Neuroscience:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Sunderland, Mass.
Sinauer
2008
|
| Edition: | 4. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Buchbegleitseiten Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780878936977 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Neuroscience |c ed. by Dale Purves ... |
| 250 | |a 4. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Sunderland, Mass. |b Sinauer |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a Getr. Zählung |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Neurofisiologia |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Neuroquímica |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nervous System Physiological Phenomena | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Neurochemistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Neurosciences | |
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| _version_ | 1804136633234096128 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents in Brief
1
Studying the Nervous
System 1
Unit I Neural Signaling
2
Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells
25
3
Voltage-Dependent Membrane Permeability
41
4
Channels and Transporters
61
5
Synaptic Transmission
85
6
Neurotransmitters
and Their Receptors
119
7
Molecular Signaling within Neurons
153
8
Synaptic Plasticity
177
Unit
H
Sensation and Sensory Processing
9
The Somatic Sensory System: Touch and Proprioception
207
10
Pain
231
11
Vision: The Eye
253
12
Central Visual Pathways
289
13
The Auditory System
313
14
The
Vestibular
System
343
15
The Chemical Senses
363
Unit HI Movement and Its Central Control
16
Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and Motor Control
397
17
Upper Motor Neuron Control of the Brainstem and Spinal Cord
423
18
Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia
453
19
Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum
475
20
Eye Movements and Sensory Motor Integration
495
2!
The Visceral Motor System
513
Unit IV The Changing Brain
22
Eariy Brain Development
545
23
Construction of Neural Circuits
577
24
Modification of Brain Circuits as
a Resuit
of Experience
61
1
25
Repair and Regeneration in the Nervous System
635
Unit V Complex Brain Functions
26
The Association Cortices
663
27
Speech and Language
687
28
Sleep and Wakefuiness
707
29
Emotions
733
30
Sex, Sexuality, and the Brain
761
31
Memory
791
APPENDIX: Survey of Human Neuroanatomy
815
ATLAS: The Human Central Nervous System
843
Contents
CHAPTER
1
Studying the Nervous System
1
Overview
1
Genetics, Genomics, and the Brain
1
Model Organisms in
Neuroscience
2
The Cellular Components of the Nervous System
3
Neurons
5
Neuroglial Cells
9
Cellular Diversity in the Nervous System
10
Neural Circuits
10
The Organization of the Human Nervous System
13
Structural Analysis of Neural Systems
16
Functional Analysis of Neural Systems
18
BOXI A
BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUES
19
Analyzing Complex Behavior
21
Summary
21
Uniti
Neural Signaling
CHAPTER
2
Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells
25
Overview
25
Electrical Potentials across Nerve Cell Membranes
25
How Ionic Movements Produce Electrical Signals
28
The Forces That Create Membrane Potentials
30
Electrochemical Equilibrium in an Environment with
More Than One Permeant Ion
32
The Ionic Basis of the Resting Membrane Potential
33
BOX 2A THE REMARKABLE GIANT NERVE CELLS OF SQUID
35
The Ionic Basis of Action Potentials
36
BOX 2B ACTION POTENTIAL FORM AND NOMENCLATURE
38
Summary
37
CHAPTER
3
Voltage-Dependent Membrane
Permeability
41
Overview
41
Ionic Currents Across Nerve Cell Membranes
41
BOX
ЗА
THE VOLTAGE CLAMP TECHNIQUE
42
Two Types of Voltage-Dependent Ionic Current
43
Two Voltage-Dependent Membrane Conductances
46
Reconstructing the Action Potential
48
Long-Distance
Signaling by Action Potentials
49
BOX3B THRESHOLD
50
BOX3C PASSIVE MEMBRANE PROPERTIES
52
The Refractory Period Ensures Polarized Propagation of
Action Potentials
56
Myelination Increases Conduction Velocity
56
BOX
3D
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
59
Summary
60
CONTENTS
ix
CHAPTER
4
Channels and Transporters 61
Overview
61
Ion
Channels Underlying Action Potentials
61
BOX 4A THE PATCH CLAMP METHOD
63
The Diversity of Ion Channels
65
BOX 4B EXPRESSION OF ION CHANNELS IN XENOPUS
OOCYTES
66
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
67
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
68
Stretch- and Heat-Activated Channels
70
The Molecular Structure of Ion Channels
70
BOX 4C TOXINS THAT POISON ION CHANNELS
72
Active Transporters Create and Maintain Ion
Gradients
74
BOX4D DISEASES CAUSED BY ALTERED ION CHANNELS
76
Functional Properties of the NaVK1 Pump
78
The Molecular Structure of the ATPase Pumps
80
Summary
83
CHAPTER
5
Synaptic Transmission
85
Overview
85
Electrical Synapses
85
Signal Transmission at Chemical Synapses
88
Properties of
Neurotransmitters
88
BOX5A CRITERIA THAT DEFINE
A
NEUROTRANSMITTER
91
Quantal Release of
Neurotransmitters
94
Release of Transmitters from Synaptic Vesicles
95
Local Recycling of Synaptic Vesicles
97
The Role of Calcium in Transmitter Secretion
98
BOX 5B DISEASES THAT AFFECT THE PRESYNAPTIC
TERMINAL
99
Molecular Mechanisms of Transmitter Secretion
102
BOX5C TOXINS THAT AFFECT TRANSMITTER RELEASE
106
Neurotransmitter
Receptors
107
Postsynaptic Membrane Permeability Changes during
Synaptic Transmission
107
Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
112
Summation of Synaptic Potentials
114
Two Families of Postsynaptic Receptors
115
Summary
117
CHAPTER
6
Neurotransmitters
and Their
Receptors
119
Overview
119
Categories of
Neurotransmitters
119
Acetylcholine
119
BOX 6A NEUROTOXINS THAT ACT ON POSTSYNAPTIC
RECEPTORS
123
Glutamate
126
BOX6B MYASTHENIA
GRAVIS
127
BOX 6C EXCITOTOXICITY FOLLOWING ACUTE BRAIN
INJURY
129
GABA
and
Glycine
133
BOX 6D EXCITATORY ACTIONS OF
GABA
IN THE
DEVELOPING BRAIN
135
BOX 6E BIOGENIC
AMINE
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
AND
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
136
The Biogenic Amines
137
BOX6F ADDICTION
139
ATP and Other
Purines 142
Peptide Neurotransmitters
143
Unconventional
Neurotransmitters
146
BOX6G MARUUANA AND THE BRAIN
147
Summary
150
CHAPTER
7
Molecular Signaling within
Neurons
153
Overview
153
Strategies of Molecular Signaling
153
The Activation of Signaling Pathways
155
Receptor Types
156
G-Proteins and Their Molecular Targets
158
Second Messengers
160
BOX 7A DYNAMIC IMAGING OF INTRACELLULAR
SIGNALING
163
Second Messenger Targets: Protein Kinases and
Phosphatases
164
Nuclear Signaling
167
BOX7B DENDRITIC SPINES
168
Examples of
Neuronal
Signal Transduction
172
Summary
175
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
8
Synaptic Plasticity
177
Overview
177
Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity
177
Long-Term
Synaptic Plasticity Underlies Behavioral
Modification in Aplysia
180
BOX 8A GENETICS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY IN THE
FRUIT FLY
186
Long-Term Potentiation at a Hippocampal Synapse
187
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying LTP
191
BOX8B SILENT SYNAPSES
194
Long-Term Synaptic Depression
197
Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity
200
BOX 8C EPILEPSY: THE EFFECT OF PATHOLOGICAL
ACTIVITY ON NEURAL CIRCUITRY
202
Summary
203
Unit II
Sensation and Sensory Processing
CHAPTER
9
The Somatic Sensory System: Touch
and Proprioception
207
Overview
207
Afferent Fibers Convey Somatic Sensory Information
to the Central Nervous System
207
BOX9A DERMATOMES
209
Somatic Sensory
Afférents
Exhibit Distinct Functional
Properties
210
Mechanoreceptors Specialized to Receive Tactile
Information
213
Mechanoreceptors Specialized for Proprioception
215
Central Pathways Conveying Tactile Information from
the Body: The Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal
System
218
Central Pathways Conveying Tactile Information from
the Face: The Trigeminothalamic System
218
Central Pathways Conveying Proprioceptive Information
from the Body
220
Central Pathways Conveying Proprioceptive Information
from the Face
221
The Somatic Sensory Components of the
Thalamus
222
Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex
222
BOX 9B PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION WITHIN THE
SENSORY CORTICES: BRAIN MODULES
224
Beyond SI: Corticocortical and Descending Pathways
226
Plasticity in the Adult Cerebral Cortex
227
Summary
228
CHAPTER
10
Pain
231
Overview
231
Nociceptors
231
Transduction of Nociceptive Signals
233
Central Pain Pathways Are Distinct from
Mechanosensory Pathways
233
BOX
Í0A
CAPSAICIN
234
BOXI
OB REFERRED PAIN
236
Parallel Pain Pathways
237
BOX
1
OC A
DORSAL COLUMN PATHWAY FOR VISCERAL
PAIN
239
Pain and Temperature Pathways for the Face
241
Other Modalities Mediated by the Anterolateral
System
241
Sensitization
243
Descending Control of Pain Perception
245
BOX IOD PHANTOM LIMBS AND PHANTOM PAIN
246
The Placebo Effect
247
The Physiological Basis of Pain Modulation
248
Summary
250
CHAPTER
11
Vision: The Eye
253
Overview
253
Anatomy of the Eye
253
The Formation of Images on the Retina
254
BOX
1
1A MYOPIA AND OTHER REFRACTIVE ERRORS
255
CONTENTS
xi
The Surface of the Retina
258
Retinal Circuitry
258
BOX
Π Β
THE BLIND SPOT
259
BOX
11С
MACULAR
DEGENERATION
260
Retinal Pigment Epithelium
263
Phototransduction
264
BOX
11
D
RETINITIS
PIGMENTOSA
265
Functional Specialization of the Rod and Cone
Systems
269
Anatomical Distribution of Rods and Cones
272
Cones and Color Vision
273
BOX
11
E
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT IN COLOR
PERCEPTION
275
Retinal Circuits for Detecting Luminance Change
277
BOX
11
F
THE PERCEPTION OF LIGHT INTENSITY
278
Contribution of Retinal Circuits to Light Adaptation
283
Summary
286
CHAPTER
12
Central Visual Pathways
289
Overview
289
Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells
289
The Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field
292
Visual Field Deficits
295
Spatiotemporal
Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary
Visual Cortex
297
Primary Visual Cortex Architecture
299
Combining Inputs from Two Eyes
301
Division of Labor within the Primary Visual Pathway
303
BOX 12A RANDOM DOT
STEREOGRAMS
AND RELATED
AMUSEMENTS
304
The Functional Organization of
Extrastriate
Visual
Areas
307
Summary
310
CHAPTER
13
The Auditory System
313
Overview
313
Sound
313
The Audible Spectrum
314
A Synopsis of Auditory Function
314
BOX
і ЗА
FOUR CAUSES OF ACQUIRED HEARING
LOSS
315
The External Ear
317
The Middle Ear
318
BOX 13C SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS AND COCHLEAR
IMPLANTS
319
The Inner Ear
321
Hair Cells and the Mechanoelectrical Transduction of
SoundWaves
323
BOX 13D THE SWEET SOUND OF DISTORTION
325
The Ionic Basis of Mechanotransduction in Hair
Cells
327
Two Kinds of Hair Cells in the Cochlea
330
Tuning and Timing in the Auditory Nerve
330
How Information from the Cochlea Reaches Targets in
the Brainstem
332
Integrating Information from the Two Ears
332
Monaural Pathways from the Cochlear Nucleus to the
Lateral Lemniscus
336
Integration in the Inferior Colliculus
336
The Auditory
Thalamus
337
The Auditory Cortex
338
BOX 13E REPRESENTING COMPLEX SOUNDS IN THE BRAINS
OF BATS AND HUMANS
340
Summary
341
CHAPTER
14
The
Vestibular
System
343
Overview
343
The
Vestibular
Labyrinth
343
BOX 14A A PRIMER ON
VESTIBULAR
NAVIGATION
344
Vestibular
Hair Cells
345
BOX I4B ADAPTATION AND TUNING OF
VESTIBULAR
HAIR
CELLS
346
The Otolith Organs: The Utricle and Saccule
348
How Otolith Neurons Sense Linear Accelerations of the
Head
349
The Semicircular Canals
351
How Semicircular Canal Neurons Sense Angular
Accelerations
353
BOX 14C THROWING COLD WATER ON THE
VESTIBULAR
SYSTEM
354
Central Pathways for Stabilizing Gaze, Head, and
Posture
356
BOX14D MAUTHNER CELLS IN FISH
358
Vestibular
Pathways to the
Thalamus
and Cortex
360
Summary
361
BOX 13B MUSIC
316
xii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
15
The Chemical Senses
363
Overview
363
The Organization of the Olfactory System
363
Olfactory Perception in Humans
365
Physiological and Behavioral Responses to
Odorants
368
Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Receptor
Neurons
369
BOX 15A PHEROMONES, REPRODUCTION, AND THE
VOMERONASAL SYSTEM
370
Odorant
Receptor Proteins
372
BOX
1
5B THE DOGTOR
IS IN
374
The Transduction of Olfactory Signals
375
The Olfactory Bulb
378
Central Projections of the Olfactory Bulb
381
The Organization of the Taste System
381
Taste Perception in Humans
384
Taste Buds Taste Cells, Receptor Proteins, and
Transduction
387
Neural Coding in the Taste System
389
Trigeminal Chemoreception
391
Summary
392
Unit III
Movement and Its Central Control
CHAPTER
16
Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and
Motor Control
397
Overview
397
Neural Centers Responsible for Movement
397
Motor Neuron-Muscle Relationships
399
The Motor Unit
401
The Regulation of Muscle Force
403
BOX 16A MOTOR UNIT PLASTICITY
404
The Spinal Cord Circuitry Underlying Muscle Stretch
Reflexes
408
The Influence of Sensory Activity on Motor Behavior
410
Other Sensory Feedback That Affects Motor
Performance
413
Flexion Reflex Pathways
413
Spinal Cord Circuitry and Locomotion
414
BOX
1
6B LOCOMOTION IN THE LEECH AND THE
LAMPREY
4!6
BOX 16C THE AUTONOMY OF CENTRAL PATTERN
GENERATORS
418
The Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome
420
Summary
420
BOX16D AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS
421
CHAPTER
17
Upper Motor Neuron Control of the
Braïnstem
and Spinal Cord
423
Overview
423
Organization of Descending Motor Control
423
Motor Control Centers in the Brainstem: Upper Motor
Neurons That Maintain Balance, Govern Posture, and
Orient Gaze
425
BOX 17A THE
RETICULAR
FORMATION
428
The Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Pathways:
Projections from Upper Motor Neurons That Initiate
Complex Voluntary Movements
432
BOX I7B PATTERNS OF FACIAL WEAKNESS AND LOCALIZING
NEUROLOGICAL INJURY
433
Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex
436
BOX 17C WHAT DO MOTOR MAPS REPRESENT?
438
BOX
1
7D SENSORY MOTOR TALENTS AND CORTICAL
SPACE
440
The Premotor Cortex
444
Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper
Motor Neuron Syndrome
447
BOX 17E MUSCLE TONE
449
Summary
450
CONTENTS
xiii
CHAPTER
18
Modulation
of Movement by the
Basal Ganglia
453
Overview
453
Projections to the Basal Ganglia
453
Projections from the Basal Ganglia to Other Brain
Regions
458
Evidence from Studies of Eye Movements
460
Circuits within the Basal Ganglia System
462
Dopamine Modulates Basal Ganglia Circuits
464
Hypokinetic and Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
465
BOX 18A PARKINSON S DISEASE: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR
NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
466
BOX18B
HUNTINGTONS
DISEASE
468
BOX18C DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION
470
BOX
1
8D BASAL GANGUA LOOPS AND NON-MOTOR
BRAIN FUNCTIONS
472
Summary
474
CHAPTER
19
Modulation of Movement by the
Cerebellum
475
Overview
475
Organization of the Cerebellum
475
Projections to the Cerebellum
478
Projections from the Cerebellum
480
Circuits within the Cerebellum
482
Cerebellar Circuitry and the Coordination of Ongoing
Movement
486
BOXI9A PfflON DISEASES
488
Further Consequences of Cerebellar Lesions
490
Summary
491
BOX 19B GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CEREBELLAR FUNCTION
492
CHAPTER
20
Eye Movements and Sensory Motor
Integration
495
Overview
495
What Eye Movements Accomplish
495
The Actions and
Innervation
of Extraocular Muscles
496
BOX 20A THE PERCEPTION OF STABILIZED RETINAL IMAGES
497
Types of Eye Movements and Their Functions
499
Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements
501
BOX 20B SENSORY MOTOR INTEGRATION IN THE
SUPERIOR COLLICULUS
506
BOX 20C FROM PLACE CODES TO RATE CODES
508
Neural Control of Smooth Pursuit Movements
511
Neural Control of
Vergence
Movements
511
Summary
512
CHAPTER
21
The Visceral Motor System
513
Overview
513
Early Studies of the Visceral Motor System
513
Distinctive Features of the Visceral Motor System
516
The Sympathetic Division of the Visceral Motor
System
518
The Parasympathetic Division of the Visceral Motor
System
520
The Enteric Nervous System
522
Sensory Components of the Visceral Motor System
524
Central Control of Visceral Motor Functions
526
BOX
21
A THE
HYPOTHALAMUS
528
Neurotransmission
in the Visceral Motor System
530
BOX
21
B HORNERS
SYNDROME
531
BOX
21
С
OBESITY AND THE BRAIN
532
Autonomie
Regulation of Cardiovascular Function
534
Autonomie
Regulation of the Bladder
537
Autonomie
Regulation of Sexual Function
539
Summary
540
XIV
CONTENTS
Unit IV
The Changing Brain
CHAPTER
22
Early Brain Development
545
Overview
545
The Initial Formation of the Nervous System:
Gastrulation and Neurulation
545
The Molecular Basis of Neural Induction
547
BOX 22A STEM CELLS: PROMISE AND PERIL
548
BOX 22B RETINOIC ACID: TERATOGEN AND INDUCTIVE
SIGNAL
552
Formation of the Major Brain Subdivisions
554
BOX 22C TRIPLE JEOPARDY: MULTIPLE DISEASES
ASSOCIATED WITH SONIC HEDGEHOG
556
BOX 22D HOMEOTIC GENES AND HUMAN BRAIN
DEVELOPMENT
558
Genetic Abnormalities and Altered Development of
Brain Regions
559
BOX22E RHOMBOMERES
561
The Initial Differentiation of Neurons and
Glia
562
BOX 22F NEUROGENESIS AND
NEURONAL
BIRTHDATING
565
The Generation of
Neuronal
Diversity
566
Neuronal
Migration in the Peripheral Nervous
System
568
BOX 22G MIXING IT UP: LONG-DISTANCE
NEURONAL
MIGRATION
569
Neuronal
Migration in the Central Nervous System
571
Summary
574
CHAPTER
23
Construction of Neural Circuits
577
Overview
577
The Axon Growth Cone
577
The Molecular Basis of Growth Cone Motility
579
BOX 23A CHOOSING SIDES: AXON GUIDANCE AT THE OPTIC
CHIASM
58
í
Non-Diffusible Signals for Axon Guidance
583
Diffusible Signals for Axon Guidance: Chemoattraction
and Repulsion
585
The Formation of Topographic Maps
588
Selective Synapse Formation
590
BOX 23B MOLECULAR SIGNALS THAT PROMOTE SYNAPSE
FORMATION
591
Trophic Interactions and the Ultimate Size of
Neuronal
Populations
596
Further Competitive Interactions in the Formation of
Neuronal
Connections
597
Molecular Basis of Trophic Interactions
600
BOX 23C WHY DO NEURONS HAVE
DENDRITES?
600
Neurotrophin Signaling
603
BOX 23D THE DISCOVERY OF BDNF AND THE
NEUROTROPHIN FAMILY
604
Summary
608
CHAPTER
24
Modification of Brain Circuits as a
Result of Experience
611
Overview
611
Critical Periods
611
BOX24A BUILT-IN BEHAVIORS
612
The Development of Language: A Critical Period for
Human Behavior
614
Critical Periods in Visual System Development
616
BOX24B BIRDSONG
616
BOX 24C
TRANSNEURONAL
LABELING WITH RADIOACTIVE
AMINO
ACIDS
619
Effects of Visual Deprivation on Ocular Dominance
620
Visual Deprivation and Amblyopia in Humans
624
Mechanisms by which
Neuronal
Activity Affects the
Development of Neural Circuits
625
BOX 24D CORRELATION AS CAUSATION:
LESSONS FROM A THREE-EYED FROG
627
Cellular and Molecular Correlates of Activity-Dependent
Plasticity during Critical Periods
629
Evidence for Critical Periods in Other Sensory
Systems
632
Summary
632
CONTENTS
XV
CHAPTER
25
Repair and Regeneration in the
Nervous System
635
Overview
635
The Damaged Brain
635
Three Types of Brain Repair
636
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
638
The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Peripheral Nerve
Repair
639
Regeneration of Peripheral Synapses
642
Regeneration after Damage to the Central Nervous
System
644
BOX 25A SPECIFIC REGENERATION OF SYNAPTIC
CONNECTIONS IN AUTONOMIC GANGLIA
644
Cellular and Molecular Responses to Brain Injury
646
Axon Growth after Brain Injury
648
Generation and Replacement of Neurons in the Adult
Brain
649
Adult Neurogenesis in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates
650
Neurogenesis in the Adult Mammalian Brain
652
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Adult
Neurogenesis
652
BOX25B NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND NEUROGENESIS
656
Adult Neurogenesis, Stem Cells, and Brain Repair in
Humans
658
Summary
658
UnitV
Complex Brain Functions
CHAPTER
26
The Association Cortices
663
Overview
663
The Association Cortices
663
An Overview of Cortical Structure
664
BOX26A CORTICAL
LAMINATJON 666
Specific Features of the Association Cortices
667
Lesions of the Parietal Association Cortex:
Deficits of Attention
668
Lesions of the Temporal Association Cortex:
Deficits of Recognition
671
Lesions of the Frontal Association Cortex:
Deficits of Planning
673
Attention Neurons in the Monkey Parietal Cortex
674
BOX26B PSYCHOSURGERY
675
Recognition Neurons in the Monkey Temporal Cortex
678
Planning Neurons in the Monkey Frontal Cortex
680
BOX26C NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
682
Summary
683
BOX26D BRAIN SIZE AND INTELLIGENCE
684
CHAPTER
27
Speech and Language
687
Overview
687
Language Is Both Localized and Lateralized
687
BOX27A SPEECH
688
Aphasias
690
BOX27B DO OTHER ANIMALS HAVE LANGUAGE?
691
BOX27C WORDS AND MEANING
693
Confirmation of Language Lateralization and Other
Insights
696
BOX27D LANGUAGE AND HANDEDNESS
698
Anatomical Differences between the Right and Left
Hemispheres
700
Mapping Language Functions
701
The Role of the Right Hemisphere in Language
704
Sign Language
704
Summary
706
XVI
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
28
Sleep and Wakefulness
707
Overview
707
Why Do Humans (and Many Other Animals) Sleep?
707
BOX 28A SLEEP STYLES IN DIFFERENT SPECIES
709
The Orcadian Cycle of Sleep and Wakefulness
710
BOX 28B MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF BIOLOGICAL
CLOCKS
713
Stages of Sleep
714
BOX28C ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
715
Physiological Changes in Sleep States
719
The Possible Functions of
REM
Sleep and Dreaming
719
Neural Circuits Governing Sleep
721
BOX28D CONSCIOUSNESS
722
Thalamocortical Interactions
726
BOX28E DRUGS AND SLEEP
726
Sleep Disorders
728
Summary
730
CHAPTER
29
Emotions
733
Overview
733
Physiological Changes Associated with Emotion
733
The Integration of Emotional Behavior
734
BOX 29A FACIAL EXPRESSIONS:
PYRAMIDALAND
EXTRAPYRAMIDAL
CONTRIBUTIONS
735
The
Limbie
System
739
BOX29B THE ANATOMY OF THE AMYGDALA
742
The Importance of the Amygdala
743
BOX 29C THE REASONING BEHIND AN IMPORTANT
DISCOVERY
744
The Relationship between Neocortex and Amygdala
746
BOX 29D FEAR AND THE HUMAN AMYGDALA:
A CASE STUDY
747
Cortical Lateralization of Emotional Functions
749
BOX 29E AFFECTIVE DISORDERS
750
Emotion, Reason, and Social Behavior
752
Emotional Reinforcement and Addiction
753
Summary
758
CHAPTER
30
Sex, Sexuality, and the Brain
761
Overview
761
Sexual Dimorphisms and Sexually Dimorphic
Behaviors
761
Sex, Gonads, Bodies, and Brains
763
Hormonal Influences on Sexual Dimorphism
765
Representation of Primary Sexual Dimorphisms in the
Brain
767
Brain Dimorphisms and the Control of Reproductive
Behaviors
769
Structural and Functional Dimorphisms for Parenting
Behaviors
771
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Sexually Dimorphic
Structures and Behaviors
774
BOX 30A THE GOOD MOTHER
774
Steroid Receptors and Responses in the Adult Brain
777
Human Genetic Disorders of
Genotypie
and Phenotypic
Sex
778
Sexual Orientation and the Brain: Molecular and Genetic
Analysis
781
BOX
ЗОВ
THE CASE OF BRUCE/BRENDA
782
Sexual Orientation and Human Brain Structure
784
Sex-Based Differences in Cognitive Functions
785
Summary
788
CHAPTER
31
Memory
791
Overview
791
Qualitative Categories of Human Memory
791
Temporal Categories of Memory
792
BOX
31
A PHYLOGENETIC MEMORY
793
The Importance of Association in Information
Storage
794
BOX31B SAVANT SYNDROME
796
Forgetting
797
Brain Systems Underlying Declarative Memory
Formation
799
BOX
31
С
CLINICAL CASES REVEAL THE ANATOMICAL
SUBSTRATE FOR DECLARATIVE MEMORIES
801
Brain Systems Underlying
Long-Term
Storage of
Declarative Memory
805
Brain Systems Underlying Nondeclarative Learning and
Memory
807
Memory and Aging
809
Summary
810
BOX
31
D
ALZHEIMER S DISEASE
811
CONTENTS
xvii
APPENDIX
Survey of
Human
Neuroanatomy
815
Overview
815
Neuroanatomical Terminology
815
Basic Subdivisions of the Central Nervous
System
816
External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
819
Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
819
Brainstem and Cranial Nerves
822
Lateral Surface of the Brain
827
Dorsal and Ventral Surfaces of the Brain
828
Midsagittal Surface of the Brain
829
Internal Anatomy of the Forebrain
831
Blood Supply of the Brain and Spinal Cord
833
The Blood-Brain Barrier
837
BOXA
STROKE
837
The
Meninges
839
The Ventricular System
840
ATLAS
The Human Central Nervous
System
843
Plate
1:
Brain Surface
844
Plate
2:
Coronal MR
846
Plate
3:
Axial MR
848
Plate
4:
Sagittal MR
852
Plate
5:
Brainstem
854
Plate
6:
Spinal Cord
856
Glossary G-l
Illustration Credits IC-1
Index
1-ї
|
| adam_txt |
Contents in Brief
1
Studying the Nervous
System 1
Unit I Neural Signaling
2
Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells
25
3
Voltage-Dependent Membrane Permeability
41
4
Channels and Transporters
61
5
Synaptic Transmission
85
6
Neurotransmitters
and Their Receptors
119
7
Molecular Signaling within Neurons
153
8
Synaptic Plasticity
177
Unit
H
Sensation and Sensory Processing
9
The Somatic Sensory System: Touch and Proprioception
207
10
Pain
231
11
Vision: The Eye
253
12
Central Visual Pathways
289
13
The Auditory System
313
14
The
Vestibular
System
343
15
The Chemical Senses
363
Unit HI Movement and Its Central Control
16
Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and Motor Control
397
17
Upper Motor Neuron Control of the Brainstem and Spinal Cord
423
18
Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia
453
19
Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum
475
20
Eye Movements and Sensory Motor Integration
495
2!
The Visceral Motor System
513
Unit IV The Changing Brain
22
Eariy Brain Development
545
23
Construction of Neural Circuits
577
24
Modification of Brain Circuits as
a Resuit
of Experience
61
1
25
Repair and Regeneration in the Nervous System
635
Unit V Complex Brain Functions
26
The Association Cortices
663
27
Speech and Language
687
28
Sleep and Wakefuiness
707
29
Emotions
733
30
Sex, Sexuality, and the Brain
761
31
Memory
791
APPENDIX: Survey of Human Neuroanatomy
815
ATLAS: The Human Central Nervous System
843
Contents
CHAPTER
1
Studying the Nervous System
1
Overview
1
Genetics, Genomics, and the Brain
1
"Model" Organisms in
Neuroscience
2
The Cellular Components of the Nervous System
3
Neurons
5
Neuroglial Cells
9
Cellular Diversity in the Nervous System
10
Neural Circuits
10
The Organization of the Human Nervous System
13
Structural Analysis of Neural Systems
16
Functional Analysis of Neural Systems
18
BOXI A
BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUES
19
Analyzing Complex Behavior
21
Summary
21
Uniti
Neural Signaling
CHAPTER
2
Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells
25
Overview
25
Electrical Potentials across Nerve Cell Membranes
25
How Ionic Movements Produce Electrical Signals
28
The Forces That Create Membrane Potentials
30
Electrochemical Equilibrium in an Environment with
More Than One Permeant Ion
32
The Ionic Basis of the Resting Membrane Potential
33
BOX 2A THE REMARKABLE GIANT NERVE CELLS OF SQUID
35
The Ionic Basis of Action Potentials
36
BOX 2B ACTION POTENTIAL FORM AND NOMENCLATURE
38
Summary
37
CHAPTER
3
Voltage-Dependent Membrane
Permeability
41
Overview
41
Ionic Currents Across Nerve Cell Membranes
41
BOX
ЗА
THE VOLTAGE CLAMP TECHNIQUE
42
Two Types of Voltage-Dependent Ionic Current
43
Two Voltage-Dependent Membrane Conductances
46
Reconstructing the Action Potential
48
Long-Distance
Signaling by Action Potentials
49
BOX3B THRESHOLD
50
BOX3C PASSIVE MEMBRANE PROPERTIES
52
The Refractory Period Ensures Polarized Propagation of
Action Potentials
56
Myelination Increases Conduction Velocity
56
BOX
3D
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
59
Summary
60
CONTENTS
ix
CHAPTER
4
Channels and Transporters 61
Overview
61
Ion
Channels Underlying Action Potentials
61
BOX 4A THE PATCH CLAMP METHOD
63
The Diversity of Ion Channels
65
BOX 4B EXPRESSION OF ION CHANNELS IN XENOPUS
OOCYTES
66
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
67
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
68
Stretch- and Heat-Activated Channels
70
The Molecular Structure of Ion Channels
70
BOX 4C TOXINS THAT POISON ION CHANNELS
72
Active Transporters Create and Maintain Ion
Gradients
74
BOX4D DISEASES CAUSED BY ALTERED ION CHANNELS
76
Functional Properties of the NaVK1" Pump
78
The Molecular Structure of the ATPase Pumps
80
Summary
83
CHAPTER
5
Synaptic Transmission
85
Overview
85
Electrical Synapses
85
Signal Transmission at Chemical Synapses
88
Properties of
Neurotransmitters
88
BOX5A CRITERIA THAT DEFINE
A
NEUROTRANSMITTER
91
Quantal Release of
Neurotransmitters
94
Release of Transmitters from Synaptic Vesicles
95
Local Recycling of Synaptic Vesicles
97
The Role of Calcium in Transmitter Secretion
98
BOX 5B DISEASES THAT AFFECT THE PRESYNAPTIC
TERMINAL
99
Molecular Mechanisms of Transmitter Secretion
102
BOX5C TOXINS THAT AFFECT TRANSMITTER RELEASE
106
Neurotransmitter
Receptors
107
Postsynaptic Membrane Permeability Changes during
Synaptic Transmission
107
Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
112
Summation of Synaptic Potentials
114
Two Families of Postsynaptic Receptors
115
Summary
117
CHAPTER
6
Neurotransmitters
and Their
Receptors
119
Overview
119
Categories of
Neurotransmitters
119
Acetylcholine
119
BOX 6A NEUROTOXINS THAT ACT ON POSTSYNAPTIC
RECEPTORS
123
Glutamate
126
BOX6B MYASTHENIA
GRAVIS
127
BOX 6C EXCITOTOXICITY FOLLOWING ACUTE BRAIN
INJURY
129
GABA
and
Glycine
133
BOX 6D EXCITATORY ACTIONS OF
GABA
IN THE
DEVELOPING BRAIN
135
BOX 6E BIOGENIC
AMINE
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
AND
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
136
The Biogenic Amines
137
BOX6F ADDICTION
139
ATP and Other
Purines 142
Peptide Neurotransmitters
143
Unconventional
Neurotransmitters
146
BOX6G MARUUANA AND THE BRAIN
147
Summary
150
CHAPTER
7
Molecular Signaling within
Neurons
153
Overview
153
Strategies of Molecular Signaling
153
The Activation of Signaling Pathways
155
Receptor Types
156
G-Proteins and Their Molecular Targets
158
Second Messengers
160
BOX 7A DYNAMIC IMAGING OF INTRACELLULAR
SIGNALING
163
Second Messenger Targets: Protein Kinases and
Phosphatases
164
Nuclear Signaling
167
BOX7B DENDRITIC SPINES
168
Examples of
Neuronal
Signal Transduction
172
Summary
175
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
8
Synaptic Plasticity
177
Overview
177
Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity
177
Long-Term
Synaptic Plasticity Underlies Behavioral
Modification in Aplysia
180
BOX 8A GENETICS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY IN THE
FRUIT FLY
186
Long-Term Potentiation at a Hippocampal Synapse
187
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying LTP
191
BOX8B SILENT SYNAPSES
194
Long-Term Synaptic Depression
197
Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity
200
BOX 8C EPILEPSY: THE EFFECT OF PATHOLOGICAL
ACTIVITY ON NEURAL CIRCUITRY
202
Summary
203
Unit II
Sensation and Sensory Processing
CHAPTER
9
The Somatic Sensory System: Touch
and Proprioception
207
Overview
207
Afferent Fibers Convey Somatic Sensory Information
to the Central Nervous System
207
BOX9A DERMATOMES
209
Somatic Sensory
Afférents
Exhibit Distinct Functional
Properties
210
Mechanoreceptors Specialized to Receive Tactile
Information
213
Mechanoreceptors Specialized for Proprioception
215
Central Pathways Conveying Tactile Information from
the Body: The Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal
System
218
Central Pathways Conveying Tactile Information from
the Face: The Trigeminothalamic System
218
Central Pathways Conveying Proprioceptive Information
from the Body
220
Central Pathways Conveying Proprioceptive Information
from the Face
221
The Somatic Sensory Components of the
Thalamus
222
Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex
222
BOX 9B PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION WITHIN THE
SENSORY CORTICES: BRAIN MODULES
224
Beyond SI: Corticocortical and Descending Pathways
226
Plasticity in the Adult Cerebral Cortex
227
Summary
228
CHAPTER
10
Pain
231
Overview
231
Nociceptors
231
Transduction of Nociceptive Signals
233
Central Pain Pathways Are Distinct from
Mechanosensory Pathways
233
BOX
Í0A
CAPSAICIN
234
BOXI
OB REFERRED PAIN
236
Parallel Pain Pathways
237
BOX
1
OC A
DORSAL COLUMN PATHWAY FOR VISCERAL
PAIN
239
Pain and Temperature Pathways for the Face
241
Other Modalities Mediated by the Anterolateral
System
241
Sensitization
243
Descending Control of Pain Perception
245
BOX IOD PHANTOM LIMBS AND PHANTOM PAIN
246
The Placebo Effect
247
The Physiological Basis of Pain Modulation
248
Summary
250
CHAPTER
11
Vision: The Eye
253
Overview
253
Anatomy of the Eye
253
The Formation of Images on the Retina
254
BOX
1
1A MYOPIA AND OTHER REFRACTIVE ERRORS
255
CONTENTS
xi
The Surface of the Retina
258
Retinal Circuitry
258
BOX
Π Β
THE BLIND SPOT
259
BOX
11С
MACULAR
DEGENERATION
260
Retinal Pigment Epithelium
263
Phototransduction
264
BOX
11
D
RETINITIS
PIGMENTOSA
265
Functional Specialization of the Rod and Cone
Systems
269
Anatomical Distribution of Rods and Cones
272
Cones and Color Vision
273
BOX
11
E
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT IN COLOR
PERCEPTION
275
Retinal Circuits for Detecting Luminance Change
277
BOX
11
F
THE PERCEPTION OF LIGHT INTENSITY
278
Contribution of Retinal Circuits to Light Adaptation
283
Summary
286
CHAPTER
12
Central Visual Pathways
289
Overview
289
Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells
289
The Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field
292
Visual Field Deficits
295
Spatiotemporal
Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary
Visual Cortex
297
Primary Visual Cortex Architecture
299
Combining Inputs from Two Eyes
301
Division of Labor within the Primary Visual Pathway
303
BOX 12A RANDOM DOT
STEREOGRAMS
AND RELATED
AMUSEMENTS
304
The Functional Organization of
Extrastriate
Visual
Areas
307
Summary
310
CHAPTER
13
The Auditory System
313
Overview
313
Sound
313
The Audible Spectrum
314
A Synopsis of Auditory Function
314
BOX
і ЗА
FOUR CAUSES OF ACQUIRED HEARING
LOSS
315
The External Ear
317
The Middle Ear
318
BOX 13C SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS AND COCHLEAR
IMPLANTS
319
The Inner Ear
321
Hair Cells and the Mechanoelectrical Transduction of
SoundWaves
323
BOX 13D THE SWEET SOUND OF DISTORTION
325
The Ionic Basis of Mechanotransduction in Hair
Cells
327
Two Kinds of Hair Cells in the Cochlea
330
Tuning and Timing in the Auditory Nerve
330
How Information from the Cochlea Reaches Targets in
the Brainstem
332
Integrating Information from the Two Ears
332
Monaural Pathways from the Cochlear Nucleus to the
Lateral Lemniscus
336
Integration in the Inferior Colliculus
336
The Auditory
Thalamus
337
The Auditory Cortex
338
BOX 13E REPRESENTING COMPLEX SOUNDS IN THE BRAINS
OF BATS AND HUMANS
340
Summary
341
CHAPTER
14
The
Vestibular
System
343
Overview
343
The
Vestibular
Labyrinth
343
BOX 14A A PRIMER ON
VESTIBULAR
NAVIGATION
344
Vestibular
Hair Cells
345
BOX I4B ADAPTATION AND TUNING OF
VESTIBULAR
HAIR
CELLS
346
The Otolith Organs: The Utricle and Saccule
348
How Otolith Neurons Sense Linear Accelerations of the
Head
349
The Semicircular Canals
351
How Semicircular Canal Neurons Sense Angular
Accelerations
353
BOX 14C THROWING COLD WATER ON THE
VESTIBULAR
SYSTEM
354
Central Pathways for Stabilizing Gaze, Head, and
Posture
356
BOX14D MAUTHNER CELLS IN FISH
358
Vestibular
Pathways to the
Thalamus
and Cortex
360
Summary
361
BOX 13B MUSIC
316
xii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
15
The Chemical Senses
363
Overview
363
The Organization of the Olfactory System
363
Olfactory Perception in Humans
365
Physiological and Behavioral Responses to
Odorants
368
Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Receptor
Neurons
369
BOX 15A PHEROMONES, REPRODUCTION, AND THE
VOMERONASAL SYSTEM
370
Odorant
Receptor Proteins
372
BOX
1
5B THE "DOGTOR
"
IS IN
374
The Transduction of Olfactory Signals
375
The Olfactory Bulb
378
Central Projections of the Olfactory Bulb
381
The Organization of the Taste System
381
Taste Perception in Humans
384
Taste Buds Taste Cells, Receptor Proteins, and
Transduction
387
Neural Coding in the Taste System
389
Trigeminal Chemoreception
391
Summary
392
Unit III
Movement and Its Central Control
CHAPTER
16
Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and
Motor Control
397
Overview
397
Neural Centers Responsible for Movement
397
Motor Neuron-Muscle Relationships
399
The Motor Unit
401
The Regulation of Muscle Force
403
BOX 16A MOTOR UNIT PLASTICITY
404
The Spinal Cord Circuitry Underlying Muscle Stretch
Reflexes
408
The Influence of Sensory Activity on Motor Behavior
410
Other Sensory Feedback That Affects Motor
Performance
413
Flexion Reflex Pathways
413
Spinal Cord Circuitry and Locomotion
414
BOX
1
6B LOCOMOTION IN THE LEECH AND THE
LAMPREY
4!6
BOX 16C THE AUTONOMY OF CENTRAL PATTERN
GENERATORS
418
The Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome
420
Summary
420
BOX16D AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS
421
CHAPTER
17
Upper Motor Neuron Control of the
Braïnstem
and Spinal Cord
423
Overview
423
Organization of Descending Motor Control
423
Motor Control Centers in the Brainstem: Upper Motor
Neurons That Maintain Balance, Govern Posture, and
Orient Gaze
425
BOX 17A THE
RETICULAR
FORMATION
428
The Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Pathways:
Projections from Upper Motor Neurons That Initiate
Complex Voluntary Movements
432
BOX I7B PATTERNS OF FACIAL WEAKNESS AND LOCALIZING
NEUROLOGICAL INJURY
433
Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex
436
BOX 17C WHAT DO MOTOR MAPS REPRESENT?
438
BOX
1
7D SENSORY MOTOR TALENTS AND CORTICAL
SPACE
440
The Premotor Cortex
444
Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper
Motor Neuron Syndrome
447
BOX 17E MUSCLE TONE
449
Summary
450
CONTENTS
xiii
CHAPTER
18
Modulation
of Movement by the
Basal Ganglia
453
Overview
453
Projections to the Basal Ganglia
453
Projections from the Basal Ganglia to Other Brain
Regions
458
Evidence from Studies of Eye Movements
460
Circuits within the Basal Ganglia System
462
Dopamine Modulates Basal Ganglia Circuits
464
Hypokinetic and Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
465
BOX 18A PARKINSON'S DISEASE: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR
NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
466
BOX18B
HUNTINGTONS
DISEASE
468
BOX18C DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION
470
BOX
1
8D BASAL GANGUA LOOPS AND NON-MOTOR
BRAIN FUNCTIONS
472
Summary
474
CHAPTER
19
Modulation of Movement by the
Cerebellum
475
Overview
475
Organization of the Cerebellum
475
Projections to the Cerebellum
478
Projections from the Cerebellum
480
Circuits within the Cerebellum
482
Cerebellar Circuitry and the Coordination of Ongoing
Movement
486
BOXI9A PfflON DISEASES
488
Further Consequences of Cerebellar Lesions
490
Summary
491
BOX 19B GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CEREBELLAR FUNCTION
492
CHAPTER
20
Eye Movements and Sensory Motor
Integration
495
Overview
495
What Eye Movements Accomplish
495
The Actions and
Innervation
of Extraocular Muscles
496
BOX 20A THE PERCEPTION OF STABILIZED RETINAL IMAGES
497
Types of Eye Movements and Their Functions
499
Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements
501
BOX 20B SENSORY MOTOR INTEGRATION IN THE
SUPERIOR COLLICULUS
506
BOX 20C FROM PLACE CODES TO RATE CODES
508
Neural Control of Smooth Pursuit Movements
511
Neural Control of
Vergence
Movements
511
Summary
512
CHAPTER
21
The Visceral Motor System
513
Overview
513
Early Studies of the Visceral Motor System
513
Distinctive Features of the Visceral Motor System
516
The Sympathetic Division of the Visceral Motor
System
518
The Parasympathetic Division of the Visceral Motor
System
520
The Enteric Nervous System
522
Sensory Components of the Visceral Motor System
524
Central Control of Visceral Motor Functions
526
BOX
21
A THE
HYPOTHALAMUS
528
Neurotransmission
in the Visceral Motor System
530
BOX
21
B HORNERS
SYNDROME
531
BOX
21
С
OBESITY AND THE BRAIN
532
Autonomie
Regulation of Cardiovascular Function
534
Autonomie
Regulation of the Bladder
537
Autonomie
Regulation of Sexual Function
539
Summary
540
XIV
CONTENTS
Unit IV
The Changing Brain
CHAPTER
22
Early Brain Development
545
Overview
545
The Initial Formation of the Nervous System:
Gastrulation and Neurulation
545
The Molecular Basis of Neural Induction
547
BOX 22A STEM CELLS: PROMISE AND PERIL
548
BOX 22B RETINOIC ACID: TERATOGEN AND INDUCTIVE
SIGNAL
552
Formation of the Major Brain Subdivisions
554
BOX 22C TRIPLE JEOPARDY: MULTIPLE DISEASES
ASSOCIATED WITH SONIC HEDGEHOG
556
BOX 22D HOMEOTIC GENES AND HUMAN BRAIN
DEVELOPMENT
558
Genetic Abnormalities and Altered Development of
Brain Regions
559
BOX22E RHOMBOMERES
561
The Initial Differentiation of Neurons and
Glia
562
BOX 22F NEUROGENESIS AND
NEURONAL
BIRTHDATING
565
The Generation of
Neuronal
Diversity
566
Neuronal
Migration in the Peripheral Nervous
System
568
BOX 22G MIXING IT UP: LONG-DISTANCE
NEURONAL
MIGRATION
569
Neuronal
Migration in the Central Nervous System
571
Summary
574
CHAPTER
23
Construction of Neural Circuits
577
Overview
577
The Axon Growth Cone
577
The Molecular Basis of Growth Cone Motility
579
BOX 23A CHOOSING SIDES: AXON GUIDANCE AT THE OPTIC
CHIASM
58
í
Non-Diffusible Signals for Axon Guidance
583
Diffusible Signals for Axon Guidance: Chemoattraction
and Repulsion
585
The Formation of Topographic Maps
588
Selective Synapse Formation
590
BOX 23B MOLECULAR SIGNALS THAT PROMOTE SYNAPSE
FORMATION
591
Trophic Interactions and the Ultimate Size of
Neuronal
Populations
596
Further Competitive Interactions in the Formation of
Neuronal
Connections
597
Molecular Basis of Trophic Interactions
600
BOX 23C WHY DO NEURONS HAVE
DENDRITES?
600
Neurotrophin Signaling
603
BOX 23D THE DISCOVERY OF BDNF AND THE
NEUROTROPHIN FAMILY
604
Summary
608
CHAPTER
24
Modification of Brain Circuits as a
Result of Experience
611
Overview
611
Critical Periods
611
BOX24A BUILT-IN BEHAVIORS
612
The Development of Language: A Critical Period for
Human Behavior
614
Critical Periods in Visual System Development
616
BOX24B BIRDSONG
616
BOX 24C
TRANSNEURONAL
LABELING WITH RADIOACTIVE
AMINO
ACIDS
619
Effects of Visual Deprivation on Ocular Dominance
620
Visual Deprivation and Amblyopia in Humans
624
Mechanisms by which
Neuronal
Activity Affects the
Development of Neural Circuits
625
BOX 24D CORRELATION AS CAUSATION:
LESSONS FROM A THREE-EYED FROG
627
Cellular and Molecular Correlates of Activity-Dependent
Plasticity during Critical Periods
629
Evidence for Critical Periods in Other Sensory
Systems
632
Summary
632
CONTENTS
XV
CHAPTER
25
Repair and Regeneration in the
Nervous System
635
Overview
635
The Damaged Brain
635
Three Types of Brain Repair
636
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
638
The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Peripheral Nerve
Repair
639
Regeneration of Peripheral Synapses
642
Regeneration after Damage to the Central Nervous
System
644
BOX 25A SPECIFIC REGENERATION OF SYNAPTIC
CONNECTIONS IN AUTONOMIC GANGLIA
644
Cellular and Molecular Responses to Brain Injury
646
Axon Growth after Brain Injury
648
Generation and Replacement of Neurons in the Adult
Brain
649
Adult Neurogenesis in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates
650
Neurogenesis in the Adult Mammalian Brain
652
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Adult
Neurogenesis
652
BOX25B NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND NEUROGENESIS
656
Adult Neurogenesis, Stem Cells, and Brain Repair in
Humans
658
Summary
658
UnitV
Complex Brain Functions
CHAPTER
26
The Association Cortices
663
Overview
663
The Association Cortices
663
An Overview of Cortical Structure
664
BOX26A CORTICAL
LAMINATJON 666
Specific Features of the Association Cortices
667
Lesions of the Parietal Association Cortex:
Deficits of Attention
668
Lesions of the Temporal Association Cortex:
Deficits of Recognition
671
Lesions of the Frontal Association Cortex:
Deficits of Planning
673
"Attention Neurons" in the Monkey Parietal Cortex
674
BOX26B PSYCHOSURGERY
675
"Recognition Neurons" in the Monkey Temporal Cortex
678
"Planning Neurons" in the Monkey Frontal Cortex
680
BOX26C NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
682
Summary
683
BOX26D BRAIN SIZE AND INTELLIGENCE
684
CHAPTER
27
Speech and Language
687
Overview
687
Language Is Both Localized and Lateralized
687
BOX27A SPEECH
688
Aphasias
690
BOX27B DO OTHER ANIMALS HAVE LANGUAGE?
691
BOX27C WORDS AND MEANING
693
Confirmation of Language Lateralization and Other
Insights
696
BOX27D LANGUAGE AND HANDEDNESS
698
Anatomical Differences between the Right and Left
Hemispheres
700
Mapping Language Functions
701
The Role of the Right Hemisphere in Language
704
Sign Language
704
Summary
706
XVI
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
28
Sleep and Wakefulness
707
Overview
707
Why Do Humans (and Many Other Animals) Sleep?
707
BOX 28A SLEEP STYLES IN DIFFERENT SPECIES
709
The Orcadian Cycle of Sleep and Wakefulness
710
BOX 28B MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF BIOLOGICAL
CLOCKS
713
Stages of Sleep
714
BOX28C ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
715
Physiological Changes in Sleep States
719
The Possible Functions of
REM
Sleep and Dreaming
719
Neural Circuits Governing Sleep
721
BOX28D CONSCIOUSNESS
722
Thalamocortical Interactions
726
BOX28E DRUGS AND SLEEP
726
Sleep Disorders
728
Summary
730
CHAPTER
29
Emotions
733
Overview
733
Physiological Changes Associated with Emotion
733
The Integration of Emotional Behavior
734
BOX 29A FACIAL EXPRESSIONS:
PYRAMIDALAND
EXTRAPYRAMIDAL
CONTRIBUTIONS
735
The
Limbie
System
739
BOX29B THE ANATOMY OF THE AMYGDALA
742
The Importance of the Amygdala
743
BOX 29C THE REASONING BEHIND AN IMPORTANT
DISCOVERY
744
The Relationship between Neocortex and Amygdala
746
BOX 29D FEAR AND THE HUMAN AMYGDALA:
A CASE STUDY
747
Cortical Lateralization of Emotional Functions
749
BOX 29E AFFECTIVE DISORDERS
750
Emotion, Reason, and Social Behavior
752
Emotional Reinforcement and Addiction
753
Summary
758
CHAPTER
30
Sex, Sexuality, and the Brain
761
Overview
761
Sexual Dimorphisms and Sexually Dimorphic
Behaviors
761
Sex, Gonads, Bodies, and Brains
763
Hormonal Influences on Sexual Dimorphism
765
Representation of Primary Sexual Dimorphisms in the
Brain
767
Brain Dimorphisms and the Control of Reproductive
Behaviors
769
Structural and Functional Dimorphisms for Parenting
Behaviors
771
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Sexually Dimorphic
Structures and Behaviors
774
BOX 30A THE GOOD MOTHER
774
Steroid Receptors and Responses in the Adult Brain
777
Human Genetic Disorders of
Genotypie
and Phenotypic
Sex
778
Sexual Orientation and the Brain: Molecular and Genetic
Analysis
781
BOX
ЗОВ
THE CASE OF BRUCE/BRENDA
782
Sexual Orientation and Human Brain Structure
784
Sex-Based Differences in Cognitive Functions
785
Summary
788
CHAPTER
31
Memory
791
Overview
791
Qualitative Categories of Human Memory
791
Temporal Categories of Memory
792
BOX
31
A PHYLOGENETIC MEMORY
793
The Importance of Association in Information
Storage
794
BOX31B SAVANT SYNDROME
796
Forgetting
797
Brain Systems Underlying Declarative Memory
Formation
799
BOX
31
С
CLINICAL CASES REVEAL THE ANATOMICAL
SUBSTRATE FOR DECLARATIVE MEMORIES
801
Brain Systems Underlying
Long-Term
Storage of
Declarative Memory
805
Brain Systems Underlying Nondeclarative Learning and
Memory
807
Memory and Aging
809
Summary
810
BOX
31
D
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
811
CONTENTS
xvii
APPENDIX
Survey of
Human
Neuroanatomy
815
Overview
815
Neuroanatomical Terminology
815
Basic Subdivisions of the Central Nervous
System
816
External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
819
Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
819
Brainstem and Cranial Nerves
822
Lateral Surface of the Brain
827
Dorsal and Ventral Surfaces of the Brain
828
Midsagittal Surface of the Brain
829
Internal Anatomy of the Forebrain
831
Blood Supply of the Brain and Spinal Cord
833
The Blood-Brain Barrier
837
BOXA
STROKE
837
The
Meninges
839
The Ventricular System
840
ATLAS
The Human Central Nervous
System
843
Plate
1:
Brain Surface
844
Plate
2:
Coronal MR
846
Plate
3:
Axial MR
848
Plate
4:
Sagittal MR
852
Plate
5:
Brainstem
854
Plate
6:
Spinal Cord
856
Glossary G-l
Illustration Credits IC-1
Index
1-ї |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1029271143 |
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| bvnumber | BV022525444 |
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| classification_rvk | CZ 1100 WW 2200 WW 2204 |
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| dewey-full | 612.8 |
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| dewey-sort | 3612.8 |
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| discipline | Biologie Psychologie Medizin |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie Psychologie Medizin |
| edition | 4. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV022525444 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:04:43Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:59:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780878936977 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 004003973 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015732137 |
| oclc_num | 144771764 |
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| physical | Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
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| publisher | Sinauer |
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| spelling | Neuroscience ed. by Dale Purves ... 4. ed. Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer 2008 Getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Neurofisiologia larpcal Neuroquímica larpcal Nervous System Physiological Phenomena Neurochemistry Neurosciences Neurowissenschaften (DE-588)7555119-6 gnd rswk-swf Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd rswk-swf Neuropsychologie (DE-588)4135740-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 s DE-604 Neuropsychologie (DE-588)4135740-1 s Neurowissenschaften (DE-588)7555119-6 s b DE-604 Purves, Dale 1938- Sonstige (DE-588)1029271143 oth http://www.sinauer.com/neuroscience4e Buchbegleitseiten Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015732137&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Neuroscience Neurofisiologia larpcal Neuroquímica larpcal Nervous System Physiological Phenomena Neurochemistry Neurosciences Neurowissenschaften (DE-588)7555119-6 gnd Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd Neuropsychologie (DE-588)4135740-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)7555119-6 (DE-588)4041897-2 (DE-588)4135740-1 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Neuroscience |
| title_auth | Neuroscience |
| title_exact_search | Neuroscience |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Neuroscience |
| title_full | Neuroscience ed. by Dale Purves ... |
| title_fullStr | Neuroscience ed. by Dale Purves ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neuroscience ed. by Dale Purves ... |
| title_short | Neuroscience |
| title_sort | neuroscience |
| topic | Neurofisiologia larpcal Neuroquímica larpcal Nervous System Physiological Phenomena Neurochemistry Neurosciences Neurowissenschaften (DE-588)7555119-6 gnd Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd Neuropsychologie (DE-588)4135740-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Neurofisiologia Neuroquímica Nervous System Physiological Phenomena Neurochemistry Neurosciences Neurowissenschaften Neurophysiologie Neuropsychologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://www.sinauer.com/neuroscience4e http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015732137&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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