Diffusion in solids: fundamentals, methods, materials, diffusion-controlled processes ; with ... 27 tables
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2007
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| Series: | Springer series in solid-state sciences
155 |
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| Item Description: | Literaturangaben |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 651 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783540714866 3540714863 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Mehrer, Helmut |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Diffusion in solids |b fundamentals, methods, materials, diffusion-controlled processes ; with ... 27 tables |c Helmut Mehrer |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin |b Springer |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 651 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Springer series in solid-state sciences |v 155 | |
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Festkörper - Diffusion | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Diffusion | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Kirkendall effect | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Solid state physics | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Festkörper |0 (DE-588)4016918-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Diffusion |0 (DE-588)4012277-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Festkörper |0 (DE-588)4016918-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Diffusion |0 (DE-588)4012277-3 |D s |
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| 830 | 0 | |a Springer series in solid-state sciences |v 155 |w (DE-604)BV000016582 |9 155 | |
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Contents
History and Bibliography of Diffusion
. 1
1.1
Pioneers and Landmarks of Diffusion
. . 2
References
. 16
1.2
Bibliography of Solid-State Diffusion
. 18
Part I Fundamentals of Diffusion
2
Continuum Theory of Diffusion
. 27
2.1
Fick's Laws in
Isotropie
Media
. 27
2.1.1
Fick's First Law
. 28
2.1.2
Equation of Continuity
. 29
2.1.3
Fick's Second Law
-
the "Diffusion Equation'
. 30
2.2
Diffusion Equation in Various Coordinates
. 31
2.3
Fick's Laws in
Anisotropie
Media
. 33
References
. 35
3
Solutions of the Diffusion Equation
. 37
3.1
Steady-State Diffusion
. 37
3.2
Non-Steady-State Diffusion in one Dimension
. 39
3.2.1
Thin-Film Solution
. 39
3.2.2
Extended Initial Distribution
and Constant Surface Concentration
. 41
3.2.3
Method of Laplace Transformation
. 45
3.2.4
Diffusion in a Plane Sheet Separation of Variables
. 47
3.2.5
Radial Diffusion in a Cylinder
. 5Ü
3.2.6
Radial Diffusion in a Sphere
. 51
3.3
Point Source in one, two, and three Dimensions
. 52
References
. 53
4
Random Walk Theory and Atomic Jump Process
. 55
4.1
Random Walk and Diffusion
. 56
4.1.1
A Simplified Model
. 56
4.1.2
Einstein-Smoluchowski Relation
. 58
4.1.3
Random Walk on a Lattice
. 60
XII Contents
4.1.4
Correlation Factor
. 62
4.2
Atomic Jump Process
. 64
References
. 66
5
Point Defects in Crystals
. 69
5.1
Pure Metals
. 70
5.1.1
Vacancies
. 70
5.1.2
Divacancies
. 72
5.1.3
Determination of Vacancy Properties
. 74
5.1.4
Sclf-Interstitials
. 79
5.2
Substitutional Binary Alloys
. 80
5.2.1
Vacancies in Dilute Alloys
. 81
5.2.2
Vacancies in Concentrated Alloys
. 82
5.3
Ionic Compounds
. 83
5.3.1
Frenkel Disorder
. 84
5.3.2
Schottky Disorder
. 85
5.4
Intermetallics
. 86
5.5
Semiconductors
. 88
References
. 91
6
Diffusion Mechanisms
. 95
6.1
Interstitial Mechanism
. 95
6.2
Collective Mechanisms
. 97
6.3
Vacancy Mechanism
. 98
6.4
Divacancy Mechanism
. 100
6.5
Interstitialcy Mechanism
. 100
6.6
Interstitial-substitutional Exchange Mechanisms
. 102
References
. 103
7
Correlation in Solid-State Diffusion
. 105
7.1
Interstitial Mechanism
. 107
7.2
Interstitialcy Mechanism
. 107
7.3
Vacancy Mechanism of Self-diffusion
. 108
7.3.1
A 'Rule of Thumb'
. 108
7.3.2
Vacancy-tracer Encounters
. 109
7.3.3
Spatial and Temporal Correlation
. 112
7.3.4
Calculation of Correlation Factors
. 112
7.4
Correlation Factors of Self-diffusion
. 115
7.5
Vacancy-mediated Solute Diffusion
. 116
7.5.1
Face-Centered Cubic Solvents
. 117
7.5.2
Body-Centered Cubic Solvents
. 120
7.5.3
Diamond Structure Solvents
. 121
7.6
Concluding Remarks
. 122
References
. 124
Contents XIII
8
Dependence of Diffusion on Temperature and Pressure
. 127
8.1
Temperature Dependence
. 127
8.1.1
The Arrhenius Relation
. 127
8.1.2
Activation Parameters Examples
. 130
8.2
Pressure Dependence
. 132
8.2.1
Activation Volumes of Self-diffusion
. 135
8.2.2
Activation Volumes of Solute Diffusion
. 139
8.2.3
Activation Volumes of Ionic Crystals
. 140
8.3
Correlations between Diffusion and Bulk Properties
. 141
8.3.1
Melting Properties and Diffusion
. 141
8.3.2
Activation Parameters and Elastic Constants
. 146
8.3.3
Use of Correlations
.147
References
. 147
9
Isotope Effect of Diffusion
. 151
9.1
Single-jump Mechanisms
. 151
9.2
Collective Mechanisms
. 155
9.3
Isotope Effect Experiments
. 155
References
. 159
10
Interdiffusion
and Kirkendall Effect
. 161
10.1
Interdiffusion
. 161
10.1.1
Boltzmann Transformation
. 162
10.1.2
Boltzmann-Matano Method
. 163
10.1.3
Sauer-Freisc Method
. 166
10.2
Intrinsic Diffusion and Kirkendall Effect
. 168
10.3
Darken Equations
. 170
10.4
Darkcn-Manning Equations
. 172
10.5
Microstructural
Stability of the Kirkendall Plane
. 173
References
. 176
11
Diffusion and External Driving Forces
. 179
11.1
Overview
. 179
11.2
Fick's Equations with Drift
. 181
11.3
Nernst-Einstein Relation
. 182
11.4
Nernst-Einstein Relation for Ionic Conductors
and Haven Ratio
. 184
11.5
Nernst-Planck Equation
Interdiffusion
in Ionic Crystals
. 186
11.6
Nernst-Planck Equation versus Darken Equation
. 188
References
. 189
12
Irreversible Thermodynamics and Diffusion
. 191
12.1
General Remarks
. 191
12.2
Phenomenological Equations of Isothermal Diffusion
. 193
12.2.1
Tracer Self-Diffusion in Element Crystals
. 193
XIV Contents
12.2.2
Diffusion in Binary Alloys
.195
12.3
The Phenomenological Coefficients
.199
12.3.1
Phenomenological Coefficients, Tracer Diffusivities,
and Jump Models
.202
12.3.2
Sum Rules
-
Relations
between Phenomenological Coefficients
.204
References
.205
Part II Experimental Methods
13
Direct Diffusion Studies
.209
13.1
Direct versus Indirect Methods
.209
13.2
The Various Diffusion Coefficients
.212
13.2.1
Tracer Diffusion Coefficients
.212
13.2.2
Interdiffusion
and Intrinsic Diffusion Coefficients
.214
13.3
Tracer Diffusion Experiments
.215
13.3.1
Profile Analysis by Serial Sectioning
.217
13.3.2
Residual Activity Method
.222
13.4
Isotopically Controlled Hcterostructurcs
.223
13.5
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
.224
13.6
Electron
Microprobe
Analysis
(EMPA)
.227
13.7
Auger-Electron Spectroscopy (AES)
.230
13.8
Ion-beam Analysis: RBS and NRA
.231
References
.234
14
Mechanical Spectroscopy
.237
14.1
General Remarks
.237
14.2
Anelasticity and Internal Friction
.239
14.3
Techniques of Mechanical Spectroscopy
.242
14.4
Examples of Diffusion-related Anelasticty
.244
14.4.1
Snoek
Effect (Snock Relaxation)
.244
14.4.2
Zener Effect (Zener Relaxation)
.247
14.4.3
Gorski
Effect
(Gorski
Relaxation)
.248
14.4.4
Mechanical Loss in Ion-conducting Glasses
.249
14.5
Magnetic Relaxation
.250
References
.251
15
Nuclear Methods
.253
15.1
General Remarks
.253
15.2
Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation (NMR)
.253
15.2.1
Fundamentals of NMR
.254
15.2.2
Direct Diffusion Measurement
by Field-Gradient NMR
.256
15.2.3
NMR Relaxation Methods
.258
Contents
XV
15.3 Mössbaiier Spectroscopy (MBS).264
15.4 Quasielastic Neutron
Scattering (QENS)
.269
15.4.1
Examples of QENS studies .
278
15.4.2
Advantages and Limitations of MBS and QENS
.279
References
.281
16
Electrical Methods
.285
16.1
Impedance Spectroscopy
.285
16.2
Spreading Resistance Profiling
.290
References
.293
Part III Diffusion in Metallic Materials
17
Self-diffusion in Metals
.297
17.1
General Remarks
.297
17.2
Cubic Metals
.299
17.2.1
FCC Metals
-
Empirical Facts
.299
17.2.2
BCC Metals
-
Empirical Facts
.301
17.2.3
Monovacancy Interpretation
.302
17.2.4
Mono- and Divacancy Interpretation
.303
17.3
Hexagonal Close-Packed and Tetragonal Metals
.306
17.4
Metals with Phase Transitions
.308
References
.311
18
Diffusion of Interstitial Solutes in Metals
.313
18.1
-Heavy' Interstitial Solutes C, N, and
О
.313
18.1.1
General Remarks
.313
18.1.2
Experimental Methods
.314
18.1.3
Interstitial Diffusion in Dilute Interstial Alloys
.316
18.2
Hydrogen Diffusion in Metals
.317
18.2.1
General Remarks
.317
18.2.2
Experimental Methods
. . 318
18.2.3
Examples of Hydrogen Diffusion
.320
18.2.4
Non-Classical Isotope Effects
.323
References
.324
19
Diffusion in Dilute Substitutional Alloys
.327
19.1
Diffusion of Impurities
.327
19.1.1
'Normal' Impurity Diffusion
.327
19.1.2
Impurity Diffusion in
Al
.332
19.2
Impurity Diffusion in Open' Metals
Dissociative Mechanism
.333
19.3
Solvite
Diffusion and Solvent Diffusion in Alloys
.336
References
.338
XVI Contents
20
Diffusion in Binary Intermetallics
.341
20.1
General Remarks
.341
20.2
Influence of Order-Disorder Transitions
.344
20.3
B2 Intermetallics
.346
20.3.1
Diffusion Mechanisms in B2 Phases
.347
20.3.2
Example B2 NiAl
.351
20.3.3
Example B2 Fc-Al
.353
20.4
LI
2
Intermetallics
.355
20.5
D03 Intermetallics
.357
20.6
Uniaxial
Intermetallics
.360
20.6.1
Ll0 Intermetallics
.360
20.6.2
Molybdenum Disilicide
(C11Ď
structure)
.362
20.7
Laves Phases
.364
20.8
The Cu3Au Rule
.366
References
.367
21
Diffusion in Quasicrystalline Alloys
.371
21.1
General Remarks on Quasicrystals
.371
21.2
Diffusion Properties of Quasicrystals
.373
21.2.1
Icosahedral Quasicrystals
.374
21.2.2
Decagonal Quasicrystals
.379
References
.381
Part IV Diffusion in Semiconductors
22
General Remarks on Semiconductors
.385
22.1
'Semiconductor Age' and Diffusion
.386
22.2
Specific Features of Semiconductor Diffusion
.389
References
.392
23
Self-diffusion in Elemental Semiconductors
.395
23.1
Intrinsic Point Defects and Diffusion
.396
23.2
Germanium
.398
23.3
Silicon
.402
References
.406
24
Foreign-Atom Diffusion in Silicon and Germanium
.409
24.1
Solubility and Site Occupancy
.409
24.2
Diffusivities and Diffusion Modes
.412
24.2.1
Interstitial Diffusion
.414
24.2.2
Dopant Diffusion
.416
24.2.3
Diffusion of Hybrid Foreign Elements
.420
24.3
Self- and Foreign Atom Diffusion
-
a Summary
.421
References
.422
Contents XVII
25
Interstitial-Substítutional
Diffusion
. 425
25.1
Combined Dissociative and Kick-out Diffusion
.425
25.1.1
Diffusion Limited by the Flow of Intrinsic Defects
. 427
25.1.2
Diffusion Limited by the Flow of Interstitial Solutes
. . 429
25.1.3
Numerical Analysis of an Intermediate Case
.430
25.2
Kick-out Mechanism
.431
25.2.1
Basic Equations and two Solutions
.431
25.2.2
Examples of Kick-Out Diffusion
.434
25.3
Dissociative Mechanism
.'.439
25.3.1
Basic Equations
.439
25.3.2
Examples of Dissociative Diffusion
.440
References
.445
Part V Diffusion and Conduction
in Ionic Materials
26
Ionic Crystals
.449
26.1
General Remarks
.449
26.2
Point Defects in Ionic Crystals
.451
26.2.1
Intrinsic Defects
.452
26.2.2
Extrinsic Defects
.454
26.3
Methods for the Study of Defect and Transport Properties
. . . 456
26.4
Alkali Halides
.458
26.4.1
Defect Motion, Tracer Self-diffusion,
and Ionic Conduction
.458
26.4.2
Example NaCl
.462
26.4.3
Common Features of Alkali Halides
.467
26.5
Silver Halides AgCl and AgBr
.468
26.5.1
Self-diffusion and Ionic Conduction
.469
26.5.2
Doping Effects
.471
References
.473
27
Fast Ion Conductors
.475
27.1
Fast Silver-Ion Conductors
.477
27.1.1
Agi
and related Simple
Anion
Structures
.477
27.1.2
RbAg,jI5 and related Compounds
.479
27.2
PbF2 and other Halide Ion Conductors
.480
27.3
Stabilised Zirconia and related Oxide Ion Conductors
.481
27.4
Pcrovskite Oxide Ion Conductors
.482
27.5
Sodium
β-
Alumina and related Materials
.482
27.6
Lithium Ion Conductors
.484
27.7
Polymer Electrolytes
.485
References
.488
XVIII
Contents
Part VI Diffusion in Glasses
28
The Glassy State
.493
28.1
What, is a Glass?
.493
28.2
Volume-Temperature Diagram
.494
28.3
Temperature-Time-Transformation Diagram
.496
28.4
Glass Families
.498
References
.501
29
Diffusion in Metallic Glasses
.503
29.1
General Remarks
. 503
29.2
Structural Relaxation and Diffusion
. 506
29.3
Diffusion Properties of Metallic Glasses
. 509
29.4
Diffusion and Viscosity in Glass-forming Alloys
. 517
References
. 518
30
Diffusion and Ionic Conduction in Oxide Glasses
.521
30.1
General Remarks
.521
30.2
Experimental Methods
.526
30.3
Gas Permeation
.529
30.4
Examples of Diffusion and Ionic Conduction
.530
References
.542
Part
VII
Diffusion along High-Diffusivity Paths
and in Nanomaterials
31
High-diffusivity Paths in Metals
.547
31.1
General Remarks
. 547
31.2
Diffusion Spectrum
. 548
31.3
Empirical Rules for Grain-Boundary Diffusion
. 549
31.4
Lattice Diffusion and
Microstructural
Defects
. 551
References
. 552
32
Grain-Boundary Diffusion
.553
32.1
General Remarks
.553
32.2
Grain Boundaries
.554
32.2.1
Low- and High-Angle Grain Boundaries
.555
32.2.2
Special High-Angle Boundaries
.557
32.3
Diffusion along an Isolated Boundary (Fisher Model)
.559
32.4
Diffusion Kinetics in Polycrystals
.568
32.4.1
Type A Kinetics Regime
.568
32.4.2
Type
В
Kinetics Regime
.570
32.4.3
Type
С
Kinetics Regime
.574
Contents XIX
32.5
Grain-Boundary Diffusion and Segregation
.576
32.6
Atomic Mechanisms of Grain-Boundary Diffusion
.579
References
.580
33
Dislocation Pipe Diffusion
.583
33.1
Dislocation Pipe Model
.584
33.2
Solutions for Mean Thin Layer Concentrations
.586
References
.591
34
Diffusion in Nanocrystalline Materials
.593
34.1
General Remarks
.593
34.2
Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Materials
.594
34.2.1
Powder Processing
.594
34.2.2
Heavy Plastic Deformation
.596
34.2.3
Chemical and Related Synthesis Methods
.598
34.2.4
Devitrification of Amorphous Precursors
.598
34.3
Diffusion in Poly- and Nanocrystals
.599
34.3.1
Grain Size and Diffusion Regimes
.599
34.3.2
Effective Diffusivities in Poly- and Nanocrystals
.604
34.4
Diffusion in Nanocrystalline Metals
.606
34.4.1
General Remarks
.606
34.4.2
Structural Relaxation and Grain Growth
.607
34.4.3
Nanomaterials with Birnodal Grain Structure
.608
34.4.4
Grain Boundary Triple Junctions
.612
34.5
Diffusion and Ionic Conduction in Nanocrystalline Ceramics
.612
References
.618
Index
.639 |
| adam_txt |
Contents
History and Bibliography of Diffusion
. 1
1.1
Pioneers and Landmarks of Diffusion
. . 2
References
. 16
1.2
Bibliography of Solid-State Diffusion
. 18
Part I Fundamentals of Diffusion
2
Continuum Theory of Diffusion
. 27
2.1
Fick's Laws in
Isotropie
Media
. 27
2.1.1
Fick's First Law
. 28
2.1.2
Equation of Continuity
. 29
2.1.3
Fick's Second Law
-
the "Diffusion Equation'
. 30
2.2
Diffusion Equation in Various Coordinates
. 31
2.3
Fick's Laws in
Anisotropie
Media
. 33
References
. 35
3
Solutions of the Diffusion Equation
. 37
3.1
Steady-State Diffusion
. 37
3.2
Non-Steady-State Diffusion in one Dimension
. 39
3.2.1
Thin-Film Solution
. 39
3.2.2
Extended Initial Distribution
and Constant Surface Concentration
. 41
3.2.3
Method of Laplace Transformation
. 45
3.2.4
Diffusion in a Plane Sheet Separation of Variables
. 47
3.2.5
Radial Diffusion in a Cylinder
. 5Ü
3.2.6
Radial Diffusion in a Sphere
. 51
3.3
Point Source in one, two, and three Dimensions
. 52
References
. 53
4
Random Walk Theory and Atomic Jump Process
. 55
4.1
Random Walk and Diffusion
. 56
4.1.1
A Simplified Model
. 56
4.1.2
Einstein-Smoluchowski Relation
. 58
4.1.3
Random Walk on a Lattice
. 60
XII Contents
4.1.4
Correlation Factor
. 62
4.2
Atomic Jump Process
. 64
References
. 66
5
Point Defects in Crystals
. 69
5.1
Pure Metals
. 70
5.1.1
Vacancies
. 70
5.1.2
Divacancies
. 72
5.1.3
Determination of Vacancy Properties
. 74
5.1.4
Sclf-Interstitials
. 79
5.2
Substitutional Binary Alloys
. 80
5.2.1
Vacancies in Dilute Alloys
. 81
5.2.2
Vacancies in Concentrated Alloys
. 82
5.3
Ionic Compounds
. 83
5.3.1
Frenkel Disorder
. 84
5.3.2
Schottky Disorder
. 85
5.4
Intermetallics
. 86
5.5
Semiconductors
. 88
References
. 91
6
Diffusion Mechanisms
. 95
6.1
Interstitial Mechanism
. 95
6.2
Collective Mechanisms
. 97
6.3
Vacancy Mechanism
. 98
6.4
Divacancy Mechanism
. 100
6.5
Interstitialcy Mechanism
. 100
6.6
Interstitial-substitutional Exchange Mechanisms
. 102
References
. 103
7
Correlation in Solid-State Diffusion
. 105
7.1
Interstitial Mechanism
. 107
7.2
Interstitialcy Mechanism
. 107
7.3
Vacancy Mechanism of Self-diffusion
. 108
7.3.1
A 'Rule of Thumb'
. 108
7.3.2
Vacancy-tracer Encounters
. 109
7.3.3
Spatial and Temporal Correlation
. 112
7.3.4
Calculation of Correlation Factors
. 112
7.4
Correlation Factors of Self-diffusion
. 115
7.5
Vacancy-mediated Solute Diffusion
. 116
7.5.1
Face-Centered Cubic Solvents
. 117
7.5.2
Body-Centered Cubic Solvents
. 120
7.5.3
Diamond Structure Solvents
. 121
7.6
Concluding Remarks
. 122
References
. 124
Contents XIII
8
Dependence of Diffusion on Temperature and Pressure
. 127
8.1
Temperature Dependence
. 127
8.1.1
The Arrhenius Relation
. 127
8.1.2
Activation Parameters Examples
. 130
8.2
Pressure Dependence
. 132
8.2.1
Activation Volumes of Self-diffusion
. 135
8.2.2
Activation Volumes of Solute Diffusion
. 139
8.2.3
Activation Volumes of Ionic Crystals
. 140
8.3
Correlations between Diffusion and Bulk Properties
. 141
8.3.1
Melting Properties and Diffusion
. 141
8.3.2
Activation Parameters and Elastic Constants
. 146
8.3.3
Use of Correlations
.147
References
. 147
9
Isotope Effect of Diffusion
. 151
9.1
Single-jump Mechanisms
. 151
9.2
Collective Mechanisms
. 155
9.3
Isotope Effect Experiments
. 155
References
. 159
10
Interdiffusion
and Kirkendall Effect
. 161
10.1
Interdiffusion
. 161
10.1.1
Boltzmann Transformation
. 162
10.1.2
Boltzmann-Matano Method
. 163
10.1.3
Sauer-Freisc Method
. 166
10.2
Intrinsic Diffusion and Kirkendall Effect
. 168
10.3
Darken Equations
. 170
10.4
Darkcn-Manning Equations
. 172
10.5
Microstructural
Stability of the Kirkendall Plane
. 173
References
. 176
11
Diffusion and External Driving Forces
. 179
11.1
Overview
. 179
11.2
Fick's Equations with Drift
. 181
11.3
Nernst-Einstein Relation
. 182
11.4
Nernst-Einstein Relation for Ionic Conductors
and Haven Ratio
. 184
11.5
Nernst-Planck Equation
Interdiffusion
in Ionic Crystals
. 186
11.6
Nernst-Planck Equation versus Darken Equation
. 188
References
. 189
12
Irreversible Thermodynamics and Diffusion
. 191
12.1
General Remarks
. 191
12.2
Phenomenological Equations of Isothermal Diffusion
. 193
12.2.1
Tracer Self-Diffusion in Element Crystals
. 193
XIV Contents
12.2.2
Diffusion in Binary Alloys
.195
12.3
The Phenomenological Coefficients
.199
12.3.1
Phenomenological Coefficients, Tracer Diffusivities,
and Jump Models
.202
12.3.2
Sum Rules
-
Relations
between Phenomenological Coefficients
.204
References
.205
Part II Experimental Methods
13
Direct Diffusion Studies
.209
13.1
Direct versus Indirect Methods
.209
13.2
The Various Diffusion Coefficients
.212
13.2.1
Tracer Diffusion Coefficients
.212
13.2.2
Interdiffusion
and Intrinsic Diffusion Coefficients
.214
13.3
Tracer Diffusion Experiments
.215
13.3.1
Profile Analysis by Serial Sectioning
.217
13.3.2
Residual Activity Method
.222
13.4
Isotopically Controlled Hcterostructurcs
.223
13.5
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
.224
13.6
Electron
Microprobe
Analysis
(EMPA)
.227
13.7
Auger-Electron Spectroscopy (AES)
.230
13.8
Ion-beam Analysis: RBS and NRA
.231
References
.234
14
Mechanical Spectroscopy
.237
14.1
General Remarks
.237
14.2
Anelasticity and Internal Friction
.239
14.3
Techniques of Mechanical Spectroscopy
.242
14.4
Examples of Diffusion-related Anelasticty
.244
14.4.1
Snoek
Effect (Snock Relaxation)
.244
14.4.2
Zener Effect (Zener Relaxation)
.247
14.4.3
Gorski
Effect
(Gorski
Relaxation)
.248
14.4.4
Mechanical Loss in Ion-conducting Glasses
.249
14.5
Magnetic Relaxation
.250
References
.251
15
Nuclear Methods
.253
15.1
General Remarks
.253
15.2
Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation (NMR)
.253
15.2.1
Fundamentals of NMR
.254
15.2.2
Direct Diffusion Measurement
by Field-Gradient NMR
.256
15.2.3
NMR Relaxation Methods
.258
Contents
XV
15.3 Mössbaiier Spectroscopy (MBS).264
15.4 Quasielastic Neutron
Scattering (QENS)
.269
15.4.1
Examples of QENS studies .
278
15.4.2
Advantages and Limitations of MBS and QENS
.279
References
.281
16
Electrical Methods
.285
16.1
Impedance Spectroscopy
.285
16.2
Spreading Resistance Profiling
.290
References
.293
Part III Diffusion in Metallic Materials
17
Self-diffusion in Metals
.297
17.1
General Remarks
.297
17.2
Cubic Metals
.299
17.2.1
FCC Metals
-
Empirical Facts
.299
17.2.2
BCC Metals
-
Empirical Facts
.301
17.2.3
Monovacancy Interpretation
.302
17.2.4
Mono- and Divacancy Interpretation
.303
17.3
Hexagonal Close-Packed and Tetragonal Metals
.306
17.4
Metals with Phase Transitions
.308
References
.311
18
Diffusion of Interstitial Solutes in Metals
.313
18.1
-Heavy' Interstitial Solutes C, N, and
О
.313
18.1.1
General Remarks
.313
18.1.2
Experimental Methods
.314
18.1.3
Interstitial Diffusion in Dilute Interstial Alloys
.316
18.2
Hydrogen Diffusion in Metals
.317
18.2.1
General Remarks
.317
18.2.2
Experimental Methods
. . 318
18.2.3
Examples of Hydrogen Diffusion
.320
18.2.4
Non-Classical Isotope Effects
.323
References
.324
19
Diffusion in Dilute Substitutional Alloys
.327
19.1
Diffusion of Impurities
.327
19.1.1
'Normal' Impurity Diffusion
.327
19.1.2
Impurity Diffusion in
Al
.332
19.2
Impurity Diffusion in Open' Metals
Dissociative Mechanism
.333
19.3
Solvite
Diffusion and Solvent Diffusion in Alloys
.336
References
.338
XVI Contents
20
Diffusion in Binary Intermetallics
.341
20.1
General Remarks
.341
20.2
Influence of Order-Disorder Transitions
.344
20.3
B2 Intermetallics
.346
20.3.1
Diffusion Mechanisms in B2 Phases
.347
20.3.2
Example B2 NiAl
.351
20.3.3
Example B2 Fc-Al
.353
20.4
LI
2
Intermetallics
.355
20.5
D03 Intermetallics
.357
20.6
Uniaxial
Intermetallics
.360
20.6.1
Ll0 Intermetallics
.360
20.6.2
Molybdenum Disilicide
(C11Ď
structure)
.362
20.7
Laves Phases
.364
20.8
The Cu3Au Rule
.366
References
.367
21
Diffusion in Quasicrystalline Alloys
.371
21.1
General Remarks on Quasicrystals
.371
21.2
Diffusion Properties of Quasicrystals
.373
21.2.1
Icosahedral Quasicrystals
.374
21.2.2
Decagonal Quasicrystals
.379
References
.381
Part IV Diffusion in Semiconductors
22
General Remarks on Semiconductors
.385
22.1
'Semiconductor Age' and Diffusion
.386
22.2
Specific Features of Semiconductor Diffusion
.389
References
.392
23
Self-diffusion in Elemental Semiconductors
.395
23.1
Intrinsic Point Defects and Diffusion
.396
23.2
Germanium
.398
23.3
Silicon
.402
References
.406
24
Foreign-Atom Diffusion in Silicon and Germanium
.409
24.1
Solubility and Site Occupancy
.409
24.2
Diffusivities and Diffusion Modes
.412
24.2.1
Interstitial Diffusion
.414
24.2.2
Dopant Diffusion
.416
24.2.3
Diffusion of Hybrid Foreign Elements
.420
24.3
Self- and Foreign Atom Diffusion
-
a Summary
.421
References
.422
Contents XVII
25
Interstitial-Substítutional
Diffusion
. 425
25.1
Combined Dissociative and Kick-out Diffusion
.425
25.1.1
Diffusion Limited by the Flow of Intrinsic Defects
. 427
25.1.2
Diffusion Limited by the Flow of Interstitial Solutes
. . 429
25.1.3
Numerical Analysis of an Intermediate Case
.430
25.2
Kick-out Mechanism
.431
25.2.1
Basic Equations and two Solutions
.431
25.2.2
Examples of Kick-Out Diffusion
.434
25.3
Dissociative Mechanism
.'.439
25.3.1
Basic Equations
.439
25.3.2
Examples of Dissociative Diffusion
.440
References
.445
Part V Diffusion and Conduction
in Ionic Materials
26
Ionic Crystals
.449
26.1
General Remarks
.449
26.2
Point Defects in Ionic Crystals
.451
26.2.1
Intrinsic Defects
.452
26.2.2
Extrinsic Defects
.454
26.3
Methods for the Study of Defect and Transport Properties
. . . 456
26.4
Alkali Halides
.458
26.4.1
Defect Motion, Tracer Self-diffusion,
and Ionic Conduction
.458
26.4.2
Example NaCl
.462
26.4.3
Common Features of Alkali Halides
.467
26.5
Silver Halides AgCl and AgBr
.468
26.5.1
Self-diffusion and Ionic Conduction
.469
26.5.2
Doping Effects
.471
References
.473
27
Fast Ion Conductors
.475
27.1
Fast Silver-Ion Conductors
.477
27.1.1
Agi
and related Simple
Anion
Structures
.477
27.1.2
RbAg,jI5 and related Compounds
.479
27.2
PbF2 and other Halide Ion Conductors
.480
27.3
Stabilised Zirconia and related Oxide Ion Conductors
.481
27.4
Pcrovskite Oxide Ion Conductors
.482
27.5
Sodium
β-
Alumina and related Materials
.482
27.6
Lithium Ion Conductors
.484
27.7
Polymer Electrolytes
.485
References
.488
XVIII
Contents
Part VI Diffusion in Glasses
28
The Glassy State
.493
28.1
What, is a Glass?
.493
28.2
Volume-Temperature Diagram
.494
28.3
Temperature-Time-Transformation Diagram
.496
28.4
Glass Families
.498
References
.501
29
Diffusion in Metallic Glasses
.503
29.1
General Remarks
. 503
29.2
Structural Relaxation and Diffusion
. 506
29.3
Diffusion Properties of Metallic Glasses
. 509
29.4
Diffusion and Viscosity in Glass-forming Alloys
. 517
References
. 518
30
Diffusion and Ionic Conduction in Oxide Glasses
.521
30.1
General Remarks
.521
30.2
Experimental Methods
.526
30.3
Gas Permeation
.529
30.4
Examples of Diffusion and Ionic Conduction
.530
References
.542
Part
VII
Diffusion along High-Diffusivity Paths
and in Nanomaterials
31
High-diffusivity Paths in Metals
.547
31.1
General Remarks
. 547
31.2
Diffusion Spectrum
. 548
31.3
Empirical Rules for Grain-Boundary Diffusion
. 549
31.4
Lattice Diffusion and
Microstructural
Defects
. 551
References
. 552
32
Grain-Boundary Diffusion
.553
32.1
General Remarks
.553
32.2
Grain Boundaries
.554
32.2.1
Low- and High-Angle Grain Boundaries
.555
32.2.2
Special High-Angle Boundaries
.557
32.3
Diffusion along an Isolated Boundary (Fisher Model)
.559
32.4
Diffusion Kinetics in Polycrystals
.568
32.4.1
Type A Kinetics Regime
.568
32.4.2
Type
В
Kinetics Regime
.570
32.4.3
Type
С
Kinetics Regime
.574
Contents XIX
32.5
Grain-Boundary Diffusion and Segregation
.576
32.6
Atomic Mechanisms of Grain-Boundary Diffusion
.579
References
.580
33
Dislocation Pipe Diffusion
.583
33.1
Dislocation Pipe Model
.584
33.2
Solutions for Mean Thin Layer Concentrations
.586
References
.591
34
Diffusion in Nanocrystalline Materials
.593
34.1
General Remarks
.593
34.2
Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Materials
.594
34.2.1
Powder Processing
.594
34.2.2
Heavy Plastic Deformation
.596
34.2.3
Chemical and Related Synthesis Methods
.598
34.2.4
Devitrification of Amorphous Precursors
.598
34.3
Diffusion in Poly- and Nanocrystals
.599
34.3.1
Grain Size and Diffusion Regimes
.599
34.3.2
Effective Diffusivities in Poly- and Nanocrystals
.604
34.4
Diffusion in Nanocrystalline Metals
.606
34.4.1
General Remarks
.606
34.4.2
Structural Relaxation and Grain Growth
.607
34.4.3
Nanomaterials with Birnodal Grain Structure
.608
34.4.4
Grain Boundary Triple Junctions
.612
34.5
Diffusion and Ionic Conduction in Nanocrystalline Ceramics
.612
References
.618
Index
.639 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:31:48Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T09:22:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783540714866 3540714863 |
| language | English |
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| series2 | Springer series in solid-state sciences |
| spelling | Mehrer, Helmut Verfasser aut Diffusion in solids fundamentals, methods, materials, diffusion-controlled processes ; with ... 27 tables Helmut Mehrer Berlin Springer 2007 XIX, 651 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer series in solid-state sciences 155 Literaturangaben Festkörper - Diffusion Diffusion Kirkendall effect Solid state physics Festkörper (DE-588)4016918-2 gnd rswk-swf Diffusion (DE-588)4012277-3 gnd rswk-swf Festkörper (DE-588)4016918-2 s Diffusion (DE-588)4012277-3 s DE-604 Springer series in solid-state sciences 155 (DE-604)BV000016582 155 text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2928285&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext Digitalisierung UB Augsburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015959430&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Mehrer, Helmut Diffusion in solids fundamentals, methods, materials, diffusion-controlled processes ; with ... 27 tables Springer series in solid-state sciences Festkörper - Diffusion Diffusion Kirkendall effect Solid state physics Festkörper (DE-588)4016918-2 gnd Diffusion (DE-588)4012277-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016918-2 (DE-588)4012277-3 |
| title | Diffusion in solids fundamentals, methods, materials, diffusion-controlled processes ; with ... 27 tables |
| title_auth | Diffusion in solids fundamentals, methods, materials, diffusion-controlled processes ; with ... 27 tables |
| title_exact_search | Diffusion in solids fundamentals, methods, materials, diffusion-controlled processes ; with ... 27 tables |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Diffusion in solids fundamentals, methods, materials, diffusion-controlled processes ; with ... 27 tables |
| title_full | Diffusion in solids fundamentals, methods, materials, diffusion-controlled processes ; with ... 27 tables Helmut Mehrer |
| title_fullStr | Diffusion in solids fundamentals, methods, materials, diffusion-controlled processes ; with ... 27 tables Helmut Mehrer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diffusion in solids fundamentals, methods, materials, diffusion-controlled processes ; with ... 27 tables Helmut Mehrer |
| title_short | Diffusion in solids |
| title_sort | diffusion in solids fundamentals methods materials diffusion controlled processes with 27 tables |
| title_sub | fundamentals, methods, materials, diffusion-controlled processes ; with ... 27 tables |
| topic | Festkörper - Diffusion Diffusion Kirkendall effect Solid state physics Festkörper (DE-588)4016918-2 gnd Diffusion (DE-588)4012277-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Festkörper - Diffusion Diffusion Kirkendall effect Solid state physics Festkörper |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2928285&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015959430&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000016582 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mehrerhelmut diffusioninsolidsfundamentalsmethodsmaterialsdiffusioncontrolledprocesseswith27tables |