Świat rzeczy szlachty wielkopolskiej w XVIII wieku:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Toruń
Wydawn. Uniw. Mikołaja Kopernika
2006
|
| Edition: | Wyd. 1. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The world of material objects of the Wielkopolska nobility in the 18th century |
| Physical Description: | 364 S. |
| ISBN: | 8323120218 |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW
................................................................................... 7
WSTĘP
......................................................................................................... 9
Rozdział I
POSIADANIE I DZIEDZICZENIE MOBILIÓW. PRAWO, PRAKTYKA,
ŹRÓDŁA
...................................................................................................... 20
Pojęcie rzeczy ruchomych w polskim prawie ziemskim
................................... 20
Posiadanie mobiliów. Stosunki majątkowe między małżonkami
...................... 24
Dziedziczenie ruchomości
.............................................................................. 30
Sporządzanie pośmiertnych inwentarzy ruchomości
........................................ 41
Rozdział
II
W SZLACHECKIM DWORZE
................................................................... 46
Meble: od wiejskiego rzemiosła ku specjalizacji i komercjalizacji
.................. 46
Od „drewnianych statków do „meublów
............................................... 46
Osiemnastowieczne przemeblowanie
....................................................... 50
Zastawa stołowa: od trwałości do kruchości
.................................................... 69
Srebra stołowe
......................................................................................... 69
Zastawa cynowa
....................................................................................... 84
Fajans, szkło i porcelana
.......................................................................... 91
Rozpowszechnienie szklanej zastawy stołowej
.................................. 94
Fajans: między gliną a porcelaną
....................................................... 100
Rozpowszechnienie naczyń fajansowych
........................................... 101
Porcelana: domena luksusu
............................................................... 104
Kruchość, indywidualizm, higiena
..................................................... 111
Książki, obrazy, instrumenty muzyczne
.......................................................... 117
Rozpowszechnienie książek
..................................................................... 117
Tematyka książek i typy księgozbiorów
................................................... 119
Konteksty i hierarchie
.............................................................................. 138
Obrazy nabożne i konterfekty przodków
.................................................. 144
Rozpowszechnienie obrazów
............................................................. 144
Kaplica i dwór w Czeluścinie
............................................................ 148
Maryja i Święci Pańscy
..................................................................... 151
Portrety przodków
............................................................................. 154
Konterfekty monarchów i dostojników
.............................................. 159
Instrumenty muzyczne
....................................................................... 165
6
Czas i ostentacja
............................................................................................. 169
Rozpowszechnienie zegarów i zegarków
.................................................. 169
Właściciele chronometrów
....................................................................... 173
Luksus i mierzenie czasu
......................................................................... 76
Rozdział III
ATRYBUTY STATUSU W PRZESTRZENI PUBLICZNEJ
........................ 182
Odzież
............................................................................................................ 182
Miejsce odzieży w pośmiertnych spisach ruchomości
............................... 182
Kontusz i frak
.......................................................................................... 185
Od trwałości do zmienności
..................................................................... 201
Bielizna
................................................................................................... 205
Biżuteria
........................................................................................................ 219
Biżuteria, klejnoty, srebra
........................................................................ 219
Rozpowszechnienie i ilość biżuterii
......................................................... 223
Broń
............................................................................................................... 230
Definicje i konteksty
................................................................................ 230
Rozpowszechnienie broni
........................................................................ 236
Szable
..................................................................................................... 243
Szpady
..................................................................................................... 248
Inne rodzaje broni siecznej
...................................................................... 255
Broń obuchowa
........................................................................................ 257
Broń palna
............................................................................................... 260
Rozdział
IV
LUDZIE I RZECZY
..................................................................................... 268
Srebrny kubek i zielony kontusz pana Strobiszewskiego
................................. 268
Niefortunny kreator mody: przypadek Piotra Sapiehy
..................................... 275
Szpada, frak i zegary
-
szlachcic mieszczaninem, czyli historia kaliskiego
zegarmistrza
................................................................................................... 282
Rozdział
V
SZLACHECKI ŚWIAT WYSTAWNEJ KONSUMPCJI
............................. 286
Ceny przedmiotów i wartość mobiliów
........................................................... 286
O pochodzeniu rzeczy i stereotypach
.............................................................. 296
Polski, czyli jaki?
.................................................................................... 297
Wzorce orientalne
.................................................................................... 298
Koleński, lipski i berliński
....................................................................... 302
Francuski, czyli niemiecki
....................................................................... 305
Angielska cyna, angielskie siodła
............................................................. 319
ZAKOŃCZENIE
........................................................................................... 326
BIBLIOGRAFIA
.......................................................................................... 33 1
INDEKS NAZWISK
..................................................................................... 347
THE WORLD
OF MATERIAL OBJECTS OF THE
WIELKOPOLSKA
NOBILITY IN THE 18TH CENTURY. SUMMARY
................................... 360
THE WORLD OF MATERIAL OBJECTS
OF THE
WIELKOPOLSKA
NOBILITY
IN THE 18TH CENTURY
Summary
The present dissertation concerns the material culture of the
Wielkopolska
nobility in the 18th century. The
Wielkopolska
region, i.e. the former provinces of
Poznań, Kalisz,
and, from
1768,
Gniezno
as well, was the territory of the former
Republic of Poland situated farthest to the west. Apart from Royal Prussia, it was
the wealthiest and most urbanised region of the country. Numerous towns and
cities, the development of rural craft, intensive economic and trade relations with
the
Habsburg
monarchy, Brandenburg and Saxony all contributed to the visibly
greater affluence of both the nobility and also the other social groups, compared
with the other territories of the Republic of Poland.
The fundamental objective of our work is to present an account of the use of
material objects and changes in the means of expression and forms of social com¬
petition as ways of structuring the nobility s identity. Research into the distribution,
number, and range of objects constituting the nobility s world of possessions is per¬
ceived by us to provide a basis for a better understanding of the mechanisms used
in the struggle for maintaining or obtaining a place in the social hierarchy together
with creating and demonstrating an image of oneself. Therefore, objects are of
interest to us chiefly as ways of understanding the meanings attributed to them as
forms of non-verbal communication, and as tools of social and individual strate¬
gies, symbols of status, and expressions of the nobility s identity. Hence, in focus¬
ing our attention on these, there are problems such as the attitude towards tradition
and innovation, the transfer of objects and values from generation to generation,
various ways of expressing social superiority, the mechanisms of social self-
differentiation and imitation, the refining of tastes, and economic and cultural ways
of imparting value to objects. Social recognition of individuals and acceptance of
them as a group member is primarily the result of the impression deriving from the
361
use of goods and patterns of behaviour related to them. Thus, in our presentation of
the world of objects, we are close to the perspectives of Veblen s image of compe¬
tition by consumption, and Goffman s metaphors of the theatre of everyday reality.
The main body of the material used comes from the years
1699-1793.
We
decided to use some 17th century evidence so as not to have the data dominated by
specific images typical of the period of the Northern War, internal wars and every¬
day disasters of the first and second decades of the
їв 1
century. The study ends
with the closure, following the second partition of Poland, of the
Wielkopolska
borough law courts offices, the main sources of our documentary evidence.
The basic sources, although not the only ones used in our work, are the nobil¬
ity s posthumous inventories of movable property, listed in the books of local court
institutions, i.e. borough law courts. The arrangement of the material that survived
from the
1
б 1
century enables us to develop comparisons and observation of the
changes over a longer chronological perspective. We wish to focus our delibera¬
tions on a clearly defined period and on the analysis of data collected, taking
chronological discipline as the fundamental premise of our analyses appropriate¬
ness. Although concentrating on selected chronological sections may lead to a cer¬
tain simplification of the image, it is, however, important in organising the reading
of the documents and in enabling us to draw objective conclusions. In addition to
the nobility s posthumous inventories of movable property, we also refer to last
wills and testaments, trousseau registers, lists of gifts as well as various types of
petitions, protests, and complaints related to the possession and inheritance of
movable property, and other types of property and court documentation, dispersed
through the pages of the official books of the
Wielkopolska
region. We refer
frequently to literary writing, diaries, correspondence, edicts of the
Wielkopolska
regional diets, and various sorts of materials included in family archives.
The main body of the work consists of five chapters. The first one concerns
legal aspects of property possession and inheritance amongst the nobility. In addi¬
tion to the legally binding rules and regulations, we present the practical solutions
acceptable to the
Wielkopolska
nobility; these were used in the course of handing
down property and financial settlements. The starting point for these deliberations
is a formal and legal concept of movable property and the various ways of perceiv¬
ing and defining it, observed from the perspective of property management and
patterns of behaviour related to it. This chapter finishes with comments on the
techniques and circumstances of drawing up posthumous inventories of property;
we use these primarily to present the significance of these sources in the 18n cen¬
tury, which allows us to perceive a significant increase in credibility, details, and
completeness in those registers.
Chapters two and three offer an analysis of different elements of the nobility s
world of objects from the chronological perspective, with a differentiation between
particular categories of objects. The objects making up their world have been
classified into two groups and presented in appropriately structured chapters.
Chapter Two is concerned with the private objects which were the equipment of
manors and were stored and used at courts and residences. They are pieces of furni¬
ture, cutlery, books, paintings, musical instruments, and clocks. Chapter Three
362
analyses
the spread and the role of objects labelled by us as the symbols of status in
the public arena. Here belong objects that could also be used and presented outside
nobility s households. As potential symbols of the holders status and identity in an
environment outside their homes, they were characterised by a particular expres¬
sion of message and communication value. We have included here clothes, weap¬
ons, and jewellery. The division adopted here aims particularly to highlight the
comparison of household interior equipment with the status symbols used outside.
The essence of this technique is an attempt to compare the material attributes of the
status and identity existing in a private space with those in the public space. Such
a distinction enables us to trace an increasing evolution of the character of luxury
consumption, consisting in its gradual move to private use, hidden from the general
public. The structure that we have adopted is of a formal and ordering character to
an extent; however, in certain cases we decided not to artificially divide objects of
identical or similar practical function, which were demonstrated in different types
of spaces. Thus, at a certain point, we present the distribution and changing func¬
tions of both clocks, being household equipment, and watches, belonging more to
jewellery. We did this also with musical instruments used at home and trumpets and
horns which were hunting accessories. Weapons used and demonstrated outdoors
could equally well be an ornament of house interiors.
In the central part of this section, we present the essential source material
which we have gathered. Through comparisons of the spread and number of objects
possessed, we try to follow changes in three selected chronological sections
(1699-
-1719, 1740-1760
and
1779-1793).
Together with comments on classification,
hierarchy and roles of objects, dispersed in the registers, we also try to decipher
social and cultural meanings related to them, which, we perceive, reflected earlier
attitudes and systems of values. Their material manifestations make it possible to
grasp changes in attitudes towards tradition and innovation: a distinctive demilitari¬
sation of the nobility s identity, growing complexity in forms of social competition
and the Europeanisation of fashion, material culture and everyday gestures and
behaviour related to them.
In chapter four, entitled People and Objects, we present three representatives
of the
Wielkopolska
nobility from the beginning, middle, and the end of the IS1 1
century respectively. These close-ups, constructed around their characteristic be¬
haviour related to various types of using material objects, help us present the func¬
tions of objects with respect to their holders social activity. This behaviour creates
a context that allows us to decipher the meanings hidden behind a silver cup of
a humble nobleman from the beginning of the century, the extraordinary robes of
a magnate of the middle of the century, and a mysterious set of objects around an
impoverished nobleman settled in a town in the last decade of the century.
Chapter five, entitled The Nobility s World of Conspicuous Consumption,
includes comments on the prices, values, and functions of artefacts in an economic
context; it also presents ways of imparting value to objects by purchasing and using
goods which were imported or simply perceived to be so. Here, special attention is
drawn to the material dimension of adopting French, or rather cosmopolitan and
aristocratic fashion and culture.
363
The evidence demonstrates first of all the process of evolution from a nobility
still living the myth of a knight-warrior, to an aristocracy which appreciated the art
of living; this process took place in the IS1 1 century. Slowly, yet systematically, rich
horse trappings, sabres and armours ornamented with gold and set with precious
stones were disappearing from the lists of the most precious and the most fre¬
quently displayed elements of the nobility s world of objects. The place of those
carefully collected treasures, used for the demonstration of status based on main¬
taining traditional standards of Eastern luxury, was being taken by objects that were
cheaper, less durable, requiring constant replacement, and keeping up with fashion
corning from the West. The intensification of these forms of social competition,
through the increase of their economic costs and complication of their cultural mes¬
sage, increased the social distance between the elite of the nobility and the great
numbers of Polish poor and moderately rich nobility.
Silverware, richly ornamented weapons, costly military gear, full dress jewel¬
lery and clothes were often treated as treasures and frequently kept in treasuries or
storehouses. In terms of economy, they were objects to be treasured. In terms of
culture, they were an expression of the elite nobility s identity, and referred first
of all to the myth of a knight-warrior, so dear to the hearts of noblemen. Because of
the coincidence of difficult economic conditions (wartime destruction and the im¬
poverishment of the nobility in the periods of unrest, wars and internal riots) with
a strong cultural and social motivation, the tendency to secure the possession of
such artifacts-symbols went beyond the simple logic of economic possibilities. De¬
spite signs of impoverishment and the lack of basic equipment and objects, a great
spread of silverware is striking in the inventories of the
Wielkopolska
nobility s
movable property; we find it even in modest inventories of the movables of impov¬
erished representatives of the knightly order. In the present work, we report numer¬
ous instances of often surprising contrasts resulting from zealous care for clothes,
weapons, or silverware, and far less interest in household equipment, convenience,
and comfort. Silver spoons, goblets, dishes, and jewellery, richly ornamented weap¬
ons and trappings are to be found in very modest yet concise inventories of lease¬
holders , pledgees, and even illiterates property.
The still limited range of goods-and-monetary economy and the local nobility s
egalitarianism and traditionalism resulted in the fact that the main result of the eco¬
nomic activity of the nobility was generally accumulation of valuables and clothes.
The aim of the material efforts and the object of the emotions associated with them
was more maintaining their forefathers heritage and the continuation of the values
related to them, expressed in an unchanged way.
In the world where objects were rare, expensive, and durable, they were
obtained chiefly by inheritance, gift, or through exchange. As the inventories of
material settlements and bills to be found in borough court books relating to inheri¬
tance cases demonstrate, objects of greater or lesser value constituted a remunera¬
tion for work and services done, with the use of money still limited.
Many instances of such situations are to be found in numerous sources from the
beginning of the
їв111
century. The analysis of the sources from the middle and the
end of the century made us formulate a thesis of a gradually increasing process of
364
change
involving appreciation of novelty, speeding-up of the circulation of fashion,
and the intensification of the forms of social competition through consumption.
The material presented enables us to look closely at the individuals and groups
that followed the patterns coming from the royal court and magnates courts as well
as from Western Europe. Whilst this demonstrates the role of property and eco¬
nomic possibilities, it seems that the quality, quantity, and the scope of social con¬
nections were more crucial than economics. Hence, among the lovers of innovation,
we find first of all the most travelled individuals, whose various activities took
them beyond the scope of local communities: high officials, priests, Protestants,
and regular attenders at royal and magnates courts. It is hard to ascribe a particular
role to any of the groups
-
each person referred to in our discussion played a string
of social roles, none of which can be limited to a certain force determining the
adopted patterns of behaviour. It is particularly visible from the evidence of the
representatives of Protestant nobility, who, apart from their faith, stood out from
the group under study on account of their positions held and functions filled, their
place of residence, or their property. After all, the fundamental change in the be¬
haviour relating to consumption applied to the majority of the elite of the nobility,
and Protestant nobility was no exception from that perspective (if any conclusions
may be drawn as a result of referring to the several cases described).
The spreading cult of novelty and the ever faster and greater adoption of inno¬
vations coming from the West contributed to the weakening of traditional forms of
manifestation of status through highlighting its antiquity and cultivating remem¬
brance of the ancestors and their heritage. The place of durable goods inherited
from the forefathers, and meticulously preserved by the heirs was being taken by
fragile innovations. This fundamental change in the ways of demonstrating social
superiority often aroused aversion and scathing comments from contemporary ob¬
servers.
The cult of novelty, the Europeanisation of behaviour and everyday gestures as
well as the first signs of commercialisation became the main indicators of status.
They were difficult to imitate not only because of economic barriers, that, as we
could see in the instances presented, did not defend the individuals places in the
social hierarchy effectively, but most of all because of the difficulty in perceiving
such signs of superiority. More and more frequently, hardly tangible codes, replete
with variants and nuances, were drawn extensively from the cosmopolitan model of
the life of European aristocracy.
Translated by:
Piotr
Sznyter
Bayerische
Síaatšbibiiolhek
München
|
| adam_txt |
SPIS TREŚCI
WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW
. 7
WSTĘP
. 9
Rozdział I
POSIADANIE I DZIEDZICZENIE MOBILIÓW. PRAWO, PRAKTYKA,
ŹRÓDŁA
. 20
Pojęcie rzeczy ruchomych w polskim prawie ziemskim
. 20
Posiadanie mobiliów. Stosunki majątkowe między małżonkami
. 24
Dziedziczenie ruchomości
. 30
Sporządzanie pośmiertnych inwentarzy ruchomości
. 41
Rozdział
II
W SZLACHECKIM DWORZE
. 46
Meble: od wiejskiego rzemiosła ku specjalizacji i komercjalizacji
. 46
Od „drewnianych statków" do „meublów"
. 46
Osiemnastowieczne przemeblowanie
. 50
Zastawa stołowa: od trwałości do kruchości
. 69
Srebra stołowe
. 69
Zastawa cynowa
. 84
Fajans, szkło i porcelana
. 91
Rozpowszechnienie szklanej zastawy stołowej
. 94
Fajans: między gliną a porcelaną
. 100
Rozpowszechnienie naczyń fajansowych
. 101
Porcelana: domena luksusu
. 104
Kruchość, indywidualizm, higiena
. 111
Książki, obrazy, instrumenty muzyczne
. 117
Rozpowszechnienie książek
. 117
Tematyka książek i typy księgozbiorów
. 119
Konteksty i hierarchie
. 138
Obrazy nabożne i konterfekty przodków
. 144
Rozpowszechnienie obrazów
. 144
Kaplica i dwór w Czeluścinie
. 148
Maryja i Święci Pańscy
. 151
Portrety przodków
. 154
Konterfekty monarchów i dostojników
. 159
Instrumenty muzyczne
. 165
6
Czas i ostentacja
. 169
Rozpowszechnienie zegarów i zegarków
. 169
Właściciele chronometrów
. 173
Luksus i mierzenie czasu
. '76
Rozdział III
ATRYBUTY STATUSU W PRZESTRZENI PUBLICZNEJ
. 182
Odzież
. 182
Miejsce odzieży w pośmiertnych spisach ruchomości
. 182
Kontusz i frak
. 185
Od trwałości do zmienności
. 201
Bielizna
. 205
Biżuteria
. 219
Biżuteria, klejnoty, srebra
. 219
Rozpowszechnienie i ilość biżuterii
. 223
Broń
. 230
Definicje i konteksty
. 230
Rozpowszechnienie broni
. 236
Szable
. 243
Szpady
. 248
Inne rodzaje broni siecznej
. 255
Broń obuchowa
. 257
Broń palna
. 260
Rozdział
IV
LUDZIE I RZECZY
. 268
Srebrny kubek i zielony kontusz pana Strobiszewskiego
. 268
Niefortunny kreator mody: przypadek Piotra Sapiehy
. 275
Szpada, frak i zegary
-
szlachcic mieszczaninem, czyli historia kaliskiego
zegarmistrza
. 282
Rozdział
V
SZLACHECKI ŚWIAT WYSTAWNEJ KONSUMPCJI
. 286
Ceny przedmiotów i wartość mobiliów
. 286
O pochodzeniu rzeczy i stereotypach
. 296
Polski, czyli jaki?
. 297
Wzorce orientalne
. 298
Koleński, lipski i berliński
. 302
Francuski, czyli niemiecki
. 305
Angielska cyna, angielskie siodła
. 319
ZAKOŃCZENIE
. 326
BIBLIOGRAFIA
. 33 1
INDEKS NAZWISK
. 347
THE WORLD
OF MATERIAL OBJECTS OF THE
WIELKOPOLSKA
NOBILITY IN THE 18TH CENTURY. SUMMARY
. 360
THE WORLD OF MATERIAL OBJECTS
OF THE
WIELKOPOLSKA
NOBILITY
IN THE 18TH CENTURY
Summary
The present dissertation concerns the material culture of the
Wielkopolska
nobility in the 18th century. The
Wielkopolska
region, i.e. the former provinces of
Poznań, Kalisz,
and, from
1768,
Gniezno
as well, was the territory of the former
Republic of Poland situated farthest to the west. Apart from Royal Prussia, it was
the wealthiest and most urbanised region of the country. Numerous towns and
cities, the development of rural craft, intensive economic and trade relations with
the
Habsburg
monarchy, Brandenburg and Saxony all contributed to the visibly
greater affluence of both the nobility and also the other social groups, compared
with the other territories of the Republic of Poland.
The fundamental objective of our work is to present an account of the use of
material objects and changes in the means of expression and forms of social com¬
petition as ways of structuring the nobility's identity. Research into the distribution,
number, and range of objects constituting the nobility's world of possessions is per¬
ceived by us to provide a basis for a better understanding of the mechanisms used
in the struggle for maintaining or obtaining a place in the social hierarchy together
with creating and demonstrating an image of oneself. Therefore, objects are of
interest to us chiefly as ways of understanding the meanings attributed to them as
forms of non-verbal communication, and as tools of social and individual strate¬
gies, symbols of status, and expressions of the nobility's identity. Hence, in focus¬
ing our attention on these, there are problems such as the attitude towards tradition
and innovation, the transfer of objects and values from generation to generation,
various ways of expressing social superiority, the mechanisms of social self-
differentiation and imitation, the refining of tastes, and economic and cultural ways
of imparting value to objects. Social recognition of individuals and acceptance of
them as a group member is primarily the result of the impression deriving from the
361
use of goods and patterns of behaviour related to them. Thus, in our presentation of
the world of objects, we are close to the perspectives of Veblen's image of compe¬
tition by consumption, and Goffman's metaphors of the theatre of everyday reality.
The main body of the material used comes from the years
1699-1793.
We
decided to use some 17th century evidence so as not to have the data dominated by
specific images typical of the period of the Northern War, internal wars and every¬
day disasters of the first and second decades of the
їв"1
century. The study ends
with the closure, following the second partition of Poland, of the
Wielkopolska
borough law courts' offices, the main sources of our documentary evidence.
The basic sources, although not the only ones used in our work, are the nobil¬
ity's posthumous inventories of movable property, listed in the books of local court
institutions, i.e. borough law courts. The arrangement of the material that survived
from the
1
б'1'
century enables us to develop comparisons and observation of the
changes over a longer chronological perspective. We wish to focus our delibera¬
tions on a clearly defined period and on the analysis of data collected, taking
chronological discipline as the fundamental premise of our analyses' appropriate¬
ness. Although concentrating on selected chronological sections may lead to a cer¬
tain simplification of the image, it is, however, important in organising the reading
of the documents and in enabling us to draw objective conclusions. In addition to
the nobility's posthumous inventories of movable property, we also refer to last
wills and testaments, trousseau registers, lists of gifts as well as various types of
petitions, protests, and complaints related to the possession and inheritance of
movable property, and other types of property and court documentation, dispersed
through the pages of the official books of the
Wielkopolska
region. We refer
frequently to literary writing, diaries, correspondence, edicts of the
Wielkopolska
regional diets, and various sorts of materials included in family archives.
The main body of the work consists of five chapters. The first one concerns
legal aspects of property possession and inheritance amongst the nobility. In addi¬
tion to the legally binding rules and regulations, we present the practical solutions
acceptable to the
Wielkopolska
nobility; these were used in the course of handing
down property and financial settlements. The starting point for these deliberations
is a formal and legal concept of movable property and the various ways of perceiv¬
ing and defining it, observed from the perspective of property management and
patterns of behaviour related to it. This chapter finishes with comments on the
techniques and circumstances of drawing up posthumous inventories of property;
we use these primarily to present the significance of these sources in the 18n cen¬
tury, which allows us to perceive a significant increase in credibility, details, and
completeness in those registers.
Chapters two and three offer an analysis of different elements of the nobility's
world of objects from the chronological perspective, with a differentiation between
particular categories of objects. The objects making up their world have been
classified into two groups and presented in appropriately structured chapters.
Chapter Two is concerned with the private objects which were the equipment of
manors and were stored and used at courts and residences. They are pieces of furni¬
ture, cutlery, books, paintings, musical instruments, and clocks. Chapter Three
362
analyses
the spread and the role of objects labelled by us as the symbols of status in
the public arena. Here belong objects that could also be used and presented outside
nobility's households. As potential symbols of the holders' status and identity in an
environment outside their homes, they were characterised by a particular expres¬
sion of message and communication value. We have included here clothes, weap¬
ons, and jewellery. The division adopted here aims particularly to highlight the
comparison of household interior equipment with the status symbols used outside.
The essence of this technique is an attempt to compare the material attributes of the
status and identity existing in a private space with those in the public space. Such
a distinction enables us to trace an increasing evolution of the character of luxury
consumption, consisting in its gradual move to private use, hidden from the general
public. The structure that we have adopted is of a formal and ordering character to
an extent; however, in certain cases we decided not to artificially divide objects of
identical or similar practical function, which were demonstrated in different types
of spaces. Thus, at a certain point, we present the distribution and changing func¬
tions of both clocks, being household equipment, and watches, belonging more to
jewellery. We did this also with musical instruments used at home and trumpets and
horns which were hunting accessories. Weapons used and demonstrated outdoors
could equally well be an ornament of house interiors.
In the central part of this section, we present the essential source material
which we have gathered. Through comparisons of the spread and number of objects
possessed, we try to follow changes in three selected chronological sections
(1699-
-1719, 1740-1760
and
1779-1793).
Together with comments on classification,
hierarchy and roles of objects, dispersed in the registers, we also try to decipher
social and cultural meanings related to them, which, we perceive, reflected earlier
attitudes and systems of values. Their material manifestations make it possible to
grasp changes in attitudes towards tradition and innovation: a distinctive demilitari¬
sation of the nobility's identity, growing complexity in forms of social competition
and the Europeanisation of fashion, material culture and everyday gestures and
behaviour related to them.
In chapter four, entitled "People and Objects," we present three representatives
of the
Wielkopolska
nobility from the beginning, middle, and the end of the IS1'1
century respectively. These close-ups, constructed around their characteristic be¬
haviour related to various types of using material objects, help us present the func¬
tions of objects with respect to their holders' social activity. This behaviour creates
a context that allows us to decipher the meanings hidden behind a silver cup of
a humble nobleman from the beginning of the century, the extraordinary robes of
a magnate of the middle of the century, and a mysterious set of objects around an
impoverished nobleman settled in a town in the last decade of the century.
Chapter five, entitled "The Nobility's World of Conspicuous Consumption,"
includes comments on the prices, values, and functions of artefacts in an economic
context; it also presents ways of imparting value to objects by purchasing and using
goods which were imported or simply perceived to be so. Here, special attention is
drawn to the material dimension of adopting French, or rather cosmopolitan and
aristocratic fashion and culture.
363
The evidence demonstrates first of all the process of evolution from a nobility
still living the myth of a knight-warrior, to an aristocracy which appreciated the art
of living; this process took place in the IS1'1 century. Slowly, yet systematically, rich
horse trappings, sabres and armours ornamented with gold and set with precious
stones were disappearing from the lists of the most precious and the most fre¬
quently displayed elements of the nobility's world of objects. The place of those
carefully collected treasures, used for the demonstration of status based on main¬
taining traditional standards of Eastern luxury, was being taken by objects that were
cheaper, less durable, requiring constant replacement, and keeping up with fashion
corning from the West. The intensification of these forms of social competition,
through the increase of their economic costs and complication of their cultural mes¬
sage, increased the social distance between the elite of the nobility and the great
numbers of Polish poor and moderately rich nobility.
Silverware, richly ornamented weapons, costly military gear, full dress jewel¬
lery and clothes were often treated as treasures and frequently kept in treasuries or
storehouses. In terms of economy, they were objects to be treasured. In terms of
culture, they were an expression of the elite nobility's identity, and referred first
of all to the myth of a knight-warrior, so dear to the hearts of noblemen. Because of
the coincidence of difficult economic conditions (wartime destruction and the im¬
poverishment of the nobility in the periods of unrest, wars and internal riots) with
a strong cultural and social motivation, the tendency to secure the possession of
such artifacts-symbols went beyond the simple logic of economic possibilities. De¬
spite signs of impoverishment and the lack of basic equipment and objects, a great
spread of silverware is striking in the inventories of the
Wielkopolska
nobility's
movable property; we find it even in modest inventories of the movables of impov¬
erished representatives of the knightly order. In the present work, we report numer¬
ous instances of often surprising contrasts resulting from zealous care for clothes,
weapons, or silverware, and far less interest in household equipment, convenience,
and comfort. Silver spoons, goblets, dishes, and jewellery, richly ornamented weap¬
ons and trappings are to be found in very modest yet concise inventories of lease¬
holders', pledgees, and even illiterates' property.
The still limited range of goods-and-monetary economy and the local nobility's
egalitarianism and traditionalism resulted in the fact that the main result of the eco¬
nomic activity of the nobility was generally accumulation of valuables and clothes.
The aim of the material efforts and the object of the emotions associated with them
was more maintaining their forefathers' heritage and the continuation of the values
related to them, expressed in an unchanged way.
In the world where objects were rare, expensive, and durable, they were
obtained chiefly by inheritance, gift, or through exchange. As the inventories of
material settlements and bills to be found in borough court books relating to inheri¬
tance cases demonstrate, objects of greater or lesser value constituted a remunera¬
tion for work and services done, with the use of money still limited.
Many instances of such situations are to be found in numerous sources from the
beginning of the
їв111
century. The analysis of the sources from the middle and the
end of the century made us formulate a thesis of a gradually increasing process of
364
change
involving appreciation of novelty, speeding-up of the circulation of fashion,
and the intensification of the forms of social competition through consumption.
The material presented enables us to look closely at the individuals and groups
that followed the patterns coming from the royal court and magnates' courts as well
as from Western Europe. Whilst this demonstrates the role of property and eco¬
nomic possibilities, it seems that the quality, quantity, and the scope of social con¬
nections were more crucial than economics. Hence, among the lovers of innovation,
we find first of all the most travelled individuals, whose various activities took
them beyond the scope of local communities: high officials, priests, Protestants,
and regular attenders at royal and magnates' courts. It is hard to ascribe a particular
role to any of the groups
-
each person referred to in our discussion played a string
of social roles, none of which can be limited to a certain force determining the
adopted patterns of behaviour. It is particularly visible from the evidence of the
representatives of Protestant nobility, who, apart from their faith, stood out from
the group under study on account of their positions held and functions filled, their
place of residence, or their property. After all, the fundamental change in the be¬
haviour relating to consumption applied to the majority of the elite of the nobility,
and Protestant nobility was no exception from that perspective (if any conclusions
may be drawn as a result of referring to the several cases described).
The spreading cult of novelty and the ever faster and greater adoption of inno¬
vations coming from the West contributed to the weakening of traditional forms of
manifestation of status through highlighting its antiquity and cultivating remem¬
brance of the ancestors and their heritage. The place of durable goods inherited
from the forefathers, and meticulously preserved by the heirs was being taken by
fragile innovations. This fundamental change in the ways of demonstrating social
superiority often aroused aversion and scathing comments from contemporary ob¬
servers.
The cult of novelty, the Europeanisation of behaviour and everyday gestures as
well as the first signs of commercialisation became the main indicators of status.
They were difficult to imitate not only because of economic barriers, that, as we
could see in the instances presented, did not defend the individuals' places in the
social hierarchy effectively, but most of all because of the difficulty in perceiving
such signs of superiority. More and more frequently, hardly tangible codes, replete
with variants and nuances, were drawn extensively from the cosmopolitan model of
the life of European aristocracy.
Translated by:
Piotr
Sznyter
Bayerische
Síaatšbibiiolhek
München |
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| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)123412544 (DE-599)BVBBV022713904 |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1700-1800 Geschichte 1700-1800 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1700-1800 |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:27:31Z |
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| spelling | Dumanowski, Jarosław 1967- Verfasser (DE-588)1173117709 aut Świat rzeczy szlachty wielkopolskiej w XVIII wieku Jarosław Dumanowski Wyd. 1. Toruń Wydawn. Uniw. Mikołaja Kopernika 2006 364 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The world of material objects of the Wielkopolska nobility in the 18th century Geschichte 1700-1800 Geschichte 1700-1800 gnd rswk-swf Alltag, Brauchtum Geschichte Material culture Poland Wielkopolska History 18th century Nobility Poland Wielkopolska History 18th century Sachkultur (DE-588)4051157-1 gnd rswk-swf Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 gnd rswk-swf Polen Poland Social life and customs To 1795 Großpolen (DE-588)4223407-4 gnd rswk-swf Großpolen (DE-588)4223407-4 g Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 s Sachkultur (DE-588)4051157-1 s Geschichte 1700-1800 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015919713&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015919713&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Dumanowski, Jarosław 1967- Świat rzeczy szlachty wielkopolskiej w XVIII wieku Alltag, Brauchtum Geschichte Material culture Poland Wielkopolska History 18th century Nobility Poland Wielkopolska History 18th century Sachkultur (DE-588)4051157-1 gnd Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4051157-1 (DE-588)4000464-8 (DE-588)4223407-4 |
| title | Świat rzeczy szlachty wielkopolskiej w XVIII wieku |
| title_auth | Świat rzeczy szlachty wielkopolskiej w XVIII wieku |
| title_exact_search | Świat rzeczy szlachty wielkopolskiej w XVIII wieku |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Świat rzeczy szlachty wielkopolskiej w XVIII wieku |
| title_full | Świat rzeczy szlachty wielkopolskiej w XVIII wieku Jarosław Dumanowski |
| title_fullStr | Świat rzeczy szlachty wielkopolskiej w XVIII wieku Jarosław Dumanowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Świat rzeczy szlachty wielkopolskiej w XVIII wieku Jarosław Dumanowski |
| title_short | Świat rzeczy szlachty wielkopolskiej w XVIII wieku |
| title_sort | swiat rzeczy szlachty wielkopolskiej w xviii wieku |
| topic | Alltag, Brauchtum Geschichte Material culture Poland Wielkopolska History 18th century Nobility Poland Wielkopolska History 18th century Sachkultur (DE-588)4051157-1 gnd Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Alltag, Brauchtum Geschichte Material culture Poland Wielkopolska History 18th century Nobility Poland Wielkopolska History 18th century Sachkultur Adel Polen Poland Social life and customs To 1795 Großpolen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015919713&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015919713&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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