Mohilʹnik sjarėdziny III - pačatku II tysjačahoddzjaŭ da n.ė. na Verchnim Dnjapry - Prorva 1:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Belarusian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Minsk
Inst. Historyi NAN Belarusi
2006
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., beloruss. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Prorva 1 - a cemetery of the middle III - early II-nd millenium BC on the Upper Dnieper |
| Beschreibung: | 202 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9856769159 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 008 | 070910s2006 xx abd| |||| 00||| bel d | ||
| 020 | |a 9856769159 |9 985-6769-15-9 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)220116755 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV022753100 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a bel | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a 6,11 |2 ssgn | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Kryvalʹcėvič, Mikalaj M. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Mohilʹnik sjarėdziny III - pačatku II tysjačahoddzjaŭ da n.ė. na Verchnim Dnjapry - Prorva 1 |c Kryvalʹcėvič M. M. |
| 264 | 1 | |a Minsk |b Inst. Historyi NAN Belarusi |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a 202 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., beloruss. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Prorva 1 - a cemetery of the middle III - early II-nd millenium BC on the Upper Dnieper | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 2500 v. Chr.-2000 v. Chr. |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Friedhof |0 (DE-588)4018537-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Ausgrabung |0 (DE-588)4129464-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Oberer Dnjepr |z Region |0 (DE-588)4384756-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Belarus |0 (DE-588)4079143-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Belarus |0 (DE-588)4079143-9 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Oberer Dnjepr |z Region |0 (DE-588)4384756-0 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Friedhof |0 (DE-588)4018537-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Ausgrabung |0 (DE-588)4129464-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Geschichte 2500 v. Chr.-2000 v. Chr. |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015958792&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015958792&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 900 |e 22/bsb |f 0901 |g 478 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015958792 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1816692193632452608 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
ЗМЕСТ
Уступ
.,.,._. 5
Раздзел І. Лакалізацьія могільніка, апісашіс пахаванняУ і
ix
інвснтару
ІЛ.ЛакалІзацьшмогільніка
.
б
ІЛ.Апісаннепахаванняуихшвентару
.
б
Раздзел
II.
Шхавальньш
комплексы
і пахавальная абраднасць
ИЛ. Сістзмапаняццяуітзрмінау,.
.,.,,.,,.,.26
П.2.
Пахавальныя комплексы
.,.28
A. Пахавальныя
збудаванні
.,.,.,.28
АЛ. Асноуныя умяшчальныя аб'ёмы. Ямы
і
bc
тыпы
.28
A.2,
Базавыя
паверхні
.
,
.28
А.З. Дублюючыя
паверхні (абкладкІ, падсьіпкі, падсцілкІ і г.д.)
.
ЗО
А.4,
Замыкаючыя
паверхяі
.
3
1
Б. Шрзшткі памерлага
.31
B. Пахавальны
інвентар
.'.,.,.33
ВЛ
Хуправаджальны пахавальны
інвентар
.,.,,.*.33
ВЛЛ.Кераміка
.,.„.,.33
ВЛ.І.І.Марфалагічнаякласіфпсацьія
.33
ВЛЛ.г.Тзхналагічнаякласіфікацьія,.'.
.,.35
В.І.І.З.Класіфікацьіяарнаментальнагааздаблення
.36
В.1.2.
Крамянёвыя вырабы
.,.,36
ВЛ.З.Каменныявырабы
.40
В.1.4.
1ншысуправаджадьныпахавал&ны
інвентар
.,.41
В.2.
Спадарожны пахавальны
інвентар.
.41
В.2Л. Кераміка
.,.42
В.2.2.Каменныя1Крамянёвыявырабь1
.42
В.3-4.
Сумежны
і
датычны лахавальны
інвентар
.
,
.43
Г. Дадатковыя
некралагічньїя
структуры
.47
И.З.Пахавальнаяабраднасць
.,.,.,.48
ΙΣ.3
Л
.
Спроба падзелу
пахаванняу
паводле полавых
і
узроставых прыкмет,
.,.48
Я.З.г.Рэканструкцыяпахавальнагаабраду.
.,.,,,.49
П.З^Л.Папярздніяабрадавьїядзеянні.
.,.49
Ії.3.2.2.3авяршальньіяабрадавьіядзеянні
.50
ІЇ.3.2.3.Настушшяабрадавьіядзеянні
.53
Раздзел Ш.
Храналогія і
лерыядызацыя
Ш.І.АдноснаяхраналогІя
.54
Ш.2.
Параунальна-тьшалагічная сінхранізацьія
.55
Ш.2
Л.
Кантзкстуласнамогільніка
Прорва
1.55
ПІ.2.2.Мікрарзгіянальньікантзкст,
.
,
.57
Ш.2.3. Шраунальна-тьшалагічньї аналіз на макрарзгіянальньш узро^ні
.58
Ш.2.4.Тьіпалагічнаепараунаннезшшьімірзгіенамі
.59
Ш.З.Радыевугляроднаяхраналопя
. 60
Ш.3.1.
Суадносіньїпаміжрадьіевугляроднай і каляндарнайчасовьімідатамі
. 61
Ш.3.2. Абсалютная СІ 4-храналогія
Прорвы
1.64
Ш.4. Вьшіковая абсалютная храналогія і
перыядызацыя
пахаванняу могільніка
. 65
Раздзел
IV.
Культурная ідзнтьіфікацьія
IVI
.
Уступныя
за^вагі
.71
ÏV.2.
Сярэднедняпро^скаа
культура
. 72
rv.3.
Культура
шарападобных
амфар
.'.76
TV.4.
Культура їннуравой керамікі
.;. 79
ІУЛ.І.ЦьіркумбалтьійскаеколаїошьтурьішнуравоЙкерамікі.
. 79
ІУЛІЛ.Дачьіненнізпрьшорскай^куца^скаАкультурай
. 79
IV.4.
1.2.
Перспектьпш пошукау сувязі з культурай
адзіночньїх пахаванняу.
.'.83
ГУ.4.2.Прьікарпацкаекультурнаекола
.;.84
ІУ5.Дачьшенні з фацьянаускай культурай
.89
Г/.
6.
Традьщьіі культур
лесастэпау
і
стэпау
.91
1
IV.ö.l.
Перспектива пошукав сувязі з трьіпольскай культурай.
.;.91
IV.ő^.
Перспектыва
пошукав сувязіз ямнай і катакомбнай культурамі
.92
IV.7.
Перспектьша пошукау сувязі з купьтурамі ляснога неаліту
.97
1У.8.Высновы
.
і.
.98
< ' ■ '
Раздзел
V.
Перспектывы
рзканструкцьіі
сацыпльнай структуры
і
светапоглядных
V.l.
Перспектывы
рзканструкцьіі
сацыяльнаЙ структуры.
.,.99
V.I.I.
Ацэнка стану "багацця" пахаваных
.
ι
.99
У1.2.Мікрарзгіянальньш
аспекты
.103
V.I
.3.
Пошукі
адэкватных мадэляу сацьтяльнай структуры сярод
сінхронньїх
супольнасЦяу
.108
У'Л.З.І.СістзмапаняццяУ
.108
V.
1.3.2.
Сацыяльная структура некаторых
сінхронньїх
супольнасцяу.
. ;.109
V.lAHeKaTOpbWTBbicHOBbi
.
Ill
V.2.
Перспектывы рэканотрукцьп светапоглядных уярлепвяу
.112
V^.Ly^^eHHeaocMepiţiinacMapoTHbiMicHaBaHHi
.;.112
^2.2.Некаторыяшшыя аспекты светапоглядных уяулення^
.114
Заключэнне
.;.,.,.,.,.115
Дадаткі
.119
Літаратура.;.
.,.126
Summary.
.;.
і
.
.,.
.;.134
Ілюстрацьіі.
.,.,.„.137
ПРОРВА
1
SIIMM-ÄRY
.■■■ίο·-."·
-tľ; ;
PRQRVAlrACEMETERY
-
',
.
,l!M
-,
'-----------
ygjn
-----
■;
ι
:.■
ι
't,,I j
Thé
monograph describes the results of
tne
research
of Prorva Cemetery excavated by the 'author with the
assistance of
Igař
M.
Jażepenka
in
1994 -1997;
Prorva
1
is
located in Ragachou
nücro-region
(fig.
І;
65)
and is one of
the complexes belonging to the system; of Middle Dnieper
,
Culture cemeteries and settlements. In
1950
-1960s these
complexes were researched by Ivan I. Artsiomenka
(1961 ;
1964; 1967)
and in late 1990s,by the author an<l Igar M.
Jazepenką.
. .,
;.
. .-,:',,,,. . ■<-,,
,;-itr,
Prorva
1
Cemetery is situate^ on a meadow, height on
thè
left
bánk
of the Dnieper approximately
2,5
tón
south
off the Zamkavaya
Gara (Casţle
IJill) iii
thé
Totyn of
Ragachbu (Gomel region), nearthepresent-day1 southern
bank of the Dnieper's old bed named
Prorvà
(fig.
1 :
А,Б).
Tlie
height rises up to
2
m
lipón
the surrounding low
meadow and the water leveHn the old beds'in
ïate
June.
The burials are located on the-ftmge^of the hill starting
from the Jevel a little higher than
1
m;,Ţhe
maximum length
of the hill along the line North-West- South-East is
96
m
and the maximum width is about
42
m
(fig.
1:
Β). ,
22
graves were researched in Prorva
1
Cemetery
(fíg.
2).
Including the destroyed burial object's, their quantity
could have
rèacjied
25.
All the graves'were concentrated
in two main zones of the hill:
В
aiiđ
Ґ
(fígl
59:2).
Zone
В
as
the most
íavorable
for creating burial objects contained
the major part of burial complexes.
Part I offers a description of all the researched graves
of Prorva and their grave-goods
(fíg.
3-38).
Burial complexes and rituals are analyzed in Part II.
The burial complexes of Prorva
1
are viewed upon as a
totality of interconnected objects or, in other words, as a
system based on the sum of the following components:
A
-
burial construction,
Б
-
remains of a dead person,
В
-
burial goods,
Г-
additional burial structures.
The burial complexes appearing as the final link in the
process of burying the dead expressed in a mediate way
the rituals and some other actions of the final stage. The
process of post-mortem treatment of a dead person
consisted of three cycles of ritual actions:
1)
preceding;
2)
concluding;
3)
follow-up.
The preceding ritual actions in the societies that left
the burials in Prorva
1
were directed at either destruction
or, on the contrary, conservation of the dead person's
body: in the first case the dead person was burnt and in
the second one the body was prepared for burying in the
non-burnt state. The cremation took place outside the
boundaries of cemetery Prorva and the cremated remains
were carried to the area of cemetery hill in this case. Zone
A where the major part of the out-of-burial pottery of type
I was concentrated is assumed to have been a short-time
settlement periodically built in order to prepare and carry
out a burial according to a particular ritual.
1 '
THe
cycle of the concluding burial
jetions
was 'aimed
'ať
creating' a burial
'ör
exhibiting^'MemonstratiVe")
complex.'The remains ofthe dead1 person wore led put
1
from the sphere of living people. The dead or their remains
were placed into pits of oval, rectangular or amorphous
shape. A side deepening could be cut into one .of the side
walls of a rectangular pit. The bottoms of the
pits„were
( made sub-horizontal or were deepened in the middle or on
the side. The direction of the majority of the pits was
close to the guiding
Hne
along the axistyorth East
-
South
■WèpV
or North' West- South East. Separate graves got
'tneóríentatiòn
along
Ше
lines East
-
West, North
-
South
(fig.47).
, ■ ;"
! :
'
: ]';/
Only
їй
three cases it can b'e rather distinctly stated
; that
thè
dead in thb grave pit were buried according to the
inhumation grave ritual (graves
15,16, 20).
In graves
15
and
16
these, were children\at the, ago of infants
L
According to the analysis of the;burial inventory and bone
.remains, grave
15
cpntained
ą
boy's body. The dead;child
is believed to have been laid with his head north. In grave
16
the child's body could have been placed in a sitting
pose leaning sideways against the south-west wall of the
deep pit. Two dead people must have
beéri
placed onto
the bottom of grave
20.
One of them could have been
lying with the head pointing at north
-
east direction, i.e.
along one of the long walls of the burial pit.
Cremated remains and non-burnt animal carcasses or
their separate parts were also placed into the pits. Burial
pits
3
and
9
stand out for containing only cremated animal
bones. Grave
10,
apart from animal remains, contained
fragments of a bog tortoise-shell.
Dead bodies or their cremated remains were placed
into pits, many of which revealed traces of wooden
constructions. In graves
1,2,5,10,14,20
coal remnants of
logs were preserved along the chamber's side walls.
Probably, these are burnt wall coverings of the burial pits.
Initially the wall coverings could have leant on corner
poles, like in grave
20,
for instance. Both the coverings
and the poles got often burnt. The pole construction is
traced in grave
15.
Within the boundaries of the space
enclosed by the poles a boy's dead body was placed
together with the following-along grave-goods. The built
construction was not burnt and, judging by the depth of
the pole pits, it could have risen relatively high above.
In the majority of graves some following-along grave-
goods was placed near the dead body or the burnt remains.
It included pottery of different types (fig.
48, 49),
stone
shafthole and flint ground axes (fig.
50:1-4),
arrowheads
(fig.
50:5-22)
and some other flint articles (fig.
51,52)
Wide
flakes and blades being of major importance. Several
Prorva
1
burials demonstrate a peculiar custom of placing
the pots upside down.
134
■ SUMMARY;
' ·
Some
conglomôťationiof flínt
arrowheads couldhave
been remnants of arrows
tHať
were
niöst
probably put into
à
¿íiíivér.
It
óöüld
Háve'
béén:
included into a' 'set; of
prestigious burial inventory belonging to the: group of
male burials
í'4,1
15,
iş'whicji'
'constituted ^unified,'
relatively simultaneous complex^ Some flint
ártícles-vyére
round inside the burial
роЏегу.
faking
'iñío
consideration
theiťbuhčlt
location»
iţ
is assumed "that separate*1 groups
of
fimi,
articles were put into'trie grave wrapped up
¿ír
placed into somematerial(made"of loom work,' leather,
barkeţc).
' ,' "; /;' "' ' ' ' ' '' ' ' ■' ■"■
'Topologica!
phase was finished by closing ibe major
çontainmg
bulk -the
buriäť
pit, the base surface,'some
wooden constructions and other reserve
surfácés.írí
Prörva
Ï
the closure of the burials could, have been
cárŕíeti
out
through
placeménťof
wooden ¿overage
anftśańa
covering.
Explicit
(тасеѕ
of wooden coverage we;re spotted out
ín
burial' l4 and the major burial'pit of grave
17.
^Vhile'
covering the grave yvith sand and wood took'place, some
other burnt remains could have been
púť
into
tlie
major
containing bulk. Their traces were spotted out in the middle
and upper
ñlimg
layers in a number of burial pits,.
.
The major pit of
butteri?
jiádiä
side
¡
widening-a
peculiar jut. The side pit was created simultaneously with
the major burial pit. On top of the latter a wooden coverage
was placed but the side deepening was apparently not
enclosed under the coverage. It should be stressed that
burnt bones and
rebinante
of broken pottery were placed
exactly into the side pit. There were no crematedbbries
iii
the main pit.
Buriaţ
'14
could
háve
been covered 'by a
mound,
wKoseediesmig'ìit
have stretched over
bu'näíš
ІЗ
and
І5.
Thëlièign'tof
the mound could have reached
0,3
S?'.·;"
,."' ■
:
".', ;:';":'
"i;/11.11 ľ1-;.
In the
taphqlogicaťphase'
some' additional structures
wereadíieď
such
asa'òiròular
ditch around, the
bùriàî'pitL
The ditch, being explicitly seen on the surface of the Hill's
highest
patt,
could
háve'fullfiUéd
sòme
function's of the
Object of
mriemólogica/
stage- actions directed at creating
complexes of memorial character.
', .'
( .'At the stage
öffoiiOw-upritjtai
'actions,i.e. already
airier the carried1 out burying;
á
stru'ctirrö'öfmnemológical
type
wąs
created. The objects that could nave become
thè
result of
foiíowing
ritual actions
ançl
were the traces of
funeral rites included additional burial components, e.g.
Şo-called
"memorial pits" as well as memorial graves. One
of
tţte
elementa
of this ritual action is bringing
áň'dpóurihg
burnt 'animal remains into the pit and placing an article of
;pottery 'on
tjię
filling 'of the
gŕaVe
pit. The
^comhiemoi-ation" could
have'béen
carried out through
burning
sórnè
sacrifice
ori
fire. Wooden constructions
could
háve
served as memorial type objects. The additional
¿rave-göods
were placed there.
,'
PairtlH. The chronology'and periodization of
Prorvá
I
,
Üuriaís
follows from
theàn
plylsis of horizontal and
vertical
stratigraphy, comparative-typological investigation of
graves at micro- and macrQ-regional levels; it is also
baseÜ
on comparison with other" regions and a series of
radiocarbon dates. From the material of Prorva
1
we
received
1І2
radiócarboiťdátes
fortunáis.
Three stylistic·-
chronological groups of burials are distinguished! I
-
graves!; 10i
,11,16,17?, 22
together with the pottery of
ruined graves; II
-
4Б;
Í5,
'14';
HI
-
3,4a,
9,1
б
probably
together with
8
and
20;thé
period of
eme^rgénce
òf ProrVá
Jr
bWiälš
containing pottery bf the flrUt' stylistic*
ckronologipai'group'embraced the span around
2500-
2460/2280
BC.The early date for graves containing pottery
or
'ihk^ïra^tyistic-chronoipgïcai
group' is defined
closer'to
240QBÇ,
and the late one is 2200BC. Burials with
features o^ the
second
stylistic-chronological group
existedàround230Ó-lateÌ900BC(fig.tìl).
' '
( The burials were, most intensively carried out
aţ
the'
cemetery in the
periód ¿ŕouncl
2500-2200
ВС-
the time
Stated for
the'firsťand
the third styjisiic-chronologjcal
groups of pottery from respective'
buríais'.
Àrouìid 230Ò
'^
19ÖÖ,
ВС
á'
çoriiplex
With the featur'es of the second
stylistïc-chrorioloéica'l
group
Öf
'pottery'emerged. After
this,
śqme\yhere
before
'1700
BÒ
burials
2
ща
5
were
Cg)
7
;
у
'.'Thcj defining¡of the chronology of
tlie
above mentioned
periods
l'as
well'as stylistic
pecüliá^ítíes^'of
thé gravé
goods'
(fírsťof
all
pottéryyin
the burials allow distinguishing two
major phases in the development of cemetery
Proŕvä
Xi'À
and
Ещ:
61).
PJiase A started around
2500
ВС
and ended
around
1000
ВС.
It embraces the development period of
grOups
Г,
ЇГ, ІІГ.
Xccordiňg
to
a nuni
ber
of stylistic features
ánď'absolufe:
dates,"groups
í
arid III are partially
syrichrohizeii arid defined as stage
Äa.
It finished riot later
than
2200
SČ,'whicíi'iš defítted bý
thè date
of the cease of
group's III existence,
thé
developmérit
span
òf stylìstic-
chroriological group
lì
embraces1 period
Å6
оІЩ
ceinetèry's
Á
phase. Thus/the overwhelming majority of
burialslntrorvá
\ eriiergedinphase^
(2500-
19Û0
ВС).
It
should be noted that the burials we most often
cárríÉd
¿и1ЦЉерег1^Ла(25002200ВС).и1егоп(1пр11аѕе5
to tie exact (iri'
1800^1700'
BC),tWo burials
(2
and
5)
emerged (fig.
él),
!
'f"
' ' ' '
': ^Part
IV. 'Ät
alitile
stages
ö'f
its development Prorva
1
reveáis
à1 gréai' riùmb'ér
'öf
regional
cultíiťal
traditions
particularly characteristic of
thè
Upper1 Dnieper
agglornemtion
oîMddle Dnieper
ĆiiltM
cemeteries.
Thè
forniatìbh
ofthe lartër
was first of all based on the traditions
of the
Cordeâ
WareVùliwe;
Many elements ofthe Corded
Ware Culture, 'including
thè
ones in
á
synthesized form,
are spotted out arnong the burial materials of Prorva
1.
Apart
frolli
them,features1 typical of the Globular Amphora
Culture
äre írac'éä;in
ProřVa
1,,
as' well as the cultural
traditions
wlióse
sources should
bé look
for
hàorigstëppe
and forest-steppe cultures. Separate elements; 'which could
have been borrowed
uömßrest
Neolithic context, can be
noticed, too.
>
; It is believed that
iti. prospèdt
á
hiode] of multi-stream
cultural
devëlopmèrit'cahbe
developed basing on'materials
of Prorva
1
.and some oilier
burlai
complexes. In social
and
culturaťsense,
a multi-stream cultural'development
involves arelatively simultaneous existence of populations
different by origin on the same territoiy. It should be also
135
м тголтиттьттатч. могтльтж
.
ПРОРВА
1
taken into consideration .that
^rorva
1
presents .a wide
range of peculiar features, which allow distinguishing this,
burial complex among other cemeteries in the micro-region.
,
Party, It is believed that the difference in the quantity
and quality of grave goods can signify about the state of
inter-social division in a certain group of people who were
buried in the cemetery. The assessment of the quantity of
grave-goods placed into each burial
inProrvá
1
according
to the so-called "grade system" allows distinguishing four
groups of burials considering "richness"
(fíg.
бб). А
relatively large quantity and high quality of "riches"
occurs in burials where people
ormale
sex are believed to
have been buried, ; (
The signs of "richness" i.e. the objects that composed
the complexes of the most prestigious burial inventory
and.foilowed the, "richest" dead people
ormale
sex in
Prorva I were; a) burial pottery
(2-3:
objects);
b) stone
shafthole axes; o) flint arrowheads
(2
to
5
pieces); dj flint
ground axes; e) other flint objects
(2
to
17
pieces). The
"richest" burials are distinguished not onjy by the quantity
and quality of burial inventory, but also by
amóre
extensive
range of elements of the burial ritual. The ritual burial
actions demanded relatively more energy compared to
some other kinds of graves.
""'.'.'
.
Considering social context, the explicit dominance of
men can be traced in Prorva
1
burial material, Men were
directly involved in military activities, which is proved
by military complexes in their graves. Men retained the
leadingrole
aţal|
the development stages of the population
groups who left the cemetery at Prorva
1.
But the "richest"
male burial complex occurs in period A6 of phase
Å.
The
analysis of materials of grave
15
can also testify to the
fact that episodically, in some cases, a boy inherited some
Relatively high-status positions from a man. There is a
possibility that in some populations
oí
Middle Dnieper
Culture, including the bearers of Ragachou micro-region
Middle Dnieper Culture, such social norms were adopted
more actively while in others
-
more slowly.
The material of most Prorva
1
burials signifies that the
social structure must have been developing according to
models of rank society. The social hierarchy didn't extend
beyond the borders of rank division: the status of a
particular member of society depended on his/her position
in the system of blood relationships 'or on his/her
Outstanding personal qualities and a certain type of
activities (religious, military, economic etc). In such
societies the leading role belonged to grown-up men while
each of them had the right to improving his status.
According to their social essence, the cpmmunities did
not differ from other formations where
ą
social status
depended primarily on
a persón/s
age, sex,, personal
qualities, outstanding achievements and charisma,
'
The described type of social structure corresponds
mostly, to the models considered in connection with
:
societies of the "western" Corded Ware Culture and epi-
Çorded
cultures. Yet itshould be assumed that the Upper
Dnieper, societies/worked out their own specific features
ofsoçial
relations. The conditions of neighborhood with
the Yamnaya and Catacomb .Cultures societies must have
affected this process in some way. They might
háve
promoted the acceleration of the process of social
stratification^ We shouldn't ignore the fact of interrelations
with the'population of forest'
"Ñeolith,
the Globular
Amphora Culture, cultures of Carpathian region etc.
Γη
connection with that, in prospect the issue of the specifics
of Middle Dnieper Culture societies' social structure
should be defined including the consideration of this
questionon the territory of Belarusian Dnieper region.
There are some male burials in barrow complexes of
Ragachou micro-region, which greatly surpassthe most
prestigious burials of Prorva
1
by their "richness". In
prospect one can use two versions to explain the mentioned
fact, provided the integrated analysis'of all the'burial
monuments pf the micro-region is done, a) Either the
population of people burying
thé
dead in Prorva
1
was
not able to single outmalesof extremely high status among
themselves b) or cemetery Prorva
1
was intended for
burying the dead who had had (while alive) a relatively
low status compared to those buried in the barrows.
:In Prorva
1
the burials were carried out according to
both cremation and flat inhumation rituals. During the
cremation a dead body was deliberately destroyed.
Preserving a body after death was not appropriate in some
cases. In the context of beliefs about the transition to other
(unearthly), usually immaterial, specifically after-death
forms of existence the destruction pf a dead body through
cremating it on a ritual fire could theoretically mean
enforcement of the belief about the incorporeal after-death
existence of the passed away person. Nevertheless, in
Prorva, as well as in many other cemeteries, in particular
barrow ones, the ritual of inhumation graves had
agreat
significance. The ceremonial dualism of such, a kind can;
testify to the ambiguousity of beliefs about
à
person's after-
death existence: corporeal or incorporeal existence in
tne
other world. It is quite probable that
tne
mentioned
devişion
in beliefs was characteristic of particular social
and age groups and could have been detemined by certain
rank or age of the dead person.
', , ;
:
The fire played an important role in burial rituals
(destruction of a dead body and burial constructions,
carrying the remnants of the fire to the dead person, fires
for comemmorating etc),The
s^mbolişni
and signification
of these actions must have consisted 'in people's striving
for protection from chaos through the.element of fire. A
magic circle
-
a circular, ditch
-
closed' the space around
the, burial and thus, according to .people's beliefs, must
have created a sacred space and separated it from
ojiaos.
Such ritual action as turning the,burial pottery upside
down (a spatial transformation) could symbolize a person's
transition from one
státe
(the state of "this, 'world"), to
another one ("the other world1*) the latter being contrary
to the usual earthly life.
Translated by Anasiasiya Lnbnda
136 |
| adam_txt |
ЗМЕСТ
Уступ
.,.,._. 5
Раздзел І. Лакалізацьія могільніка, апісашіс пахаванняУ і
ix
інвснтару
ІЛ.ЛакалІзацьшмогільніка
.
б
ІЛ.Апісаннепахаванняуихшвентару
.
б
Раздзел
II.
Шхавальньш
комплексы
і пахавальная абраднасць
ИЛ. Сістзмапаняццяуітзрмінау,.
.,.,,.,,.,.26
П.2.
Пахавальныя комплексы
.,.28
A. Пахавальныя
збудаванні
.,.,.,.28
АЛ. Асноуныя умяшчальныя аб'ёмы. Ямы
і
bc
тыпы
.28
A.2,
Базавыя
паверхні
.
,
.28
А.З. Дублюючыя
паверхні (абкладкІ, падсьіпкі, падсцілкІ і г.д.)
.
ЗО
А.4,
Замыкаючыя
паверхяі
.
3
1
Б. Шрзшткі памерлага
.31
B. Пахавальны
інвентар
.'.,.,.33
ВЛ
Хуправаджальны пахавальны
інвентар
.,.,,.*.33
ВЛЛ.Кераміка
.,.„.,.33
ВЛ.І.І.Марфалагічнаякласіфпсацьія
.33
ВЛЛ.г.Тзхналагічнаякласіфікацьія,.'.
.,.35
В.І.І.З.Класіфікацьіяарнаментальнагааздаблення
.36
В.1.2.
Крамянёвыя вырабы
.,.,36
ВЛ.З.Каменныявырабы
.40
В.1.4.
1ншысуправаджадьныпахавал&ны
інвентар
.,.41
В.2.
Спадарожны пахавальны
інвентар.
.41
В.2Л. Кераміка
.,.42
В.2.2.Каменныя1Крамянёвыявырабь1
.42
В.3-4.
Сумежны
і
датычны лахавальны
інвентар
.
,
.43
Г. Дадатковыя
некралагічньїя
структуры
.47
И.З.Пахавальнаяабраднасць
.,.,.,.48
ΙΣ.3
Л
.
Спроба падзелу
пахаванняу
паводле полавых
і
узроставых прыкмет,
.,.48
Я.З.г.Рэканструкцыяпахавальнагаабраду.
.,.,,,.49
П.З^Л.Папярздніяабрадавьїядзеянні.
.,.49
Ії.3.2.2.3авяршальньіяабрадавьіядзеянні
.50
ІЇ.3.2.3.Настушшяабрадавьіядзеянні
.53
Раздзел Ш.
Храналогія і
лерыядызацыя
Ш.І.АдноснаяхраналогІя
.54
Ш.2.
Параунальна-тьшалагічная сінхранізацьія
.55
Ш.2
Л.
Кантзкстуласнамогільніка
Прорва
1.55
ПІ.2.2.Мікрарзгіянальньікантзкст,
.
,
.57
Ш.2.3. Шраунальна-тьшалагічньї аналіз на макрарзгіянальньш узро^ні
.58
Ш.2.4.Тьіпалагічнаепараунаннезшшьімірзгіенамі
.59
Ш.З.Радыевугляроднаяхраналопя
. 60
Ш.3.1.
Суадносіньїпаміжрадьіевугляроднай і каляндарнайчасовьімідатамі
. 61
Ш.3.2. Абсалютная СІ 4-храналогія
Прорвы
1.64
Ш.4. Вьшіковая абсалютная храналогія і
перыядызацыя
пахаванняу могільніка
. 65
Раздзел
IV.
Культурная ідзнтьіфікацьія
IVI
.
Уступныя
за^вагі
.71
ÏV.2.
Сярэднедняпро^скаа
культура
. 72
rv.3.
Культура
шарападобных
амфар
.'.76
TV.4.
Культура їннуравой керамікі
.;. 79
ІУЛ.І.ЦьіркумбалтьійскаеколаїошьтурьішнуравоЙкерамікі.
. 79
ІУЛІЛ.Дачьіненнізпрьшорскай^куца^скаАкультурай
. 79
IV.4.
1.2.
Перспектьпш пошукау сувязі з культурай
адзіночньїх пахаванняу.
.'.83
ГУ.4.2.Прьікарпацкаекультурнаекола
.;.84
ІУ5.Дачьшенні з фацьянаускай культурай
.89
Г/.
6.
Традьщьіі культур
лесастэпау
і
стэпау
.91
1
IV.ö.l.
Перспектива пошукав сувязі з трьіпольскай культурай.
.;.91
IV.ő^.
Перспектыва
пошукав сувязіз ямнай і катакомбнай культурамі
.92
IV.7.
Перспектьша пошукау сувязі з купьтурамі ляснога неаліту
.97
1У.8.Высновы
.
і.
.98
< ' ■ '
Раздзел
V.
Перспектывы
рзканструкцьіі
сацыпльнай структуры
і
светапоглядных
V.l.
Перспектывы
рзканструкцьіі
сацыяльнаЙ структуры.
.,.99
V.I.I.
Ацэнка стану "багацця" пахаваных
.
ι
.99
У1.2.Мікрарзгіянальньш
аспекты
.103
V.I
.3.
Пошукі
адэкватных мадэляу сацьтяльнай структуры сярод
сінхронньїх
супольнасЦяу
.108
У'Л.З.І.СістзмапаняццяУ
.108
V.
1.3.2.
Сацыяльная структура некаторых
сінхронньїх
супольнасцяу.
. ;.109
V.lAHeKaTOpbWTBbicHOBbi
.
Ill
V.2.
Перспектывы рэканотрукцьп светапоглядных уярлепвяу
.112
V^.Ly^^eHHeaocMepiţiinacMapoTHbiMicHaBaHHi
.;.112
^2.2.Некаторыяшшыя аспекты светапоглядных уяулення^
.114
Заключэнне
.;.,.,.,.,.115
Дадаткі
.119
Літаратура.;.
.,.126
Summary.
.;.
і
.
.,.
.;.134
Ілюстрацьіі.
.,.,.„.137
ПРОРВА
1
SIIMM-ÄRY
.■■■ίο·-."·
-tľ; ;
PRQRVAlrACEMETERY
-
',
.
,l!M
-,
'-----------
ygjn
-----
■;
ι
:.■
ι
't,,I j
Thé
monograph describes the results of
tne
research
of Prorva Cemetery excavated by the 'author with the
assistance of
Igař
M.
Jażepenka
in
1994 -1997;
Prorva
1
is
located in Ragachou
nücro-region
(fig.
І;
65)
and is one of
the complexes belonging to the system; of Middle Dnieper
,
Culture cemeteries and settlements. In
1950
-1960s these
complexes were researched by Ivan I. Artsiomenka
(1961 ;
1964; 1967)
and in late 1990s,by the author an<l Igar M.
Jazepenką.
. .,
;.
. .-,:',,,,. . ■<-,,
,;-itr,
Prorva
1
Cemetery is situate^ on a meadow, height on
thè
left
bánk
of the Dnieper approximately
2,5
tón
south
off the Zamkavaya
Gara (Casţle
IJill) iii
thé
Totyn of
Ragachbu (Gomel region), nearthepresent-day1 southern
bank of the Dnieper's old bed named
Prorvà
(fig.
1 :
А,Б).
Tlie
height rises up to
2
m
lipón
the surrounding low
meadow and the water leveHn the old beds'in
ïate
June.
The burials are located on the-ftmge^of the hill starting
from the Jevel a little higher than
1
m;,Ţhe
maximum length
of the hill along the line North-West- South-East is
96
m
and the maximum width is about
42
m
(fig.
1:
Β). ,
22
graves were researched in Prorva
1
Cemetery
(fíg.
2).
Including the destroyed burial object's, their quantity
could have
rèacjied
25.
All the graves'were concentrated
in two main zones of the hill:
В
aiiđ
Ґ
(fígl
59:2).
Zone
В
as
the most
íavorable
for creating burial objects contained
the major part of burial complexes.
Part I offers a description of all the researched graves
of Prorva and their grave-goods
(fíg.
3-38).
Burial complexes and rituals are analyzed in Part II.
The burial complexes of Prorva
1
are viewed upon as a
totality of interconnected objects or, in other words, as a
system based on the sum of the following components:
A
-
burial construction,
Б
-
remains of a dead person,
В
-
burial goods,
Г-
additional burial structures.
The burial complexes appearing as the final link in the
process of burying the dead expressed in a mediate way
the rituals and some other actions of the final stage. The
process of post-mortem treatment of a dead person
consisted of three cycles of ritual actions:
1)
preceding;
2)
concluding;
3)
follow-up.
The preceding ritual actions in the societies that left
the burials in Prorva
1
were directed at either destruction
or, on the contrary, conservation of the dead person's
body: in the first case the dead person was burnt and in
the second one the body was prepared for burying in the
non-burnt state. The cremation took place outside the
boundaries of cemetery Prorva and the cremated remains
were carried to the area of cemetery hill in this case. Zone
A where the major part of the out-of-burial pottery of type
I was concentrated is assumed to have been a short-time
settlement periodically built in order to prepare and carry
out a burial according to a particular ritual.
1 '
THe
cycle of the concluding burial
jetions
was 'aimed
'ať
creating' a burial
'ör
exhibiting^'MemonstratiVe")
complex.'The remains ofthe dead1 person wore led put
1
from the sphere of living people. The dead or their remains
were placed into pits of oval, rectangular or amorphous
shape. A side deepening could be cut into one .of the side
walls of a rectangular pit. The bottoms of the
pits„were
( made sub-horizontal or were deepened in the middle or on
the side. The direction of the majority of the pits was
close to the guiding
Hne
along the axistyorth East
-
South
■WèpV
or North' West- South East. Separate graves got
'tneóríentatiòn
along
Ше
lines East
-
West, North
-
South
(fig.47).
, ■ ;"
! :
'
: ]';/
Only
їй
three cases it can b'e rather distinctly stated
; that
thè
dead in thb grave pit were buried according to the
inhumation grave ritual (graves
15,16, 20).
In graves
15
and
16
these, were children\at the, ago of infants
L
According to the analysis of the;burial inventory and bone
.remains, grave
15
cpntained
ą
boy's body. The dead;child
is believed to have been laid with his head north. In grave
16
the child's body could have been placed in a sitting
pose leaning sideways against the south-west wall of the
deep pit. Two dead people must have
beéri
placed onto
the bottom of grave
20.
One of them could have been
lying with the head pointing at north
-
east direction, i.e.
along one of the long walls of the burial pit.
Cremated remains and non-burnt animal carcasses or
their separate parts were also placed into the pits. Burial
pits
3
and
9
stand out for containing only cremated animal
bones. Grave
10,
apart from animal remains, contained
fragments of a bog tortoise-shell.
Dead bodies or their cremated remains were placed
into pits, many of which revealed traces of wooden
constructions. In graves
1,2,5,10,14,20
coal remnants of
logs were preserved along the chamber's side walls.
Probably, these are burnt wall coverings of the burial pits.
Initially the wall coverings could have leant on corner
poles, like in grave
20,
for instance. Both the coverings
and the poles got often burnt. The pole construction is
traced in grave
15.
Within the boundaries of the space
enclosed by the poles a boy's dead body was placed
together with the following-along grave-goods. The built
construction was not burnt and, judging by the depth of
the pole pits, it could have risen relatively high above.
In the majority of graves some following-along grave-
goods was placed near the dead body or the burnt remains.
It included pottery of different types (fig.
48, 49),
stone
shafthole and flint ground axes (fig.
50:1-4),
arrowheads
(fig.
50:5-22)
and some other flint articles (fig.
51,52)
Wide
flakes and blades being of major importance. Several
Prorva
1
burials demonstrate a peculiar custom of placing
the pots upside down.
134
■ SUMMARY;
' ·
Some
conglomôťationiof flínt
arrowheads couldhave
been remnants of arrows
tHať
were
niöst
probably put into
à
¿íiíivér.
It
óöüld
Háve'
béén:
included into a' 'set; of
prestigious burial inventory belonging to the: group of
male burials
í'4,1
15,
iş'whicji'
'constituted ^unified,'
relatively simultaneous complex^ Some flint
ártícles-vyére
round inside the burial
роЏегу.
faking
'iñío
consideration
theiťbuhčlt
location»
iţ
is assumed "that separate*1 groups
of
fimi,
articles were put into'trie grave wrapped up
¿ír
placed into somematerial(made"of loom work,' leather,
barkeţc).
' ,' "; /;' "' ' ' ' ' '' ' ' ■' ■"■
'Topologica!
phase was finished by closing ibe major
çontainmg
bulk -the
buriäť
pit, the base surface,'some
wooden constructions and other reserve
surfácés.írí
Prörva
Ï
the closure of the burials could, have been
cárŕíeti
out
through
placeménťof
wooden ¿overage
anftśańa
covering.
Explicit
(тасеѕ
of wooden coverage we;re spotted out
ín
burial' l4 and the major burial'pit of grave
17.
^Vhile'
covering the grave yvith sand and wood took'place, some
other burnt remains could have been
púť
into
tlie
major
containing bulk. Their traces were spotted out in the middle
and upper
ñlimg
layers in a number of burial pits,.
.
The major pit of
butteri?
jiádiä
side
¡
widening-a
peculiar jut. The side pit was created simultaneously with
the major burial pit. On top of the latter a wooden coverage
was placed but the side deepening was apparently not
enclosed under the coverage. It should be stressed that
burnt bones and
rebinante
of broken pottery were placed
exactly into the side pit. There were no crematedbbries
iii
the main pit.
Buriaţ
'14
could
háve
been covered 'by a
mound,
wKoseediesmig'ìit
have stretched over
bu'näíš
ІЗ
and
І5.
Thëlièign'tof
the mound could have reached
0,3
S?'.·;"
,."' ■
:
".', ;:';":'
"i;/11.11 ľ1-;.
In the
taphqlogicaťphase'
some' additional structures
wereadíieď
such
asa'òiròular
ditch around, the
bùriàî'pitL
The ditch, being explicitly seen on the surface of the Hill's
highest
patt,
could
háve'fullfiUéd
sòme
function's of the
Object of
mriemólogica/
stage- actions directed at creating
complexes of memorial character.
', .'
( .'At the stage
öffoiiOw-upritjtai
'actions,i.e. already
airier the carried1 out burying;
á
stru'ctirrö'öfmnemológical
type
wąs
created. The objects that could nave become
thè
result of
foiíowing
ritual actions
ançl
were the traces of
funeral rites included additional burial components, e.g.
Şo-called
"memorial pits" as well as memorial graves. One
of
tţte
elementa
of this ritual action is bringing
áň'dpóurihg
burnt 'animal remains into the pit and placing an article of
;pottery 'on
tjię
filling 'of the
gŕaVe
pit. The
^comhiemoi-ation" could
have'béen
carried out through
burning
sórnè
sacrifice
ori
fire. Wooden constructions
could
háve
served as memorial type objects. The additional
¿rave-göods
were placed there.
,'
PairtlH. The chronology'and periodization of
Prorvá
I
,
Üuriaís
follows from
theàn
plylsis of horizontal and
vertical
stratigraphy, comparative-typological investigation of
graves at micro- and macrQ-regional levels; it is also
baseÜ
on comparison with other" regions and a series of
radiocarbon dates. From the material of Prorva
1
we
received
1І2
radiócarboiťdátes
fortunáis.
Three stylistic·-
chronological groups of burials are distinguished! I
-
graves!; 10i
,11,16,17?, 22
together with the pottery of
ruined graves; II
-
4Б;
Í5,
'14';
HI
-
3,4a,
9,1
б
probably
together with
8
and
20;thé
period of
eme^rgénce
òf ProrVá
Jr
bWiälš
containing pottery bf the flrUt' stylistic*
ckronologipai'group'embraced the span around
2500-
2460/2280
BC.The early date for graves containing pottery
or
'ihk^ïra^tyistic-chronoipgïcai
group' is defined
closer'to
240QBÇ,
and the late one is 2200BC. Burials with
features o^ the
second
stylistic-chronological group
existedàround230Ó-lateÌ900BC(fig.tìl).
' '
( The burials were, most intensively carried out
aţ
the'
cemetery in the
periód ¿ŕouncl
2500-2200
ВС-
the time
Stated for
the'firsťand
the third styjisiic-chronologjcal
groups of pottery from respective'
buríais'.
Àrouìid 230Ò
'^
19ÖÖ,
ВС
á'
çoriiplex
With the featur'es of the second
stylistïc-chrorioloéica'l
group
Öf
'pottery'emerged. After
this,
śqme\yhere
before
'1700
BÒ
burials
2
ща
5
were
Cg)
7
;
у
'.'Thcj defining¡of the chronology of
tlie
above mentioned
periods
l'as
well'as stylistic
pecüliá^ítíes^'of
thé gravé
goods'
(fírsťof
all
pottéryyin
the burials allow distinguishing two
major phases in the development of cemetery
Proŕvä
Xi'À
and
Ещ:
61).
PJiase A started around
2500
ВС
and ended
around
1000
ВС.
It embraces the development period of
grOups
Г,
ЇГ, ІІГ.
Xccordiňg
to
a nuni
ber
of stylistic features
ánď'absolufe:
dates,"groups
í
arid III are partially
syrichrohizeii arid defined as stage
Äa.
It finished riot later
than
2200
SČ,'whicíi'iš defítted bý
thè date
of the cease of
group's III existence,
thé
developmérit
span
òf stylìstic-
chroriological group
lì
embraces1 period
Å6
оІЩ
ceinetèry's
Á
phase. Thus/the overwhelming majority of
burialslntrorvá
\ eriiergedinphase^
(2500-
19Û0
ВС).
It
should be noted that the burials we most often
cárríÉd
¿и1ЦЉерег1^Ла(25002200ВС).и1егоп(1пр11аѕе5
to tie exact (iri'
1800^1700'
BC),tWo burials
(2
and
5)
emerged (fig.
él),
!
'f"
' ' ' '
': ^Part
IV. 'Ät
alitile
stages
ö'f
its development Prorva
1
reveáis
à1 gréai' riùmb'ér
'öf
regional
cultíiťal
traditions
particularly characteristic of
thè
Upper1 Dnieper
agglornemtion
oîMddle Dnieper
ĆiiltM
cemeteries.
Thè
forniatìbh
ofthe lartër
was first of all based on the traditions
of the
Cordeâ
WareVùliwe;
Many elements ofthe Corded
Ware Culture, 'including
thè
ones in
á
synthesized form,
are spotted out arnong the burial materials of Prorva
1.
Apart
frolli
them,features1 typical of the Globular Amphora
Culture
äre írac'éä;in
ProřVa
1,,
as' well as the cultural
traditions
wlióse
sources should
bé look
for
hàorigstëppe
and forest-steppe cultures. Separate elements; 'which could
have been borrowed
uömßrest
Neolithic context, can be
noticed, too.
>
; It is believed that
iti. prospèdt
á
hiode] of multi-stream
cultural
devëlopmèrit'cahbe
developed basing on'materials
of Prorva
1
.and some oilier
burlai
complexes. In social
and
culturaťsense,
a multi-stream cultural'development
involves arelatively simultaneous existence of populations
different by origin on the same territoiy. It should be also
135
м тголтиттьттатч. могтльтж
.
ПРОРВА
1
taken into consideration .that
^rorva
1
presents .a wide
range of peculiar features, which allow distinguishing this,
burial complex among other cemeteries in the micro-region.
,
Party, It is believed that the difference in the quantity
and quality of grave goods can signify about the state of
inter-social division in a certain group of people who were
buried in the cemetery. The assessment of the quantity of
grave-goods placed into each burial
inProrvá
1
according
to the so-called "grade system" allows distinguishing four
groups of burials considering "richness"
(fíg.
бб). А
relatively large quantity and high quality of "riches"
occurs in burials where people
ormale
sex are believed to
have been buried, ; (
The signs of "richness" i.e. the objects that composed
the complexes of the most prestigious burial inventory
and.foilowed the, "richest" dead people
ormale
sex in
Prorva I were; a) burial pottery
(2-3:
objects);
b) stone
shafthole axes; o) flint arrowheads
(2
to
5
pieces); dj flint
ground axes; e) other flint objects
(2
to
17
pieces). The
"richest" burials are distinguished not onjy by the quantity
and quality of burial inventory, but also by
amóre
extensive
range of elements of the burial ritual. The ritual burial
actions demanded relatively more energy compared to
some other kinds of graves.
""'.'.'
.
Considering social context, the explicit dominance of
men can be traced in Prorva
1
burial material, Men were
directly involved in military activities, which is proved
by military complexes in their graves. Men retained the
leadingrole
aţal|
the development stages of the population
groups who left the cemetery at Prorva
1.
But the "richest"
male burial complex occurs in period A6 of phase
Å.
The
analysis of materials of grave
15
can also testify to the
fact that episodically, in some cases, a boy inherited some
Relatively high-status positions from a man. There is a
possibility that in some populations
oí
Middle Dnieper
Culture, including the bearers of Ragachou micro-region
Middle Dnieper Culture, such social norms were adopted
more actively while in others
-
more slowly.
The material of most Prorva
1
burials signifies that the
social structure must have been developing according to
models of rank society. The social hierarchy didn't extend
beyond the borders of rank division: the status of a
particular member of society depended on his/her position
in the system of blood relationships 'or on his/her
Outstanding personal qualities and a certain type of
activities (religious, military, economic etc). In such
societies the leading role belonged to grown-up men while
each of them had the right to improving his status.
According to their social essence, the cpmmunities did
not differ from other formations where
ą
social status
depended primarily on
a persón/s
age, sex,, personal
qualities, outstanding achievements and charisma,
'
The described type of social structure corresponds
mostly, to the models considered in connection with
:
societies of the "western" Corded Ware Culture and epi-
Çorded
cultures. Yet itshould be assumed that the Upper
Dnieper, societies/worked out their own specific features
ofsoçial
relations. The conditions of neighborhood with
the Yamnaya and Catacomb .Cultures societies must have
affected this process in some way. They might
háve
promoted the acceleration of the process of social
stratification^ We shouldn't ignore the fact of interrelations
with the'population of forest'
"Ñeolith,
the Globular
Amphora Culture, cultures of Carpathian region etc.
Γη
connection with that, in prospect the issue of the specifics
of Middle Dnieper Culture societies' social structure
should be defined including the consideration of this
questionon the territory of Belarusian Dnieper region.
There are some male burials in barrow complexes of
Ragachou micro-region, which greatly surpassthe most
prestigious burials of Prorva
1
by their "richness". In
prospect one can use two versions to explain the mentioned
fact, provided the integrated analysis'of all the'burial
monuments pf the micro-region is done, a) Either the
population of people burying
thé
dead in Prorva
1
was
not able to single outmalesof extremely high status among
themselves b) or cemetery Prorva
1
was intended for
burying the dead who had had (while alive) a relatively
low status compared to those buried in the barrows.
:In Prorva
1
the burials were carried out according to
both cremation and flat inhumation rituals. During the
cremation a dead body was deliberately destroyed.
Preserving a body after death was not appropriate in some
cases. In the context of beliefs about the transition to other
(unearthly), usually immaterial, specifically after-death
forms of existence the destruction pf a dead body through
cremating it on a ritual fire could theoretically mean
enforcement of the belief about the incorporeal after-death
existence of the passed away person. Nevertheless, in
Prorva, as well as in many other cemeteries, in particular
barrow ones, the ritual of inhumation graves had
agreat
significance. The ceremonial dualism of such, a kind can;
testify to the ambiguousity of beliefs about
à
person's after-
death existence: corporeal or incorporeal existence in
tne
other world. It is quite probable that
tne
mentioned
devişion
in beliefs was characteristic of particular social
and age groups and could have been detemined by certain
rank or age of the dead person.
', , ;
:
The fire played an important role in burial rituals
(destruction of a dead body and burial constructions,
carrying the remnants of the fire to the dead person, fires
for comemmorating etc),The
s^mbolişni
and signification
of these actions must have consisted 'in people's striving
for protection from chaos through the.element of fire. A
magic circle
-
a circular, ditch
-
closed' the space around
the, burial and thus, according to .people's beliefs, must
have created a sacred space and separated it from
ojiaos.
Such ritual action as turning the,burial pottery upside
down (a spatial transformation) could symbolize a person's
transition from one
státe
(the state of "this, 'world"), to
another one ("the other world1*) the latter being contrary
to the usual earthly life.
Translated by Anasiasiya Lnbnda
136 |
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| author | Kryvalʹcėvič, Mikalaj M. |
| author_facet | Kryvalʹcėvič, Mikalaj M. |
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| author_sort | Kryvalʹcėvič, Mikalaj M. |
| author_variant | m m k mm mmk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022753100 |
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| era | Geschichte 2500 v. Chr.-2000 v. Chr. gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 2500 v. Chr.-2000 v. Chr. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Oberer Dnjepr Region (DE-588)4384756-0 gnd Belarus (DE-588)4079143-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Oberer Dnjepr Region Belarus |
| id | DE-604.BV022753100 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:31:30Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-25T11:04:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9856769159 |
| language | Belarusian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015958792 |
| oclc_num | 220116755 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 202 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Inst. Historyi NAN Belarusi |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kryvalʹcėvič, Mikalaj M. Verfasser aut Mohilʹnik sjarėdziny III - pačatku II tysjačahoddzjaŭ da n.ė. na Verchnim Dnjapry - Prorva 1 Kryvalʹcėvič M. M. Minsk Inst. Historyi NAN Belarusi 2006 202 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., beloruss. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Prorva 1 - a cemetery of the middle III - early II-nd millenium BC on the Upper Dnieper Geschichte 2500 v. Chr.-2000 v. Chr. gnd rswk-swf Friedhof (DE-588)4018537-0 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Oberer Dnjepr Region (DE-588)4384756-0 gnd rswk-swf Belarus (DE-588)4079143-9 gnd rswk-swf Belarus (DE-588)4079143-9 g Oberer Dnjepr Region (DE-588)4384756-0 g Friedhof (DE-588)4018537-0 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Geschichte 2500 v. Chr.-2000 v. Chr. z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015958792&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015958792&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kryvalʹcėvič, Mikalaj M. Mohilʹnik sjarėdziny III - pačatku II tysjačahoddzjaŭ da n.ė. na Verchnim Dnjapry - Prorva 1 Friedhof (DE-588)4018537-0 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4018537-0 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4384756-0 (DE-588)4079143-9 |
| title | Mohilʹnik sjarėdziny III - pačatku II tysjačahoddzjaŭ da n.ė. na Verchnim Dnjapry - Prorva 1 |
| title_auth | Mohilʹnik sjarėdziny III - pačatku II tysjačahoddzjaŭ da n.ė. na Verchnim Dnjapry - Prorva 1 |
| title_exact_search | Mohilʹnik sjarėdziny III - pačatku II tysjačahoddzjaŭ da n.ė. na Verchnim Dnjapry - Prorva 1 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Mohilʹnik sjarėdziny III - pačatku II tysjačahoddzjaŭ da n.ė. na Verchnim Dnjapry - Prorva 1 |
| title_full | Mohilʹnik sjarėdziny III - pačatku II tysjačahoddzjaŭ da n.ė. na Verchnim Dnjapry - Prorva 1 Kryvalʹcėvič M. M. |
| title_fullStr | Mohilʹnik sjarėdziny III - pačatku II tysjačahoddzjaŭ da n.ė. na Verchnim Dnjapry - Prorva 1 Kryvalʹcėvič M. M. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mohilʹnik sjarėdziny III - pačatku II tysjačahoddzjaŭ da n.ė. na Verchnim Dnjapry - Prorva 1 Kryvalʹcėvič M. M. |
| title_short | Mohilʹnik sjarėdziny III - pačatku II tysjačahoddzjaŭ da n.ė. na Verchnim Dnjapry - Prorva 1 |
| title_sort | mohilʹnik sjaredziny iii pacatku ii tysjacahoddzjau da n e na verchnim dnjapry prorva 1 |
| topic | Friedhof (DE-588)4018537-0 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Friedhof Ausgrabung Oberer Dnjepr Region Belarus |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015958792&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015958792&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kryvalʹcevicmikalajm mohilʹniksjaredzinyiiipacatkuiitysjacahoddzjaudanenaverchnimdnjapryprorva1 |