Ocean waves breaking and marine aerosol fluxes:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York, NY
Springer
2007
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| Series: | Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library
38 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 323 S. zahlr. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780387366388 0387366385 9780387690926 0387690921 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text |
OCEAN WAVES BREAKING AND MARINE AEROSOL FLUXES STANISTAW R. MASSEL
INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY OF THE POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, SOPOT, POLAND
SPRINGER CONTENTS BASIC PROCESSES NEAR THE AIR-SEA INTERFACE 1 1.1
INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 SEA WATER 2 1.2.1 WATER ON EARTH 2 1.2.2 SEA WATER
DENSITY 3 1.2.3 SEA WATER VISCOSITY 4 1.3 THE STATE OF MATTER NEAR THE
INTERFACE 5 1.3.1 SURFACE TENSION 5 1.3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MOIST AIR 6
1.3.3 SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND THE ENERGY BUDGET . 7 1.3.4 THE
LIQUID-GAS INTERFACE AND ROLE OF WAVE BREAKING . 8 1.3.5 TRANSPORT OF
GASES ACROSS THE INTERFACE 9 MECHANICS OF STEEP AND BREAKING WAVES 11
2.1 INTRODUCTION 11 2.2 THEORY OF THE ALMOST-HIGHEST WAVES 12 2.3
INSTABILITIES OF UNIFORM WAVE TRAINS 16 2.4 NUMERICAL MODELLING OF STEEP
WAVES AND THEIR EVOLUTION TO BREAKING 23 2.4.1 NOTE ON SECOND-ORDER
MECHANICALLY GENERATED WAVES 23 2.4.2 NUMERICAL MODELLING OF STEEP WAVE
EVOLUTION 24 2.4.3 ONSET OF BREAKING FOR MODULATING SURFACE WAVES . . .
. 27 SPECTRAL AND STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF OCEAN WAVES 31 3.1
INTRODUCTION 31 3.2 SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF OCEAN WAVES 32 3.2.1
FREQUENCY SPECTRA OF OCEAN WAVES 32 3.2.1.1 SPECTRAL MOMENTS AND
SPECTRAL WIDTH PARAMETERS 32 3.2.1.2 TYPICAL SPECTRAL FORMS 34 3.2.2
DIRECTIONAL SPECTRAL FUNCTIONS 38 3.2.3 WAVE ENERGY BALANCE IN SPECTRAL
FORM 41 3.3 STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF OCEAN WAVES 44 3.3.1 PROBABILITY
DENSITY FUNCTIONS OF SURFACE ORDINATES . 44 XII CONTENTS 3.3.2
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF GAUSSIAN AND NON-GAUSSIAN SEA SURFACE 47 3.3.2.1
SIMULATION OF LINEAR RANDOM SEA WITH RANDOM PHASES ONLY 48 3.3.2.2
SIMULATION OF LINEAR RANDOM SEA WITH RANDOM PHASES AND AMPLITUDES 48
3.3.2.3 SIMULATION OF NON-GAUSSIAN RANDOM SEA . 49 3.3.3 PROBABILITY
DENSITY FUNCTION OF EXTREME WAVE DISPLACEMENTS 51 3.3.4 STRUCTURE OF
EXTREME WAVES 53 3.3.5 PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF LOCAL SURFACE
SLOPES OF SHORT AND LONG CRESTED WAVES 53 3.3.6 PROBABILITY DENSITY
FUNCTION OF WAVE HEIGHTS 59 3.3.7 PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF WAVE
AMPLITUDES OF NON-GAUSSIAN SEA 64 3.3.8 JOINT PROBABILITY DENSITY
FUNCTION OF WAVE AMPLITUDES AND WAVE PERIODS FOR NARROW BANDWIDTH WAVES
66 3.3.9 PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF WAVE PERIODS 68 3.3.10 JOINT
PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF WAVE AMPLITUDES AND WAVE PERIODS FOR
FINITE BANDWIDTH WAVES 69 3.3.11 PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF THE
HIGHEST WAVE IN A RECORD 72 4 EXPERIMENTAL INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS OF
WAVE BREAKING 75 4.1 INTRODUCTION 75 4.2 DEFINITIONS OF PARAMETERS OF
STEEP AND BREAKING WAVES 76 4.3 FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON WAVE BREAKING 79
4.3.1 WAVE GAUGE METHOD 79 4.3.2 VISUAL METHOD 82 4.3.3 AIR ENTRAINMENT
METHOD 84 4.3.4 ACOUSTIC METHOD 86 4.4 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON WAVE
BREAKING 87 4.4.1 BONMARIN'S (1989) EXPERIMENT 87 4.4.2 RAPP AND
MELVILLE'S (1990) EXPERIMENT 89 4.4.3 OCEAN BASIN EXPERIMENT 91 4.4.4
OTHER EXPERIMENTS 97 4.4.4.1 SIMULATION OF STEEP RANDOM WAVES IN WAVE
TANKS 97 4.4.4.2 CHIRP PULSE GENERATION APPROACH 99 4.4.4.3 IMAGE
PROCESSING TECHNIQUE 100 4.4.4.4 AMPLITUDE MODULATED WAVE PACKET
APPROACH . 101 4.4.4.5 AIR ENTRAINMENT METHOD 102 CONTENTS XIII 4.4.4.6
ACOUSTIC METHOD 103 4.5 PHYSICAL SIMULATION OF EXTREME OCEAN WAVES IN
LARGE SCALE 105 4.6 DETECTION OF BREAKING IN A GIVEN WAVE RECORD 108
4.6.1 INTRODUCTION 108 4.6.2 WAVELET TRANSFORM APPROACH (WT) 109 4.6.3
PHASE-TIME METHOD 112 4.7 SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA 116 4.7.1 GLOBAL
BREAKING WAVE CHARACTERISTICS 116 4.7.2 LOCAL BREAKING WAVE
CHARACTERISTICS 120 5 WAVE BREAKING CRITERIA AND PROBABILITY OF BREAKING
121 5.1 INTRODUCTION 121 5.2 LIMITING WAVE STEEPNESS CRITERION 123 5.2.1
GLOBAL AND LOCAL LIMITING WAVE STEEPNESS 123 5.2.2 PROBABILITY OF WAVE
BREAKING BASED ON THE GLOBAL LIMITING WAVE STEEPNESS CRITERION 123 5.2.3
PROBABILITY OF WAVE BREAKING BASED ON THE LOCAL LIMITING WAVE STEEPNESS
CRITERION 125 5.3 LIMITING VERTICAL ACCELERATION CRITERION 128 5.3.1
DEFINITION OF PARTICLE ACCELERATIONS IN THE WAVE FIELD . . 128 5.3.2
LIMITING VERTICAL ACCELERATION FOR REGULAR WAVES 129 5.3.2.1 FENTON'S
FIFTH-ORDER STOKES THEORY 129 5.3.2.2 LONGUET-HIGGINS' SOLUTION FOR
STEEP WAVES . . 131 5.3.2.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EULERIAN AND
LANGRANGIAN ACCELERATION 131 5.3.3 LIMITING VERTICAL ACCELERATION FOR
IRREGULAR WAVES . 134 5.3.3.1 EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON LAGRANGIAN
ACCELERATION 134 5.3.3.2 BEST FIT OF THE FIFTH-ORDER STOKES PROFILE TO
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROFILE 135 5.3.3.3 TWO-SCALE METHODOLOGY FOR SHORT
WAVE COMPONENTS RIDING ON THE SURFACE OF LONG WAVES 137 5.3.3.4 A LOCAL
FOURIER APPROXIMATION 140 5.3.4 LIMITING VERTICAL ACCELERATION CRITERION
IN PRESENCE OF SURFACE DRIFT 142 5.3.5 PROBABILITY OF WAVE BREAKING
BASED ON THE LIMITING VERTICAL ACCELERATION CRITERION 145 5.4 KINEMATIC
BREAKING CRITERION 149 5.5 PROBABILITY OF WAVE BREAKING FOR MODULATED
SECOND-ORDER STOKES WAVES 153 6 ENERGY DISSIPATION DUE TO WAVE BREAKING
157 6.1 INTRODUCTION 157 XIV CONTENTS 6.2 EXPERIMENTS ON THE RATES OF
ENERGY DISSIPATION IN BREAKING WAVES 158 6.3 THEORETICAL MODELS OF WAVE
ENERGY DISSIPATION 164 6.3.1 EQUILIBRIUM RANGE MODEL 164 6.3.2 WHITECAP
MODEL OF WAVE ENERGY DISSIPATION FOR FULLY DEVELOPED WIND-SEA SPECTRUM
171 6.3.3 PROBABILITY MODEL OF WAVE ENERGY DISSIPATION FOR VERY NARROW
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM 173 6.3.4 PROBABILITY MODEL FOR WAVE ENERGY
DISSIPATION BASED ON TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION F{A,T)
177 6.4 SUMMARY OF FORMULAE FOR WAVE ENERGY DISSIPATION 179 7 WHITECAP
COVERAGE OF THE SEA SURFACE 183 7.1 INTRODUCTION 183 7.2 EXPERIMENTAL
DATA ON WHITECAP COVERAGE 184 7.3 THEORETICAL MODELS OF WHITECAP
COVERAGE 193 7.3.1 WHITECAP COVERAGE MODEL BASED ON THE PHILLIPS THEORY
FOR EQUILIBRIUM RANGE 193 7.3.2 WHITECAP COVERAGE MODEL BASED ON THE
LIMITING STEEPNESS CRITERION 193 7.3.3 WHITECAP COVERAGE MODEL BASED ON
THE VERTICAL ACCELERATION CRITERION 196 7.3.4 WHITECAP COVERAGE MODEL
BASED ON THE GEOMETRY OF SPILLING BREAKERS 198 7.3.5 WHITECAP COVERAGE
MODEL FOR THE NON-GAUSSIAN WAVE FIELD 201 7.4 SUMMARY OF DATA AND
THEORETICAL FORMULAE ON WHITECAP COVERAGE 204 8 FUNDAMENTALS OF MARINE
AEROSOLS 207 8.1 INTRODUCTION 207 8.2 BUBBLE ENTRAINMENT IN BREAKING
WAVES 208 8.3 DEFINITIONS OF AEROSOL PARTICLE SIZE, CONCENTRATIONS,
FLUXES AND SPRAY GENERATION FUNCTIONS 210 8.3.1 SIZE-DEPENDENT NUMBER
CONCENTRATIONS 210 8.3.2 SIZE-DEPENDENT MASS CONCENTRATIONS 212 8.3.3
AEROSOL FLUXES 214 8.3.4 SPRAY GENERATION FUNCTIONS 215 8.4 MECHANISMS
OF AEROSOL PRODUCTION 216 8.4.1 INTRODUCTION 216 8.4.2 DROPS FROM
BURSTING BUBBLES 218 8.4.2.1 JET DROPLETS 219 8.4.2.2 FILM DROPLETS 222
CONTENTS XV 8.4.3 SPUME DROPLETS 224 8.5 REMARKS ON INFLUENCE OF MARINE
AEROSOLS ON CLIMATE 225 8.5.1 ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN GAS EXCHANGE DUE TO
BUBBLES GENERATED BY WAVE BREAKING 225 8.5.2 CLIMATE CONNECTIONS 227 9
MARINE AEROSOL FLUXES 229 9.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 229 9.2 METHODS OF
DETERMINING SIZE-DEPENDENT SEA SPRAY GENERATION FUNCTIONS 230 9.2.1
WHITECAP METHOD 231 9.2.2 VERTICAL CONCENTRATION GRADIENT METHOD 235
9.2.3 DRY DEPOSITION METHOD 237 9.2.4 WET DEPOSITION MECHANISM 244 9.2.5
EDDY CORRELATION METHOD 244 9.2.6 COMPARISON OF FLUX ESTIMATES 244
9.2.6.1 WHITECAP METHOD 245 9.2.6.2 VERTICAL CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
METHOD . . . . 245 9.2.6.3 DRY DEPOSITION METHOD 245 9.2.6.4 SUMMARY
REMARKS 245 10 AEROSOL FLUX AS A FUNCTION OF SEA STATE PARAMETERS 247
10.1 INTRODUCTION 247 10.2 GOVERNING RELATIONSHIPS 248 10.3 DEPENDENCE
OF ENERGY DISSIPATION RATE ON SEA STATE PARAMETERS 249 10.4 DEPENDENCE
OF WHITECAP COVERAGE ON SEA STATE PARAMETERS . . . 252 10.5 DEPENDENCE
OF AEROSOL FLUX ON SEA STATE PARAMETERS 253 10.6 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF
AEROSOL FLUX FROM THE SEA SURFACE 257 10.7 ALTERNATIVE REPRESENTATION OF
AEROSOL FLUX 258 11 SEASONAL DEPENDENCE OF AEROSOL FLUXES IN THE BALTIC
SEA 261 11.1 INTRODUCTION 261 11.2 WIND FIELD IN THE BALTIC SEA 261 11.3
WAVE CLIMATE IN THE BALTIC SEA 263 11.4 SEASONAL DEPENDENCE OF THE
AEROSOL BUDGET OVER THE BALTIC SEA 264 APPENDIXES A AMPLITUDES M + , M (
-\ P +) AND P - 271 B WAVELET TRANSFORM 273 B.I INTRODUCTION 273 XVI
CONTENTS B.2 DEFINITION OF WAVELETS 274 B.3 TIME AND FREQUENCY
RESOLUTION IN WAVELETS 275 B.4 ENERGY PROPERTIES OF WAVELETS 276 C
HILBERT TRANSFORM AND INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY 279 C.I DEFINITION OF
HILBERT TRANSFORM 279 C.2 DIGITAL COMPUTATION OF HILBERT TRANSFORM 280
C.3 STREAM FUNCTION AS A HILBERT TRANSFORM OF VELOCITY POTENTIAL 280 C.4
INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY 281 D RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPECTRAL MOMENTS AND
SEA STATE PARAM- ETERS 283 D.I SPECTRAL MOMENTS AS A FUNCTION OF
NON-DIMENSIONAL WIND FETCH 283 D.2 SPECTRAL MOMENTS AS A FUNCTION OF
SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT AND PEAK FREQUENCY 285 REFERENCES 287 SYMBOLS
AND NOTATIONS 307 AUTHOR INDEX 313 SUBJECT INDEX 319 |
| adam_txt |
OCEAN WAVES BREAKING AND MARINE AEROSOL FLUXES STANISTAW R. MASSEL
INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY OF THE POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, SOPOT, POLAND
SPRINGER CONTENTS BASIC PROCESSES NEAR THE AIR-SEA INTERFACE 1 1.1
INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 SEA WATER 2 1.2.1 WATER ON EARTH 2 1.2.2 SEA WATER
DENSITY 3 1.2.3 SEA WATER VISCOSITY 4 1.3 THE STATE OF MATTER NEAR THE
INTERFACE 5 1.3.1 SURFACE TENSION 5 1.3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MOIST AIR 6
1.3.3 SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND THE ENERGY BUDGET . 7 1.3.4 THE
LIQUID-GAS INTERFACE AND ROLE OF WAVE BREAKING . 8 1.3.5 TRANSPORT OF
GASES ACROSS THE INTERFACE 9 MECHANICS OF STEEP AND BREAKING WAVES 11
2.1 INTRODUCTION 11 2.2 THEORY OF THE ALMOST-HIGHEST WAVES 12 2.3
INSTABILITIES OF UNIFORM WAVE TRAINS 16 2.4 NUMERICAL MODELLING OF STEEP
WAVES AND THEIR EVOLUTION TO BREAKING 23 2.4.1 NOTE ON SECOND-ORDER
MECHANICALLY GENERATED WAVES 23 2.4.2 NUMERICAL MODELLING OF STEEP WAVE
EVOLUTION 24 2.4.3 ONSET OF BREAKING FOR MODULATING SURFACE WAVES . . .
. 27 SPECTRAL AND STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF OCEAN WAVES 31 3.1
INTRODUCTION 31 3.2 SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF OCEAN WAVES 32 3.2.1
FREQUENCY SPECTRA OF OCEAN WAVES 32 3.2.1.1 SPECTRAL MOMENTS AND
SPECTRAL WIDTH PARAMETERS 32 3.2.1.2 TYPICAL SPECTRAL FORMS 34 3.2.2
DIRECTIONAL SPECTRAL FUNCTIONS 38 3.2.3 WAVE ENERGY BALANCE IN SPECTRAL
FORM 41 3.3 STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF OCEAN WAVES 44 3.3.1 PROBABILITY
DENSITY FUNCTIONS OF SURFACE ORDINATES . 44 XII CONTENTS 3.3.2
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF GAUSSIAN AND NON-GAUSSIAN SEA SURFACE 47 3.3.2.1
SIMULATION OF LINEAR RANDOM SEA WITH RANDOM PHASES ONLY 48 3.3.2.2
SIMULATION OF LINEAR RANDOM SEA WITH RANDOM PHASES AND AMPLITUDES 48
3.3.2.3 SIMULATION OF NON-GAUSSIAN RANDOM SEA . 49 3.3.3 PROBABILITY
DENSITY FUNCTION OF EXTREME WAVE DISPLACEMENTS 51 3.3.4 STRUCTURE OF
EXTREME WAVES 53 3.3.5 PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF LOCAL SURFACE
SLOPES OF SHORT AND LONG CRESTED WAVES 53 3.3.6 PROBABILITY DENSITY
FUNCTION OF WAVE HEIGHTS 59 3.3.7 PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF WAVE
AMPLITUDES OF NON-GAUSSIAN SEA 64 3.3.8 JOINT PROBABILITY DENSITY
FUNCTION OF WAVE AMPLITUDES AND WAVE PERIODS FOR NARROW BANDWIDTH WAVES
66 3.3.9 PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF WAVE PERIODS 68 3.3.10 JOINT
PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF WAVE AMPLITUDES AND WAVE PERIODS FOR
FINITE BANDWIDTH WAVES 69 3.3.11 PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF THE
HIGHEST WAVE IN A RECORD 72 4 EXPERIMENTAL INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS OF
WAVE BREAKING 75 4.1 INTRODUCTION 75 4.2 DEFINITIONS OF PARAMETERS OF
STEEP AND BREAKING WAVES 76 4.3 FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON WAVE BREAKING 79
4.3.1 WAVE GAUGE METHOD 79 4.3.2 VISUAL METHOD 82 4.3.3 AIR ENTRAINMENT
METHOD 84 4.3.4 ACOUSTIC METHOD 86 4.4 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON WAVE
BREAKING 87 4.4.1 BONMARIN'S (1989) EXPERIMENT 87 4.4.2 RAPP AND
MELVILLE'S (1990) EXPERIMENT 89 4.4.3 OCEAN BASIN EXPERIMENT 91 4.4.4
OTHER EXPERIMENTS 97 4.4.4.1 SIMULATION OF STEEP RANDOM WAVES IN WAVE
TANKS 97 4.4.4.2 CHIRP PULSE GENERATION APPROACH 99 4.4.4.3 IMAGE
PROCESSING TECHNIQUE 100 4.4.4.4 AMPLITUDE MODULATED WAVE PACKET
APPROACH . 101 4.4.4.5 AIR ENTRAINMENT METHOD 102 CONTENTS XIII 4.4.4.6
ACOUSTIC METHOD 103 4.5 PHYSICAL SIMULATION OF EXTREME OCEAN WAVES IN
LARGE SCALE 105 4.6 DETECTION OF BREAKING IN A GIVEN WAVE RECORD 108
4.6.1 INTRODUCTION 108 4.6.2 WAVELET TRANSFORM APPROACH (WT) 109 4.6.3
PHASE-TIME METHOD 112 4.7 SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA 116 4.7.1 GLOBAL
BREAKING WAVE CHARACTERISTICS 116 4.7.2 LOCAL BREAKING WAVE
CHARACTERISTICS 120 5 WAVE BREAKING CRITERIA AND PROBABILITY OF BREAKING
121 5.1 INTRODUCTION 121 5.2 LIMITING WAVE STEEPNESS CRITERION 123 5.2.1
GLOBAL AND LOCAL LIMITING WAVE STEEPNESS 123 5.2.2 PROBABILITY OF WAVE
BREAKING BASED ON THE GLOBAL LIMITING WAVE STEEPNESS CRITERION 123 5.2.3
PROBABILITY OF WAVE BREAKING BASED ON THE LOCAL LIMITING WAVE STEEPNESS
CRITERION 125 5.3 LIMITING VERTICAL ACCELERATION CRITERION 128 5.3.1
DEFINITION OF PARTICLE ACCELERATIONS IN THE WAVE FIELD . . 128 5.3.2
LIMITING VERTICAL ACCELERATION FOR REGULAR WAVES 129 5.3.2.1 FENTON'S
FIFTH-ORDER STOKES THEORY 129 5.3.2.2 LONGUET-HIGGINS' SOLUTION FOR
STEEP WAVES . . 131 5.3.2.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EULERIAN AND
LANGRANGIAN ACCELERATION 131 5.3.3 LIMITING VERTICAL ACCELERATION FOR
IRREGULAR WAVES . 134 5.3.3.1 EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON LAGRANGIAN
ACCELERATION 134 5.3.3.2 BEST FIT OF THE FIFTH-ORDER STOKES PROFILE TO
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROFILE 135 5.3.3.3 TWO-SCALE METHODOLOGY FOR SHORT
WAVE COMPONENTS RIDING ON THE SURFACE OF LONG WAVES 137 5.3.3.4 A LOCAL
FOURIER APPROXIMATION 140 5.3.4 LIMITING VERTICAL ACCELERATION CRITERION
IN PRESENCE OF SURFACE DRIFT 142 5.3.5 PROBABILITY OF WAVE BREAKING
BASED ON THE LIMITING VERTICAL ACCELERATION CRITERION 145 5.4 KINEMATIC
BREAKING CRITERION 149 5.5 PROBABILITY OF WAVE BREAKING FOR MODULATED
SECOND-ORDER STOKES WAVES 153 6 ENERGY DISSIPATION DUE TO WAVE BREAKING
157 6.1 INTRODUCTION 157 XIV CONTENTS 6.2 EXPERIMENTS ON THE RATES OF
ENERGY DISSIPATION IN BREAKING WAVES 158 6.3 THEORETICAL MODELS OF WAVE
ENERGY DISSIPATION 164 6.3.1 EQUILIBRIUM RANGE MODEL 164 6.3.2 WHITECAP
MODEL OF WAVE ENERGY DISSIPATION FOR FULLY DEVELOPED WIND-SEA SPECTRUM
171 6.3.3 PROBABILITY MODEL OF WAVE ENERGY DISSIPATION FOR VERY NARROW
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM 173 6.3.4 PROBABILITY MODEL FOR WAVE ENERGY
DISSIPATION BASED ON TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION F{A,T)
177 6.4 SUMMARY OF FORMULAE FOR WAVE ENERGY DISSIPATION 179 7 WHITECAP
COVERAGE OF THE SEA SURFACE 183 7.1 INTRODUCTION 183 7.2 EXPERIMENTAL
DATA ON WHITECAP COVERAGE 184 7.3 THEORETICAL MODELS OF WHITECAP
COVERAGE 193 7.3.1 WHITECAP COVERAGE MODEL BASED ON THE PHILLIPS THEORY
FOR EQUILIBRIUM RANGE 193 7.3.2 WHITECAP COVERAGE MODEL BASED ON THE
LIMITING STEEPNESS CRITERION 193 7.3.3 WHITECAP COVERAGE MODEL BASED ON
THE VERTICAL ACCELERATION CRITERION 196 7.3.4 WHITECAP COVERAGE MODEL
BASED ON THE GEOMETRY OF SPILLING BREAKERS 198 7.3.5 WHITECAP COVERAGE
MODEL FOR THE NON-GAUSSIAN WAVE FIELD 201 7.4 SUMMARY OF DATA AND
THEORETICAL FORMULAE ON WHITECAP COVERAGE 204 8 FUNDAMENTALS OF MARINE
AEROSOLS 207 8.1 INTRODUCTION 207 8.2 BUBBLE ENTRAINMENT IN BREAKING
WAVES 208 8.3 DEFINITIONS OF AEROSOL PARTICLE SIZE, CONCENTRATIONS,
FLUXES AND SPRAY GENERATION FUNCTIONS 210 8.3.1 SIZE-DEPENDENT NUMBER
CONCENTRATIONS 210 8.3.2 SIZE-DEPENDENT MASS CONCENTRATIONS 212 8.3.3
AEROSOL FLUXES 214 8.3.4 SPRAY GENERATION FUNCTIONS 215 8.4 MECHANISMS
OF AEROSOL PRODUCTION 216 8.4.1 INTRODUCTION 216 8.4.2 DROPS FROM
BURSTING BUBBLES 218 8.4.2.1 JET DROPLETS 219 8.4.2.2 FILM DROPLETS 222
CONTENTS XV 8.4.3 SPUME DROPLETS 224 8.5 REMARKS ON INFLUENCE OF MARINE
AEROSOLS ON CLIMATE 225 8.5.1 ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN GAS EXCHANGE DUE TO
BUBBLES GENERATED BY WAVE BREAKING 225 8.5.2 CLIMATE CONNECTIONS 227 9
MARINE AEROSOL FLUXES 229 9.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 229 9.2 METHODS OF
DETERMINING SIZE-DEPENDENT SEA SPRAY GENERATION FUNCTIONS 230 9.2.1
WHITECAP METHOD 231 9.2.2 VERTICAL CONCENTRATION GRADIENT METHOD 235
9.2.3 DRY DEPOSITION METHOD 237 9.2.4 WET DEPOSITION MECHANISM 244 9.2.5
EDDY CORRELATION METHOD 244 9.2.6 COMPARISON OF FLUX ESTIMATES 244
9.2.6.1 WHITECAP METHOD 245 9.2.6.2 VERTICAL CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
METHOD . . . . 245 9.2.6.3 DRY DEPOSITION METHOD 245 9.2.6.4 SUMMARY
REMARKS 245 10 AEROSOL FLUX AS A FUNCTION OF SEA STATE PARAMETERS 247
10.1 INTRODUCTION 247 10.2 GOVERNING RELATIONSHIPS 248 10.3 DEPENDENCE
OF ENERGY DISSIPATION RATE ON SEA STATE PARAMETERS 249 10.4 DEPENDENCE
OF WHITECAP COVERAGE ON SEA STATE PARAMETERS . . . 252 10.5 DEPENDENCE
OF AEROSOL FLUX ON SEA STATE PARAMETERS 253 10.6 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF
AEROSOL FLUX FROM THE SEA SURFACE 257 10.7 ALTERNATIVE REPRESENTATION OF
AEROSOL FLUX 258 11 SEASONAL DEPENDENCE OF AEROSOL FLUXES IN THE BALTIC
SEA 261 11.1 INTRODUCTION 261 11.2 WIND FIELD IN THE BALTIC SEA 261 11.3
WAVE CLIMATE IN THE BALTIC SEA 263 11.4 SEASONAL DEPENDENCE OF THE
AEROSOL BUDGET OVER THE BALTIC SEA 264 APPENDIXES A AMPLITUDES M + , M (
-\ P +) AND P - 271 B WAVELET TRANSFORM 273 B.I INTRODUCTION 273 XVI
CONTENTS B.2 DEFINITION OF WAVELETS 274 B.3 TIME AND FREQUENCY
RESOLUTION IN WAVELETS 275 B.4 ENERGY PROPERTIES OF WAVELETS 276 C
HILBERT TRANSFORM AND INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY 279 C.I DEFINITION OF
HILBERT TRANSFORM 279 C.2 DIGITAL COMPUTATION OF HILBERT TRANSFORM 280
C.3 STREAM FUNCTION AS A HILBERT TRANSFORM OF VELOCITY POTENTIAL 280 C.4
INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY 281 D RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPECTRAL MOMENTS AND
SEA STATE PARAM- ETERS 283 D.I SPECTRAL MOMENTS AS A FUNCTION OF
NON-DIMENSIONAL WIND FETCH 283 D.2 SPECTRAL MOMENTS AS A FUNCTION OF
SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT AND PEAK FREQUENCY 285 REFERENCES 287 SYMBOLS
AND NOTATIONS 307 AUTHOR INDEX 313 SUBJECT INDEX 319 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author | Massel, Stanisław R. 1939- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)121118290 |
| author_facet | Massel, Stanisław R. 1939- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Massel, Stanisław R. 1939- |
| author_variant | s r m sr srm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022512062 |
| callnumber-first | G - Geography, Anthropology, Recreation |
| callnumber-label | GC211 |
| callnumber-raw | GC211.2 |
| callnumber-search | GC211.2 |
| callnumber-sort | GC 3211.2 |
| callnumber-subject | GC - Oceanography |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)255408395 (DE-599)BVBBV022512062 |
| dewey-full | 551.5246 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 551 - Geology, hydrology, meteorology |
| dewey-raw | 551.5246 |
| dewey-search | 551.5246 |
| dewey-sort | 3551.5246 |
| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Geologie / Paläontologie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV022512062 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:59:42Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T09:20:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780387366388 0387366385 9780387690926 0387690921 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015718938 |
| oclc_num | 255408395 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | XVI, 323 S. zahlr. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library |
| series2 | Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library |
| spelling | Massel, Stanisław R. 1939- Verfasser (DE-588)121118290 aut Ocean waves breaking and marine aerosol fluxes Stanisław R. Massel New York, NY Springer 2007 XVI, 323 S. zahlr. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library 38 Atmospheric aerosols Ocean waves Ocean-atmosphere interaction Water vapor transport Wasserdampftransport (DE-588)4297605-4 gnd rswk-swf Meereswelle (DE-588)4038334-9 gnd rswk-swf Maritime atmosphärische Grenzschicht (DE-588)4637519-3 gnd rswk-swf Atmosphärisches Aerosol (DE-588)4201505-4 gnd rswk-swf Schaum (DE-588)4116372-2 gnd rswk-swf Meereswelle (DE-588)4038334-9 s Schaum (DE-588)4116372-2 s Wasserdampftransport (DE-588)4297605-4 s Atmosphärisches Aerosol (DE-588)4201505-4 s Maritime atmosphärische Grenzschicht (DE-588)4637519-3 s b DE-604 Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library 38 (DE-604)BV010783916 38 text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2835373&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015718938&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Massel, Stanisław R. 1939- Ocean waves breaking and marine aerosol fluxes Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library Atmospheric aerosols Ocean waves Ocean-atmosphere interaction Water vapor transport Wasserdampftransport (DE-588)4297605-4 gnd Meereswelle (DE-588)4038334-9 gnd Maritime atmosphärische Grenzschicht (DE-588)4637519-3 gnd Atmosphärisches Aerosol (DE-588)4201505-4 gnd Schaum (DE-588)4116372-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4297605-4 (DE-588)4038334-9 (DE-588)4637519-3 (DE-588)4201505-4 (DE-588)4116372-2 |
| title | Ocean waves breaking and marine aerosol fluxes |
| title_auth | Ocean waves breaking and marine aerosol fluxes |
| title_exact_search | Ocean waves breaking and marine aerosol fluxes |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Ocean waves breaking and marine aerosol fluxes |
| title_full | Ocean waves breaking and marine aerosol fluxes Stanisław R. Massel |
| title_fullStr | Ocean waves breaking and marine aerosol fluxes Stanisław R. Massel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ocean waves breaking and marine aerosol fluxes Stanisław R. Massel |
| title_short | Ocean waves breaking and marine aerosol fluxes |
| title_sort | ocean waves breaking and marine aerosol fluxes |
| topic | Atmospheric aerosols Ocean waves Ocean-atmosphere interaction Water vapor transport Wasserdampftransport (DE-588)4297605-4 gnd Meereswelle (DE-588)4038334-9 gnd Maritime atmosphärische Grenzschicht (DE-588)4637519-3 gnd Atmosphärisches Aerosol (DE-588)4201505-4 gnd Schaum (DE-588)4116372-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Atmospheric aerosols Ocean waves Ocean-atmosphere interaction Water vapor transport Wasserdampftransport Meereswelle Maritime atmosphärische Grenzschicht Atmosphärisches Aerosol Schaum |
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| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010783916 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT masselstanisławr oceanwavesbreakingandmarineaerosolfluxes |