Polskie zabiegi o odszkodowania niemieckie w latach 1944/45 - 1975:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Wrocław
Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego
2007
|
| Series: | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis
2930 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Polish efforts for German reparations in the years 1944/45 - 1975 |
| Physical Description: | 341 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788322927892 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804136632031379456 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
.............................................................. 7
Rozdział
1.
Problem odszkodowań w planach władz polskich i aliantów koalicji antyhitle¬
rowskiej
.......................................................... 21
1.1.
Rząd polski na emigracji
1944/45................................... 21
1.2.
Prace Biura Rewindykacji i Odszkodowań Wojennych przy Prezydium Rady Mini¬
strów w Warszawie
1945-1947..................................... 26
1.3.
Plany koalicji antyhitlerowskiej w kwestii odszkodowań
................... 31
Rozdział
2.
Między literą prawa a polityką. Odszkodowania niemieckie do końca lat
60. 41
2.1.
Podstawy prawne
............................................... 41
2.2.
Polscy dipisi
................................................... 51
2.3.
Polska emigracja polityczna
....................................... 62
2.4.
Księża
........................................................ 79
2.5.
Polscy robotnicy przymusowi w
ΙΠ
Rzeszy i na terenach okupowanych
........ 82
2.6.
Ofiary eksperymentów medycznych
.................................. 97
Rozdział
3
(Ekskurs). Rezygnacja z pobierania reparacji od NRD w
1953
r. a kwestia od¬
szkodowań indywidualnych dla polskich ofiar okupacji niemieckiej
.............. 132
Rozdział
4.
Między polityką a moralnością. Odszkodowania niemieckie od końca lat
60.
do
1975
r.
....................................................... 144
4.1.
Polskie inicjatywy na forum ONZ
................................... 148
4.2.
Działalność komisji odszkodowawczych, próby oszacowania wielkości roszczeń
wobec RFN
................................................... 156
4.3.
„Polityka wschodnia a podjęcie rozmów o odszkodowaniach dla Polski
....... 171
4.4.
Wizyta W. Brandta w Polsce i podpisanie układu o normalizacji stosunków
..... 182
4.5.
Sprawa odszkodowań dla Polski po podpisaniu układu o normalizacji (do tzw. prze¬
łomu helsińskiego)
.............................................. 195
4.5.1.
Podpisanie układu globalnego z tytułu eksperymentów medycznych
..... 202
4.5.2.
Zabiegi o przyznanie odszkodowań dla więźniów obozów koncentracyjnych
i robotników przymusowych
.................................. 219
4.6.
Przełom
helsinskí i
podpisanie umowy rentowej
......................... 253
Rozdział
5.
Działalność niemieckich organizacji pozarządowych na rzecz wypłaty odszko¬
dowań dla Polski
................................................... 264
5.1.
„Dzieło im. Maksymiliana Kolbego
(„Maximilian-Kolbe-Werk )
............ 264
5.2.
„Znaki nadziei
(„Zeichen der Hoffnung )............................. 267
Zakończenie
......................................................... 270
6
Spis treści
Bibliografia
.......................................................... 279
Źródła archiwalne
................................................... 279
Źródła drukowane
.................................................. 280
Prasa
......................................................... 280
Wspomnienia, przemówienia, wybory dokumentów
....................... 280
Wybrana literatura
.................................................. 282
Aneks.
............................................................. 293
Kalendarium
...................................................... 294
Wybór dokumentów
................................................. 315
1. 10
grudnia
1945
г.,
Kwestionariusz dotyczący szkód wojennych dla miast
....... 315
2. 5
października
I960
г.,
Układ między Wysokim Komisarzem ONZ ds. Uchodźców
a Rządem Republiki Federalnej Niemiec w przedmiocie świadczeń
na
rzecz poszko¬
dowanych ze względu na ich narodowość wraz z protokołem
................ 319
3. 1961,
Pismo w sprawie przyznania pomocy przez Międzynarodowy Komitet Czer¬
wonego Krzyża z tytułu eksperymentów medycznych wraz z pokwitowaniem odbio¬
ru tej pomocy
................................................... 322
4. 6
lutego
1967
г.,
Zestawienie ilości osób uprawnionych do odszkodowania. Załącz¬
nik nr
1
do wstępnego opracowania „Sprawy roszczeń Polski wobec NRF o odszko¬
dowania wojenne
................................................ 324
5. 6
lutego
1967
г.,
Zestawienie ilości wdów i sierot uprawnionych do odszkodowania.
Załącznik nr
2
do wstępnego opracowania „Sprawy roszczeń Polski wobec NRF o od¬
szkodowania wojenne
............................................ 325
6. 29
listopada
1970
г.,
Tezy do rozmów w sprawach odszkodowawczo-gospodarczych
326
7. 1
grudnia
1970
г.,
Zestawienie ilości osób uprawnionych do odszkodowania oraz
przybliżona wysokość należnych sum odszkodowawczych
.................. 329
Summary
........................................................... 331
Indeks nazwisk
....................................................... 335
Polish efforts for German reparations
in the years
1944/45-1975
Summary
The problem of reparations for war damages has burdened Polish-German relations for years.
Neither the international situation nor the attitude of the German authorities and society has
favoured the resolution of this matter. The problem was complicated already in the late
1940s
with the onset of the Cold War. It was made conspicuous by the division of Germany and the
foundation in
1949
of two German states. The nominal successor of the Third Reich treated
the issue of reparations instrumentally, though not completely avoiding taking at least some
responsibility. In an effort to facilitate its quick accession to the political structures of west¬
ern Europe, it expressed a readiness to commence a bilateral discourse and the signing of
proper reparations documents. Such agreements were signed at the turn of
1950s
and
1960s.
Simultaneously, reparations bills were passed in the Federal Republic of Germany which,
however, satisfied only some claims and at the same time excluded whole groups of victims
and deprived them of the possibility to apply for any compensation. These bills were harm¬
ful, above all, to the victims from behind the Iron Curtain states, including the citizens of
the Polish People s Republic. The rejection of claims applications was most often explained
by either the lack of diplomatic relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the
states of the communist bloc (the so-called diplomatic clause), or by the lack of a peace treaty
which was supposed to regulate these matters. Moreover, at the end of the
1960s
the settle¬
ment of a time limit for claims was proposed.
At the time, West German society was focused on economic restoration and on a process
of domestic integration, generally supported the government s position and for years expressed
neither a readiness nor interest in expanding the scope of help for the victims of Nazism, espe¬
cially for those in the communist East. There may have been grounds for such an attitude.
After years of Nazi anarchy, they wanted to forget it as soon as possible, even expunge it from
memory, at the price of reflection. Because most of the victims were living in the part of
Europe controlled by the USSR, the apparent anti-communist attitude of the West German
authorities and the public was very comfortable, being excused as it were from having to deal
with these difficult matters. Such attitudes were often supported by the republic s highest
authorities, as they wanted to integrate German society as soon as possible, including mil¬
lions of refugees and settlers from the territories lost in the East, and to convince the people
to build the democratic structures in a new state. It led to a kind of silent amnesty for soci¬
ety, with the exclusion of some of the most conspicuous crimes that had been judged by Allied
tribunals. There was no will to deal with the issues of the recent past or to deal with the finan¬
cial reparations for the victims of Hitler s occupation policy.
In reference to Poland
-
apart from the lack of diplomatic relations and its submission to
USSR
-
there was an additional problem caused by the postwar border shift and the expul¬
sion of the German people from the lost territories.
332
Polish efforts for German reparations
The loss of former German eastern provinces, which was generally not accepted for at
least two postwar decades, and the sufferings of Germans from the East after the war, were
repeatedly (either officially or in the opinions of the common citizens of the Federal Republic
of Germany) set against the notion of reparations for the Poles. Some changes in the attitudes
of certain social groups of western Germany were noticeable only in the
1960s.
The activi¬
ties of German Catholics from Pax
Christi
and the
Bensberger
Kreis
should be mentioned, as
well as these of representatives of the Protestant Churches. Their statements also touched on
righteous compensation for crimes and Nazi exploitation. These activities became more appar¬
ent in the
1970s.
American pressure influenced West German authorities to examine the issue of reparations
for the victims from the East. In the
1960s
the Federal Republic started to financially support
the so-called
Lapins ,
Polish victims that were submitted to medical experiments in German
concentration camps. Apart from that, payments to Polish political refugees, who had been
oppressed by the national socialist regime during the war and who afterwards lived in west¬
ern countries, were regulated. It seems that these were the only groups of people who received
money from the Federal Republic of Germany in the
1960s,
and this was rather a humani¬
tarian expression than reparations
sensu stricto.
The second half of the
1
960s brought about changes in West German society and its polit¬
ical elite. The election of the social-democratic leader and active opponent of Nazism, Willy
Brandt, as Chancellor was a symbol of these changes. His so-called eastern policy of open¬
ing up the eastern countries quickly brought effects. Not only did the Federal Republic sign
an agreement normalizing relations with Poland (including acknowledgement of the border),
but also it resumed difficult talks concerning reparations. It was, however, done reluctantly
and under outside pressure. It was feared that a possible Polish success would start an
avalanche of demands from other countries, which were in effect too expensive even for the
strong West German economy. Surely it should be considered a success that a lump-sum agree¬
ment to pay financial benefits to the victims of medical experiments was signed in
1972.
However, the way the money was disbursed raised great controversy in Poland.
The moral initiative of Willy Brandt towards this issue and other reparations matters can¬
not be denied, however, it must be noticed that he also saw clear boundaries for these con¬
cessions. He did not dare to settle the matter fully, and his successor- Helmut Schmidt
-
con¬
tinued Brandt s policy in this area. Schmidt offered only partial compensation by raising
the amount stipulated in the rent agreement and allowing the Polish People s Republic a loan
on favourable conditions, which only settled the matter partially. In the socialist reality of
Poland, the increased largesse and loan did not contribute to a boom in the Polish economy.
Neither did the victims of national socialism, whose misery was evoked when the agreement
was negotiated, benefit in any significant way. The way the talks were held and the fact that
its details were hidden from the public led to the conviction that, with the exception of some
limited group of victims, the majority of the oppressed did not receive anything.
The problem of reparations from the other German state, the German Democratic Republic,
was also very complicated. Poland
-
according to the resolutions of the anti-Hitler coalition
powers
-
obtained reparations from the occupation eastern zone, later the German Democratic
Republic, until
1953
(with Soviet mediation, which was disadvantageous to the calculations),
whereas reparations for individual victims were not discussed. For years East German soci¬
ety did not feel responsible for the harms done to Eastern Europe by Hitler s Germany, because
they did not feel an attachment to the Third Reich. Any connection with the imperial and
criminal traditions of the Nazi past was consciously broken with the establishment of a new
Polish efforts for German reparations
333
workers state. Only a few citizens of the GDR thought that East Germans, too, should feel
guilt for World War II crimes. It is worth here to point to the activities of the originators of
Action Penance Signs
(Aktion Sühnezeichen),
a Protestant,
Lothar Kreyssig
and a Catholic,
Günter Särchen.
At the turn of the
1950s
and
1960s
these men organized pilgrimages, often
against the advice of the communist authorities, to places of tortures in Poland in order to
remind Germans of their obligations towards the nations that were once subjugated by Hitler.
These actions were, however, isolated and did not have any significant influence on East
German society. The issue of East German reparations appeared in the context of Polish
-
West German negotiations at the beginning of the
1970s,
but without any consequences. The
Polish comrades were not interested in undertaking the problem.
The issue of reparations for war sufferings returned at the end of the
1980s.
The interna¬
tional situation had changed completely by then. The communist system had begun to col¬
lapse. The countries of East Central Europe formerly subordinated to the USSR gained their
independence and the possibility to build democracy. The two German states united. The
restrictive reparations bills of the
1950s
and
1960s
lost their validity. Resolutions of the
Constitutional Tribunal of the Federal Republic of Germany from the
mid-1990s
opened the
way for individual compensation claims before German Courts of Justice. On the basis and
as a result of months of negotiations, the international community, including Poland, suc¬
ceeded in negotiating an agreement that enabled the payment of reparations to the biggest
group of the Third Reich s victims: prisoners of concentration camps, and forced labourers
employed in industry and agriculture. Compensation came late, too late for many victims who
predeceased the agreement. Meanwhile, in the international arena this problem ceased to exist.
Indeed, even nowadays, various court cases for individual losses resulting from World
War
Π
(other than imprisonment and forced labour) are heard and turned down by the German
courts of justice. This includes also claims made by German citizens, former inhabitants of
the eastern Third Reich. As an example, the activities of a group of expellees known as the
Prussian Trust can be highlighted. The fact that such claims were put forward raised discus¬
sions in Poland, including a heated parliamentary debate. Generally, the Polish authorities and
the public agree that no compensation should be paid to the Germans. Many agreed that any
discussion about this matter would lead to relativism in the perception of German crimes, and
that the death and suffering of the victims were indirectly undermined by such discussion.
Only in the case of the so-called late re-settlers was some readiness expressed to solve open
issues. This problem became part of the controversies stemming from the establishment of
the Centre Against Expulsions, which in Poland was perceived as the questioning by at least
some Germans of the historical truth about the events of
1940s.
The aim of this study is to present the Polish position towards reparations during the last
period of World War II and in the first postwar decades (until
1975).
This concerns both con¬
ceptual, archival works and political actions. I am especially interested in individual claims
and all other issues not included in state compensation. Initially the concept of compensation
in Poland referred to all claims resulting from the consequences of the war. However, in the
1950s
state-to-state claims began to be clearly differentiated from those put forward by citi¬
zens of one state towards the other state. In those days the only possibility to apply for any
compensation was from the Federal Republic of Germany, because in
1953
Poland, under
Soviet influence, resigned from the collection of reparations from all of Germany. The
caesuras of this study,
1944-1975,
though not the same as these of the Polish People s
Republic entire existence, are in fact exhaustive for the problem in reference to the commu¬
nist times. After
1975
no new actions were undertaken and only the money received from
334
Polish efforts for German reparations
West Germany was distributed. The way it was done, however, was criticized by the Polish
public, which had reasonable grounds
-
an issue also included in this thesis.
For the needs of this study, numerous Polish and German archival documents were
analysed. American archival sources were also used. A detailed register of these is to be found
at the end of the book. The research was wide-ranging as the materials directly concerning
the problem are scattered. The most significant materials used for this study are located in the
Archives of the Institute for National Remembrance (Warsaw), and include the most impor¬
tant documents of the Central Commission for Research on Hitler s Crimes in Poland.
Archival materials of the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Archives of
Modern Records were a weighty complement. Research in the Archives of the Federal
Republic of Germany s Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Berlin also brought some interesting
results. Special attention was paid to the actions of an inter-ministerial commission which was
set up at the beginning of the
1950s,
whose aim was to examine compensation claims, includ¬
ing Polish ones. Materials gathered in the Polish Institute and the Museum of
Władysław
Sikorski (London) and these gathered at the Centre for Studies of Polish Emigration in
Germany (Historical Institute, University of Wroclaw) turned out to be very interesting as
well. They enabled the presentation of the opinions and actions of Polish Emigration towards
the issue of reparations from the Federal Republic.
The existing printed sources and literature of the subject were employed as well. The lat¬
ter is not too numerous although lately a few new books were published concerning some of
the aspects of the matter in question. Undoubtedly, the lack of usage of the German archives
constitutes a failing of these publications. The matter of Polish compensation claims after
1945
was not a subject of broad German research. These issues were tackled only marginal¬
ly, most frequently in the context of forced labourers claims.
Translated by
Agnieszka Tuchorska
|
| adam_txt |
Spis
tresei
Wstęp
. 7
Rozdział
1.
Problem odszkodowań w planach władz polskich i aliantów koalicji antyhitle¬
rowskiej
. 21
1.1.
Rząd polski na emigracji
1944/45. 21
1.2.
Prace Biura Rewindykacji i Odszkodowań Wojennych przy Prezydium Rady Mini¬
strów w Warszawie
1945-1947. 26
1.3.
Plany koalicji antyhitlerowskiej w kwestii odszkodowań
. 31
Rozdział
2.
Między literą prawa a polityką. Odszkodowania niemieckie do końca lat
60. 41
2.1.
Podstawy prawne
. 41
2.2.
Polscy dipisi
. 51
2.3.
Polska emigracja polityczna
. 62
2.4.
Księża
. 79
2.5.
Polscy robotnicy przymusowi w
ΙΠ
Rzeszy i na terenach okupowanych
. 82
2.6.
Ofiary eksperymentów medycznych
. 97
Rozdział
3
(Ekskurs). Rezygnacja z pobierania reparacji od NRD w
1953
r. a kwestia od¬
szkodowań indywidualnych dla polskich ofiar okupacji niemieckiej
. 132
Rozdział
4.
Między polityką a moralnością. Odszkodowania niemieckie od końca lat
60.
do
1975
r.
. 144
4.1.
Polskie inicjatywy na forum ONZ
. 148
4.2.
Działalność komisji odszkodowawczych, próby oszacowania wielkości roszczeń
wobec RFN
. 156
4.3.
„Polityka wschodnia" a podjęcie rozmów o odszkodowaniach dla Polski
. 171
4.4.
Wizyta W. Brandta w Polsce i podpisanie układu o normalizacji stosunków
. 182
4.5.
Sprawa odszkodowań dla Polski po podpisaniu układu o normalizacji (do tzw. prze¬
łomu helsińskiego)
. 195
4.5.1.
Podpisanie układu globalnego z tytułu eksperymentów medycznych
. 202
4.5.2.
Zabiegi o przyznanie odszkodowań dla więźniów obozów koncentracyjnych
i robotników przymusowych
. 219
4.6.
Przełom
helsinskí i
podpisanie umowy rentowej
. 253
Rozdział
5.
Działalność niemieckich organizacji pozarządowych na rzecz wypłaty odszko¬
dowań dla Polski
. 264
5.1.
„Dzieło im. Maksymiliana Kolbego"
(„Maximilian-Kolbe-Werk")
. 264
5.2.
„Znaki nadziei"
(„Zeichen der Hoffnung"). 267
Zakończenie
. 270
6
Spis treści
Bibliografia
. 279
Źródła archiwalne
. 279
Źródła drukowane
. 280
Prasa
. 280
Wspomnienia, przemówienia, wybory dokumentów
. 280
Wybrana literatura
. 282
Aneks.
. 293
Kalendarium
. 294
Wybór dokumentów
. 315
1. 10
grudnia
1945
г.,
Kwestionariusz dotyczący szkód wojennych dla miast
. 315
2. 5
października
I960
г.,
Układ między Wysokim Komisarzem ONZ ds. Uchodźców
a Rządem Republiki Federalnej Niemiec w przedmiocie świadczeń
na
rzecz poszko¬
dowanych ze względu na ich narodowość wraz z protokołem
. 319
3. 1961,
Pismo w sprawie przyznania pomocy przez Międzynarodowy Komitet Czer¬
wonego Krzyża z tytułu eksperymentów medycznych wraz z pokwitowaniem odbio¬
ru tej pomocy
. 322
4. 6
lutego
1967
г.,
Zestawienie ilości osób uprawnionych do odszkodowania. Załącz¬
nik nr
1
do wstępnego opracowania „Sprawy roszczeń Polski wobec NRF o odszko¬
dowania wojenne"
. 324
5. 6
lutego
1967
г.,
Zestawienie ilości wdów i sierot uprawnionych do odszkodowania.
Załącznik nr
2
do wstępnego opracowania „Sprawy roszczeń Polski wobec NRF o od¬
szkodowania wojenne"
. 325
6. 29
listopada
1970
г.,
Tezy do rozmów w sprawach odszkodowawczo-gospodarczych
326
7. 1
grudnia
1970
г.,
Zestawienie ilości osób uprawnionych do odszkodowania oraz
przybliżona wysokość należnych sum odszkodowawczych
. 329
Summary
. 331
Indeks nazwisk
. 335
Polish efforts for German reparations
in the years
1944/45-1975
Summary
The problem of reparations for war damages has burdened Polish-German relations for years.
Neither the international situation nor the attitude of the German authorities and society has
favoured the resolution of this matter. The problem was complicated already in the late
1940s
with the onset of the Cold War. It was made conspicuous by the division of Germany and the
foundation in
1949
of two German states. The nominal successor of the Third Reich treated
the issue of reparations instrumentally, though not completely avoiding taking at least some
responsibility. In an effort to facilitate its quick accession to the political structures of west¬
ern Europe, it expressed a readiness to commence a bilateral discourse and the signing of
proper reparations documents. Such agreements were signed at the turn of
1950s
and
1960s.
Simultaneously, reparations bills were passed in the Federal Republic of Germany which,
however, satisfied only some claims and at the same time excluded whole groups of victims
and deprived them of the possibility to apply for any compensation. These bills were harm¬
ful, above all, to the victims from behind the "Iron Curtain" states, including the citizens of
the Polish People's Republic. The rejection of claims applications was most often explained
by either the lack of diplomatic relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the
states of the communist bloc (the so-called diplomatic clause), or by the lack of a peace treaty
which was supposed to regulate these matters. Moreover, at the end of the
1960s
the settle¬
ment of a time limit for claims was proposed.
At the time, West German society was focused on economic restoration and on a process
of domestic integration, generally supported the government's position and for years expressed
neither a readiness nor interest in expanding the scope of help for the victims of Nazism, espe¬
cially for those in the communist East. There may have been grounds for such an attitude.
After years of Nazi anarchy, they wanted to forget it as soon as possible, even expunge it from
memory, at the price of reflection. Because most of the victims were living in the part of
Europe controlled by the USSR, the apparent anti-communist attitude of the West German
authorities and the public was very comfortable, being excused as it were from having to deal
with these difficult matters. Such attitudes were often supported by the republic's highest
authorities, as they wanted to integrate German society as soon as possible, including mil¬
lions of refugees and settlers from the territories lost in the East, and to convince the people
to build the democratic structures in a new state. It led to a kind of silent amnesty for soci¬
ety, with the exclusion of some of the most conspicuous crimes that had been judged by Allied
tribunals. There was no will to deal with the issues of the recent past or to deal with the finan¬
cial reparations for the victims of Hitler's occupation policy.
In reference to Poland
-
apart from the lack of diplomatic relations and its submission to
USSR
-
there was an additional problem caused by the postwar border shift and the expul¬
sion of the German people from the lost territories.
332
Polish efforts for German reparations
The loss of former German eastern provinces, which was generally not accepted for at
least two postwar decades, and the sufferings of Germans from the East after the war, were
repeatedly (either officially or in the opinions of the common citizens of the Federal Republic
of Germany) set against the notion of reparations for the Poles. Some changes in the attitudes
of certain social groups of western Germany were noticeable only in the
1960s.
The activi¬
ties of German Catholics from Pax
Christi
and the
Bensberger
Kreis
should be mentioned, as
well as these of representatives of the Protestant Churches. Their statements also touched on
righteous compensation for crimes and Nazi exploitation. These activities became more appar¬
ent in the
1970s.
American pressure influenced West German authorities to examine the issue of reparations
for the victims from the East. In the
1960s
the Federal Republic started to financially support
the so-called
"Lapins",
Polish victims that were submitted to medical experiments in German
concentration camps. Apart from that, payments to Polish political refugees, who had been
oppressed by the national socialist regime during the war and who afterwards lived in west¬
ern countries, were regulated. It seems that these were the only groups of people who received
money from the Federal Republic of Germany in the
1960s,
and this was rather a humani¬
tarian expression than reparations
sensu stricto.
The second half of the
1
960s brought about changes in West German society and its polit¬
ical elite. The election of the social-democratic leader and active opponent of Nazism, Willy
Brandt, as Chancellor was a symbol of these changes. His so-called "eastern policy" of open¬
ing up the eastern countries quickly brought effects. Not only did the Federal Republic sign
an agreement normalizing relations with Poland (including acknowledgement of the border),
but also it resumed difficult talks concerning reparations. It was, however, done reluctantly
and under outside pressure. It was feared that a possible Polish success would start an
avalanche of demands from other countries, which were in effect too expensive even for the
strong West German economy. Surely it should be considered a success that a lump-sum agree¬
ment to pay financial benefits to the victims of medical experiments was signed in
1972.
However, the way the money was disbursed raised great controversy in Poland.
The moral initiative of Willy Brandt towards this issue and other reparations matters can¬
not be denied, however, it must be noticed that he also saw clear boundaries for these con¬
cessions. He did not dare to settle the matter fully, and his successor- Helmut Schmidt
-
con¬
tinued Brandt's policy in this area. Schmidt offered only "partial compensation" by raising
the amount stipulated in the rent agreement and allowing the Polish People's Republic a loan
on favourable conditions, which only settled the matter partially. In the socialist reality of
Poland, the increased largesse and loan did not contribute to a boom in the Polish economy.
Neither did the victims of national socialism, whose misery was evoked when the agreement
was negotiated, benefit in any significant way. The way the talks were held and the fact that
its details were hidden from the public led to the conviction that, with the exception of some
limited group of victims, the majority of the oppressed did not receive anything.
The problem of reparations from the other German state, the German Democratic Republic,
was also very complicated. Poland
-
according to the resolutions of the anti-Hitler coalition
powers
-
obtained reparations from the occupation eastern zone, later the German Democratic
Republic, until
1953
(with Soviet mediation, which was disadvantageous to the calculations),
whereas reparations for individual victims were not discussed. For years East German soci¬
ety did not feel responsible for the harms done to Eastern Europe by Hitler's Germany, because
they did not feel an attachment to the Third Reich. Any connection with the imperial and
criminal traditions of the Nazi past was consciously broken with the establishment of a new
Polish efforts for German reparations
333
workers' state. Only a few citizens of the GDR thought that East Germans, too, should feel
guilt for World War II crimes. It is worth here to point to the activities of the originators of
Action Penance Signs
(Aktion Sühnezeichen),
a Protestant,
Lothar Kreyssig
and a Catholic,
Günter Särchen.
At the turn of the
1950s
and
1960s
these men organized pilgrimages, often
against the advice of the communist authorities, to places of tortures in Poland in order to
remind Germans of their obligations towards the nations that were once subjugated by Hitler.
These actions were, however, isolated and did not have any significant influence on East
German society. The issue of East German reparations appeared in the context of Polish
-
West German negotiations at the beginning of the
1970s,
but without any consequences. The
Polish "comrades" were not interested in undertaking the problem.
The issue of reparations for war sufferings returned at the end of the
1980s.
The interna¬
tional situation had changed completely by then. The communist system had begun to col¬
lapse. The countries of East Central Europe formerly subordinated to the USSR gained their
independence and the possibility to build democracy. The two German states united. The
restrictive reparations bills of the
1950s
and
1960s
lost their validity. Resolutions of the
Constitutional Tribunal of the Federal Republic of Germany from the
mid-1990s
opened the
way for individual compensation claims before German Courts of Justice. On the basis and
as a result of months of negotiations, the international community, including Poland, suc¬
ceeded in negotiating an agreement that enabled the payment of reparations to the biggest
group of the Third Reich's victims: prisoners of concentration camps, and forced labourers
employed in industry and agriculture. Compensation came late, too late for many victims who
predeceased the agreement. Meanwhile, in the international arena this problem ceased to exist.
Indeed, even nowadays, various court cases for individual losses resulting from World
War
Π
(other than imprisonment and forced labour) are heard and turned down by the German
courts of justice. This includes also claims made by German citizens, former inhabitants of
the eastern Third Reich. As an example, the activities of a group of expellees known as the
Prussian Trust can be highlighted. The fact that such claims were put forward raised discus¬
sions in Poland, including a heated parliamentary debate. Generally, the Polish authorities and
the public agree that no compensation should be paid to the Germans. Many agreed that any
discussion about this matter would lead to relativism in the perception of German crimes, and
that the death and suffering of the victims were indirectly undermined by such discussion.
Only in the case of the so-called late re-settlers was some readiness expressed to solve open
issues. This problem became part of the controversies stemming from the establishment of
the Centre Against Expulsions, which in Poland was perceived as the questioning by at least
some Germans of the historical truth about the events of
1940s.
The aim of this study is to present the Polish position towards reparations during the last
period of World War II and in the first postwar decades (until
1975).
This concerns both con¬
ceptual, archival works and political actions. I am especially interested in individual claims
and all other issues not included in state compensation. Initially the concept of compensation
in Poland referred to all claims resulting from the consequences of the war. However, in the
1950s
state-to-state claims began to be clearly differentiated from those put forward by citi¬
zens of one state towards the other state. In those days the only possibility to apply for any
compensation was from the Federal Republic of Germany, because in
1953
Poland, under
Soviet influence, resigned from the collection of reparations from all of Germany. The
caesuras of this study,
1944-1975,
though not the same as these of the Polish People's
Republic entire existence, are in fact exhaustive for the problem in reference to the commu¬
nist times. After
1975
no new actions were undertaken and only the money received from
334
Polish efforts for German reparations
West Germany was distributed. The way it was done, however, was criticized by the Polish
public, which had reasonable grounds
-
an issue also included in this thesis.
For the needs of this study, numerous Polish and German archival documents were
analysed. American archival sources were also used. A detailed register of these is to be found
at the end of the book. The research was wide-ranging as the materials directly concerning
the problem are scattered. The most significant materials used for this study are located in the
Archives of the Institute for National Remembrance (Warsaw), and include the most impor¬
tant documents of the Central Commission for Research on Hitler's Crimes in Poland.
Archival materials of the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Archives of
Modern Records were a weighty complement. Research in the Archives of the Federal
Republic of Germany's Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Berlin also brought some interesting
results. Special attention was paid to the actions of an inter-ministerial commission which was
set up at the beginning of the
1950s,
whose aim was to examine compensation claims, includ¬
ing Polish ones. Materials gathered in the Polish Institute and the Museum of
Władysław
Sikorski (London) and these gathered at the Centre for Studies of Polish Emigration in
Germany (Historical Institute, University of Wroclaw) turned out to be very interesting as
well. They enabled the presentation of the opinions and actions of Polish Emigration towards
the issue of reparations from the Federal Republic.
The existing printed sources and literature of the subject were employed as well. The lat¬
ter is not too numerous although lately a few new books were published concerning some of
the aspects of the matter in question. Undoubtedly, the lack of usage of the German archives
constitutes a failing of these publications. The matter of Polish compensation claims after
1945
was not a subject of broad German research. These issues were tackled only marginal¬
ly, most frequently in the context of forced labourers' claims.
Translated by
Agnieszka Tuchorska |
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| author | Ruchniewicz, Krzysztof 1967- |
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| id | DE-604.BV022524506 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:04:27Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:59:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788322927892 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015731199 |
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| physical | 341 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
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| publisher | Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis |
| series2 | Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis / Historia Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis |
| spelling | Ruchniewicz, Krzysztof 1967- Verfasser (DE-588)124485774 aut Polskie zabiegi o odszkodowania niemieckie w latach 1944/45 - 1975 Krzysztof Ruchniewicz Wrocław Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego 2007 341 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis / Historia 174 Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 2930 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Polish efforts for German reparations in the years 1944/45 - 1975 Geschichte 1944-1975 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitische Beziehungen fes Kriegsentschädigung fes Außenpolitik Weltkrieg (1939-1945) World War, 1939-1945 Reparations Reparationen (DE-588)4177802-9 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Polen fes Deutschland Polen Germany Foreign relations Poland Poland Foreign relations Germany Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s Reparationen (DE-588)4177802-9 s Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 g Geschichte 1944-1975 z DE-604 Historia Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 174 (DE-604)BV008005237 174 Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 2930 (DE-604)BV004668106 2930 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015731199&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015731199&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ruchniewicz, Krzysztof 1967- Polskie zabiegi o odszkodowania niemieckie w latach 1944/45 - 1975 Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis Außenpolitische Beziehungen fes Kriegsentschädigung fes Außenpolitik Weltkrieg (1939-1945) World War, 1939-1945 Reparations Reparationen (DE-588)4177802-9 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4177802-9 (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4011882-4 |
| title | Polskie zabiegi o odszkodowania niemieckie w latach 1944/45 - 1975 |
| title_auth | Polskie zabiegi o odszkodowania niemieckie w latach 1944/45 - 1975 |
| title_exact_search | Polskie zabiegi o odszkodowania niemieckie w latach 1944/45 - 1975 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Polskie zabiegi o odszkodowania niemieckie w latach 1944/45 - 1975 |
| title_full | Polskie zabiegi o odszkodowania niemieckie w latach 1944/45 - 1975 Krzysztof Ruchniewicz |
| title_fullStr | Polskie zabiegi o odszkodowania niemieckie w latach 1944/45 - 1975 Krzysztof Ruchniewicz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polskie zabiegi o odszkodowania niemieckie w latach 1944/45 - 1975 Krzysztof Ruchniewicz |
| title_short | Polskie zabiegi o odszkodowania niemieckie w latach 1944/45 - 1975 |
| title_sort | polskie zabiegi o odszkodowania niemieckie w latach 1944 45 1975 |
| topic | Außenpolitische Beziehungen fes Kriegsentschädigung fes Außenpolitik Weltkrieg (1939-1945) World War, 1939-1945 Reparations Reparationen (DE-588)4177802-9 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitische Beziehungen Kriegsentschädigung Außenpolitik Weltkrieg (1939-1945) World War, 1939-1945 Reparations Reparationen Zweiter Weltkrieg Polen Deutschland Germany Foreign relations Poland Poland Foreign relations Germany |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015731199&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015731199&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV008005237 (DE-604)BV004668106 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ruchniewiczkrzysztof polskiezabiegioodszkodowanianiemieckiewlatach1944451975 |