pap smear by Mathilde E. Boon and Albert J. H. Suurmeijer
title_fullStr	The Pap smear by Mathilde E. Boon and Albert J. H. Suurmeijer
title_full_unstemmed	The Pap smear by Mathilde E. Boon and Albert J. H. Suurmeijer
title_short	The Pap smear
title_sort	the pap smear
topic	Pap-Test (DE-588)7584392-4 gnd
topic_facet	Pap-Test
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015984884&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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