Dni życia, dni śmierci: ludność żydowska w Radomiu w latach 1918 - 1950
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
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Warszawa
Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych - Wydział Wydawnictw
2006
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 309 S. |
| ISBN: | 838911531X |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804136943994273792 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
..................................................................................... 9
Wykaz skrótów
.......................................................................... 19
CZĘŚĆ I: W Polsce Odrodzonej
(1918-1939)
Rozdział
1.
Żydzi radomscy w zaraniu niepodległości
........,.................... 23
Rozdział Z.
Demografía
ludności żydowskiej
....................................... 32
Rozdział
3,
Żydowska gmina wyznaniowa
.......................................... 41
3.1.
Podstawy prawne działalności i kompetencje gmin wyznaniowych
......... 41
3.2.
Walka o dominację we władzach gminy radomskiej
.......................... 43
3.3.
Gospodarka gminy
............................................................... 51
3.4.
Instytucje prowadzone przez gminę oraz organizacje z nią związane
....... 53
Rozdział
4.
Aktywność gospodarcza i źródła utrzymania ludności
żydowskiej
............................................................................ 58
4.1.
Przemyśl
.......................................................................... 59
4.2.
Rzemiosio i usługi
................................................................ 65
4.3.
Handel
............................................................................. 68
4.4.
Bankowość i kredyt
.....................................................,........ 70
4.5.
Urzędnicy i przedstawiciele wolnych zawodów
................................ 71
4.6.
Inne zawody i zajęcia
............................................................ 73
Rozdział
5.
Życie
spole
czno-polityczne
.............................................. 77
5.1.
Ruch ortodoksyjny
............................................................... 78
5.2.
Ruch syjonistyczny
.............................................................. 82
5.3.
Ruch folkistyczny
................................................................ 90
5.4.
Ruch asymilatorski
.............................................................. 91
5.5.
Ruch socjalistyczny
.............................................................. 91
5.6.
Żydzi w ruchu komunistycznym
................................................ 98
Rozdział
6.
Instytucje i organizacje charytatywne
................................ 104
Rozdział
7.
Szkolnictwo i oświata
.................................................... 113
7.1.
Przedszkola
.......................................................................
U4
7.2.
Chedcry tradycyjne i zreformowane
........................................... 115
7.3.
Publiczne szkoły powszechne
................................................... 119
7.4.
Szkoły średnie ogólnokształcące
............................................... 121
7.5.
Szkolnictwo zawodowe
.......................................................... 122
7.6.
Szkolnictwo artystyczne
......................................................... 124
7.7.
Oświata pozaszkolna
............................................................. 125
Rozdział
8.
Kultura i sport
............................................................ 128
8.1.
Biblioteki
......................................................................... 128
8.2.
Prasa
.............................................................................. 131
8.3.
Teatr
.............................................................................. 136
8.4.
Środowisko literackie
........................................................... 138
8.5.
Sport
.............................................................................. 139
Rozdział
9.
Stosunki polsko-źydowskie
.............................................. 143
CZĘŚĆ
П:
W latach wojny i okupacji
(1939-1945)
Rozdział
1.
Przed utworzeniem getta
................................................ 153
1.1.
W wojnie
1939
r. i pod zarządem
Wehrmachtu
................................ 153
1.2.
Polityka władz niemieckich wobec ludności żydowskiej
..................... 158
1.2.1.
Wprowadzenie oznaczeń dla ludności żydowskiej
........................ 160
1.2.2.
Praca przymusowa
........................................................... 161
1.2.3.
Konfiskata majątku i inne restrykcje ekonomiczne
...................... 166
1.2.4.
Przesiedlenia ludności
....................................................... 169
1.2.5.
Inne formy prześladowań
................................................... 172
Rozdział Z. W getcie
.................................................................... 177
2.1.
Okoliczności powstania oraz obszar i zabudowa radomskiego getta
złożonego
......................................................................... 177
2.2.
Niemiecki nadzór nad mieszkańcami getta i metody jego realizacji
........ 180
2.2.1.
Okupacyjny aparat policyjny i sądowniczy
................................ 181
2.2.2,
Realizacja nadzoru nad mieszkańcami getta
.............................. 184
2.3.
Żydowskie władze w getcie i ich agendy
....................................... 187
2.4.
Żydowska Samopomoc Społeczna i jej działalność
........................... 200
2.5.
Warunki życia w getcie
.......................................................... 206
2.5.1.
Wytworzenie się nowego układu społecznego
............................. 207
2.5.2.
Problemy żywnościowe i sanitarne
......................................... 210
2.5.3.
Szkolnictwo
.......................................,........................... 212
2.5.4.
Życie kulturalne
............................................................. 213
2.5.5.
Życie religijne
................................................................ 214
2.6.
Przejawy oporu ludności żydowskiej
........................................... 215
Rozdział
3.
Zagłada radomskiego getta złożonego
................................. 218
3.1.
Likwidacja „małego getta na Glinicach
....................................... 219
3.2.
Likwidacja „dużego getta w Śródmieściu
.................................... 221
3.3.
Teren getta śródmiejskiego po wysiedleniu
................................... 225
Rozdział
4.
Obozy pracy przy ul. SzwarlikowsUiej i ul. Szkolnej
................. 227
4.1.
Nadzór nad obozami i ich władze
............................................... 227
4.2.
Liczebność więźniów i wykonywana przez nich praca
........................ 229
4.3.
Warunki życia w obozach
........................................................ 232
4.4.
„Marsz śmierci więźniów obozu przy ul. Szkolnej
........................... 236
Rozdział
5.
Inne losy radomskich Żydów
........................................... 239
5.1.
W radzieckich łagrach
........................................................... 239
5.2.
W gettach i obozach pracy
....................................................... 240
Rozdział
6.
Polacy wobec egzystencji i zagłady ludności żydowskiej
.....,...,. 243
CZĘŚĆ III: W Polsce Ludowej
(1945-1950)
Rozdział
1.
Demografia ludności żydowskiej
....................................... 255
Rozdział Z. Próby odbudowy życia społeczności żydowskiej
...................... 259
2.1.
Okręgowy Komitet Żydowski i Żydowskie Zrzeszenie Religijne
............ 260
Rozdział
3.
Aktywność gospodarcza ludności żydowskiej
........................
2G7
3.1.
Problem mienia pożydowskiego
................................................ 268
Rozdział
4.
Stosunki polsko-żydowskie
.............................................. 272
Zakończenie
............................................................................ 279
Bibliografia
............................................................................. 285
Summary
................................................................................ 303
Summary
In the inter-war period,
Radom
belonged to the largest settlements of the
Jewish population in central Poland. In
1921,
Radom
was inhabited by
24,465
confessors of Judaism
(39.7%
of the total number of inhabitants), and
by
24,745
in
1938 (29.0%
of the total number of inhabitants). This community
was significantly affecting a widely understood image of the town, creating
many areas of its development.
The occupational structure of Jewish residents in
Radom
was fully
reflecting their enormous participation in the local economic life, with
industry being its most important sector. In the years
1918-1939,
the
following enterprises were among the largest and the best known industrial
plants in Poland and abroad: tanneries owned by Jews, such as
Praca
(owned by
Eng.
Mordechaj Cemach), Żakowice
(owned by Samuel
Adler)
and Firlej
(owned by
Abram
Mordka
Den), as well as companies owned by
the Kromolowski and
Rottenberg
families. All the above mentioned and
other tanneries used to employ several hundred workers, exporting their
products to France, Palestine, Syria and the Far East. The metallurgical
industry could also take pride in its competitiveness, with such enterprises
of a strong market position as foundries owned by Jonas Rubinstein and
Izrael
Rozenberg. In the local ceramic industry, the dominant position was
taken by the Faience Factory owned by
Abram
Mojżesz
Rottenberg,
expor¬
ting, among others, to Estonia, Bulgaria, Egypt, Syria, Palestine and North
Africa. Products manufactured by the Veneer, Plywood and Barrel Factory
owned by the Leslau family, enjoying a great success on the market, were
exported to England, France, Belgium and the United States in great
quantities. Persons of the Jewish nationality also accounted for a significant
share in the building materials and food industries. Crafts and trade
constituted a back-up for industrial production. At the end of the 20s, almost
90%
of craftsmen s and service establishments were owned by Jewish
nationals, as well as app.
60-70%
of shops and wholesale warehouses. These
were mostly small companies, run by the owner himself and assisting family
members, of a very low profitability, which depended, almost exclusively, on
the actual economic situation in a given period, usually a very unfavourable
one. The circles of the Jewish intelligentsia were also significant in number
303
and buoyant in the area of social life. They were composed of several
hundred persons pursuing the professional activity of doctors, lawyers,
teachers, officials and white-collar workers.
The denominational commune, dependant on obligatory contributions
by the congregation members, was the institution that used to exert
enormous impact on a widely understood social life of the
Radom
Jews. The
commune used to employ a rabbi (in the period discussed, this function was
performed by
Chil
Kerstenberg) and assisting deputy rabbies, and it had
institutions of primary importance for the local community under its
protection, such as the synagogue and the cemetery. The Jewish Denomina¬
tional Commune in
Radom
was also financing the Orthodox Jewish Hos¬
pital, being one of the largest care establishments in the town, and it was
supporting the activity of the funeral brotherhood and organisations of
religious education. Similarly as in the entire country, it was the arena of hot
political disputes. The Orthodox Jews, grouped in the
Agudas
Israel party,
with app.
200
members headed by Rabbi Kestenberga, Chaim Najman and
Rachmil Gutman, among others, fought for domination in the commune
authorities. The Zionists, gathered in Histadrut ha Cyjonit be
Polonijna
(the
Zionist Organisation of Poland), constituted opposition towards the Or¬
thodox the
Radom
structures of this organisation grouped app.
250
persons,
headed by, among others, Jechiel
vel
Hilary Frenkiel, Rachmil Kirszen-
baum and
Abram
Mojżesz
Rottenberg.
The party had its permanent re¬
presentation in the municipal council of
Radom;
it exercised authority over
numerous social and youth organisations. The socialist movement, re¬
presented, first of all, by Algemeiner Jidiszer
Arbeiter Bund in Poljen
(the
General Jewish Labour Union Bund in Poland), with app.
200
members
headed by
Abram Sztajnowicz
and
Abram Finkielsztajn,
among others,
enjoyed great popularity among the
Radom
Jews. Another party from this
political stream was Jidisze Socjalistisz-Demokratisze
Partaj Poale
Sjon in
Poljen
(the Jewish Social Democratic Party under the name of the Zionist
Workers of Poland), grouping about
200
persons led by
Dawid Studnia
and
Marek
Finkielsztajn. Both groups were systematically introducing their
members to the local municipal council, winning support among the mem¬
bers of numerous social organisations and trade unions. Although there
were still some more Jewish political parties operating in
Radom,
their
programmes did not succeed to gain any wider popularity.
Inter-war
Radom
could take pride in many, effectively operating charity
institutions and organisations. A leading position amongst them was taken
by such institutions as the Orthodox Jewish Hospital, the
Berkmans
Shelter
for the Old and Disabled of the Judaic Faith and the Jewish Orphanage, and
the following, out of almost
20
organisations
ofthat
type: the Association of
Assistance for the Poor and the Sick of the
Radom
Town Ezra , the Society
of Support for the Poor Sick Jews
Linas Hacedek
(Medical Care) and the
Bajs
Lechem
Association (House of Bread). They were all operating
304
thanks to the generosity of social activists providing financial support, as
well as doctors, providing free of charge services to inmates.
A well developed network of schools was also the evidence of activity of
the local Jewish population. Apart from several kindergartens run by
private individuals, there were numerous religious schools (so called che-
ders) operating in the town, run, among others, by the
Talmud-Tora
Association. Private primary schools were also popular, such as, among
others,
Mada
(owned by Szlama Reichnadl) and „Masoreth (owned by
Uszer Gutman). Several thousand Jewish children were also attending
public primary schools together with their Polish peers. A grammar school
of the Society for Jewish Schools of the Friends of Knowledge was also
operating in
Radom,
and young people enjoyed full access to other public
secondary schools. Vocational education institutions were also well de¬
veloped, supplemented with training courses organised by craftsmen s guilds
and social organisations. Extra-school education was also extremely popu¬
lar: talks, lectures, presentations. Eagerness to extend knowledge furthered
the development of a library network. In the early 30s, the total number of
libraries operating in
Radom
amounted up to
26,
including
6
with book
collections in Hebrew and Yiddish; the largest library, with Izaak Grun-
baum being its patron, was run by the Zionists. The school youth was also
a driving force of amateur theatre groups and local literary circles, with such
writers periodically connected with them as Jehoszua
Perle,
Lejb Malach
and Leo Finkielsztajn, popular in the inter-war period. Works written in
prose and poems were published, first-of all, by local press. In the years
1918-1939,
the total of
91
press titles appeared in print in
Radom,
represen¬
ted by periodicals of various character (organs of political parties, social and
trade organisations, local governments, etc.) and varied circulation, in¬
cluding
18
Jewish titles, such as Radomer
Wochenblatt
(Radom
Weekly),
Radomer
Leben
(Radom
Life), Radomer Express
(Radom
Express), and
Tribune published in Polish. Sports, promoted by numerous sports clubs,
such as Makabi , Sztern and
НароеГ,
constituted an important element
of local cultural life football was unquestionably the most popular discip¬
line, followed by cycling and hockey.
During the months that preceded the outbreak of the Second World War,
the
Radom
Jews actively participated in fund raising for supplementary
military equipment for the Polish Army and efforts aimed at supporting
anti-aircraft defence of the town. Many of them were mobilized, taking part
in combats with the enemy from
1
September
1939.
The course of military
operations, however, caused the situation where
Radom
was occupied by
German troops already on the eighth day of the war. Repressive measures
directed against the Jews, taking place from the very first days of the
occupation, grew more intense as of October
1939,
when
Radom
was
officially included into German-occupied Poland ~ General Government
for the occupied Polish areas (GG), receiving the status of the capital of the
305
Radom
district
in the
GG
administrative division. During several months
that followed, the
Radom
Jews were covered
-
similarly as the entire Jewish
population in GG
-
with anti-Semitic legislation, depriving them of public
and property rights. Regulations brought into force by the occupants
included, among others, the obligation to permanently wear a badge with
the Star of David on outer clothing, to mark all businesses (shops,
craftsmen s workshops, etc.) owned by Jews with that symbol, to be subject
to forced labour, seizure of property, loss of pension benefits, prohibition to
use railway transport, etc. Regulations issued by the local German adminis¬
tration also prohibited the Jews from entering main, representative streets
of
Radom.
The Denominational Commune was also liquidated, and political
parties, social organisations and trade associations suspended their activity
for an unspecified period of time. The only body that could represent
believers of the Judaic faith towards the occupants was the Chief Seniors
Council for the Jewish Population of the
Radom
district (so called
Judenrat),
appointed by the Germans and headed by
Józef Diament.
It was already in the autumn of
1939
when the Nazis commenced the
economic exploitation of Jews, pushing thousands of people into extreme
poverty and depriving them of material sources of maintenance. Forced
labour, performed without remuneration or for poverty wages, was the most
painful burden. The
Radom
Jews were forced to perform arduous physical
work both within the town and in camps established in surrounding villages
(Chruślice, Jedlanka,
Wolanow, and others). In the summer of
1940,
about
3,000
young men, sole supporters of their families in the majority of cases,
were displaced to the Lublin region and detained in camps
(Cieszanów,
Mireze, Narol),
being forced to work constructing fortifications along the
border with the Soviet Union. Various contributions, including the obli¬
gation to deliver specific amounts of cash, precious metals, furniture, etc.,
were systematically levied on persons who stayed in
Radom.
Numerous
arrests of persons considered by the Nazis as potential leaders of the
resistance movement commenced very soon. These were mostly pre-war
social and political activists and representatives of intelligentsia who fell
victim to such arrests. Many of those arrested in repression operations or for
offences violating the occupants regulations were murdered at places of
mass executions near
Radom
or deported to concentration camps.
On
3
April
1941,
the Germans published a regulation on establishing a so
called complex ghetto in
Radom,
comprising two residential districts for
Jews. The first one (a so called large ghetto) was situated in close proximity
to the town centre, while the other (a so called small ghetto)
-
in the
suburban district of Glinice. According to official data, in the territory of
both ghettos, there were slightly over
6,500
habitable rooms of various size
and almost
25,700
registered residents. Apart from former inhabitants of
Radom,
they included persons displaced from Polish lands incorporated
into the Reich, in the majority of cases, from
Łódź,
Plock,
and other centres.
306
Since there were also many persons staying in the ghettos without any
official registration, one may assume that the number of inhabitants of both
districts reached the level of
30,000.
In the late spring of
1942,
when
inhabitants of several smaller ghettos were displaced to
Radom,
the Jewish
population there accounted for app.
33,000
persons. Living standards in
both closed districts were deteriorating every month. As leaving them was
forbidden under the death penalty (the same penalty, under the Nazi
legislation, applied to Poles who provided shelter, food, or any assistance to
fugitives), a basic problem was the lack of possibility to find food, causing
hunger on a massive scale. Many persons had to sell out their belongings to
buy food, medicines, cleaning products and other articles in the black
market at extremely high prices. Overpopulation was conducive to the
spread of contagious diseases (typhoid fever, in particular), causing
-
due to
the lack of medicines
-
a very high death rate among the sick. The Germans
were also enforcing the obligation of labour imposed upon Jews, continuing
repression measures against them, such as arrests, executions, and dis¬
placements to concentration camps.
Judenrat
was responsible for the internal administration of the
Radom
ghettos, handling such issues as the registration of inhabitants of closed
districts, allocation of food coupons and dwelling premises, completion of
contingents of forced workers, and
-
to the extent possible
-
organisation of
health care and assistance to the poorest. The Jewish police, ensuring order
in the ghettos, was also subordinated to
Judenrat.
Local structures of the
Jewish Mutual Aid organisation, led by
Abram
Salbe
and
Ludwik
Fastman,
played an enormous role in the life of the
Radom
mosaists. The mutual aid
organisation used to run some cheap soup kitchens for the poor, financed an
orphanage, a shelter for elderly and disabled persons, and hospitals. It also
made all the efforts possible in view of its limited financial resources to
organise free distribution of food, clothing and shoes among the poorest.
The circles of its activities also gave rise to some cultural initiatives. It is
worthwhile to add that some manifestations of the civil resistance mo¬
vement against the occupant s policy existed in both
Kadom
ghettos, consis¬
ting, in particular, in the organisation of clandestine teaching and creation
of the underground library network.
The extermination of the
Radom
ghetto complex was commenced on
4
August
1942
with the liquidation of the Glinice closed district. In the late
evening hours, it was cordoned off by the police and lit with searchlights,
and then the German troops entered the area. Upon the selection carried out
amongst the ghetto inhabitants, about
8,000
of them, together with app.
2,000
persons taken from the downtown ghetto, were sent by railway
transport to the extermination camp in
Treblinka.
About
100-150
persons
were murdered on the spot, mostly children and old persons. The exter¬
mination of the large ghetto in the centre of the town was carried out by the
Nazis according to the same scenario on
17
and
18
August
1942.
During this
307
two-day operation, app.
18,000
persons were deported to
Treblinka,
and
about
800
persons were murdered on the spot, including all the inmates of
the shelter for old and disabled persons and patients of hospitals.
After the extermination of inhabitants of closed districts, a group of
Jews who remained in
Radom
accounted for app.
3,000
persons. In the
majority of cases, they were young, skilled workers, initially placed in
camps at Szwarlikowska (liquidated in the autumn of
1943)
and
Szkolna
streets. The prisoners of the latter, officially being a branch of the
Majdanek
concentration camp, first of all, used to work in the
Radom
Arms Factory,
a division of the Steyer Deimler
-
Puch
concern. Others were performing
tasks assigned to them at craftsmen s workshops or participated, for ex¬
ample, in peat excavation. The living conditions of prisoners were very
hard, and they themselves were constantly exposed to repression measures
on the part of the Nazis, such as mass executions and deportations to
the concentration camp in Auschwitz. In the summer of
1944,
as the
Eastern Front was approaching
Radom,
the Nazis evacuated about
2,500
prisoners from
Szkolna
street to Germany. There, in numerous camps
(Dachau,
Hessental, Kochendorf, Vaihingen),
many of them managed to
survive until the liberation.
It is worthwhile to add that, starting from
1940,
many Jewish nationals
residing in
Radom
before the outbreak of the war were deported to other
forced labour camps in the German-occupied territories
(Bliżyn, Ostrowiec,
Pionki, Starachowice)
to share the fate of other prisoners there. Some other
groups found themselves in areas incorporated into the Soviet Union.
The actual condition of archival sources does not allow for determining
the number of Jewish nationals residing in
Radom
before
1
September
1939
who managed to survive the war. The number of survivors was very low,
moreover, few of them decided to return
ίο
their hometown and strive for
the reconstruction of their existence there. After the end of the Nazi
occupation, former prisoners of concentration camps, repatriates from the
Soviet Union, and Jews returning home from other cities, such as
Łódź,
Sandomierz
and Warsaw, used to temporarily stay in
Radom,
due to its
location on the main communication route. The Jewish population residing
in
Radom
reached its height in the summer of
1945,
accounting for app.
1,200
persons. However, this number was systematically decreasing down to
290
in
1946,
not even
100
in
1947,
and as few as
30
in
1948.
The reasons for this
phenomenon consisted both in local prerequisites as well as the general
situation in respect to the nationality in post-war Poland.
The Regional Jewish Committee (subordinated to the Central Committee
of Polish Jews in Warsaw) commenced its activity in
Radom
as early as at the
beginning of
1945,
for a long time under the leadership of
Mojżesz Bojm.
The Committee succeeded in opening a common-lodging house, a cheap
soup kitchen and a house of prayer. It also covered the users of those
establishments with health care. Moreover, the Committee members used
308
to handle such issues as protecting a devastated Jewish cemetery, or¬
ganising the exhumation of bodies buried in mass graves, making records of
those who survived the Holocaust, and widely understood commemoration
of the
Radom
Jews martyrology during the Nazi occupation. It was also the
support of the Committee that allowed for establishing two Jewish manufac¬
turing cooperatives in
1945 -
of tailors and of shoemakers.
Jews residing in post-war
Radom
struggled with numerous problems,
typical for the situation existing in the entire country. These difficulties
concerned, in particular, the recovery of their property lost during the Nazi
occupation, used or occupied by Poles or subject to nationalisation under
new legal acts. Some anti-Semitic excesses, single events but of far-reaching
repercussions, took place in the town, which made many persons decide to
leave
Radom.
The circumstances accompanying at least some of these
events indicate that they might have been an element of a wider, planned
campaign, aimed at intimidating the
Radom
Jews and evoking migration
panic amongst them. First departures from
Radom
on a massive scale took
place in August
1945,
reaching the climax in July
194,
after the
Kielce
Pogrom. Those who left the town were scattered around the country, often
making a decision to leave Poland for good. In the late 40s, there were not
more than
14
persons residing in
Radom
who officially declared their Jewish
nationality. Ceremonious unveiling of the monument honouring the Holo¬
caust victims in August
1950
was the last event during which the
Radom
Jews were present in public as a denominational and national group.
309
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
Md
neben
|
| adam_txt |
Spis
tresei
Wstęp
. 9
Wykaz skrótów
. 19
CZĘŚĆ I: W Polsce Odrodzonej
(1918-1939)
Rozdział
1.
Żydzi radomscy w zaraniu niepodległości
.,. 23
Rozdział Z.
Demografía
ludności żydowskiej
. 32
Rozdział
3,
Żydowska gmina wyznaniowa
. 41
3.1.
Podstawy prawne działalności i kompetencje gmin wyznaniowych
. 41
3.2.
Walka o dominację we władzach gminy radomskiej
. 43
3.3.
Gospodarka gminy
. 51
3.4.
Instytucje prowadzone przez gminę oraz organizacje z nią związane
. 53
Rozdział
4.
Aktywność gospodarcza i źródła utrzymania ludności
żydowskiej
. 58
4.1.
Przemyśl
. 59
4.2.
Rzemiosio i usługi
. 65
4.3.
Handel
. 68
4.4.
Bankowość i kredyt
.,. 70
4.5.
Urzędnicy i przedstawiciele wolnych zawodów
. 71
4.6.
Inne zawody i zajęcia
. 73
Rozdział
5.
Życie
spole
czno-polityczne
. 77
5.1.
Ruch ortodoksyjny
. 78
5.2.
Ruch syjonistyczny
. 82
5.3.
Ruch folkistyczny
. 90
5.4.
Ruch asymilatorski
. 91
5.5.
Ruch socjalistyczny
. 91
5.6.
Żydzi w ruchu komunistycznym
. 98
Rozdział
6.
Instytucje i organizacje charytatywne
. 104
Rozdział
7.
Szkolnictwo i oświata
. 113
7.1.
Przedszkola
.
U4
7.2.
Chedcry tradycyjne i zreformowane
. 115
7.3.
Publiczne szkoły powszechne
. 119
7.4.
Szkoły średnie ogólnokształcące
. 121
7.5.
Szkolnictwo zawodowe
. 122
7.6.
Szkolnictwo artystyczne
. 124
7.7.
Oświata pozaszkolna
. 125
Rozdział
8.
Kultura i sport
. 128
8.1.
Biblioteki
. 128
8.2.
Prasa
. 131
8.3.
Teatr
. 136
8.4.
Środowisko literackie
. 138
8.5.
Sport
. 139
Rozdział
9.
Stosunki polsko-źydowskie
. 143
CZĘŚĆ
П:
W latach wojny i okupacji
(1939-1945)
Rozdział
1.
Przed utworzeniem getta
. 153
1.1.
W wojnie
1939
r. i pod zarządem
Wehrmachtu
. 153
1.2.
Polityka władz niemieckich wobec ludności żydowskiej
. 158
1.2.1.
Wprowadzenie oznaczeń dla ludności żydowskiej
. 160
1.2.2.
Praca przymusowa
. 161
1.2.3.
Konfiskata majątku i inne restrykcje ekonomiczne
. 166
1.2.4.
Przesiedlenia ludności
. 169
1.2.5.
Inne formy prześladowań
. 172
Rozdział Z. W getcie
. 177
2.1.
Okoliczności powstania oraz obszar i zabudowa radomskiego getta
złożonego
. 177
2.2.
Niemiecki nadzór nad mieszkańcami getta i metody jego realizacji
. 180
2.2.1.
Okupacyjny aparat policyjny i sądowniczy
. 181
2.2.2,
Realizacja nadzoru nad mieszkańcami getta
. 184
2.3.
Żydowskie władze w getcie i ich agendy
. 187
2.4.
Żydowska Samopomoc Społeczna i jej działalność
. 200
2.5.
Warunki życia w getcie
. 206
2.5.1.
Wytworzenie się nowego układu społecznego
. 207
2.5.2.
Problemy żywnościowe i sanitarne
. 210
2.5.3.
Szkolnictwo
.,. 212
2.5.4.
Życie kulturalne
. 213
2.5.5.
Życie religijne
. 214
2.6.
Przejawy oporu ludności żydowskiej
. 215
Rozdział
3.
Zagłada radomskiego getta złożonego
. 218
3.1.
Likwidacja „małego getta" na Glinicach
. 219
3.2.
Likwidacja „dużego getta" w Śródmieściu
. 221
3.3.
Teren getta śródmiejskiego po wysiedleniu
. 225
Rozdział
4.
Obozy pracy przy ul. SzwarlikowsUiej i ul. Szkolnej
. 227
4.1.
Nadzór nad obozami i ich władze
. 227
4.2.
Liczebność więźniów i wykonywana przez nich praca
. 229
4.3.
Warunki życia w obozach
. 232
4.4.
„Marsz śmierci" więźniów obozu przy ul. Szkolnej
. 236
Rozdział
5.
Inne losy radomskich Żydów
. 239
5.1.
W radzieckich łagrach
. 239
5.2.
W gettach i obozach pracy
. 240
Rozdział
6.
Polacy wobec egzystencji i zagłady ludności żydowskiej
.,.,. 243
CZĘŚĆ III: W Polsce Ludowej
(1945-1950)
Rozdział
1.
Demografia ludności żydowskiej
. 255
Rozdział Z. Próby odbudowy życia społeczności żydowskiej
. 259
2.1.
Okręgowy Komitet Żydowski i Żydowskie Zrzeszenie Religijne
. 260
Rozdział
3.
Aktywność gospodarcza ludności żydowskiej
.
2G7
3.1.
Problem mienia pożydowskiego
. 268
Rozdział
4.
Stosunki polsko-żydowskie
. 272
Zakończenie
. 279
Bibliografia
. 285
Summary
. 303
Summary
In the inter-war period,
Radom
belonged to the largest settlements of the
Jewish population in central Poland. In
1921,
Radom
was inhabited by
24,465
confessors of Judaism
(39.7%
of the total number of inhabitants), and
by
24,745
in
1938 (29.0%
of the total number of inhabitants). This community
was significantly affecting a widely understood image of the town, creating
many areas of its development.
The occupational structure of Jewish residents in
Radom
was fully
reflecting their enormous participation in the local economic life, with
industry being its most important sector. In the years
1918-1939,
the
following enterprises were among the largest and the best known industrial
plants in Poland and abroad: tanneries owned by Jews, such as
"Praca"
(owned by
Eng.
Mordechaj Cemach), "Żakowice"
(owned by Samuel
Adler)
and "Firlej
"
(owned by
Abram
Mordka
Den), as well as companies owned by
the Kromolowski and
Rottenberg
families. All the above mentioned and
other tanneries used to employ several hundred workers, exporting their
products to France, Palestine, Syria and the Far East. The metallurgical
industry could also take pride in its competitiveness, with such enterprises
of a strong market position as foundries owned by Jonas Rubinstein and
Izrael
Rozenberg. In the local ceramic industry, the dominant position was
taken by the Faience Factory owned by
Abram
Mojżesz
Rottenberg,
expor¬
ting, among others, to Estonia, Bulgaria, Egypt, Syria, Palestine and North
Africa. Products manufactured by the Veneer, Plywood and Barrel Factory
owned by the Leslau family, enjoying a great success on the market, were
exported to England, France, Belgium and the United States in great
quantities. Persons of the Jewish nationality also accounted for a significant
share in the building materials and food industries. Crafts and trade
constituted a back-up for industrial production. At the end of the 20s, almost
90%
of craftsmen's and service establishments were owned by Jewish
nationals, as well as app.
60-70%
of shops and wholesale warehouses. These
were mostly small companies, run by the owner himself and assisting family
members, of a very low profitability, which depended, almost exclusively, on
the actual economic situation in a given period, usually a very unfavourable
one. The circles of the Jewish intelligentsia were also significant in number
303
and buoyant in the area of social life. They were composed of several
hundred persons pursuing the professional activity of doctors, lawyers,
teachers, officials and white-collar workers.
The denominational commune, dependant on obligatory contributions
by the congregation members, was the institution that used to exert
enormous impact on a widely understood social life of the
Radom
Jews. The
commune used to employ a rabbi (in the period discussed, this function was
performed by
Chil
Kerstenberg) and assisting deputy rabbies, and it had
institutions of primary importance for the local community under its
protection, such as the synagogue and the cemetery. The Jewish Denomina¬
tional Commune in
Radom
was also financing the Orthodox Jewish Hos¬
pital, being one of the largest care establishments in the town, and it was
supporting the activity of the funeral brotherhood and organisations of
religious education. Similarly as in the entire country, it was the arena of hot
political disputes. The Orthodox Jews, grouped in the
Agudas
Israel party,
with app.
200
members headed by Rabbi Kestenberga, Chaim Najman and
Rachmil Gutman, among others, fought for domination in the commune
authorities. The Zionists, gathered in Histadrut ha Cyjonit be
Polonijna
(the
Zionist Organisation of Poland), constituted opposition towards the Or¬
thodox' the
Radom
structures of this organisation grouped app.
250
persons,
headed by, among others, Jechiel
vel
Hilary Frenkiel, Rachmil Kirszen-
baum and
Abram
Mojżesz
Rottenberg.
The party had its permanent re¬
presentation in the municipal council of
Radom;
it exercised authority over
numerous social and youth organisations. The socialist movement, re¬
presented, first of all, by Algemeiner Jidiszer
Arbeiter Bund in Poljen
(the
General Jewish Labour Union Bund in Poland), with app.
200
members
headed by
Abram Sztajnowicz
and
Abram Finkielsztajn,
among others,
enjoyed great popularity among the
Radom
Jews. Another party from this
political stream was Jidisze Socjalistisz-Demokratisze
Partaj Poale
Sjon in
Poljen
(the Jewish Social Democratic Party under the name of the Zionist
Workers of Poland), grouping about
200
persons led by
Dawid Studnia
and
Marek
Finkielsztajn. Both groups were systematically introducing their
members to the local municipal council, winning support among the mem¬
bers of numerous social organisations and trade unions. Although there
were still some more Jewish political parties operating in
Radom,
their
programmes did not succeed to gain any wider popularity.
Inter-war
Radom
could take pride in many, effectively operating charity
institutions and organisations. A leading position amongst them was taken
by such institutions as the Orthodox Jewish Hospital, the
Berkmans
Shelter
for the Old and Disabled of the Judaic Faith and the Jewish Orphanage, and
the following, out of almost
20
organisations
ofthat
type: the Association of
Assistance for the Poor and the Sick of the
Radom
Town "Ezra", the Society
of Support for the Poor Sick Jews
"Linas Hacedek"
(Medical Care) and the
"Bajs
Lechem"
Association (House of Bread). They were all operating
304
thanks to the generosity of social activists providing financial support, as
well as doctors, providing free of charge services to inmates.
A well developed network of schools was also the evidence of activity of
the local Jewish population. Apart from several kindergartens run by
private individuals, there were numerous religious schools (so called che-
ders) operating in the town, run, among others, by the
"Talmud-Tora"
Association. Private primary schools were also popular, such as, among
others,
"Mada"
(owned by Szlama Reichnadl) and „Masoreth" (owned by
Uszer Gutman). Several thousand Jewish children were also attending
public primary schools together with their Polish peers. A grammar school
of the Society for Jewish Schools of the Friends of Knowledge was also
operating in
Radom,
and young people enjoyed full access to other public
secondary schools. Vocational education institutions were also well de¬
veloped, supplemented with training courses organised by craftsmen's guilds
and social organisations. Extra-school education was also extremely popu¬
lar: talks, lectures, presentations. Eagerness to extend knowledge furthered
the development of a library network. In the early 30s, the total number of
libraries operating in
Radom
amounted up to
26,
including
6
with book
collections in Hebrew and Yiddish; the largest library, with Izaak Grun-
baum being its patron, was run by the Zionists. The school youth was also
a driving force of amateur theatre groups and local literary circles, with such
writers periodically connected with them as Jehoszua
Perle,
Lejb Malach
and Leo Finkielsztajn, popular in the inter-war period. Works written in
prose and poems were published, first-of all, by local press. In the years
1918-1939,
the total of
91
press titles appeared in print in
Radom,
represen¬
ted by periodicals of various character (organs of political parties, social and
trade organisations, local governments, etc.) and varied circulation, in¬
cluding
18
Jewish titles, such as "Radomer
Wochenblatt"
(Radom
Weekly),
"Radomer
Leben"
(Radom
Life), "Radomer Express"
(Radom
Express), and
"Tribune" published in Polish. Sports, promoted by numerous sports clubs,
such as "Makabi", "Sztern" and
"НароеГ,
constituted an important element
of local cultural life' football was unquestionably the most popular discip¬
line, followed by cycling and hockey.
During the months that preceded the outbreak of the Second World War,
the
Radom
Jews actively participated in fund raising for supplementary
military equipment for the Polish Army and efforts aimed at supporting
anti-aircraft defence of the town. Many of them were mobilized, taking part
in combats with the enemy from
1
September
1939.
The course of military
operations, however, caused the situation where
Radom
was occupied by
German troops already on the eighth day of the war. Repressive measures
directed against the Jews, taking place from the very first days of the
occupation, grew more intense as of October
1939,
when
Radom
was
officially included into German-occupied Poland ~ "General Government
for the occupied Polish areas" (GG), receiving the status of the capital of the
305
Radom
district
in the
GG
administrative division. During several months
that followed, the
Radom
Jews were covered
-
similarly as the entire Jewish
population in GG
-
with anti-Semitic legislation, depriving them of public
and property rights. Regulations brought into force by the occupants
included, among others, the obligation to permanently wear a badge with
the Star of David on outer clothing, to mark all businesses (shops,
craftsmen's workshops, etc.) owned by Jews with that symbol, to be subject
to forced labour, seizure of property, loss of pension benefits, prohibition to
use railway transport, etc. Regulations issued by the local German adminis¬
tration also prohibited the Jews from entering main, representative streets
of
Radom.
The Denominational Commune was also liquidated, and political
parties, social organisations and trade associations suspended their activity
for an unspecified period of time. The only body that could represent
believers of the Judaic faith towards the occupants was the Chief Seniors
Council for the Jewish Population of the
Radom
district (so called
Judenrat),
appointed by the Germans and headed by
Józef Diament.
It was already in the autumn of
1939
when the Nazis commenced the
economic exploitation of Jews, pushing thousands of people into extreme
poverty and depriving them of material sources of maintenance. Forced
labour, performed without remuneration or for poverty wages, was the most
painful burden. The
Radom
Jews were forced to perform arduous physical
work both within the town and in camps established in surrounding villages
(Chruślice, Jedlanka,
Wolanow, and others). In the summer of
1940,
about
3,000
young men, sole supporters of their families in the majority of cases,
were displaced to the Lublin region and detained in camps
(Cieszanów,
Mireze, Narol),
being forced to work constructing fortifications along the
border with the Soviet Union. Various contributions, including the obli¬
gation to deliver specific amounts of cash, precious metals, furniture, etc.,
were systematically levied on persons who stayed in
Radom.
Numerous
arrests of persons considered by the Nazis as potential leaders of the
resistance movement commenced very soon. These were mostly pre-war
social and political activists and representatives of intelligentsia who fell
victim to such arrests. Many of those arrested in repression operations or for
offences violating the occupants' regulations were murdered at places of
mass executions near
Radom
or deported to concentration camps.
On
3
April
1941,
the Germans published a regulation on establishing a so
called complex ghetto in
Radom,
comprising two residential districts for
Jews. The first one (a so called large ghetto) was situated in close proximity
to the town centre, while the other (a so called small ghetto)
-
in the
suburban district of Glinice. According to official data, in the territory of
both ghettos, there were slightly over
6,500
habitable rooms of various size
and almost
25,700
registered residents. Apart from former inhabitants of
Radom,
they included persons displaced from Polish lands incorporated
into the Reich, in the majority of cases, from
Łódź,
Plock,
and other centres.
306
Since there were also many persons staying in the ghettos without any
official registration, one may assume that the number of inhabitants of both
districts reached the level of
30,000.
In the late spring of
1942,
when
inhabitants of several smaller ghettos were displaced to
Radom,
the Jewish
population there accounted for app.
33,000
persons. Living standards in
both closed districts were deteriorating every month. As leaving them was
forbidden under the death penalty (the same penalty, under the Nazi
legislation, applied to Poles who provided shelter, food, or any assistance to
fugitives), a basic problem was the lack of possibility to find food, causing
hunger on a massive scale. Many persons had to sell out their belongings to
buy food, medicines, cleaning products and other articles in the "black
market" at extremely high prices. Overpopulation was conducive to the
spread of contagious diseases (typhoid fever, in particular), causing
-
due to
the lack of medicines
-
a very high death rate among the sick. The Germans
were also enforcing the obligation of labour imposed upon Jews, continuing
repression measures against them, such as arrests, executions, and dis¬
placements to concentration camps.
Judenrat
was responsible for the internal administration of the
Radom
ghettos, handling such issues as the registration of inhabitants of closed
districts, allocation of food coupons and dwelling premises, completion of
contingents of forced workers, and
-
to the extent possible
-
organisation of
health care and assistance to the poorest. The Jewish police, ensuring order
in the ghettos, was also subordinated to
Judenrat.
Local structures of the
Jewish Mutual Aid organisation, led by
Abram
Salbe
and
Ludwik
Fastman,
played an enormous role in the life of the
Radom
mosaists. The mutual aid
organisation used to run some cheap soup kitchens for the poor, financed an
orphanage, a shelter for elderly and disabled persons, and hospitals. It also
made all the efforts possible in view of its limited financial resources to
organise free distribution of food, clothing and shoes among the poorest.
The circles of its activities also gave rise to some cultural initiatives. It is
worthwhile to add that some manifestations of the civil resistance mo¬
vement against the occupant's policy existed in both
Kadom
ghettos, consis¬
ting, in particular, in the organisation of clandestine teaching and creation
of the underground library network.
The extermination of the
Radom
ghetto complex was commenced on
4
August
1942
with the liquidation of the Glinice closed district. In the late
evening hours, it was cordoned off by the police and lit with searchlights,
and then the German troops entered the area. Upon the selection carried out
amongst the ghetto inhabitants, about
8,000
of them, together with app.
2,000
persons taken from the downtown ghetto, were sent by railway
transport to the extermination camp in
Treblinka.
About
100-150
persons
were murdered on the spot, mostly children and old persons. The exter¬
mination of the large ghetto in the centre of the town was carried out by the
Nazis according to the same scenario on
17
and
18
August
1942.
During this
307
two-day operation, app.
18,000
persons were deported to
Treblinka,
and
about
800
persons were murdered on the spot, including all the inmates of
the shelter for old and disabled persons and patients of hospitals.
After the extermination of inhabitants of closed districts, a group of
Jews who remained in
Radom
accounted for app.
3,000
persons. In the
majority of cases, they were young, skilled workers, initially placed in
camps at Szwarlikowska (liquidated in the autumn of
1943)
and
Szkolna
streets. The prisoners of the latter, officially being a branch of the
Majdanek
concentration camp, first of all, used to work in the
Radom
Arms Factory,
a division of the "Steyer Deimler
-
Puch"
concern. Others were performing
tasks assigned to them at craftsmen's workshops or participated, for ex¬
ample, in peat excavation. The living conditions of prisoners were very
hard, and they themselves were constantly exposed to repression measures
on the part of the Nazis, such as mass executions and deportations to
the concentration camp in Auschwitz. In the summer of
1944,
as the
Eastern Front was approaching
Radom,
the Nazis evacuated about
2,500
prisoners from
Szkolna
street to Germany. There, in numerous camps
(Dachau,
Hessental, Kochendorf, Vaihingen),
many of them managed to
survive until the liberation.
It is worthwhile to add that, starting from
1940,
many Jewish nationals
residing in
Radom
before the outbreak of the war were deported to other
forced labour camps in the German-occupied territories
(Bliżyn, Ostrowiec,
Pionki, Starachowice)
to share the fate of other prisoners there. Some other
groups found themselves in areas incorporated into the Soviet Union.
The actual condition of archival sources does not allow for determining
the number of Jewish nationals residing in
Radom
before
1
September
1939
who managed to survive the war. The number of survivors was very low,
moreover, few of them decided to return
ίο
their hometown and strive for
the reconstruction of their existence there. After the end of the Nazi
occupation, former prisoners of concentration camps, repatriates from the
Soviet Union, and Jews returning home from other cities, such as
Łódź,
Sandomierz
and "Warsaw, used to temporarily stay in
Radom,
due to its
location on the main communication route. The Jewish population residing
in
Radom
reached its height in the summer of
1945,
accounting for app.
1,200
persons. However, this number was systematically decreasing down to
290
in
1946,
not even
100
in
1947,
and as few as
30
in
1948.
The reasons for this
phenomenon consisted both in local prerequisites as well as the general
situation in respect to the nationality in post-war Poland.
The Regional Jewish Committee (subordinated to the Central Committee
of Polish Jews in Warsaw) commenced its activity in
Radom
as early as at the
beginning of
1945,
for a long time under the leadership of
Mojżesz Bojm.
The Committee succeeded in opening a common-lodging house, a cheap
soup kitchen and a house of prayer. It also covered the users of those
establishments with health care. Moreover, the Committee members used
308
to handle such issues as protecting a devastated Jewish cemetery, or¬
ganising the exhumation of bodies buried in mass graves, making records of
those who survived the Holocaust, and widely understood commemoration
of the
Radom
Jews' martyrology during the Nazi occupation. It was also the
support of the Committee that allowed for establishing two Jewish manufac¬
turing cooperatives in
1945 -
of tailors and of shoemakers.
Jews residing in post-war
Radom
struggled with numerous problems,
typical for the situation existing in the entire country. These difficulties
concerned, in particular, the recovery of their property lost during the Nazi
occupation, used or occupied by Poles or subject to nationalisation under
new legal acts. Some anti-Semitic excesses, single events but of far-reaching
repercussions, took place in the town, which made many persons decide to
leave
Radom.
The circumstances accompanying at least some of these
events indicate that they might have been an element of a wider, planned
campaign, aimed at intimidating the
Radom
Jews and evoking migration
panic amongst them. First departures from
Radom
on a massive scale took
place in August
1945,
reaching the climax in July
194,
after the
Kielce
Pogrom. Those who left the town were scattered around the country, often
making a decision to leave Poland for good. In the late 40s, there were not
more than
14
persons residing in
Radom
who officially declared their Jewish
nationality. Ceremonious unveiling of the monument honouring the Holo¬
caust victims in August
1950
was the last event during which the
Radom
Jews were present in public as a denominational and national group.
309
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
Md
neben |
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| author | Piątkowski, Sebastian 1970- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1184479313 |
| author_facet | Piątkowski, Sebastian 1970- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Piątkowski, Sebastian 1970- |
| author_variant | s p sp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022719501 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)169937214 (DE-599)BVBBV022719501 |
| era | Geschichte 1918-1950 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-1950 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polska - stosunki międzyetniczne - 1900-1945 - źródła jhpk Radom (Polska) - sytuacja społeczna - 1900-1945 jhpk Radom (DE-588)4278180-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polska - stosunki międzyetniczne - 1900-1945 - źródła Radom (Polska) - sytuacja społeczna - 1900-1945 Radom |
| id | DE-604.BV022719501 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:29:35Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:04:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 838911531X |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015925246 |
| oclc_num | 169937214 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 309 S. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych - Wydział Wydawnictw |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Piątkowski, Sebastian 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)1184479313 aut Dni życia, dni śmierci ludność żydowska w Radomiu w latach 1918 - 1950 Sebastian Piątkowski Warszawa Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych - Wydział Wydawnictw 2006 309 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1918-1950 gnd rswk-swf Żydzi - Polska - Radom - 1900-1945 jhpk Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Polska - stosunki międzyetniczne - 1900-1945 - źródła jhpk Radom (Polska) - sytuacja społeczna - 1900-1945 jhpk Radom (DE-588)4278180-2 gnd rswk-swf Radom (DE-588)4278180-2 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Geschichte 1918-1950 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015925246&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015925246&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Piątkowski, Sebastian 1970- Dni życia, dni śmierci ludność żydowska w Radomiu w latach 1918 - 1950 Żydzi - Polska - Radom - 1900-1945 jhpk Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4278180-2 |
| title | Dni życia, dni śmierci ludność żydowska w Radomiu w latach 1918 - 1950 |
| title_auth | Dni życia, dni śmierci ludność żydowska w Radomiu w latach 1918 - 1950 |
| title_exact_search | Dni życia, dni śmierci ludność żydowska w Radomiu w latach 1918 - 1950 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Dni życia, dni śmierci ludność żydowska w Radomiu w latach 1918 - 1950 |
| title_full | Dni życia, dni śmierci ludność żydowska w Radomiu w latach 1918 - 1950 Sebastian Piątkowski |
| title_fullStr | Dni życia, dni śmierci ludność żydowska w Radomiu w latach 1918 - 1950 Sebastian Piątkowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dni życia, dni śmierci ludność żydowska w Radomiu w latach 1918 - 1950 Sebastian Piątkowski |
| title_short | Dni życia, dni śmierci |
| title_sort | dni zycia dni smierci ludnosc zydowska w radomiu w latach 1918 1950 |
| title_sub | ludność żydowska w Radomiu w latach 1918 - 1950 |
| topic | Żydzi - Polska - Radom - 1900-1945 jhpk Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Żydzi - Polska - Radom - 1900-1945 Juden Polska - stosunki międzyetniczne - 1900-1945 - źródła Radom (Polska) - sytuacja społeczna - 1900-1945 Radom |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015925246&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015925246&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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