Holdings: Open source GIS :: THWS Bibkatalog

Open source GIS: a GRASS GIS approach

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Neteler, Markus 1969- (Author), Mitasova, Helena (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	New York Springer 2008
Edition:	3. ed.
Subjects:	GRASS > Programm
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XIX, 406 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
ISBN:	9780387357676

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MARC


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245	1	0	\|a Open source GIS \|b a GRASS GIS approach \|c by Markus Neteler ; Helena Mitasova
250			\|a 3. ed.
264		1	\|a New York \|b Springer \|c 2008
300			\|a XIX, 406 S. \|b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
336			\|b txt \|2 rdacontent
337			\|b n \|2 rdamedia
338			\|b nc \|2 rdacarrier
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700	1		\|a Mitasova, Helena \|e Verfasser \|4 aut
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999			\|a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015750302

Record in the Search Index

_version_	1804136658671501312
adam_text	CONTENTS 1 OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE AND GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 OPEN SOURCE CONCEPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 GRASS AS AN OPEN SOURCE GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 THE NORTH CAROLINA SAMPLE DATA SET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 HOW TO READ THIS BOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 GIS CONCEPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1 GENERAL GIS PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.1 GEOSPATIAL DATA MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.2 ORGANIZATION OF GIS DATA AND SYSTEM FUNCTIONALITY . . . . 11 2.2 MAP PROJECTIONS AND COORDINATE SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.1 MAP PROJECTION PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.2 COMMON COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND DATUMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3 GETTING STARTED WITH GRASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.1 FIRST STEPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.1.1 DOWNLOAD AND INSTALL GRASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.1.2 DATABASE AND COMMAND STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.1.3 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES FOR GRASS 6: QGIS AND GIS.M 26 3.1.4 STARTING GRASS WITH THE NORTH CAROLINA DATA SET . . . . . 27 3.1.5 GRASS DATA DISPLAY AND 3D VISUALIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.1.6 PROJECT DATA MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.2 STARTING GRASS WITH A NEW PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.2.1 DEFINING THE COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR A NEW PROJECT . . . . . . 40 3.2.2 NON-GEOREFERENCED XY COORDINATE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3 COORDINATE SYSTEM TRANSFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3.1 COORDINATE LISTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.3.2 PROJECTION OF RASTER AND VECTOR MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.3.3 REPROJECTING WITH GDAL/OGR TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 XVI CONTENTS 4 GRASS DATA MODELS AND DATA EXCHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.1 RASTER DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.1.1 GRASS 2D AND 3D RASTER DATA MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.1.2 MANAGING REGIONS, RASTER MAP RESOLUTION AND BOUNDARIES 56 4.1.3 IMPORT OF GEOREFERENCED RASTER DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.1.4 IMPORT AND GEOCODING OF A SCANNED HISTORICAL MAP . . . . . 66 4.1.5 RASTER DATA EXPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.2 VECTOR DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.2.1 GRASS VECTOR DATA MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.2.2 IMPORT OF VECTOR DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.2.3 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION FOR XY CAD DRAWINGS . . . . . . 78 4.2.4 EXPORT OF VECTOR DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5 WORKING WITH RASTER DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.1 VIEWING AND MANAGING RASTER MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.1.1 DISPLAYING RASTER DATA AND ASSIGNING A COLOR TABLE . . . . . 83 5.1.2 MANAGING METADATA OF RASTER MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.1.3 RASTER MAP QUERIES AND PROFILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.1.4 RASTER MAP STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.1.5 ZOOMING AND GENERATING SUBSETS FROM RASTER MAPS . . . . . 91 5.1.6 GENERATING SIMPLE RASTER MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.1.7 RECLASSIFICATION AND RESCALING OF RASTER MAPS . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.1.8 RECODING OF RASTER MAP TYPES AND VALUE REPLACEMENTS . . 97 5.1.9 ASSIGNING CATEGORY LABELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.1.10 MASKING AND HANDLING OF NO-DATA VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.2 RASTER MAP ALGEBRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.2.1 INTEGER AND FLOATING POINT DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.2.2 BASIC CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 5.2.3 WORKING WITH IF CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.2.4 HANDLING OF NULL VALUES IN R.MAPCALC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.2.5 CREATING A MASK WITH R.MAPCALC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.2.6 SPECIAL GRAPH OPERATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 5.2.7 NEIGHBORHOOD OPERATIONS WITH RELATIVE COORDINATES. . . . . 113 5.3 RASTER DATA TRANSFORMATION AND INTERPOLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.3.1 AUTOMATED VECTORIZATION OF DISCRETE RASTER DATA . . . . . . . 115 5.3.2 GENERATING ISOLINES REPRESENTING CONTINUOUS FIELDS . . . . . . 118 5.3.3 RESAMPLING AND INTERPOLATION OF RASTER DATA . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.3.4 OVERLAYING AND MERGING RASTER MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.4 SPATIAL ANALYSIS WITH RASTER DATA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.4.1 NEIGHBORHOOD ANALYSIS AND CROSS-CATEGORY STATISTICS . . . . 126 5.4.2 BUFFERING OF RASTER FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.4.3 COST SURFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.4.4 TERRAIN AND WATERSHED ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 5.4.5 LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 CONTENTS XVII 5.5 LANDSCAPE PROCESS MODELING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.5.1 HYDROLOGIC AND GROUNDWATER MODELING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.5.2 EROSION AND DEPOSITION MODELING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 5.5.3 FINAL NOTE ON RASTER-BASED MODELING AND ANALYSIS . . . . . . 166 5.6 WORKING WITH VOXEL DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 6 WORKING WITH VECTOR DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 6.1 MAP VIEWING AND METADATA MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 6.1.1 DISPLAYING VECTOR MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 6.1.2 VECTOR MAP METADATA MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 6.2 VECTOR MAP ATTRIBUTE MANAGEMENT AND SQL SUPPORT . . . . . . . . . 173 6.2.1 SQL SUPPORT IN GRASS 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 6.2.2 SAMPLE SQL QUERIES AND ATTRIBUTE MODIFICATIONS . . . . . . . 181 6.2.3 MAP RECLASSIFICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 6.2.4 VECTOR MAP WITH MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTE TABLES: LAYERS . . . . . . 186 6.3 DIGITIZING VECTOR DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 6.3.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR DIGITIZING TOPOLOGICAL DATA. . . . . . . 187 6.3.2 INTERACTIVE DIGITIZING IN GRASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 6.4 VECTOR MAP QUERIES AND STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 6.4.1 MAP QUERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 6.4.2 RASTER MAP STATISTICS BASED ON VECTOR OBJECTS . . . . . . . . . 194 6.4.3 POINT VECTOR MAP STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 6.5 GEOMETRY OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 6.5.1 TOPOLOGICAL OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 6.5.2 BUFFERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 6.5.3 FEATURE EXTRACTION AND BOUNDARY DISSOLVING . . . . . . . . . . . 204 6.5.4 PATCHING VECTOR MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 6.5.5 INTERSECTING AND CLIPPING VECTOR MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 6.5.6 TRANSFORMING VECTOR GEOMETRY AND CREATING 3D VECTORS . 209 6.5.7 CONVEX HULL AND TRIANGULATION FROM POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 6.5.8 FIND MULTIPLE POINTS IN SAME LOCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 6.5.9 LENGTH OF COMMON POLYGON BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 6.6 VECTOR NETWORK ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 6.6.1 NETWORK ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 6.6.2 LINEAR REFERENCE SYSTEM (LRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 6.7 VECTOR DATA TRANSFORMATIONS TO RASTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 6.8 SPATIAL INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 6.8.1 SELECTING AN INTERPOLATION METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 6.8.2 INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION WITH RST . . . . . . . . . . . 235 6.8.3 TUNING THE RST PARAMETERS: TENSION AND SMOOTHING . . . 237 6.8.4 ESTIMATING RST ACCURACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 6.8.5 SEGMENTED PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 6.8.6 TOPOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS WITH RST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 6.9 WORKING WITH LIDAR POINT CLOUD DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 XVIII CONTENTS 6.10 VOLUME BASED INTERPOLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 6.10.1 ADDING THIRD VARIABLE: PRECIPITATION WITH ELEVATION . . . . . 258 6.10.2 VOLUME AND VOLUME-TEMPORAL INTERPOLATION . . . . . . . . . . . 261 6.10.3 GEOSTATISTICS AND SPLINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 7 GRAPHICAL OUTPUT AND VISUALIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 7.1 TWO-DIMENSIONAL DISPLAY AND ANIMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 7.1.1 ADVANCED MAP DISPLAY IN THE GRASS MONITOR . . . . . . . . 263 7.1.2 CREATING A 2D SHADED ELEVATION MAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 7.1.3 USING DISPLAY TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 7.1.4 MONITOR OUTPUT TO PNG OR POSTSCRIPT FILES. . . . . . . . . . . . 269 7.2 CREATING HARDCOPY MAPS WITH PS.MAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 7.3 VISUALIZATION IN 3D SPACE WITH NVIZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 7.3.1 VIEWING SURFACES, RASTER AND VECTOR MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 7.3.2 QUERYING DATA AND ANALYZING MULTIPLE SURFACES . . . . . . . . 279 7.3.3 CREATING ANIMATIONS IN 3D SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 7.3.4 VISUALIZING VOLUMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 7.4 COUPLING WITH AN EXTERNAL OPENGL VIEWER PARAVIEW . . . . . . . . . 284 8 IMAGE PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 8.1 REMOTE SENSING BASICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 8.1.1 SPECTRUM AND REMOTE SENSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 8.1.2 IMPORT OF IMAGE CHANNELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 8.1.3 MANAGING CHANNELS AND COLORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 8.1.4 THE FEATURE SPACE AND IMAGE GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 8.2 DATA PREPROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 8.2.1 RADIOMETRIC PREPROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 8.2.2 DERIVING A SURFACE TEMPERATURE MAP FROM THERMAL CHANNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 8.3 RADIOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS AND IMAGE ENHANCEMENTS . . . . . . . 303 8.3.1 IMAGE RATIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 8.3.2 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT TRANSFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 8.4 GEOMETRIC FEATURE ANALYSIS WITH MATRIX FILTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 8.5 IMAGE FUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 8.5.1 INTRODUCTION TO RGB AND IHS COLOR MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 8.5.2 IMAGE FUSION WITH THE IHS TRANSFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 8.5.3 IMAGE FUSION WITH BROVEY TRANSFORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 8.6 THEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF SATELLITE DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 8.6.1 UNSUPERVISED RADIOMETRIC CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 8.6.2 SUPERVISED RADIOMETRIC CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 8.6.3 SUPERVISED SMAP CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 8.7 MULTITEMPORAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 8.8 SEGMENTATION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 CONTENTS XIX 9 NOTES ON GRASS PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 9.1 GRASS PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 9.1.1 GRASS SOURCE CODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 9.1.2 METHODS OF GRASS PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 9.1.3 LEVEL OF INTEGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 9.2 SCRIPT PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 9.3 AUTOMATED USAGE OF GRASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 9.3.1 LOCAL MODE: GRASS AS GIS DATA PROCESSOR . . . . . . . . . . . 338 9.3.2 WEB BASED: PYWPS * PYTHON WEB PROCESSING SERVICE . 340 9.4 NOTES ON PROGRAMMING GRASS MODULES IN C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 10 USING GRASS WITH OTHER OPEN SOURCE TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 10.1 GEOSTATISTICS WITH GRASS AND GSTAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 10.2 SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS WITH GRASS AND R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 10.2.1 READING GRASS DATA INTO R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 10.2.2 KRIGING IN R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 10.2.3 USING R IN BATCH MODE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 10.3 GPS DATA HANDLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 10.4 WEBGIS APPLICATIONS WITH UMN/MAPSERVER AND OPENLAYERS . 365 A APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 A.1 SELECTED EQUATIONS USED IN GRASS MODULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 A.2 LANDSCAPE PROCESS MODELING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 A.3 DEFINITION OF SQLITE-ODBC CONNECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
adam_txt	CONTENTS 1 OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE AND GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 OPEN SOURCE CONCEPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 GRASS AS AN OPEN SOURCE GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 THE NORTH CAROLINA SAMPLE DATA SET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 HOW TO READ THIS BOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 GIS CONCEPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1 GENERAL GIS PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.1 GEOSPATIAL DATA MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.2 ORGANIZATION OF GIS DATA AND SYSTEM FUNCTIONALITY . . . . 11 2.2 MAP PROJECTIONS AND COORDINATE SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.1 MAP PROJECTION PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.2 COMMON COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND DATUMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3 GETTING STARTED WITH GRASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.1 FIRST STEPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.1.1 DOWNLOAD AND INSTALL GRASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.1.2 DATABASE AND COMMAND STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.1.3 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES FOR GRASS 6: QGIS AND GIS.M 26 3.1.4 STARTING GRASS WITH THE NORTH CAROLINA DATA SET . . . . . 27 3.1.5 GRASS DATA DISPLAY AND 3D VISUALIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.1.6 PROJECT DATA MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.2 STARTING GRASS WITH A NEW PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.2.1 DEFINING THE COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR A NEW PROJECT . . . . . . 40 3.2.2 NON-GEOREFERENCED XY COORDINATE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3 COORDINATE SYSTEM TRANSFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3.1 COORDINATE LISTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.3.2 PROJECTION OF RASTER AND VECTOR MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.3.3 REPROJECTING WITH GDAL/OGR TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 XVI CONTENTS 4 GRASS DATA MODELS AND DATA EXCHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.1 RASTER DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.1.1 GRASS 2D AND 3D RASTER DATA MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.1.2 MANAGING REGIONS, RASTER MAP RESOLUTION AND BOUNDARIES 56 4.1.3 IMPORT OF GEOREFERENCED RASTER DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.1.4 IMPORT AND GEOCODING OF A SCANNED HISTORICAL MAP . . . . . 66 4.1.5 RASTER DATA EXPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.2 VECTOR DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.2.1 GRASS VECTOR DATA MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.2.2 IMPORT OF VECTOR DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.2.3 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION FOR XY CAD DRAWINGS . . . . . . 78 4.2.4 EXPORT OF VECTOR DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5 WORKING WITH RASTER DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.1 VIEWING AND MANAGING RASTER MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.1.1 DISPLAYING RASTER DATA AND ASSIGNING A COLOR TABLE . . . . . 83 5.1.2 MANAGING METADATA OF RASTER MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.1.3 RASTER MAP QUERIES AND PROFILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.1.4 RASTER MAP STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.1.5 ZOOMING AND GENERATING SUBSETS FROM RASTER MAPS . . . . . 91 5.1.6 GENERATING SIMPLE RASTER MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.1.7 RECLASSIFICATION AND RESCALING OF RASTER MAPS . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.1.8 RECODING OF RASTER MAP TYPES AND VALUE REPLACEMENTS . . 97 5.1.9 ASSIGNING CATEGORY LABELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.1.10 MASKING AND HANDLING OF NO-DATA VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.2 RASTER MAP ALGEBRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.2.1 INTEGER AND FLOATING POINT DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.2.2 BASIC CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 5.2.3 WORKING WITH IF CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.2.4 HANDLING OF NULL VALUES IN R.MAPCALC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.2.5 CREATING A MASK WITH R.MAPCALC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.2.6 SPECIAL GRAPH OPERATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 5.2.7 NEIGHBORHOOD OPERATIONS WITH RELATIVE COORDINATES. . . . . 113 5.3 RASTER DATA TRANSFORMATION AND INTERPOLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.3.1 AUTOMATED VECTORIZATION OF DISCRETE RASTER DATA . . . . . . . 115 5.3.2 GENERATING ISOLINES REPRESENTING CONTINUOUS FIELDS . . . . . . 118 5.3.3 RESAMPLING AND INTERPOLATION OF RASTER DATA . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.3.4 OVERLAYING AND MERGING RASTER MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.4 SPATIAL ANALYSIS WITH RASTER DATA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.4.1 NEIGHBORHOOD ANALYSIS AND CROSS-CATEGORY STATISTICS . . . . 126 5.4.2 BUFFERING OF RASTER FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.4.3 COST SURFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.4.4 TERRAIN AND WATERSHED ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 5.4.5 LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 CONTENTS XVII 5.5 LANDSCAPE PROCESS MODELING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.5.1 HYDROLOGIC AND GROUNDWATER MODELING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.5.2 EROSION AND DEPOSITION MODELING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 5.5.3 FINAL NOTE ON RASTER-BASED MODELING AND ANALYSIS . . . . . . 166 5.6 WORKING WITH VOXEL DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 6 WORKING WITH VECTOR DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 6.1 MAP VIEWING AND METADATA MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 6.1.1 DISPLAYING VECTOR MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 6.1.2 VECTOR MAP METADATA MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 6.2 VECTOR MAP ATTRIBUTE MANAGEMENT AND SQL SUPPORT . . . . . . . . . 173 6.2.1 SQL SUPPORT IN GRASS 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 6.2.2 SAMPLE SQL QUERIES AND ATTRIBUTE MODIFICATIONS . . . . . . . 181 6.2.3 MAP RECLASSIFICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 6.2.4 VECTOR MAP WITH MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTE TABLES: LAYERS . . . . . . 186 6.3 DIGITIZING VECTOR DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 6.3.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR DIGITIZING TOPOLOGICAL DATA. . . . . . . 187 6.3.2 INTERACTIVE DIGITIZING IN GRASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 6.4 VECTOR MAP QUERIES AND STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 6.4.1 MAP QUERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 6.4.2 RASTER MAP STATISTICS BASED ON VECTOR OBJECTS . . . . . . . . . 194 6.4.3 POINT VECTOR MAP STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 6.5 GEOMETRY OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 6.5.1 TOPOLOGICAL OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 6.5.2 BUFFERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 6.5.3 FEATURE EXTRACTION AND BOUNDARY DISSOLVING . . . . . . . . . . . 204 6.5.4 PATCHING VECTOR MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 6.5.5 INTERSECTING AND CLIPPING VECTOR MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 6.5.6 TRANSFORMING VECTOR GEOMETRY AND CREATING 3D VECTORS . 209 6.5.7 CONVEX HULL AND TRIANGULATION FROM POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 6.5.8 FIND MULTIPLE POINTS IN SAME LOCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 6.5.9 LENGTH OF COMMON POLYGON BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 6.6 VECTOR NETWORK ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 6.6.1 NETWORK ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 6.6.2 LINEAR REFERENCE SYSTEM (LRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 6.7 VECTOR DATA TRANSFORMATIONS TO RASTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 6.8 SPATIAL INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 6.8.1 SELECTING AN INTERPOLATION METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 6.8.2 INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION WITH RST . . . . . . . . . . . 235 6.8.3 TUNING THE RST PARAMETERS: TENSION AND SMOOTHING . . . 237 6.8.4 ESTIMATING RST ACCURACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 6.8.5 SEGMENTED PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 6.8.6 TOPOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS WITH RST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 6.9 WORKING WITH LIDAR POINT CLOUD DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 XVIII CONTENTS 6.10 VOLUME BASED INTERPOLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 6.10.1 ADDING THIRD VARIABLE: PRECIPITATION WITH ELEVATION . . . . . 258 6.10.2 VOLUME AND VOLUME-TEMPORAL INTERPOLATION . . . . . . . . . . . 261 6.10.3 GEOSTATISTICS AND SPLINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 7 GRAPHICAL OUTPUT AND VISUALIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 7.1 TWO-DIMENSIONAL DISPLAY AND ANIMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 7.1.1 ADVANCED MAP DISPLAY IN THE GRASS MONITOR . . . . . . . . 263 7.1.2 CREATING A 2D SHADED ELEVATION MAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 7.1.3 USING DISPLAY TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 7.1.4 MONITOR OUTPUT TO PNG OR POSTSCRIPT FILES. . . . . . . . . . . . 269 7.2 CREATING HARDCOPY MAPS WITH PS.MAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 7.3 VISUALIZATION IN 3D SPACE WITH NVIZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 7.3.1 VIEWING SURFACES, RASTER AND VECTOR MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 7.3.2 QUERYING DATA AND ANALYZING MULTIPLE SURFACES . . . . . . . . 279 7.3.3 CREATING ANIMATIONS IN 3D SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 7.3.4 VISUALIZING VOLUMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 7.4 COUPLING WITH AN EXTERNAL OPENGL VIEWER PARAVIEW . . . . . . . . . 284 8 IMAGE PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 8.1 REMOTE SENSING BASICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 8.1.1 SPECTRUM AND REMOTE SENSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 8.1.2 IMPORT OF IMAGE CHANNELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 8.1.3 MANAGING CHANNELS AND COLORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 8.1.4 THE FEATURE SPACE AND IMAGE GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 8.2 DATA PREPROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 8.2.1 RADIOMETRIC PREPROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 8.2.2 DERIVING A SURFACE TEMPERATURE MAP FROM THERMAL CHANNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 8.3 RADIOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS AND IMAGE ENHANCEMENTS . . . . . . . 303 8.3.1 IMAGE RATIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 8.3.2 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT TRANSFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 8.4 GEOMETRIC FEATURE ANALYSIS WITH MATRIX FILTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 8.5 IMAGE FUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 8.5.1 INTRODUCTION TO RGB AND IHS COLOR MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 8.5.2 IMAGE FUSION WITH THE IHS TRANSFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 8.5.3 IMAGE FUSION WITH BROVEY TRANSFORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 8.6 THEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF SATELLITE DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 8.6.1 UNSUPERVISED RADIOMETRIC CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 8.6.2 SUPERVISED RADIOMETRIC CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 8.6.3 SUPERVISED SMAP CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 8.7 MULTITEMPORAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 8.8 SEGMENTATION AND PATTERN RECOGNITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 CONTENTS XIX 9 NOTES ON GRASS PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 9.1 GRASS PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 9.1.1 GRASS SOURCE CODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 9.1.2 METHODS OF GRASS PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 9.1.3 LEVEL OF INTEGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 9.2 SCRIPT PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 9.3 AUTOMATED USAGE OF GRASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 9.3.1 LOCAL MODE: GRASS AS GIS DATA PROCESSOR . . . . . . . . . . . 338 9.3.2 WEB BASED: PYWPS * PYTHON WEB PROCESSING SERVICE . 340 9.4 NOTES ON PROGRAMMING GRASS MODULES IN C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 10 USING GRASS WITH OTHER OPEN SOURCE TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 10.1 GEOSTATISTICS WITH GRASS AND GSTAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 10.2 SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS WITH GRASS AND R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 10.2.1 READING GRASS DATA INTO R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 10.2.2 KRIGING IN R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 10.2.3 USING R IN BATCH MODE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 10.3 GPS DATA HANDLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 10.4 WEBGIS APPLICATIONS WITH UMN/MAPSERVER AND OPENLAYERS . 365 A APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 A.1 SELECTED EQUATIONS USED IN GRASS MODULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 A.2 LANDSCAPE PROCESS MODELING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 A.3 DEFINITION OF SQLITE-ODBC CONNECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
any_adam_object	1
any_adam_object_boolean	1
author	Neteler, Markus 1969- Mitasova, Helena
author_GND	(DE-588)122041917
author_facet	Neteler, Markus 1969- Mitasova, Helena
author_role	aut aut
author_sort	Neteler, Markus 1969-
author_variant	m n mn h m hm
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV022543903
classification_rvk	RB 10104 RB 10208 RB 10239
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)255568974 (DE-599)BVBBV022543903
dewey-full	910.285
dewey-hundreds	900 - History & geography
dewey-ones	910 - Geography and travel
dewey-raw	910.285
dewey-search	910.285
dewey-sort	3910.285
dewey-tens	910 - Geography and travel
discipline	Geographie
discipline_str_mv	Geographie
edition	3. ed.
format	Book
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illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-02T18:11:16Z
indexdate	2024-07-09T20:59:54Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9780387357676
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015750302
oclc_num	255568974
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physical	XIX, 406 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
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publisher	Springer
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spelling	Neteler, Markus 1969- Verfasser (DE-588)122041917 aut Open source GIS a GRASS GIS approach by Markus Neteler ; Helena Mitasova 3. ed. New York Springer 2008 XIX, 406 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier GRASS Programm (DE-588)4603835-8 gnd rswk-swf GRASS Programm (DE-588)4603835-8 s DE-604 Mitasova, Helena Verfasser aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-387-68574-8 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015750302&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Neteler, Markus 1969- Mitasova, Helena Open source GIS a GRASS GIS approach GRASS Programm (DE-588)4603835-8 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4603835-8
title	Open source GIS a GRASS GIS approach
title_auth	Open source GIS a GRASS GIS approach
title_exact_search	Open source GIS a GRASS GIS approach
title_exact_search_txtP	Open source GIS a GRASS GIS approach
title_full	Open source GIS a GRASS GIS approach by Markus Neteler ; Helena Mitasova
title_fullStr	Open source GIS a GRASS GIS approach by Markus Neteler ; Helena Mitasova
title_full_unstemmed	Open source GIS a GRASS GIS approach by Markus Neteler ; Helena Mitasova
title_short	Open source GIS
title_sort	open source gis a grass gis approach
title_sub	a GRASS GIS approach
topic	GRASS Programm (DE-588)4603835-8 gnd
topic_facet	GRASS Programm
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015750302&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT netelermarkus opensourcegisagrassgisapproach AT mitasovahelena opensourcegisagrassgisapproach

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