Multinational enterprises and the law:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2007
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Series: | The Oxford international law library
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | LXXXVIII, 767 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780199282562 9780199227969 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Muchlinski, Peter |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Multinational enterprises and the law |c Peter T. Muchlinski |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Oxford Univ. Press |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a LXXXVIII, 767 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a The Oxford international law library | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Entreprises multinationales | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Entreprises multinationales - Droit | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Multinationales Unternehmen | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a International business enterprises | |
| 650 | 4 | |a International business enterprises |x Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Unternehmensrecht |0 (DE-588)4078611-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Multinationales Unternehmen |0 (DE-588)4075092-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Multinationales Unternehmen |0 (DE-588)4075092-9 |D s |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804136645527601152 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | v
Contents
Table
of Cases
xxiii
Table of Statutes
idi
Table of EC Materials
lv
Table of Treaties
lx
Table of Official Publications of Governments and
International Organizations
lxv
Abbreviations
lxxxv
I. THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
1.
Getting to Know Multinational Enterprises
3
1.
Problems of Definition
5
2.
The Principal Phases of
MNE
Growth
8
(a) The First Period:
1850-1914 10
(b) The Second Period:
1918-1939 12
(c) The Third Period:
1945-1990 15
(i) The Period of American Dominance:
1945—1960 15
(ii) The Period of Renewed International Competition:
1960-1990 18
(d) The Fourth Period:
1990
onwards
21
3.
Explanations for the Growth of MNEs
25
4.
The Role of Legal Factors in the Growth of MNEs
33
Concluding Remarks
44
2.
Business and Legal Forms of Multinational Enterprise:
Towards a Theory of Control
45
1.
MNEs as Transnational Business Organizations
45
2.
Legal Forms of Multinational Enterprise
51
(a) Contractual Forms
52
(i) Distribution Agreements
53
(ii) Production Agreements
54
(iii)
Public Private Partnerships
55
(b) Equity Based Corporate Groups
56
(i) The Anglo-American Pyramid Group
56
(ii) European Transnational Mergers
58
(iii)
The Japanese Keiretsu
63
(iv)
Changes in Business Organization and Effects on
Equity Based Structutes
65
(c)
Joint Ventures
66
(d)
Informal Alliances between MNEs
69
(e) Publicly Owned MNEs
70
(f) Supranational Forms of International Business
72
(i) Forms Adopted by the European Community
72
(ii) The Andean Multinational Enterprise
75
(iii)
Public International Corporations
76
3.
Business and Legal Forms and the Control of
MNE
Activities
77
Concluding Remarks
79
3.
Regulating Multinationals
81
1.
The Principal Actors
82
2.
Developing a Regulatory Agenda
85
3.
The Role of Ideology
90
(a) The Ideologic^ Building Blocks :
1960-1990 90
(i) The Neo-Classical Market Perspective
90
(ii) The Regulated Market Perspective
91
(iii)
The Marxist Perspective
92
(iv)
The Influence of Nationalism
94
(b) The Influence of the Debate on Globalization
96
(i) Globalization and
MNE
Regulation
96
(ii) Global Consumerism
99
(iii)
International Corporate Social Responsibility
100
4.
Bargaining Power, Sources and Sites of
MNE
Regulation
104
(a) Bargaining Between States and MNEs
104
(b) Sources of Regulatory Standards
110
(c) Sites ofRegulation
112
(i) Self-Regulation
113
(ii) Regulation by
NGOs 114
(iii)
National Regulation
114
(iv)
Bilateral Regulation
117
(v) Regional Regulation
118
(vi)
Multilateral Regulation
119
Concluding Remarks
121
II. ECONOMIC REGULATION BY HOME
AND HOST COUNTRIES
4.
The Jurisdictional Limits of Regulation Through National or
Regional Law
125
1.
The Legal Bases for the Extraterritorial Regulation of MNEs
125
(a) Nationality
126
(b) Protective Jurisdiction
127
(c) Objective Territorial Jurisdiction
127
2. Jurisdiction
to Prescribe
129
(a) Nationality Links
131
(b) The Effects Doctrine
133
(c) Links of Ownership and Control
139
3.
Personal Jurisdiction
140
(a) Establishing a Sufficient Connection Between the Forum and
the Non-Resident Unit of the
MNE
140
(і)
Corporate Links Between Resident and Non-Resident
Units of the
MNE
141
(ii)
Links Based on Other Business Contacts With the Forum
Jurisdiction
148
Presence of Corporate Officers
149
Presence of Products Manufactured by a Non-Resident
Corporation
149
Supply of Goods and Services Through the Internet
151
(b) The Doctrine of
Forum Non Conveniens
as Applied to
Non-Resident Units of MNEs
15 3
4.
Jurisdiction to Enforce
160
(a) The Disclosure of Evidence in Proceedings Involving a MNE
161
(і)
Disclosure ofEvidence in US Antitrust Proceedings
162
(ii) US Disclosure Orders and Foreign Secrecy Laws
166
(b) The Reduction of Conflicts over Demands for Disclosure of
Evidence Located in a Foreign Jurisdiction
169
(i) Bilateral Cooperation
169
(ii) The Hague Convention on the Taking ofEvidence
Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters
1970 171
Concluding Remarks
174
5.
The Control of Inward Investment by Host States
177
1.
The Scope of Host State Discretion
177
2.
Techniques for Restricting Entry and Establishment
179
(a) Total Exclusion and Sectoral Exclusion of Foreign Investors
179
(i) Total Exclusion
179
(ii) Sectoral Exclusion
180
(b) Laws Restricting Foreign Shareholdings in National Companies
184
(i) Indigenization Laws
185
(ii) Restrictions on Foreign Ownership in Privatized Companies
188
(c) Laws Regulating Equity Joint Ventures Between Foreign and
Local Enterprises
191
(d) Screening Laws
201
Concluding Remarks
213
6.
Measures for the Encouragement of Inward Direct Investment
215
1.
The Encouragement of Inward Direct Investment by Host States
215
(a) Host States Without Specialized Controls on Inward
Direct Investment
216
(b)
Investment
Incentives
219
(c)
Export Processing
Zones (EPZs) and Related Policy Enclaves
Within the Host State
226
(i) The Evolution of EPZs
226
(ii) The Principal Legal and Administrative Features of EPZs
in Developing Host States
229
(iii)
The Performance of EPZs
232
(iv)
The Chinese Special Economic Zone Policy
234
2.
Bilateral and Regional Measures for the Encouragement of
Direct Investment
238
(a) The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
239
(b) The European Internal Market
242
3.
Multilateral Arrangements Dismantling Barriers to
Inward Investment
248
(a) The
OECD
Codes of Liberalization
248
(b) Direct Investment and the WTO Agreements
251
(i) Services
252
(ii) Trade-Related Intellectual Property Measures (TRIPs)
256
(iii)
Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)
258
Concluding Remarks
261
7.
Taxation Problems Associated With MNEs
263
1.
International Double Taxation and MNEs
263
2.
Location of Investments and Tax Considerations
267
3.
Tax Avoidance and MNEs
269
(a) The Transfer Pricing Problem
269
(i) Establishing Transfer Prices in
MNE
Networks
271
(ii) Incentives, Disincentives and Empirical Evidence for
Transfer Price Manipulations
273
(iii)
The Regulation ofTransfer Price Manipulations: Arm s
Length and Comparable Profit Methods (CPM)
277
(iv)
Problems Relating to the Administration ofTransfer
Pricing Controls Using the Arm
s
Length Standard
288
(v) Formula Apportionment
294
(b) The Use of Tax Havens by MNEs
299
Concluding Remarks
306
8.
Group Liability and Directors Duties
307
1.
The Regulation of
MNE
Group Liability Under Existing
Legal Principles
308
(a) Equity Based
MNE
Groups
308
(i) Direct Liability of the Parent Company
309
(ii) Lifting the Corporate Veil
313
(b) Liability of Transnational Network Enterprises
316
2.
New Approaches to
MNE
Group Liability
317
(a) The Enterprise Entity Theory and its Limitations
317
(b) Towards a New Law of
MNE
Group Liability?
321
3.
The Protection of Minority Shareholders in the Subsidiary
of a MNE
326
4.
Protection of Creditors Upon the Insolvency of the
Subsidiary ofaMNE
331
Concluding Remarks
335
9.
Corporate Governance and Disclosure
337
1.
Principal Motives and Interests Behind Enhanced
MNE Accountability and Disclosure
337
2.
Reforming the Internal Governance Structures of MNEs
340
(a) The Use of Outside or Non-Executive Directors
342
(b) Enhanced External Regulation of the Auditing Function
349
(c) European Initiatives for Employee Consultation and
Information
354
3.
Disclosure by MNEs in Annual Accounts and Other Statements
359
(a) Consolidated Financial Statements
361
(b) Segmental
Disclosure
370
(c) Social Disclosure
375
(i) Employee Disclosure
377
(ii) Value-Added Statements
377
(iii)
Environmental Disclosure
378
(d) Foreign Currency Translation
382
Concluding Remarks
383
10.
Regulation Through Competition Law
385
1.
The Nature and Aims of Competition Regulation
385
2.
The Incidence of Anti-Competitive Conduct on the
Part of MNEs and Regulatory Responses
388
(a) Anti-Competitive Agreements and Concerted Practices
390
(i) International Cartels
390
(ii) Vertical International Distribution Systems
392
(iii)
Joint Ventures
394
(b) Abuse of a Dominant Position or Monopolization
398
(c) Mergers and Acquisitions
402
3.
International Developments in the Regulation of Restrictive
Business Practices
417
Concluding Remarks
427
11.
Technology Transfer
429
1.
Technology and TechnologyTransfer
429
2.
The Generation and Use of Technology: International
Technology Markets
432
3.
TechnologyTransferby MNEs and its Legal Effects
437
4.
The Two Principal Models of Technology Transfer Regulation
443
(a) The Regulatory Control Model
444
(i) Reserved Approach to the Protection of Intellectual
Property Rights
444
(ii) Specialized Technology Transfer Laws
448
(iii)
The Draft
UNCTAD
Code on the Transfer
of Technology
452
(b) The Market Based Development Model
454
(i) IPR
Protection and Technology Transfer
455
(ii) The Role of Competition Regulation
457
(iii)
Permissive Regulation
461
(iv)
Mandatory IPR Regulation
463
Concluding Remarks
470
III. THE SOCIAL DIMENSION
12.
Labour Relations
473
1.
The Evolution of the
ILO
and
OECD
Codes
474
2.
General Policies of the Codes and Their Relationship to
National Laws
476
3.
Employment Issues
479
(a) Employment Promotion
479
(b) Equality of Opportunity and Treatment
481
(c) Security of Employment
482
4.
Training of Workers
486
5.
Conditions of Work and Life
487
(a) Wages, Benefits, and Conditions of Work
487
(b) Minimum Age
489
(c) Safety and Health
490
6.
Industrial Relations
492
(a) Freedom of Association and the Right to Organize
492
(b) Collective Bargaining and Consultation
501
(c) Examination of Grievances and Settlement of Industrial Disputes
505
Concluding Remarks
506
13.
Human Rights and Multinational Enterprises
507
1.
Human Rights and the Protection of MNEs
509
2.
The Basis of Human Rights Obligations for MNEs
514
3.
The Major Substantive Human Rights Obligations of MNEs
518
4.
Monitoring and Enforcement
525
(a) The National Level
526
(b) The Inter-governmental Level
531
Concluding Remarks
536
14.
Environmental Issues
537
1.
Core Concepts
537
(a) Sustainable Development
537
(b) Environmental Protection
539
(i) The Precautionary Principle
540
(ii) The Preventive Principle
540
(iii)
The Polluter Pays Principle
541
2.
Environmental Regulation of MNEs
541
(a) Main Themes and Issues
542
(b) Informal Regulation
546
(i) Corporate Self-Regulation
546
(ii) Civil Regulation
550
(c) Formal Regulation
556
(i) National and Regional Regulation
556
(ii) International Regulation
566
Concluding Remarks
574
IV. INTERNATIONAL REGULATION
15.
Control of Investment Risks I: Contractual Stability,
Renegotiation, Taking of Property, and Investment
Guarantees
577
1.
The Restriction of State Sovereignty in the Field of
Contractual Relations with Foreign Investors
578
(a) The Internationalization of International Investment Agreements
579
(b) Sanctity of Contract and Stabilization Clauses
582
2.
Renegotiation of International Investment Agreements
583
3.
The Taking of Foreign Corporate Assets
587
(a) What Constitutes a Taking
587
(b) The Legality of Takings Under the Law of the Host State
596
(c) The Legality of Takings at International Law
597
(d) The Issue of Compensation
601
(i) The Valuation of Expropriated Property
602
(ii) The Measure of Compensation
610
(iii)
Settlement of Claims Through Lump Sum Agreements
613
4.
Investment Guarantee Schemes
614
Concluding Remarks
620
16.
Control of Investment Risks II: Non-Discrimination,
Fair and Equitable Treatment, and Full Protection
and Security
621
1.
National Treatment
621
2.
Most Favoured Nation Treatment
628
3.
Fair and Equitable Treatment
635
4.
Full Protection and Security
648
5.
Compensation in Cases Other Than Expropriation
650
Concluding Remarks
651
17.
The Codification of International Standards For the
Treatment of Foreign Investors
653
1.
The Development of International Standards
654
(a) The Andean Common Market (ANCOM)
656
(b) The
OECD
Guidelines on Multinational Enterprises
658
(c) The Draft UN Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations
660
(d) The Contribution of the World Bank: The
1992
Guidelines on the
Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment and Standard Setting
by
MIGA
662
(e)
The Failure of Recent Initiatives to Adopt Multilateral
Investment Rules
666
2.
The Content of International Investment Agreements
674
(a) Preamble
675
(b) Provisions Defining the Scope of Application of the Treaty
675
(i)
Subject-Matter
Covered
676
Definition of Investments to Which the
ILA
Applies
676
The Admission of Investments
676
Applicability to Investments Made Prior to the Conclusion
of the Treaty
678
(ii) Covered Persons and Entities
678
(iii)
Territorial Application
681
(iv)
Temporal Application
681
(c) Standards ofTreatment
682
(i) General Standards ofTreatment
682
Fair and Equitable Treatment
682
National Treatment
683
Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Standard
685
The Observance of Obligations
685
(ii) Specific Standards ofTreatment
689
Free Transfer of Payments
690
Compensation for Losses Due to Armed Conflict or
Internal Disorder
691
Compensation for Expropriation
691
Other Specific Standards
693
(d) Dispute Settlement Clauses
694
(i) Disputes Between the Contracting Parties
694
(ii) Disputes Between the Host State and the Foreign Investor
695
3.
The Effect of IIAs in the National Legal Systems of
the Parties
698
Concluding Remarks
701
18.
The Settlement of International Investment Disputes
703
1.
The Limitations of Traditional International Dispute Settlement
Mechanisms in MNE/Host State Relations
704
2.
Alternatives to Diplomatic Protection: International
Dispute Settlement Mechanisms Involving the
MNE
and Host State
707
(a) Ad Hoc Arbitration and Conciliation
709
(b) Institutional Systems for International Dispute Settlement
710
(i) The ICC Court of Arbitration
711
(ii) NAFTA
712
(iii)
Energy Charter Treaty
713
(iv)
MERCOSUR
714
(v) ASEAN
715
3.
The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
716
(a) TheAimsoflCSID
716
(b) The ICSID Convention and Its Effect on State Regulation
of Investment Disputes
719
(i) The Contracting State s Ability to Control Jurisdiction
719
(ii)
Subject-Matter
Jurisdiction
731
(iii)
The Delocalized Character of ICSID Arbitration
734
(iv)
Annulment of Tribunal Awards
740
(v) Enforcement of ICSID Awards
743
(vi)
Procedure and Costs
743
Concluding Remarks
745
Index
747
|
| adam_txt |
v
Contents
Table
of Cases
xxiii
Table of Statutes
idi
Table of EC Materials
lv
Table of Treaties
lx
Table of Official Publications of Governments and
International Organizations
lxv
Abbreviations
lxxxv
I. THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
1.
Getting to Know Multinational Enterprises
3
1.
Problems of Definition
5
2.
The Principal Phases of
MNE
Growth
8
(a) The First Period:
1850-1914 10
(b) The Second Period:
1918-1939 12
(c) The Third Period:
1945-1990 15
(i) The Period of American Dominance:
1945—1960 15
(ii) The Period of Renewed International Competition:
1960-1990 18
(d) The Fourth Period:
1990
onwards
21
3.
Explanations for the Growth of MNEs
25
4.
The Role of Legal Factors in the Growth of MNEs
33
Concluding Remarks
44
2.
Business and Legal Forms of Multinational Enterprise:
Towards a Theory of Control
45
1.
MNEs as Transnational Business Organizations
45
2.
Legal Forms of Multinational Enterprise
51
(a) Contractual Forms
52
(i) Distribution Agreements
53
(ii) Production Agreements
54
(iii)
Public Private Partnerships
55
(b) Equity Based Corporate Groups
56
(i) The Anglo-American 'Pyramid' Group
56
(ii) European Transnational Mergers
58
(iii)
The Japanese 'Keiretsu
63
(iv)
Changes in Business Organization and Effects on
Equity Based Structutes
65
(c)
Joint Ventures
66
(d)
Informal Alliances between MNEs
69
(e) Publicly Owned MNEs
70
(f) Supranational Forms of International Business
72
(i) Forms Adopted by the European Community
72
(ii) The Andean Multinational Enterprise
75
(iii)
Public International Corporations
76
3.
Business and Legal Forms and the Control of
MNE
Activities
77
Concluding Remarks
79
3.
Regulating Multinationals
81
1.
The Principal Actors
82
2.
Developing a Regulatory Agenda
85
3.
The Role of Ideology
90
(a) The Ideologic^'Building Blocks':
1960-1990 90
(i) The 'Neo-Classical Market' Perspective
90
(ii) The 'Regulated Market Perspective'
91
(iii)
The 'Marxist' Perspective
92
(iv)
The Influence of Nationalism
94
(b) The Influence of the Debate on 'Globalization'
96
(i) Globalization and
MNE
Regulation
96
(ii) 'Global Consumerism'
99
(iii)
'International Corporate Social Responsibility'
100
4.
Bargaining Power, Sources and Sites of
MNE
Regulation
104
(a) Bargaining Between States and MNEs
104
(b) Sources of Regulatory Standards
110
(c) 'Sites'ofRegulation
112
(i) Self-Regulation
113
(ii) Regulation by
NGOs 114
(iii)
National Regulation
114
(iv)
Bilateral Regulation
117
(v) Regional Regulation
118
(vi)
Multilateral Regulation
119
Concluding Remarks
121
II. ECONOMIC REGULATION BY HOME
AND HOST COUNTRIES
4.
The Jurisdictional Limits of Regulation Through National or
Regional Law
125
1.
The Legal Bases for the Extraterritorial Regulation of MNEs
125
(a) Nationality
126
(b) Protective Jurisdiction
127
(c) Objective Territorial Jurisdiction
127
2. Jurisdiction
to Prescribe
129
(a) Nationality Links
131
(b) The'Effects'Doctrine
133
(c) Links of Ownership and Control
139
3.
Personal Jurisdiction
140
(a) Establishing a Sufficient Connection Between the Forum and
the Non-Resident Unit of the
MNE
140
(і)
Corporate Links Between Resident and Non-Resident
Units of the
MNE
141
(ii)
Links Based on Other Business Contacts With the Forum
Jurisdiction
148
Presence of Corporate Officers
149
Presence of Products Manufactured by a Non-Resident
Corporation
149
Supply of Goods and Services Through the Internet
151
(b) The Doctrine of
Forum Non Conveniens
as Applied to
Non-Resident Units of MNEs
15 3
4.
Jurisdiction to Enforce
160
(a) The Disclosure of Evidence in Proceedings Involving a MNE
161
(і)
Disclosure ofEvidence in US Antitrust Proceedings
162
(ii) US Disclosure Orders and Foreign Secrecy Laws
166
(b) The Reduction of Conflicts over Demands for Disclosure of
Evidence Located in a Foreign Jurisdiction
169
(i) Bilateral Cooperation
169
(ii) The Hague Convention on the Taking ofEvidence
Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters
1970 171
Concluding Remarks
174
5.
The Control of Inward Investment by Host States
177
1.
The Scope of Host State Discretion
177
2.
Techniques for Restricting Entry and Establishment
179
(a) Total Exclusion and Sectoral Exclusion of Foreign Investors
179
(i) Total Exclusion
179
(ii) Sectoral Exclusion
180
(b) Laws Restricting Foreign Shareholdings in National Companies
184
(i) Indigenization Laws
185
(ii) Restrictions on Foreign Ownership in Privatized Companies
188
(c) Laws Regulating Equity Joint Ventures Between Foreign and
Local Enterprises
191
(d) 'Screening' Laws
201
Concluding Remarks
213
6.
Measures for the Encouragement of Inward Direct Investment
215
1.
The Encouragement of Inward Direct Investment by Host States
215
(a) Host States Without Specialized Controls on Inward
Direct Investment
216
(b)
Investment
Incentives
219
(c)
Export Processing
Zones (EPZs) and Related 'Policy Enclaves'
Within the Host State
226
(i) The Evolution of EPZs
226
(ii) The Principal Legal and Administrative Features of EPZs
in Developing Host States
229
(iii)
The Performance of EPZs
232
(iv)
The Chinese 'Special Economic Zone' Policy
234
2.
Bilateral and Regional Measures for the Encouragement of
Direct Investment
238
(a) The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
239
(b) The European Internal Market
242
3.
Multilateral Arrangements Dismantling Barriers to
Inward Investment
248
(a) The
OECD
Codes of Liberalization
248
(b) Direct Investment and the WTO Agreements
251
(i) Services
252
(ii) Trade-Related Intellectual Property Measures (TRIPs)
256
(iii)
Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)
258
Concluding Remarks
261
7.
Taxation Problems Associated With MNEs
263
1.
International Double Taxation and MNEs
263
2.
Location of Investments and Tax Considerations
267
3.
Tax Avoidance and MNEs
269
(a) The 'Transfer Pricing' Problem
269
(i) Establishing Transfer Prices in
MNE
Networks
271
(ii) Incentives, Disincentives and Empirical Evidence for
Transfer Price Manipulations
273
(iii)
The Regulation ofTransfer Price Manipulations: Arm's
Length and Comparable Profit Methods (CPM)
277
(iv)
Problems Relating to the Administration ofTransfer
Pricing Controls Using the Arm
s
Length Standard
288
(v) Formula Apportionment
294
(b) The Use of'Tax Havens' by MNEs
299
Concluding Remarks
306
8.
Group Liability and Directors'Duties
307
1.
The Regulation of
MNE
Group Liability Under Existing
Legal Principles
308
(a) Equity Based
MNE
Groups
308
(i) Direct Liability of the Parent Company
309
(ii) Lifting the Corporate Veil
313
(b) Liability of Transnational Network Enterprises
316
2.
New Approaches to
MNE
Group Liability
317
(a) The'Enterprise Entity'Theory and its Limitations
317
(b) Towards a New Law of
MNE
Group Liability?
321
3.
The Protection of Minority Shareholders in the Subsidiary
of a MNE
326
4.
Protection of Creditors Upon the Insolvency of the
Subsidiary ofaMNE
331
Concluding Remarks
335
9.
Corporate Governance and Disclosure
337
1.
Principal Motives and Interests Behind Enhanced
MNE Accountability and Disclosure
337
2.
Reforming the Internal Governance Structures of MNEs
340
(a) The Use of Outside or Non-Executive Directors
342
(b) Enhanced External Regulation of the Auditing Function
349
(c) European Initiatives for Employee Consultation and
Information
354
3.
Disclosure by MNEs in Annual Accounts and Other Statements
359
(a) Consolidated Financial Statements
361
(b) Segmental
Disclosure
370
(c) Social Disclosure
375
(i) Employee Disclosure
377
(ii) Value-Added Statements
377
(iii)
Environmental Disclosure
378
(d) Foreign Currency Translation
382
Concluding Remarks
383
10.
Regulation Through Competition Law
385
1.
The Nature and Aims of Competition Regulation
385
2.
The Incidence of Anti-Competitive Conduct on the
Part of MNEs and Regulatory Responses
388
(a) Anti-Competitive Agreements and Concerted Practices
390
(i) International Cartels
390
(ii) Vertical International Distribution Systems
392
(iii)
Joint Ventures
394
(b) Abuse of a Dominant Position' or 'Monopolization'
398
(c) Mergers and Acquisitions
402
3.
International Developments in the Regulation of Restrictive
Business Practices
417
Concluding Remarks
427
11.
Technology Transfer
429
1.
'Technology'and'TechnologyTransfer'
429
2.
The Generation and Use of Technology: International
Technology Markets
432
3.
TechnologyTransferby MNEs and its Legal Effects
437
4.
The Two Principal Models of Technology Transfer Regulation
443
(a) The Regulatory Control Model
444
(i) Reserved Approach to the Protection of Intellectual
Property Rights
444
(ii) Specialized Technology Transfer Laws
448
(iii)
The Draft
UNCTAD
Code on the Transfer
of Technology
452
(b) The Market Based Development Model
454
(i) IPR
Protection and Technology Transfer
455
(ii) The Role of Competition Regulation
457
(iii)
'Permissive'Regulation
461
(iv)
Mandatory IPR Regulation
463
Concluding Remarks
470
III. THE SOCIAL DIMENSION
12.
Labour Relations
473
1.
The Evolution of the
ILO
and
OECD
Codes
474
2.
General Policies of the Codes and Their Relationship to
National Laws
476
3.
Employment Issues
479
(a) Employment Promotion
479
(b) Equality of Opportunity and Treatment
481
(c) Security of Employment
482
4.
Training of Workers
486
5.
Conditions of Work and Life
487
(a) Wages, Benefits, and Conditions of Work
487
(b) Minimum Age
489
(c) Safety and Health
490
6.
Industrial Relations
492
(a) Freedom of Association and the Right to Organize
492
(b) Collective Bargaining and Consultation
501
(c) Examination of Grievances and Settlement of Industrial Disputes
505
Concluding Remarks
506
13.
Human Rights and Multinational Enterprises
507
1.
Human Rights and the Protection of MNEs
509
2.
The Basis of Human Rights Obligations for MNEs
514
3.
The Major Substantive Human Rights Obligations of MNEs
518
4.
Monitoring and Enforcement
525
(a) The National Level
526
(b) The Inter-governmental Level
531
Concluding Remarks
536
14.
Environmental Issues
537
1.
Core Concepts
537
(a) Sustainable Development
537
(b) Environmental Protection
539
(i) The 'Precautionary' Principle
540
(ii) The 'Preventive' Principle
540
(iii)
The'Polluter Pays'Principle
541
2.
Environmental Regulation of MNEs
541
(a) Main Themes and Issues
542
(b) Informal Regulation
546
(i) Corporate Self-Regulation
546
(ii) 'Civil'Regulation
550
(c) Formal Regulation
556
(i) National and Regional Regulation
556
(ii) International Regulation
566
Concluding Remarks
574
IV. INTERNATIONAL REGULATION
15.
Control of Investment Risks I: Contractual Stability,
Renegotiation, Taking of Property, and Investment
Guarantees
577
1.
The Restriction of State Sovereignty in the Field of
Contractual Relations with Foreign Investors
578
(a) The 'Internationalization' of International Investment Agreements
579
(b) Sanctity of Contract and Stabilization Clauses
582
2.
Renegotiation of International Investment Agreements
583
3.
The Taking of Foreign Corporate Assets
587
(a) What Constitutes a Taking
587
(b) The Legality of Takings Under the Law of the Host State
596
(c) The Legality of Takings at International Law
597
(d) The Issue of Compensation
601
(i) The Valuation of Expropriated Property
602
(ii) The Measure of Compensation
610
(iii)
Settlement of Claims Through Lump Sum Agreements
613
4.
Investment Guarantee Schemes
614
Concluding Remarks
620
16.
Control of Investment Risks II: Non-Discrimination,
Fair and Equitable Treatment, and Full Protection
and Security
621
1.
National Treatment
621
2.
Most Favoured Nation Treatment
628
3.
Fair and Equitable Treatment
635
4.
Full Protection and Security
648
5.
Compensation in Cases Other Than Expropriation
650
Concluding Remarks
651
17.
The Codification of International Standards For the
Treatment of Foreign Investors
653
1.
The Development of International Standards
654
(a) The Andean Common Market (ANCOM)
656
(b) The
OECD
Guidelines on Multinational Enterprises
658
(c) The Draft UN Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations
660
(d) The Contribution of the World Bank: The
1992
Guidelines on the
Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment and Standard Setting
by
MIGA
662
(e)
The Failure of Recent Initiatives to Adopt Multilateral
Investment Rules
666
2.
The Content of International Investment Agreements
674
(a) Preamble
675
(b) Provisions Defining the Scope of Application of the Treaty
675
(i)
Subject-Matter
Covered
676
Definition of'Investments' to Which the
ILA
Applies
676
The Admission of Investments
676
Applicability to Investments Made Prior to the Conclusion
of the Treaty
678
(ii) Covered Persons and Entities
678
(iii)
Territorial Application
681
(iv)
Temporal Application
681
(c) Standards ofTreatment
682
(i) General Standards ofTreatment
682
Fair and Equitable Treatment
682
National Treatment
683
Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Standard
685
The Observance of Obligations
685
(ii) Specific Standards ofTreatment
689
Free Transfer of Payments
690
Compensation for Losses Due to Armed Conflict or
Internal Disorder
691
Compensation for Expropriation
691
Other Specific Standards
693
(d) Dispute Settlement Clauses
694
(i) Disputes Between the Contracting Parties
694
(ii) Disputes Between the Host State and the Foreign Investor
695
3.
The Effect of IIAs in the National Legal Systems of
the Parties
698
Concluding Remarks
701
18.
The Settlement of International Investment Disputes
703
1.
The Limitations of Traditional International Dispute Settlement
Mechanisms in MNE/Host State Relations
704
2.
Alternatives to Diplomatic Protection: International
Dispute Settlement Mechanisms Involving the
MNE
and Host State
707
(a) Ad Hoc Arbitration and Conciliation
709
(b) Institutional Systems for International Dispute Settlement
710
(i) The ICC Court of Arbitration
711
(ii) NAFTA
712
(iii)
Energy Charter Treaty
713
(iv)
MERCOSUR
714
(v) ASEAN
715
3.
The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
716
(a) TheAimsoflCSID
716
(b) The ICSID Convention and Its Effect on State Regulation
of Investment Disputes
719
(i) The Contracting State's Ability to Control Jurisdiction
719
(ii)
Subject-Matter
Jurisdiction
731
(iii)
The Delocalized Character of ICSID Arbitration
734
(iv)
Annulment of Tribunal Awards
740
(v) Enforcement of ICSID Awards
743
(vi)
Procedure and Costs
743
Concluding Remarks
745
Index
747 |
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| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 2. ed. |
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| id | DE-604.BV022534634 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:07:50Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:59:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199282562 9780199227969 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015741161 |
| oclc_num | 78988817 |
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| physical | LXXXVIII, 767 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
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| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
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| series2 | The Oxford international law library |
| spelling | Muchlinski, Peter Verfasser aut Multinational enterprises and the law Peter T. Muchlinski 2. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2007 LXXXVIII, 767 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Oxford international law library Entreprises multinationales Entreprises multinationales - Droit Multinationales Unternehmen Recht International business enterprises International business enterprises Law and legislation Unternehmensrecht (DE-588)4078611-0 gnd rswk-swf Multinationales Unternehmen (DE-588)4075092-9 gnd rswk-swf Multinationales Unternehmen (DE-588)4075092-9 s Unternehmensrecht (DE-588)4078611-0 s b DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015741161&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Muchlinski, Peter Multinational enterprises and the law Entreprises multinationales Entreprises multinationales - Droit Multinationales Unternehmen Recht International business enterprises International business enterprises Law and legislation Unternehmensrecht (DE-588)4078611-0 gnd Multinationales Unternehmen (DE-588)4075092-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4078611-0 (DE-588)4075092-9 |
| title | Multinational enterprises and the law |
| title_auth | Multinational enterprises and the law |
| title_exact_search | Multinational enterprises and the law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Multinational enterprises and the law |
| title_full | Multinational enterprises and the law Peter T. Muchlinski |
| title_fullStr | Multinational enterprises and the law Peter T. Muchlinski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multinational enterprises and the law Peter T. Muchlinski |
| title_short | Multinational enterprises and the law |
| title_sort | multinational enterprises and the law |
| topic | Entreprises multinationales Entreprises multinationales - Droit Multinationales Unternehmen Recht International business enterprises International business enterprises Law and legislation Unternehmensrecht (DE-588)4078611-0 gnd Multinationales Unternehmen (DE-588)4075092-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Entreprises multinationales Entreprises multinationales - Droit Multinationales Unternehmen Recht International business enterprises International business enterprises Law and legislation Unternehmensrecht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015741161&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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