Restrictive covenants under common and competition law:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London
Sweet & Maxwell
2007
|
| Edition: | 5. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XLIII, 538 S. 1 CD-ROM |
| ISBN: | 9781847030269 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kamerling, Alexandra |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Restrictive covenants under common and competition law |c Alexandra Kamerling ; Christopher Osman |
| 250 | |a 5. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b Sweet & Maxwell |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XLIII, 538 S. |e 1 CD-ROM | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Restraint of trade |z England | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Restraint of trade |z Wales | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Trade secrets |z England | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Trade secrets |z Wales | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804136727036559360 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE XV
TABLE OF CASES XIX
TABLE OF STATUTES XXXVIII
TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS XL
TABLE OF EUROPEAN LEGISLATION XLII
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 THE RESTRAINT OF TRADE DOCTRINE 1
1.2 PURPOSE OF RESTRAINT OF TRADE CLAUSES 2
PART I: RESTRAINT OF TRADE DOCTRINE
2 THE ISSUES 5
2.1 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RESTRAINT OF TRADE DOCTRINE AND
EU/UK COMPETITION LAW 5
2.2 DOES A RESTRAINT OF TRADE EXIST IN THIS CASE/DOES THE RESTRAINT
OF TRADE DOCTRINE APPLY TO THIS CLASS OF CASE 7
2.2.1 MODERN JUDICIAL VIEWS ON THE AMBIT OF THE DOCTRINE 8
2.2.2 EXTENSION OF THE PRINCIPLES 13
2.2.3 CONCLUSION 16
2.3 AN INTEREST MERITING PROTECTION 17
2.4 REASONABLENESS BETWEEN THE PARTIES 18
2.4.1 SCOPE: ACTIVITIES RESTRAINED 19
2.4.2 GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT 19
2.4.3 TIME RESTRICTIONS 20
2.5 REASONABLENESS IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST 22
3 RESTRAINT OF TRADE 25
3.1 THE FORM OF THE AGREEMENT 25
3.1.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT RESTRAINTS 25
3.1.2 OBJECT OR EFFECT 28
3.1.3 PROXIMITY OF THE RESTRAINT TO THE MAIN CONTRACT 28
CONTENTS
3.2 THE TIME AT WHICH REASONABLENESS IS CONSIDERED 29
3.2.1 UNDER COMMON LAW 29
3.2.2 TRANSIENT VOIDNESS UNDER COMPETITION LAW 32
3.3 CONSTRUCTION 32
3.4 WORDS AND PHRASES 43
3.4.1 SOLICITING OR CANVASSING 43
3.4.2 DEAL WITH/DO BUSINESS WITH 44
3.4.3 ENDEAVOUR TO TAKE OR ENTICE AWAY 44
3.5 SEVERANCE 45
3.6 ASSIGNMENT 48
3.7 THE CONSEQUENCES OF A FINDING OF UNREASONABLENESS 49
3.7.1 UNDER COMMON LAW 49
3.7.2 THE CONSEQUENCES OF A CLAUSE BEING CAUGHT BY THE
COMPETITION LAW PROHIBITION 50
3.8 CONSIDERATION 51
3.9 PLEADING RESTRAINT OF TRADE 52
3.10 BURDEN OF PROOF 53
3.10.1 COMMON LAW 53
3.10.2 COMPETITION LAW 54
PART II: BUSINESS SECRETS
4 INTERACTION BETWEEN BUSINESS SECRETS CLAUSES AND RESTRAINT OF
TRADE CLAUSES 59
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
LARACTERISTICS OF CONFIDENTIALITY
THE NECESSARY QUALITY OF CONFIDENCE
5.1.1 INACCESSIBILITY
5.1.2 TYPES OF INFORMATION
CIRCUMSTANCES IMPORTING AN OBLIGATION OF CONFIDENCE
5.2.1 EXPRESS INDICATIONS OF CONFIDENTIALITY
5.2.2 MODE OF EXPRESSION
5.2.3 LIMITED PURPOSE OF DISCLOSURE
DURATION OF THE DUTY
BREACH OF THE DUTY
DEFENCES
5.5.1 INIQUITY
5.5.2 THE PUBLIC INTEREST DISCLOSURE ACT 1998
5.5.3 FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND DATA PROTECTION
LEGISLATION
5.5.4 MISCELLANEOUS
THE QUESTION OF DETRIMENT
LOCUS STANDI (TO WHOM IS THE DUTY OWED)
THIRD PARTIES
EQUITY, LAW AND PROPERTY
61
61
62
65
70
71
72
74
77
78
80
80
82
83
85
86
87
87
89
VI
CONTENTS
5.10 CONTRACTUAL RIGHTS 90
5.10.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND
CONFIDENTIALITY 91
PART III: EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE
6 THE CLASSIC PROBLEMS 95
6.1 INTRODUCTION 95
6.2 THE ATTITUDE OF THE COURTS 96
7 IMPLIED AND EXPRESS DUTIES DURING EMPLOYMENT 99
7.1 IMPLIED DUTIES 99
7.1.1 THE EMPLOYEE S DUTY NOT TO COMPETE DURING WORKING
HOURS 100
7.1.2 THE EMPLOYEE S DUTY NOT TO COMPETE IN HIS SPARE TIME 101
7.1.3 THE EMPLOYEE S DUTY NOT TO MAKE PREPARATIONS IN
ORDER TO COMPETE WITH HIS EMPLOYER AFTER HE HAS LEFT
OR TO ENABLE ANOTHER TO DO SO 102
7.1.4 THE EMPLOYEE S DUTY NOT TO DISCLOSE OR USE HIS
EMPLOYER S BUSINESS SECRETS 110
7.1.5 THE EMPLOYEE S DUTY TO DISCLOSE TO HIS EMPLOYER
INFORMATION WHICH MAY BE OF USE TO THAT EMPLOYER
(AND NOT PERSONALLY TO PROFIT FROM IT) 112
7.1.6 EMPLOYEES AND FIDUCIARY DUTIES 114
7.1.7 FIDUCIARY DUTIES OF DIRECTORS 115
7.2 EXPRESS DUTIES 116
7.2.1 NON-COMPETITION/CANVASSING CLAUSES 116
7.2.2 BUSINESS SECRETS 117
8 INTERESTS PROTECTABLE AFTER EMPLOYMENT ENDS 119
8.1 THE END OF EMPLOYMENT 119
8.1.1 INTRODUCTION 119
8.1.2 THE TERMINATION OF THE CONTRACT 121
8.1.3 REPUDIATORY BREACH OF CONTRACT 121
8.1.4 COMMON EXAMPLES FROM THE AUTHORITIES OF WHEN A
REPUDIATION MAY HAVE OCCURRED 125
8.2 IMPLIED DUTIES 133
8.2.1 COMPETITION WITH PREVIOUS EMPLOYER 133
8.2.2 BUSINESS SECRETS 134
8.2.3 PROBLEMS CAUSED BY THE JUDGMENT IN FACCENDA CHICKEN 140
8.2.4 THE EMPLOYEE S SKILL AND KNOWLEDGE 142
8.2.5 BUSINESS METHODS 146
8.3 EXPRESS DUTIES ONCE EMPLOYMENT HAS ENDED 147
8.4 THE EXISTENCE OF AN INTEREST WHICH MERITS PROTECTION 148
8.4.1 THE EMPLOYER S SPECIAL TRADE CONNECTIONS 148
VU
CONTENTS
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.4.2 BUSINESS SECRETS
8.4.3 THE EMPLOYER S INTEREST IN MAINTAINING THE STABILITY OF
HIS WORKFORCE
REASONABLENESS BETWEEN THE PARTIES: CANVASSING/DEALING AND
COMPETITION
8.5.1 NON-COMPETITION CLAUSES
8.5.2 NON-CANVASSING/SOLICITATION OF OR DEALING WITH
CUSTOMERS
8.5.3 TIME
8.5.4 RESTRICTED ACTIVITIES
8.5.5 MISCELLANEOUS POINTS
REASONABLENESS BETWEEN THE PARTIES: BUSINESS SECRETS
8.6.1 RESTRICTED ACTIVITIES
8.6.2 GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT
8.6.3 TIME
MISCELLANEOUS POINTS ON REASONABLENESS
8.7.1 PROFESSIONAL RESTRAINTS
8.7.2 TRADE USAGE
8.7.3 PROVISIONS WHICH PERMIT CONSENT
SUING THIRD PARTIES
8.8.1 BREACH OF CONFIDENCE
8.8.2 INDUCING A BREACH OF CONTRACT
PUBLIC POLICY
8.9.1 EU PROVISIONS
9 DRAFTING RESTRICTIONS IN EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS
9.1
9.2
9.3
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCING OR AMENDING COVENANTS IN THE COURSE OF
EMPLOYMENT
THE OHRASE HOWSOEVER CAUSED AND SIMILAR OHRASES
153
154
155
156
162
167
168
170
174
174
177
177
178
178
179
179
180
182
182
186
186
187
187
190
192
PART IV: BUSINESS SALES
10 INTRODUCTION 197
10.1 INTRODUCTION 197
10.2 DISTINCTION BETWEEN EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS SALES AGREEMENTS 198
11 VENDOR S ABILITY TO COMPETE WITH THE PURCHASER IN THE ABSENCE OF
EXPRESS COVENANTS 207
11.1 THE VENDOR MUST NOT SOLICIT/CANVASS THE CUSTOMERS OF HIS OLD
BUSINESS 207
11.1.1 THE SCOPE OF THE INJUNCTION 209
11.2 THE USE OF BUSINESS SECRETS BY THE VENDOR 210
11.3 REPRESENTATIONS BY THE VENDOR THAT HE IS CARRYING ON THE
BUSINESS SOLD 210
11.4 CONCLUSION 211
VIII
CONTENTS
12 EXPRESS COVENANTS 213
12.1 AN INTEREST MERITING PROTECTION 214
12.2 REASONABLENESS 215
12.2.1 THE AMBIT OF THE ACTIVITIES RESTRICTED 215
12.2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS 216
12.2.3 TIME 217
12.3 STATUTORY AND EU PROVISIONS 218
12.3.1 UK LAW 218
12.3.2 EULAW 218
PART V: PARTNERSHIPS AND JOINT VENTURES
13 PARTNERSHIPS 223
13.1 INTRODUCTION 223
13.2 IMPLIED PROVISIONS DURING THE CURRENCY OF THE PARTNERSHIP 224
13.2.1 BUSINESS SECRETS OF THE PARTNERSHIP 224
13.3 EXPRESS PROVISIONS DURING THE CURRENCY OF THE PARTNERSHIP 225
13.3.1 BUSINESS SECRETS OF THE PARTNERSHIP 225
13.3.2 RESTRICTIONS ON ENGAGING IN OTHER BUSINESS 225
13.4 IMPLIED RESTRICTIONS AFTER PARTNERSHIP 226
13.5 EXPRESS PROVISIONS AFTER PARTNERSHIP 227
13.5.1 PROTECTION OF BUSINESS SECRETS 228
13.5.2 PROTECTION OF GOODWILL 228
13.5.3 SALARIED V EQUITY PARTNERS 233
13.5.4 COMMON ASPECTS OF REASONABLENESS 233
13.6 DRAFTING CONSIDERATIONS 235
13.7 STATUTORY AND EU LIMITATIONS 236
14 JOINT VENTURES 237
14.1 GENERAL APPLICABILITY OF THE DOCTRINE 237
14.2 THE APPLICATION OF EU AND UK COMPETITION LAW IN THE
CONTEXT OF JOINT VENTURES 239
14.2.1 JOINT VENTURES UNDER EU LAW 239
14.2.2 JOINT VENTURES WHICH BY THEIR NATURE FALL OUTSIDE
ARTICLE 81(1) 240
14.2.3 ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS IN THE CONTEXT OF JOINT
VENTURES 241
14.2.4 UK COMPETITION LAW 243
PART VI: COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS
15 INTRODUCTION 249
15.1 RELEVANCE OF THE RESTRAINT OF TRADE DOCTRINE 249
15.2 ATTITUDE OF THE COURTS 250
15.3 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL AGREEMENTS 251
IX
CONTENTS
16
17
18
19
SOLUS AND OTHER EXCLUSIVE PURCHASING AGREEMENTS
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
INTRODUCTION
COMMON RESTRICTIVE PROVISIONS
RESTRAINTS FALLING OUTSIDE THE RESTRAINT OF TRADE DOCTRINE
REASONABLENESS
16.4.1 THE INTEREST TO BE PROTECTED
16.4.2 TIME AND OTHER FACTORS
16.4.3 PUBLIC POLICY
DRAFTING
16.5.1 TERM
16.5.2 PRICE
16.5.3 OBLIGATIONS TO TRADE
16.5.4 MORTGAGES
16.5.5 ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS
16.5.6 ASSIGNMENT
EU AND UK COMPETITION LAW
16.6.1 COMPETITION ACT 1998
16.6.2 EULAW
16.6.3 THE BEER ORDERS
EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION AND AGENCY AGREEMENTS
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
INTRODUCTION
TYPICAL RESTRICTIONS
REASONABLENESS
COMPETITION LAW LIMITATIONS
STATUTORY LIMITATIONS
DRAFTING
LICENCES AND TYING AGREEMENTS
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
INTRODUCTION
COMMON RESTRICTIONS
THE RELEVANCE OF THE RESTRAINT OF TRADE DOCTRINE
COMPETITION LAW LIMITATIONS
OTHER STATUTORY LIMITATIONS
DRAFTING
CARTELS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS AND CO-OPERATIVES
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
INTRODUCTION
COMMON PROVISIONS WHICH GIVE RISE TO DIFFICULTY
REASONABLENESS
ACTIONS BY THIRD PARTIES AFFECTED BY CARTELS
EU AND UK COMPETITION LAW LIMITATIONS
19.5.1 EU
19.5.2 UK
STATUTORY LIMITATIONS
253
253
254
254
258
259
262
266
267
267
268
268
268
268
269
269
269
269
270
273
273
273
276
277
278
278
281
281
281
282
286
289
289
291
291
291
292
296
297
297
298
300
CONTENTS
20 OTHEI
20.1
20.2
AGREEMENTS
NEGOTIATION AND EVALUATION AGREEMENTS
20.1.1 INTRODUCTION
20.1.2 THE TERMS OF THE AGREEMENT
20.1.3 COMPETITION LAW
AUTHORS AND PERFORMERS
20.2.1 RESTRAINT OF TRADE
20.2.2 COMPETITION LAW
21 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY PROVISIONS
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
21.10
21.11
21.12
21.13
INTRODUCTION TO ARTICLES 81 AND 82 OF THE EC TREATY
IS THERE AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN UNDERTAKINGS?
AGREEMENTS
DECISIONS
CONCERTED PRACTICES
THE EFFECT ON TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES
AN APPRECIABLE EFFECT ON COMPETITION
EXEMPTIONS
INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTIONS
21.9.1 PRE MAY 2004
21.9.2 POST MAY 2004
ARTICLE 81(2)*VOID AND ILLEGAL?
SEVERANCE OF RESTRICTIONS
ARTICLE 82
EC MERGER REGULATIONS
21.13.1 INTRODUCTION
21.13.2 ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS
22 UK COMPETITION LAW
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
INTRODUCTION
THE FORMER RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 (THE
RTPA )
THE CHAPTER I PROHIBITION
22.3.1 AGREEMENTS CAUGHT BY THE PROHIBITION
22.3.2 SECTION 60
22.3.3 AGREEMENTS WITH A SIGNIFICANT OR APPRECIABLE
EFFECT
EXCLUDED AGREEMENTS
22.4.1 MERGERS AND ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS
22.4.2 AGREEMENTS SUBJECT TO COMPETITION SCRUTINY
UNDER OTHER ENACTMENTS
22.4.3 PLANNING AGREEMENTS
22.4.4 SECTION 21 (2) AGREEMENTS
22.4.5 OTHER GENERAL EXCLUSIONS
22.4.6 PROFESSIONAL RULES
301
301
301
301
302
303
303
306
307
307
309
310
311
311
311
312
313
316
316
319
322
322
323
325
325
326
329
329
330
331
331
332
334
334
334
338
338
338
338
339
XI
CONTENTS
22.5
22.6
22.7
22.8
22.9
22.4.7 ADDITIONAL EXCLUSIONS
22.4.8 VERTICAL AGREEMENTS
22.4.9 LAND AGREEMENTS
EXEMPTIONS
22.5.1 INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTIONS/SELF ASSESSMENT
22.5.2 BLOCK EXEMPTIONS
22.5.3 PARALLEL EXEMPTIONS
22.5.4 SECTION 11 EXEMPTIONS
THE CHAPTER II PROHIBITION
THE CONCURRENT JURISDICTION OF THE REGULATORS
TRANSITIONAL PERIODS
THE ENTERPRISE ACT 2002
PART VII: INTERIM RELIEF
23 INJUNCTIONS AND INTERIM RELIEF
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.9
23.10
23.11
23.12
INTRODUCTION
POWER TO GRANT INTERIM INJUNCTIONS
PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO THE GRANT OF INTERIM INJUNCTIONS
23.3.1 RELEVANCE OF THE OVERRIDING OBJECTIVE
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR THE GRANT OF AN INTERIM INJUNCTION
23.4.1 IS THERE A SERIOUS QUESTION TO BE TRIED?
23.4.2 WOULD DAMAGES BE AN ADEQUATE REMEDY?
23.4.3 BALANCE OF CONVENIENCE
23.4.4 MAINTAINING THE STATUS QUO
23.4.5 OTHER SPECIAL FACTORS
THE TEST TO BE APPLIED WHERE THE INTERIM APPLICATION WILL
EFFECTIVELY DISPOSE OF THE APPLICATION
SPECIAL RULES RELATING TO INDUSTRIAL ACTION
CONCLUSION
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE/MANDATORY INJUNCTIONS
RE-INSTATEMENT
GARDEN LEAVE
BUSINESS SECRETS CASES
INTERIM RELIEF UNDER COMPETITION LAW
23.12.1 COMPETITION LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND
23.12.2 RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS AND COMPETITION LAW
23.12.3 UK/EUROPE - WHICH JURISDICTION?
23.12.4 POWER TO GRANT INTERIM RELIEF IN UK
23.12.5 CONCLUSION
24 SEARCH ORDERS AND OTHER ANCILLARY ORDERS
24.1
24.2
24.3
INTRODUCTION
THE ANTON PILLER PRINCIPLES
HUMAN RIGHTS IMPLICATIONS
340
340
341
342
342
344
344
345
345
346
346
347
351
351
351
351
351
352
352
353
354
354
355
355
357
357
358
362
363
367
369
369
370
372
374
378
379
379
380
382
XLL
CONTENTS
24.4 JURISDICTION 382
24.5 THE RULES GOVERNING SEARCH ORDERS 383
24.5.1 TIMING 384
24.5.2 WITHOUT NOTICE APPLICATIONS 384
24.5.3 THE DUTY TO GIVE FULL DISCLOSURE 385
24.6 THE RIGHTS OF A RECIPIENT OF A SEARCH ORDER 388
24.7 ANCILLARY ORDERS 392
24.8 DAWN RAIDS AND OTHER POWERS OF THE COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 393
25 PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE 397
25.1 THE APPROPRIATE COURT 397
25.2 NOTICE OF THE APPLICATION 398
25.2.1 IS A WITHOUT NOTICE APPLICATION NECESSARY 398
25.2.2 APPLICATIONS WITH NOTICE 400
25.2.3 INFORMAL NOTICE 401
25.3 DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED FOR INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 401
25.3.1 THE APPLICATION NOTICE 402
25.3.2 THE CLAIM FORM 402
25.3.3 EVIDENCE 402
25.3.4 DRAFT MINUTES OF ORDER 405
25.4 GENERAL POINTS 406
25.5 ORDER FOR A SPEEDY TRIAL 406
26 DAMAGES 407
26.1 INTRODUCTION 407
26.2 DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF A COVENANT IN REASONABLE RESTRAINT
OF TRADE 408
26.3 DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF THE DUTY OF CONFIDENCE 409
26.3.1 QUANTUM IN BUSINESS SECRETS CASES 410
26.4 DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82/CHAPTERS I AND II 413
27 OTHER REMEDIES 417
27.1 PERMANENT INJUNCTIONS 417
27.1.1 CRITERIA FOR SUCH AN AWARD 417
27.2 ACCOUNT OF PROFITS 418
27.3 THE POSITION OF FIDUCIARIES 420
27.4 DELIVERY UP/DESTRUCTION 421
27.5 DECLARATIONS 421
27.6 CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS 423
APPENDICES
1 RESTRAINT OF TRADE CASES 425
2 BUSINESS SECRETS CASES 445
XIN
CONTENTS
3 PRACTICE DIRECTION*INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 455
4 PRACTICE DIRECTION*APPLICATIONS 479
5 PRECEDENTS
A. COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS 487
B. EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 493
6 RESTRAINT OF TRADE-CHECKLISTS 505
INDEX 517
XIV
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
PREFACE XV
TABLE OF CASES XIX
TABLE OF STATUTES XXXVIII
TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS XL
TABLE OF EUROPEAN LEGISLATION XLII
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 THE RESTRAINT OF TRADE DOCTRINE 1
1.2 PURPOSE OF RESTRAINT OF TRADE CLAUSES 2
PART I: RESTRAINT OF TRADE DOCTRINE
2 THE ISSUES 5
2.1 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RESTRAINT OF TRADE DOCTRINE AND
EU/UK COMPETITION LAW 5
2.2 DOES A RESTRAINT OF TRADE EXIST IN THIS CASE/DOES THE RESTRAINT
OF TRADE DOCTRINE APPLY TO THIS CLASS OF CASE 7
2.2.1 MODERN JUDICIAL VIEWS ON THE AMBIT OF THE DOCTRINE 8
2.2.2 EXTENSION OF THE PRINCIPLES 13
2.2.3 CONCLUSION 16
2.3 AN INTEREST MERITING PROTECTION 17
2.4 REASONABLENESS BETWEEN THE PARTIES 18
2.4.1 SCOPE: ACTIVITIES RESTRAINED 19
2.4.2 GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT 19
2.4.3 TIME RESTRICTIONS 20
2.5 REASONABLENESS IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST 22
3 RESTRAINT OF TRADE 25
3.1 THE FORM OF THE AGREEMENT 25
3.1.1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT RESTRAINTS 25
3.1.2 OBJECT OR EFFECT 28
3.1.3 PROXIMITY OF THE RESTRAINT TO THE MAIN CONTRACT 28
CONTENTS
3.2 THE TIME AT WHICH REASONABLENESS IS CONSIDERED 29
3.2.1 UNDER COMMON LAW 29
3.2.2 TRANSIENT VOIDNESS UNDER COMPETITION LAW 32
3.3 CONSTRUCTION 32
3.4 WORDS AND PHRASES 43
3.4.1 "SOLICITING OR CANVASSING" 43
3.4.2 "DEAL WITH/DO BUSINESS WITH" 44
3.4.3 "ENDEAVOUR TO TAKE OR ENTICE AWAY" 44
3.5 SEVERANCE 45
3.6 ASSIGNMENT 48
3.7 THE CONSEQUENCES OF A FINDING OF UNREASONABLENESS 49
3.7.1 UNDER COMMON LAW 49
3.7.2 THE CONSEQUENCES OF A CLAUSE BEING CAUGHT BY THE
COMPETITION LAW PROHIBITION 50
3.8 CONSIDERATION 51
3.9 PLEADING RESTRAINT OF TRADE 52
3.10 BURDEN OF PROOF 53
3.10.1 COMMON LAW 53
3.10.2 COMPETITION LAW 54
PART II: BUSINESS SECRETS
4 INTERACTION BETWEEN BUSINESS SECRETS CLAUSES AND RESTRAINT OF
TRADE CLAUSES 59
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
LARACTERISTICS OF CONFIDENTIALITY
THE NECESSARY QUALITY OF CONFIDENCE
5.1.1 INACCESSIBILITY
5.1.2 TYPES OF INFORMATION
CIRCUMSTANCES IMPORTING AN OBLIGATION OF CONFIDENCE
5.2.1 EXPRESS INDICATIONS OF CONFIDENTIALITY
5.2.2 MODE OF EXPRESSION
5.2.3 LIMITED PURPOSE OF DISCLOSURE
DURATION OF THE DUTY
BREACH OF THE DUTY
DEFENCES
5.5.1 INIQUITY
5.5.2 THE PUBLIC INTEREST DISCLOSURE ACT 1998
5.5.3 FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND DATA PROTECTION
LEGISLATION
5.5.4 MISCELLANEOUS
THE QUESTION OF DETRIMENT
LOCUS STANDI (TO WHOM IS THE DUTY OWED)
THIRD PARTIES
EQUITY, LAW AND PROPERTY
61
61
62
65
70
71
72
74
77
78
80
80
82
83
85
86
87
87
89
VI
CONTENTS
5.10 CONTRACTUAL RIGHTS 90
5.10.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND
CONFIDENTIALITY 91
PART III: EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE
6 THE CLASSIC PROBLEMS 95
6.1 INTRODUCTION 95
6.2 THE ATTITUDE OF THE COURTS 96
7 IMPLIED AND EXPRESS DUTIES DURING EMPLOYMENT 99
7.1 IMPLIED DUTIES 99
7.1.1 THE EMPLOYEE'S DUTY NOT TO COMPETE DURING WORKING
HOURS 100
7.1.2 THE EMPLOYEE'S DUTY NOT TO COMPETE IN HIS SPARE TIME 101
7.1.3 THE EMPLOYEE'S DUTY NOT TO MAKE PREPARATIONS IN
ORDER TO COMPETE WITH HIS EMPLOYER AFTER HE HAS LEFT
OR TO ENABLE ANOTHER TO DO SO 102
7.1.4 THE EMPLOYEE'S DUTY NOT TO DISCLOSE OR USE HIS
EMPLOYER'S BUSINESS SECRETS 110
7.1.5 THE EMPLOYEE'S DUTY TO DISCLOSE TO HIS EMPLOYER
INFORMATION WHICH MAY BE OF USE TO THAT EMPLOYER
(AND NOT PERSONALLY TO PROFIT FROM IT) 112
7.1.6 EMPLOYEES AND FIDUCIARY DUTIES 114
7.1.7 FIDUCIARY DUTIES OF DIRECTORS 115
7.2 EXPRESS DUTIES 116
7.2.1 NON-COMPETITION/CANVASSING CLAUSES 116
7.2.2 BUSINESS SECRETS 117
8 INTERESTS PROTECTABLE AFTER EMPLOYMENT ENDS 119
8.1 THE END OF EMPLOYMENT 119
8.1.1 INTRODUCTION 119
8.1.2 THE TERMINATION OF THE CONTRACT 121
8.1.3 REPUDIATORY BREACH OF CONTRACT 121
8.1.4 COMMON EXAMPLES FROM THE AUTHORITIES OF WHEN A
REPUDIATION MAY HAVE OCCURRED 125
8.2 IMPLIED DUTIES 133
8.2.1 COMPETITION WITH PREVIOUS EMPLOYER 133
8.2.2 BUSINESS SECRETS 134
8.2.3 PROBLEMS CAUSED BY THE JUDGMENT IN FACCENDA CHICKEN 140
8.2.4 THE EMPLOYEE'S SKILL AND KNOWLEDGE 142
8.2.5 BUSINESS METHODS 146
8.3 EXPRESS DUTIES ONCE EMPLOYMENT HAS ENDED 147
8.4 THE EXISTENCE OF AN INTEREST WHICH MERITS PROTECTION 148
8.4.1 THE EMPLOYER'S SPECIAL TRADE CONNECTIONS 148
VU
CONTENTS
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.4.2 BUSINESS SECRETS
8.4.3 THE EMPLOYER'S INTEREST IN MAINTAINING THE STABILITY OF
HIS WORKFORCE
REASONABLENESS BETWEEN THE PARTIES: CANVASSING/DEALING AND
COMPETITION
8.5.1 NON-COMPETITION CLAUSES
8.5.2 NON-CANVASSING/SOLICITATION OF OR DEALING WITH
CUSTOMERS
8.5.3 TIME
8.5.4 RESTRICTED ACTIVITIES
8.5.5 MISCELLANEOUS POINTS
REASONABLENESS BETWEEN THE PARTIES: BUSINESS SECRETS
8.6.1 RESTRICTED ACTIVITIES
8.6.2 GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT
8.6.3 TIME
MISCELLANEOUS POINTS ON REASONABLENESS
8.7.1 PROFESSIONAL RESTRAINTS
8.7.2 TRADE USAGE
8.7.3 PROVISIONS WHICH PERMIT CONSENT
SUING THIRD PARTIES
8.8.1 BREACH OF CONFIDENCE
8.8.2 INDUCING A BREACH OF CONTRACT
PUBLIC POLICY
8.9.1 EU PROVISIONS
9 DRAFTING RESTRICTIONS IN EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS
9.1
9.2
9.3
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCING OR AMENDING COVENANTS IN THE COURSE OF
EMPLOYMENT
THE OHRASE "HOWSOEVER CAUSED" AND SIMILAR OHRASES
153
154
155
156
162
167
168
170
174
174
177
177
178
178
179
179
180
182
182
186
186
187
187
190
192
PART IV: BUSINESS SALES
10 INTRODUCTION 197
10.1 INTRODUCTION 197
10.2 DISTINCTION BETWEEN EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS SALES AGREEMENTS 198
11 VENDOR'S ABILITY TO COMPETE WITH THE PURCHASER IN THE ABSENCE OF
EXPRESS COVENANTS 207
11.1 THE VENDOR MUST NOT SOLICIT/CANVASS THE CUSTOMERS OF HIS OLD
BUSINESS 207
11.1.1 THE SCOPE OF THE INJUNCTION 209
11.2 THE USE OF BUSINESS SECRETS BY THE VENDOR 210
11.3 REPRESENTATIONS BY THE VENDOR THAT HE IS CARRYING ON THE
BUSINESS SOLD 210
11.4 CONCLUSION 211
VIII
CONTENTS
12 EXPRESS COVENANTS 213
12.1 AN INTEREST MERITING PROTECTION 214
12.2 REASONABLENESS 215
12.2.1 THE AMBIT OF THE ACTIVITIES RESTRICTED 215
12.2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS 216
12.2.3 TIME 217
12.3 STATUTORY AND EU PROVISIONS 218
12.3.1 UK LAW 218
12.3.2 EULAW 218
PART V: PARTNERSHIPS AND JOINT VENTURES
13 PARTNERSHIPS 223
13.1 INTRODUCTION 223
13.2 IMPLIED PROVISIONS DURING THE CURRENCY OF THE PARTNERSHIP 224
13.2.1 BUSINESS SECRETS OF THE PARTNERSHIP 224
13.3 EXPRESS PROVISIONS DURING THE CURRENCY OF THE PARTNERSHIP 225
13.3.1 BUSINESS SECRETS OF THE PARTNERSHIP 225
13.3.2 RESTRICTIONS ON ENGAGING IN OTHER BUSINESS 225
13.4 IMPLIED RESTRICTIONS AFTER PARTNERSHIP 226
13.5 EXPRESS PROVISIONS AFTER PARTNERSHIP 227
13.5.1 PROTECTION OF BUSINESS SECRETS 228
13.5.2 PROTECTION OF GOODWILL 228
13.5.3 SALARIED V EQUITY PARTNERS 233
13.5.4 COMMON ASPECTS OF REASONABLENESS 233
13.6 DRAFTING CONSIDERATIONS 235
13.7 STATUTORY AND EU LIMITATIONS 236
14 JOINT VENTURES 237
14.1 GENERAL APPLICABILITY OF THE DOCTRINE 237
14.2 THE APPLICATION OF EU AND UK COMPETITION LAW IN THE
CONTEXT OF JOINT VENTURES 239
14.2.1 JOINT VENTURES UNDER EU LAW 239
14.2.2 JOINT VENTURES WHICH BY THEIR NATURE FALL OUTSIDE
ARTICLE 81(1) 240
14.2.3 ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS IN THE CONTEXT OF JOINT
VENTURES 241
14.2.4 UK COMPETITION LAW 243
PART VI: COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS
15 INTRODUCTION 249
15.1 RELEVANCE OF THE RESTRAINT OF TRADE DOCTRINE 249
15.2 ATTITUDE OF THE COURTS 250
15.3 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL AGREEMENTS 251
IX
CONTENTS
16
17
18
19
SOLUS AND OTHER EXCLUSIVE PURCHASING AGREEMENTS
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
INTRODUCTION
COMMON RESTRICTIVE PROVISIONS
RESTRAINTS FALLING OUTSIDE THE RESTRAINT OF TRADE DOCTRINE
REASONABLENESS
16.4.1 THE INTEREST TO BE PROTECTED
16.4.2 TIME AND OTHER FACTORS
16.4.3 PUBLIC POLICY
DRAFTING
16.5.1 TERM
16.5.2 PRICE
16.5.3 OBLIGATIONS TO TRADE
16.5.4 MORTGAGES
16.5.5 ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS
16.5.6 ASSIGNMENT
EU AND UK COMPETITION LAW
16.6.1 COMPETITION ACT 1998
16.6.2 EULAW
16.6.3 THE BEER ORDERS
EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION AND AGENCY AGREEMENTS
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
INTRODUCTION
TYPICAL RESTRICTIONS
REASONABLENESS
COMPETITION LAW LIMITATIONS
STATUTORY LIMITATIONS
DRAFTING
LICENCES AND TYING AGREEMENTS
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
INTRODUCTION
COMMON RESTRICTIONS
THE RELEVANCE OF THE RESTRAINT OF TRADE DOCTRINE
COMPETITION LAW LIMITATIONS
OTHER STATUTORY LIMITATIONS
DRAFTING
CARTELS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS AND CO-OPERATIVES
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
INTRODUCTION
COMMON PROVISIONS WHICH GIVE RISE TO DIFFICULTY
REASONABLENESS
ACTIONS BY THIRD PARTIES AFFECTED BY CARTELS
EU AND UK COMPETITION LAW LIMITATIONS
19.5.1 EU
19.5.2 UK
STATUTORY LIMITATIONS
253
253
254
254
258
259
262
266
267
267
268
268
268
268
269
269
269
269
270
273
273
273
276
277
278
278
281
281
281
282
286
289
289
291
291
291
292
296
297
297
298
300
CONTENTS
20 OTHEI
20.1
20.2
AGREEMENTS
NEGOTIATION AND EVALUATION AGREEMENTS
20.1.1 INTRODUCTION
20.1.2 THE TERMS OF THE AGREEMENT
20.1.3 COMPETITION LAW
AUTHORS AND PERFORMERS
20.2.1 RESTRAINT OF TRADE
20.2.2 COMPETITION LAW
21 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY PROVISIONS
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
21.10
21.11
21.12
21.13
INTRODUCTION TO ARTICLES 81 AND 82 OF THE EC TREATY
IS THERE AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN UNDERTAKINGS?
AGREEMENTS
DECISIONS
CONCERTED PRACTICES
THE EFFECT ON TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES
AN APPRECIABLE EFFECT ON COMPETITION
EXEMPTIONS
INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTIONS
21.9.1 PRE MAY 2004
21.9.2 POST MAY 2004
ARTICLE 81(2)*VOID AND ILLEGAL?
SEVERANCE OF RESTRICTIONS
ARTICLE 82
EC MERGER REGULATIONS
21.13.1 INTRODUCTION
21.13.2 ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS
22 UK COMPETITION LAW
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
INTRODUCTION
THE FORMER RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1976 (THE
"RTPA")
THE CHAPTER I PROHIBITION
22.3.1 AGREEMENTS CAUGHT BY THE PROHIBITION
22.3.2 SECTION 60
22.3.3 AGREEMENTS WITH A SIGNIFICANT OR APPRECIABLE
EFFECT
EXCLUDED AGREEMENTS
22.4.1 MERGERS AND ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS
22.4.2 AGREEMENTS SUBJECT TO COMPETITION SCRUTINY
UNDER OTHER ENACTMENTS
22.4.3 PLANNING AGREEMENTS
22.4.4 SECTION 21 (2) AGREEMENTS
22.4.5 OTHER GENERAL EXCLUSIONS
22.4.6 PROFESSIONAL RULES
301
301
301
301
302
303
303
306
307
307
309
310
311
311
311
312
313
316
316
319
322
322
323
325
325
326
329
329
330
331
331
332
334
334
334
338
338
338
338
339
XI
CONTENTS
22.5
22.6
22.7
22.8
22.9
22.4.7 ADDITIONAL EXCLUSIONS
22.4.8 VERTICAL AGREEMENTS
22.4.9 LAND AGREEMENTS
EXEMPTIONS
22.5.1 INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTIONS/SELF ASSESSMENT
22.5.2 BLOCK EXEMPTIONS
22.5.3 PARALLEL EXEMPTIONS
22.5.4 SECTION 11 EXEMPTIONS
THE CHAPTER II PROHIBITION
THE CONCURRENT JURISDICTION OF THE REGULATORS
TRANSITIONAL PERIODS
THE ENTERPRISE ACT 2002
PART VII: INTERIM RELIEF
23 INJUNCTIONS AND INTERIM RELIEF
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.9
23.10
23.11
23.12
INTRODUCTION
POWER TO GRANT INTERIM INJUNCTIONS
PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO THE GRANT OF INTERIM INJUNCTIONS
23.3.1 RELEVANCE OF THE OVERRIDING OBJECTIVE
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR THE GRANT OF AN INTERIM INJUNCTION
23.4.1 IS THERE A SERIOUS QUESTION TO BE TRIED?
23.4.2 WOULD DAMAGES BE AN ADEQUATE REMEDY?
23.4.3 BALANCE OF CONVENIENCE
23.4.4 MAINTAINING THE STATUS QUO
23.4.5 OTHER SPECIAL FACTORS
THE TEST TO BE APPLIED WHERE THE INTERIM APPLICATION WILL
EFFECTIVELY DISPOSE OF THE APPLICATION
SPECIAL RULES RELATING TO INDUSTRIAL ACTION
CONCLUSION
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE/MANDATORY INJUNCTIONS
RE-INSTATEMENT
GARDEN LEAVE
BUSINESS SECRETS CASES
INTERIM RELIEF UNDER COMPETITION LAW
23.12.1 COMPETITION LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND
23.12.2 RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS AND COMPETITION LAW
23.12.3 UK/EUROPE - WHICH JURISDICTION?
23.12.4 POWER TO GRANT INTERIM RELIEF IN UK
23.12.5 CONCLUSION
24 SEARCH ORDERS AND OTHER ANCILLARY ORDERS
24.1
24.2
24.3
INTRODUCTION
THE "ANTON PILLER" PRINCIPLES
HUMAN RIGHTS IMPLICATIONS
340
340
341
342
342
344
344
345
345
346
346
347
351
351
351
351
351
352
352
353
354
354
355
355
357
357
358
362
363
367
369
369
370
372
374
378
379
379
380
382
XLL
CONTENTS
24.4 JURISDICTION 382
24.5 THE RULES GOVERNING SEARCH ORDERS 383
24.5.1 TIMING 384
24.5.2 WITHOUT NOTICE APPLICATIONS 384
24.5.3 THE DUTY TO GIVE FULL DISCLOSURE 385
24.6 THE RIGHTS OF A RECIPIENT OF A SEARCH ORDER 388
24.7 ANCILLARY ORDERS 392
24.8 DAWN RAIDS AND OTHER POWERS OF THE COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 393
25 PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE 397
25.1 THE APPROPRIATE COURT 397
25.2 NOTICE OF THE APPLICATION 398
25.2.1 IS A "WITHOUT NOTICE" APPLICATION NECESSARY 398
25.2.2 APPLICATIONS WITH NOTICE 400
25.2.3 INFORMAL NOTICE 401
25.3 DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED FOR INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 401
25.3.1 THE APPLICATION NOTICE 402
25.3.2 THE CLAIM FORM 402
25.3.3 EVIDENCE 402
25.3.4 DRAFT MINUTES OF ORDER 405
25.4 GENERAL POINTS 406
25.5 ORDER FOR A SPEEDY TRIAL 406
26 DAMAGES 407
26.1 INTRODUCTION 407
26.2 DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF A COVENANT IN REASONABLE RESTRAINT
OF TRADE 408
26.3 DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF THE DUTY OF CONFIDENCE 409
26.3.1 QUANTUM IN BUSINESS SECRETS CASES 410
26.4 DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82/CHAPTERS I AND II 413
27 OTHER REMEDIES 417
27.1 PERMANENT INJUNCTIONS 417
27.1.1 CRITERIA FOR SUCH AN AWARD 417
27.2 ACCOUNT OF PROFITS 418
27.3 THE POSITION OF FIDUCIARIES 420
27.4 DELIVERY UP/DESTRUCTION 421
27.5 DECLARATIONS 421
27.6 CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS 423
APPENDICES
1 RESTRAINT OF TRADE CASES 425
2 BUSINESS SECRETS CASES 445
XIN
CONTENTS
3 PRACTICE DIRECTION*INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 455
4 PRACTICE DIRECTION*APPLICATIONS 479
5 PRECEDENTS
A. COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS 487
B. EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 493
6 RESTRAINT OF TRADE-CHECKLISTS 505
INDEX 517
XIV |
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| author | Kamerling, Alexandra Osman, Christopher |
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| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
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| spelling | Kamerling, Alexandra Verfasser aut Restrictive covenants under common and competition law Alexandra Kamerling ; Christopher Osman 5. ed. London Sweet & Maxwell 2007 XLIII, 538 S. 1 CD-ROM txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Restraint of trade England Restraint of trade Wales Trade secrets England Trade secrets Wales Osman, Christopher Verfasser (DE-588)131423738 aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015792606&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kamerling, Alexandra Osman, Christopher Restrictive covenants under common and competition law Restraint of trade England Restraint of trade Wales Trade secrets England Trade secrets Wales |
| title | Restrictive covenants under common and competition law |
| title_auth | Restrictive covenants under common and competition law |
| title_exact_search | Restrictive covenants under common and competition law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Restrictive covenants under common and competition law |
| title_full | Restrictive covenants under common and competition law Alexandra Kamerling ; Christopher Osman |
| title_fullStr | Restrictive covenants under common and competition law Alexandra Kamerling ; Christopher Osman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Restrictive covenants under common and competition law Alexandra Kamerling ; Christopher Osman |
| title_short | Restrictive covenants under common and competition law |
| title_sort | restrictive covenants under common and competition law |
| topic | Restraint of trade England Restraint of trade Wales Trade secrets England Trade secrets Wales |
| topic_facet | Restraint of trade England Restraint of trade Wales Trade secrets England Trade secrets Wales |
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