Holdings: Cross and Tapper on evidence

Cross and Tapper on evidence:

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Tapper, Colin 1934- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2007
Edition:	11. ed.
Subjects:	Bewijsrecht Burgerlijk procesrecht Strafprocesrecht Evidence > England Evidence > Wales Beweis Recht Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland Großbritannien
Online Access:	Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	CLVI, 790 S.
ISBN:	9780199292004

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adam_text	CONTENTS Preface to 11 th edition v Extract from the Preface to the first edition vii Table of Cases xxiii Table of Statutes cxlv I. INTRODUCTION 1 Section 1 The development of the law of evidence 1 Section 2 Range of the law of evidence 6 Proceedings in courts 6 Different types of jurisdiction 7 Different types of court 11 Different stages of proceedings 11 Proceedings in other tribunals 22 Section 3 Purposes and categories of judicial evidence 30 Objects of proof 30 Facts in issue 30 Facts as evidence of other facts: circumstantial evidence 31 Examples of circumstantial evidence 32 Means of proof 57 Testimony 57 Hearsay 58 Documents 59 Things or real evidence 60 Section 4 Relevance, admissibility, and weight of evidence 69 The admissibility of relevant evidence 69 Definition of relevance 69 Exceptions 71 Multiple relevance and admissibility 72 The inadmissibility of irrelevant, and insufficiently relevant, evidence 73 Illustrations 73 Apparent exceptions 75 Relevance and admissibility 77 Stephen s terminology 78 The demand for more basic concepts 78 Admissibility and weight of evidence 79 CONTENTS II. MATTERS NOT REQUIRING PROOF AND JUDICIAL FINDINGS AS EVIDENCE 81 Section 1 Judicial notice 82 Facts judicially noticed without inquiry 82 Facts judicially noticed after inquiry 83 Political matters 84 Historical facts 85 Custom 85 Professional practice 86 Statutory provisions 86 Theoretical questions 87 Judicial notice and the reception of evidence 87 Personal knowledge 89 Rationale 91 Tacit applications 91 Section 2 Formal admissions 91 Section 3 Estoppel 92 Conclusive effect of judgments on the whole world — judgments in rem 94 Effect of judgments on parties to civil cases 95 Cause of action estoppel 95 Issue estoppel 99 Pleading 106 Effect of judgments on parties to criminal cases 106 Double jeopardy: autrefois acquit and autrefois convict 106 Exceptions 107 Issue estoppel in criminal cases and abuse of process 110 Section 4 Judicial findings as evidence of the facts upon which they were based 117 The Civil Evidence Act 1968, ss 11-13 119 Previous convictions in subsequent civil proceedings 119 Findings of adultery and paternity 122 Previous convictions in criminal cases 123 Acquittals 126 Other findings 127 Judicial findings 127 Inquisitions 128 CONTENTS Xl III. BURDENS AND PROOF 129 Section 1 Nature of the burden of proof 130 The two principal senses of burden 131 Persuasive burden 131 Evidential burden 132 Illustrations of confusion 134 Other senses and shifting of burden 135 The tactical burden 137 The ultimate burden 138 Section 2 Allocation of the burden 139 Unconditional allocation at common law 139 Evidential burden 139 Persuasive burden 142 The terminology of presumption 144 Conditional allocation at common law: presumptions 146 Allocation by statutory provision 148 Explicit allocation by statutory provision 149 Implicit allocation by statutory provision 151 Exceptions and provisos 152 Facts peculiarly within the knowledge of the accused 152 General statutory provision 153 Later developments 155 Impact of Human Rights Act 1998 157 Extent 157 Procedure 159 Evidential burden 159 Persuasive burden 160 Relevant factors 160 Conclusion 164 The interpretation of agreements affecting the burden of proof 165 Perils of the sea — The Glendarroch 165 Insurance exceptions 165 Section 3 Discharge of the burden 166 Discharge of evidential burden 166 Discharge of persuasive burden 169 Degree of the burden 169 Description of the burden 174 The question of a third standard 185 Mathematics and the standard of proof 186 XU CONTENTS IV. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE JUDGE AND JURY 189 Section 1 The general rule 190 Some special cases 190 Construction 190 Defamation 191 Exceptions 192 Foreign law 192 Reasonableness 193 Facts affecting the admissibility of evidence 193 Section 2 Judicial control of the jury 203 Withdrawal of an issue from the jury 203 Civil cases tried by a judge alone 206 Civil cases tried with a jury 207 Criminal cases tried with a jury 207 Magistrates 208 Discretion to exclude evidence 209 Nature of the discretion 210 Discretion to exclude relevant evidence in criminal proceedings 213 Discretion to exclude relevant evidence in civil proceedings 231 The summing-up 235 Appeals 237 Criminal cases 237 Civil cases 240 V. WITNESSES 243 Section 1 Standard case 243 Historical overview 243 Oaths 244 Procedure 246 Section 2 Special categories 252 Children 252 Compellability 252 Competence 253 Pretrial procedure 254 Trial 259 Supporting evidence 261 Direction 262 Otherwise incapacitated witnesses 263 Competence 263 CONTENTS ХШ Hearsay 264 Direction 264 Spouses and others 265 Competence 265 Compellability 266 Application to spouse of co-accused 269 Ex-spouses 270 Other relationships 270 Offenders 270 Competence of the accused 271 Supporting evidence 274 Complainants of sexual offences 276 Testimony 276 Supporting evidence 277 Other witnesses and special situations 278 Statutory provision 278 Claims against the estate of deceased persons 281 The sovereign and diplomats 281 Experts 281 Bankers 282 Other possible cases 282 Section 3 The nature of supporting evidence 283 Support from the source requiring it 284 Support from the object against whom it is required 285 Admission of defendant or accused 285 Lies of defendant or accused 286 Failure to give evidence 288 Silence when charged 288 Failure to provide a sample of real evidence 290 Conduct on other occasions 290 Functions of judge and jury 290 VI. THE COURSE ОБ EVIDENCE 293 Section 1 Miscellaneous procedural matters 293 Evidence before trial 293 Civil cases 294 Criminal cases 301 The right to begin 310 The advocates speeches 310 The calling of witnesses and the role of the judge 311 XIV CONTENTS Section 2 Examination in chief 315 Leading questions 316 Definition and illustration 316 Exceptions to the prohibition 316 Refreshing memory 317 Out of court 318 In court 319 Previous consistent statements 321 Complaints 323 Previous consistent statements admitted to rebut suggestion of fabrication 325 Identification 328 Statements on arrest 328 Statements validated by scientific means 329 Unfavourable and hostile witnesses 330 The prohibition against impeaching a party s own witness 331 Unfavourable witnesses 332 Hostile witnesses 332 Statutory provision 334 Section 3 Cross-examination and re-examination 336 Previous inconsistent statements 340 Criminal Procedure Act 1865, s 4 341 Criminal Procedure Act 1865, s 5 341 Cross-examination on documents generally 342 Finality of answers to collateral questions 343 The general rule 343 Exceptions to the general rule 345 Re-examination 346 VII. CHARACTER IN GENERAL 349 Section 1 The complexity of character evidence 350 Civil and criminal proceedings 350 Object and means 351 Good and bad character 351 Evidence in chief, cross-examination, or re-examination 352 Evidence of disposition or reputation 352 Section 2 The character of parties 353 Civil proceedings 353 Good character 353 Bad character 354 CONTENTS XV Criminal proceedings 357 Prosecutor 358 Accused 367 Co-accused 378 Section 3 The character of witnesses 382 Character of party s own witness 383 Civil proceedings 383 Criminal proceedings 384 Character of opponent s witness 385 Convictions 387 Discreditable acts 389 Bias 395 Corruption 396 Lack of veracity 397 Section 4 The character of third parties 400 Civil proceedings 400 Criminal proceedings 401 VIII. BAD CHARACTER OF THE ACCUSED 403 Section 1 The old law 403 Origin and development 403 Use of bad character in chief 404 Use of bad character in cross-examination 411 Proposals for reform 416 Section 2 Criminal Justice Act 2003 425 General approach 426 Range and scope 427 Procedure 428 Interpretation and application 430 Gateways 431 Agreement of the parties 431 Choice of the defendant 431 Important explanatory evidence 432 Important issue between defendant and prosecution 432 Important issue between co-defendants 438 False impression 438 Attack on another 438 Protection of the accused 440 Exclusionary conditions 441 Contamination 443 XVI CONTENTS Section 3 Other statutory provision 444 IX. PRIVILEGE 447 Section 1 The privilege against self-incrimination 449 Scope of the rale 450 Range of application 451 Range of incrimination 455 Range of effects 457 Procedure 459 Statutory provision 461 Section 2 Legal professional privilege 466 Legal advice privilege 467 Rule of evidence 467 Legal adviser 469 Communication 471 Confidentiality and waiver 472 Legal advice in a relevant legal context 476 Privilege of client 478 Secondary evidence 480 Litigation privilege 482 The legal adviser s own work 484 Communications with third parties 484 Communications with opponent 488 Exceptions 489 Communications to facilitate crime or fraud 490 Information tending to establish innocence 492 Disputes between clients and legal advisers 493 Statutory exclusion 494 The claims of other relationships 495 Priest and penitent 497 Physician and patient 497 Conclusions 499 Identity of informant 499 Section 3 Statements made without prejudice 502 Scope 503 Effect 505 Section 4 Without-prejudice negotiations between estranged spouses 507 CONTENTS XVII X. PUBLIC POLICY 509 Section 1 Matters of public interest 512 Vital interests of state 513 Reports of proceedings in Parliament 519 Local government matters 520 Police materials 521 Civil proceedings 521 Criminal proceedings 525 Confidential matters 531 Section 2 Miscellaneous matters connected with previous litigation 536 Evidence of judges 536 Evidence of arbitrators 537 Evidence of jurors 537 Evidence of advocates 538 Section 3 Improperly obtained evidence 538 Facts discovered in consequence of inadmissible confessions 539 Evidence procured by improper means 542 Improper searches 545 Perpetration of illegal acts 550 Improper interception or recording of communications 554 Deception 558 Conclusions 561 XL OPINION 565 Section 1 Rationale of the rule 566 Statement of the rule 566 Nature of opinion 566 Reasons for excluding evidence of opinion 568 Relation to the hearsay rule 569 Section 2 Operation of the rule 570 Lack of expertise 570 Unnecessary expertise 571 Ultimate issue 574 Procedure 576 Section 3 Exceptions to the rule 578 Expert opinion 578 Non-expert opinion 584 Section 4 Reform of the rule 585 Xviii CONTENTS XII. HEARSAY IN GENERAL 587 Section 1 The nature of the rule 587 Statement 588 Rationale 589 Development 592 Reform of the rule 593 Strategic choices 594 Reform in civil proceedings 595 Reform in criminal proceedings 596 Reform elsewhere 596 Section 2 The scope of the rule 601 Statements as facts 602 Res gestae statements 606 Statements relating to a relevant event 607 Statements accompanying a relevant act 608 Statements of a relevant physical sensation or mental state 609 Previous statements by testifying witnesses 615 Previous inconsistent statements 615 Previous consistent statements 616 Admissions 618 Exculpatory third-party admissions 619 Vicarious admissions 619 XIII. HEARSAY IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS 625 Section 1 The Civil Evidence Act 1995 626 Admissibility 626 Means of proof 628 Section 2 Other provisions 630 Public documents 630 Published works 631 Public documents 631 Records 635 Reputation 635 Pedigree 636 Public or general rights 637 Children 640 Company litigation 640 Affidavits 641 CONTENTS XIX XIV. HEARSAY IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 643 Section 1 The general position under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 644 Policy 644 Definition 645 General exception 646 Conditions 647 Means of proof 650 Business documents 651 Previous statements of witnesses 655 Discretion 656 Authentication 658 Common law exceptions 659 Public information 659 Reputation 659 Res gestae 660 Admissions 661 Expertise 661 Statutory exceptions 662 Bankers Books Evidence Act 1879 662 Criminal Justice Actl967,s9 662 Weight 663 European Convention on Human Rights 664 Section 2 Confessions, silence, and police questioning 666 Confessions 667 Development 667 Rationale 669 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 673 Conditions 681 Effect 688 Silence 689 Section 34 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 690 Interviews 692 Nature of silence 692 Propriety of silence 694 Form of direction 696 Human rights 698 Questioning suspects 699 Development 699 Operation 700 Special cases 707 XX CONTENTS XV. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 711 Section 1 Proof of the contents of a document 712 Proof of statements in documents 713 Proof of business or public records 714 The Civil Procedure Rules 715 Public documents 716 Bankers books 718 Section 2 Proof of the execution of private documents 720 Proof of handwriting 720 Testimonial evidence 720 Opinion 721 Comparison 721 Proof of attestation 723 Wills 723 Other attested documents 724 Presumptions relating to documents 724 Electronic signature 725 The Stamp Act 1891 725 Section 3 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence 726 The conclusiveness of a document as evidence of the terms of the transaction it embodies 726 Statement and illustrations of the rule 726 Exceptions to, and cases falling outside, the rule 730 Extrinsic evidence in aid of interpretation 734 Standards of interpretation 734 Contracts 736 Wills 737 XVI. PROOF OF FREQUENTLY RECURRING MATTERS 741 Section 1 Foreign law 741 Judicial notice and previous decisions 742 Other statutory provisions 743 Expert witness 744 Section 2 Evidence of identity 745 Direct evidence 747 Special problems 747 Legal reaction 749 Different procedures for identification 751 Procedure 762 CONTENTS XXI Circumstanţial evidence of identity 766 Presumptive evidence of identity 767 Section 3 Birth, age, death, marriage, and legitimacy 768 Birth 768 Age 768 Direct evidence 768 Hearsay 769 Death 769 Marriage 769 Legitimacy 771 Section 4 Judgments and convictions 772 Civil cases 772 Criminal cases 772 Section 5 Miscellaneous 774 Custom and usage 774 Ownership 775 Index 777
adam_txt	CONTENTS Preface to 11 th edition v Extract from the Preface to the first edition vii Table of Cases xxiii Table of Statutes cxlv I. INTRODUCTION 1 Section 1 The development of the law of evidence 1 Section 2 Range of the law of evidence 6 Proceedings in courts 6 Different types of jurisdiction 7 Different types of court 11 Different stages of proceedings 11 Proceedings in other tribunals 22 Section 3 Purposes and categories of judicial evidence 30 Objects of proof 30 Facts in issue 30 Facts as evidence of other facts: circumstantial evidence 31 Examples of circumstantial evidence 32 Means of proof 57 Testimony 57 Hearsay 58 Documents 59 Things or real evidence 60 Section 4 Relevance, admissibility, and weight of evidence 69 The admissibility of relevant evidence 69 Definition of'relevance' 69 Exceptions 71 Multiple relevance and admissibility 72 The inadmissibility of irrelevant, and insufficiently relevant, evidence 73 Illustrations 73 Apparent exceptions 75 Relevance and admissibility 77 Stephen's terminology 78 The demand for more basic concepts 78 Admissibility and weight of evidence 79 CONTENTS II. MATTERS NOT REQUIRING PROOF AND JUDICIAL FINDINGS AS EVIDENCE 81 Section 1 Judicial notice 82 Facts judicially noticed without inquiry 82 Facts judicially noticed after inquiry 83 Political matters 84 Historical facts 85 Custom 85 Professional practice 86 Statutory provisions 86 Theoretical questions 87 Judicial notice and the reception of evidence 87 Personal knowledge 89 Rationale 91 Tacit applications 91 Section 2 Formal admissions 91 Section 3 Estoppel 92 Conclusive effect of judgments on the whole world — judgments in rem 94 Effect of judgments on parties to civil cases 95 Cause of action estoppel 95 Issue estoppel 99 Pleading 106 Effect of judgments on parties to criminal cases 106 Double jeopardy: autrefois acquit and autrefois convict 106 Exceptions 107 Issue estoppel in criminal cases and abuse of process 110 Section 4 Judicial findings as evidence of the facts upon which they were based 117 The Civil Evidence Act 1968, ss 11-13 119 Previous convictions in subsequent civil proceedings 119 Findings of adultery and paternity 122 Previous convictions in criminal cases 123 Acquittals 126 Other findings 127 Judicial findings 127 Inquisitions 128 CONTENTS Xl III. BURDENS AND PROOF 129 Section 1 Nature of the burden of proof 130 The two principal senses of burden 131 Persuasive burden 131 Evidential burden 132 Illustrations of confusion 134 Other senses and shifting of burden 135 The tactical burden 137 The ultimate burden 138 Section 2 Allocation of the burden 139 Unconditional allocation at common law 139 Evidential burden 139 Persuasive burden 142 The terminology of presumption 144 Conditional allocation at common law: presumptions 146 Allocation by statutory provision 148 Explicit allocation by statutory provision 149 Implicit allocation by statutory provision 151 Exceptions and provisos 152 Facts peculiarly within the knowledge of the accused 152 General statutory provision 153 Later developments 155 Impact of Human Rights Act 1998 157 Extent 157 Procedure 159 Evidential burden 159 Persuasive burden 160 Relevant factors 160 Conclusion 164 The interpretation of agreements affecting the burden of proof 165 Perils of the sea — The Glendarroch 165 Insurance exceptions 165 Section 3 Discharge of the burden 166 Discharge of evidential burden 166 Discharge of persuasive burden 169 Degree of the burden 169 Description of the burden 174 The question of a third standard 185 Mathematics and the standard of proof 186 XU CONTENTS IV. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE JUDGE AND JURY 189 Section 1 The general rule 190 Some special cases 190 Construction 190 Defamation 191 Exceptions 192 Foreign law 192 Reasonableness 193 Facts affecting the admissibility of evidence 193 Section 2 Judicial control of the jury 203 Withdrawal of an issue from the jury 203 Civil cases tried by a judge alone 206 Civil cases tried with a jury 207 Criminal cases tried with a jury 207 Magistrates 208 Discretion to exclude evidence 209 Nature of the discretion 210 Discretion to exclude relevant evidence in criminal proceedings 213 Discretion to exclude relevant evidence in civil proceedings 231 The summing-up 235 Appeals 237 Criminal cases 237 Civil cases 240 V. WITNESSES 243 Section 1 Standard case 243 Historical overview 243 Oaths 244 Procedure 246 Section 2 Special categories 252 Children 252 Compellability 252 Competence 253 Pretrial procedure 254 Trial 259 Supporting evidence 261 Direction 262 Otherwise incapacitated witnesses 263 Competence 263 CONTENTS ХШ Hearsay 264 Direction 264 Spouses and others 265 Competence 265 Compellability 266 Application to spouse of co-accused 269 Ex-spouses 270 Other relationships 270 Offenders 270 Competence of the accused 271 Supporting evidence 274 Complainants of sexual offences 276 Testimony 276 Supporting evidence 277 Other witnesses and special situations 278 Statutory provision 278 Claims against the estate of deceased persons 281 The sovereign and diplomats 281 Experts 281 Bankers 282 Other possible cases 282 Section 3 The nature of supporting evidence 283 Support from the source requiring it 284 Support from the object against whom it is required 285 Admission of defendant or accused 285 Lies of defendant or accused 286 Failure to give evidence 288 Silence when charged 288 Failure to provide a sample of real evidence 290 Conduct on other occasions 290 Functions of judge and jury 290 VI. THE COURSE ОБ EVIDENCE 293 Section 1 Miscellaneous procedural matters 293 Evidence before trial 293 Civil cases 294 Criminal cases 301 The right to begin 310 The advocates' speeches 310 The calling of witnesses and the role of the judge 311 XIV CONTENTS Section 2 Examination in chief 315 Leading questions 316 Definition and illustration 316 Exceptions to the prohibition 316 Refreshing memory 317 Out of court 318 In court 319 Previous consistent statements 321 Complaints 323 Previous consistent statements admitted to rebut suggestion of fabrication 325 Identification 328 Statements on arrest 328 Statements validated by scientific means 329 Unfavourable and hostile witnesses 330 The prohibition against impeaching a party's own witness 331 Unfavourable witnesses 332 Hostile witnesses 332 Statutory provision 334 Section 3 Cross-examination and re-examination 336 Previous inconsistent statements 340 Criminal Procedure Act 1865, s 4 341 Criminal Procedure Act 1865, s 5 341 Cross-examination on documents generally 342 Finality of answers to collateral questions 343 The general rule 343 Exceptions to the general rule 345 Re-examination 346 VII. CHARACTER IN GENERAL 349 Section 1 The complexity of character evidence 350 Civil and criminal proceedings 350 Object and means 351 Good and bad character 351 Evidence in chief, cross-examination, or re-examination 352 Evidence of disposition or reputation 352 Section 2 The character of parties 353 Civil proceedings 353 Good character 353 Bad character 354 CONTENTS XV Criminal proceedings 357 Prosecutor 358 Accused 367 Co-accused 378 Section 3 The character of witnesses 382 Character of party's own witness 383 Civil proceedings 383 Criminal proceedings 384 Character of opponent's witness 385 Convictions 387 Discreditable acts 389 Bias 395 Corruption 396 Lack of veracity 397 Section 4 The character of third parties 400 Civil proceedings 400 Criminal proceedings 401 VIII. BAD CHARACTER OF THE ACCUSED 403 Section 1 The old law 403 Origin and development 403 Use of bad character in chief 404 Use of bad character in cross-examination 411 Proposals for reform 416 Section 2 Criminal Justice Act 2003 425 General approach 426 Range and scope 427 Procedure 428 Interpretation and application 430 Gateways 431 Agreement of the parties 431 Choice of the defendant 431 Important explanatory evidence 432 Important issue between defendant and prosecution 432 Important issue between co-defendants 438 False impression 438 Attack on another 438 Protection of the accused 440 Exclusionary conditions 441 Contamination 443 XVI CONTENTS Section 3 Other statutory provision 444 IX. PRIVILEGE 447 Section 1 The privilege against self-incrimination 449 Scope of the rale 450 Range of application 451 Range of incrimination 455 Range of effects 457 Procedure 459 Statutory provision 461 Section 2 Legal professional privilege 466 Legal advice privilege 467 Rule of evidence 467 Legal adviser 469 Communication 471 Confidentiality and waiver 472 Legal advice in a relevant legal context 476 Privilege of client 478 Secondary evidence 480 Litigation privilege 482 The legal adviser's own work 484 Communications with third parties 484 Communications with opponent 488 Exceptions 489 Communications to facilitate crime or fraud 490 Information tending to establish innocence 492 Disputes between clients and legal advisers 493 Statutory exclusion 494 The claims of other relationships 495 Priest and penitent 497 Physician and patient 497 Conclusions 499 Identity of informant 499 Section 3 Statements made without prejudice 502 Scope 503 Effect 505 Section 4 Without-prejudice negotiations between estranged spouses 507 CONTENTS XVII X. PUBLIC POLICY 509 Section 1 Matters of public interest 512 Vital interests of state 513 Reports of proceedings in Parliament 519 Local government matters 520 Police materials 521 Civil proceedings 521 Criminal proceedings 525 Confidential matters 531 Section 2 Miscellaneous matters connected with previous litigation 536 Evidence of judges 536 Evidence of arbitrators 537 Evidence of jurors 537 Evidence of advocates 538 Section 3 Improperly obtained evidence 538 Facts discovered in consequence of inadmissible confessions 539 Evidence procured by improper means 542 Improper searches 545 Perpetration of illegal acts 550 Improper interception or recording of communications 554 Deception 558 Conclusions 561 XL OPINION 565 Section 1 Rationale of the rule 566 Statement of the rule 566 Nature of opinion 566 Reasons for excluding evidence of opinion 568 Relation to the hearsay rule 569 Section 2 Operation of the rule 570 Lack of expertise 570 Unnecessary expertise 571 Ultimate issue 574 Procedure 576 Section 3 Exceptions to the rule 578 Expert opinion 578 Non-expert opinion 584 Section 4 Reform of the rule 585 Xviii CONTENTS XII. HEARSAY IN GENERAL 587 Section 1 The nature of the rule 587 Statement 588 Rationale 589 Development 592 Reform of the rule 593 Strategic choices 594 Reform in civil proceedings 595 Reform in criminal proceedings 596 Reform elsewhere 596 Section 2 The scope of the rule 601 Statements as facts 602 Res gestae statements 606 Statements relating to a relevant event 607 Statements accompanying a relevant act 608 Statements of a relevant physical sensation or mental state 609 Previous statements by testifying witnesses 615 Previous inconsistent statements 615 Previous consistent statements 616 Admissions 618 Exculpatory third-party admissions 619 Vicarious admissions 619 XIII. HEARSAY IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS 625 Section 1 The Civil Evidence Act 1995 626 Admissibility 626 Means of proof 628 Section 2 Other provisions 630 Public documents 630 Published works 631 Public documents 631 Records 635 Reputation 635 Pedigree 636 Public or general rights 637 Children 640 Company litigation 640 Affidavits 641 CONTENTS XIX XIV. HEARSAY IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 643 Section 1 The general position under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 644 Policy 644 Definition 645 General exception 646 Conditions 647 Means of proof 650 Business documents 651 Previous statements of witnesses 655 Discretion 656 Authentication 658 Common law exceptions 659 Public information 659 Reputation 659 Res gestae 660 Admissions 661 Expertise 661 Statutory exceptions 662 Bankers' Books Evidence Act 1879 662 Criminal Justice Actl967,s9 662 Weight 663 European Convention on Human Rights 664 Section 2 Confessions, silence, and police questioning 666 Confessions 667 Development 667 Rationale 669 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 673 Conditions 681 Effect 688 Silence 689 Section 34 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 690 Interviews 692 Nature of silence 692 Propriety of silence 694 Form of direction 696 Human rights 698 Questioning suspects 699 Development 699 Operation 700 Special cases 707 XX CONTENTS XV. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 711 Section 1 Proof of the contents of a document 712 Proof of statements in documents 713 Proof of business or public records 714 The Civil Procedure Rules 715 Public documents 716 Bankers' books 718 Section 2 Proof of the execution of private documents 720 Proof of handwriting 720 Testimonial evidence 720 Opinion 721 Comparison 721 Proof of attestation 723 Wills 723 Other attested documents 724 Presumptions relating to documents 724 Electronic signature 725 The Stamp Act 1891 725 Section 3 Admissibility of extrinsic evidence 726 The conclusiveness of a document as evidence of the terms of the transaction it embodies 726 Statement and illustrations of the rule 726 Exceptions to, and cases falling outside, the rule 730 Extrinsic evidence in aid of interpretation 734 Standards of interpretation 734 Contracts 736 Wills 737 XVI. PROOF OF FREQUENTLY RECURRING MATTERS 741 Section 1 Foreign law 741 Judicial notice and previous decisions 742 Other statutory provisions 743 Expert witness 744 Section 2 Evidence of identity 745 Direct evidence 747 Special problems 747 Legal reaction 749 Different procedures for identification 751 Procedure 762 CONTENTS XXI Circumstanţial evidence of identity 766 Presumptive evidence of identity 767 Section 3 Birth, age, death, marriage, and legitimacy 768 Birth 768 Age 768 Direct evidence 768 Hearsay 769 Death 769 Marriage 769 Legitimacy 771 Section 4 Judgments and convictions 772 Civil cases 772 Criminal cases 772 Section 5 Miscellaneous 774 Custom and usage 774 Ownership 775 Index 777
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geographic	Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland gtt Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd
geographic_facet	Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland Großbritannien
id	DE-604.BV022511764
illustrated	Not Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-02T17:59:38Z
indexdate	2024-07-09T20:59:12Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9780199292004
language	English
lccn	2007016240
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015718646
oclc_num	123377383
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188
owner_facet	DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188
physical	CLVI, 790 S.
publishDate	2007
publishDateSearch	2007
publishDateSort	2007
publisher	Oxford Univ. Press
record_format	marc
spelling	Tapper, Colin 1934- Verfasser (DE-588)128506075 aut Cross and Tapper on evidence Colin Tapper On evidence 11. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2007 CLVI, 790 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bewijsrecht gtt Burgerlijk procesrecht gtt Strafprocesrecht gtt Evidence England Evidence Wales Beweis (DE-588)4132532-1 gnd rswk-swf Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd rswk-swf Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland gtt Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Beweis (DE-588)4132532-1 s Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 s DE-604 Cross, Rupert Sonstige oth http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0716/2007016240.html Table of contents only Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015718646&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Tapper, Colin 1934- Cross and Tapper on evidence Bewijsrecht gtt Burgerlijk procesrecht gtt Strafprocesrecht gtt Evidence England Evidence Wales Beweis (DE-588)4132532-1 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4132532-1 (DE-588)4048737-4 (DE-588)4022153-2
title	Cross and Tapper on evidence
title_alt	On evidence
title_auth	Cross and Tapper on evidence
title_exact_search	Cross and Tapper on evidence
title_exact_search_txtP	Cross and Tapper on evidence
title_full	Cross and Tapper on evidence Colin Tapper
title_fullStr	Cross and Tapper on evidence Colin Tapper
title_full_unstemmed	Cross and Tapper on evidence Colin Tapper
title_short	Cross and Tapper on evidence
title_sort	cross and tapper on evidence
topic	Bewijsrecht gtt Burgerlijk procesrecht gtt Strafprocesrecht gtt Evidence England Evidence Wales Beweis (DE-588)4132532-1 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd
topic_facet	Bewijsrecht Burgerlijk procesrecht Strafprocesrecht Evidence England Evidence Wales Beweis Recht Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland Großbritannien
url	http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0716/2007016240.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015718646&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT tappercolin crossandtapperonevidence AT crossrupert crossandtapperonevidence AT tappercolin onevidence AT crossrupert onevidence

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