Antennas and propagation for wireless communication systems:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Chichester [u.a.]
Wiley
2007
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXII, 524 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470848791 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Antennas and propagation for wireless communication systems |c Simon R. Saunders ; Alejandro Aragón-Zavala |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester [u.a.] |b Wiley |c 2007 | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text |
ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS SECOND
EDITION SIMON R. SAUNDERS, UNIVERSITY OF SURREY, GUILDFORD, UK ALEJANDRO
ARAGOEN-ZAVALA, TECNOLOEGICO DE MONTERREY, CAMPUS QUERETARO, MEXICO B
ICENTBN NIA L JJ IN \ 1 8 0 7 JJ \ WILEY \ ! 2 0 0 7 \ "I LR
B1CENTENNIAL JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE FIRST
EDITION XIX PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION XXI 1. INTRODUCTION: THE
WIREIESS COMMUNICATION CHANNEL 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2
CONCEPTOFAWIRELESS CHANNEL 2 1.3 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 4 1.4
HISTORY 5 1.5 SYSTEM TYPES 7 1.6 AIMS OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS 8 1.7 CELLULAR
NETWORKS 9 1.8 THE CELLULAR CONCEPT 9 1.9 TRAFFIC 13 1.10 MULTIPLE
ACCESS SCHEMES AND DUPLEXING 17 1.10.1 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE
ACCESS 17 1.10.2 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS 18 1.10.3 CODE DIVISION
MULTIPLE ACCESS 18 1.11 AVAILABLE DATA RATES 19 1.12 STRUCTURE OF THIS
BOOK 20 1.13 CONCLUSION 22 REFERENCES 22 PROBLEMS 23 2. PROPERTIES OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 25 2.1 INTRODUCTION 25 2.2 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS 25
2.3 PLANE WAVE PROPERTIES 26 2.3.1 FIELD RELATIONSHIPS 27 2.3.2 WAVE
IMPEDANCE 27 VIII CONTENTS 2.3.3 POYNTING VECTOR 28 2.3.4 PHASE VELOCITY
28 2.3.5 LOSSY MEDIA 28 2.4 POLARISATION 32 2.4.1 POLARISATION STATES 32
2.4.2 MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF POLARISATION 32 2.4.3 RANDOM
POLARISATION 33 2.5 CONCLUSION 34 REFERENCES 34 PROBLEMS 34 3.
PROPAGATION MECHANISMS 37 3.1 INTRODUCTION 37 3.2 REFLECTION, REFRACTION
AND TRANSMISSION 37 3.2.1 LOSSLESS MEDIA 37 3.2.2 LOSSY MEDIA 41 3.2.3
TYPICAL REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS 42 3.3 ROUGH SURFACE
SCATTERING 45 3.4 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 47 3.4.1 PRINCIPLES 47 3.4.2
FORMULATION 49 3.5 DIFFRACTION 50 3.5.1 PRINCIPLE 50 3.5.2 SINGLE
KNIFE-EDGE DIFFRACTION 51 3.5.3 OTHER DIFFRACTING OBSTACLES: GEOMETRICAL
THEORY OF DIFFRACTION 54 3.6 CONCLUSION 59 REFERENCES 59 PROBLEMS 59 4.
ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS 61 4.1 INTRODUCTION 61 4.2 PRINCIPLES 61 4.2.1 WHAT
IS AN ANTENNA? 61 4.2.2 NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR RADIATION 62 4.2.3
NEAR-FIELD AND FAR-FIELD REGIONS 62 4.2.4 FAR-FIELD RADIATION FROM WIRES
63 4.3 ANTENNA PARAMETERS 65 4.3.1 RADIATION PATTERN 65 4.3.2
DIRECTIVITY 67 4.3.3 RADIATION RESISTANCE AND EFFICIENCY 67 4.3.4 POWER
GAIN 68 4.3.5 BANDWIDTH 70 4.3.6 RECIPROCITY 70 4.3.7 RECEIVING ANTENNA
APERTURE 71 4.3.8 BEAMWIDTH AND DIRECTIVITY 71 4.3.9 THE FRIIS FORMULA:
ANTENNAS IN FREE SPACE 71 4.3.10 POLARISATION MATCHING 72 CONTENTS 4.4
PRACTICAL DIPOLES 73 4.4.1 DIPOLE STRUCTURE 73 4.4.2 CURRENT
DISTRIBUTION 74 4.4.3 RADIATION PATTERN 74 4.4.4 INPUT IMPEDANCE 77 4.5
ANTENNA ARRAYS 77 4.5.1 INTRODUCTION 77 4.5.2 LINEAR AND PLANAR ARRAYS
77 4.5.3 THE UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY 77 4.5.4 PARASITIC ELEMENTS: UDA-YAGI
ANTENNAS 78 4.5.5 REFLECTOR ANTENNAS 79 4.5.6 MONOPOLE ANTENNAS 80 4.5.7
CORNER REFLECTORS 80 4.5.8 PARABOLIC REFLECTOR ANTENNAS 81 4.6 HOERN
ANTENNAS 82 4.7 LOOP ANTENNAS 83 4.8 HELICAL ANTENNAS 83 4.9 PATCH
ANTENNAS 84 4.10 CONCLUSION 85 REFERENCES 85 PROBLEMS 86 5. BASIC
PROPAGATION MODELS 89 5.1 INTRODUCTION 89 5.2 DEFINITION OF PATH LOSS 89
5.3 A BRIEF NOTE ON DECIBELS 92 5.4 NOISE MODELLING 93 5.5 FREE SPACE
LOSS 97 5.6 PLANE EARTH LOSS 98 5.7 LINK BUDGETS 101 5.8 CONCLUSION 103
REFERENCE 103 PROBLEMS 103 6. TERRESTRIAL FIXED LINKS 105 6.1
INTRODUCTION 105 6.2 PATH PROFILES 105 6.3 TROPOSPHERIC REFRACTION 108
6.3.1 FUNDAMENTALS 108 6.3.2 TIME VARIABILITY 111 6.3.3 DUCTING AND
MULTIPATH 111 6.4 OBSTRUCTION LOSS 113 6.5 APPROXIMATE MULTIPLE
KNIFE-EDGE DIFFRACTION 115 6.5.1 THE DEYGOUT METHOD 115 6.5.2 THE
CAUSEBROOK CORRECTION 116 6.5.3 THE GIOVANELLI METHOD 117 CONTENTS 6.5.4
TEST CASES 117 6.6 THE MULTIPLE-EDGE DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 121 6.6.1
SLOPE-UTD MULTIPLE-EDGE DIFFRACTION MODEL 122 6.6.2 TEST CASE:
COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE MODELS 126 6.7 DIFFRACTION OVER OBJECTS OF FINITE
SIZE 127 6.8 OTHER METHODS FOR PREDICTING TERRAIN DIFFRACTION 129 6.8.1
THE INTEGRAL EQUATION MODEL 129 6.8.2 THE PARABOLIC EQUATION METHOD 131
6.9 INFLUENCE OF CLUTTER 134 6.10 CONCLUSION 135 REFERENCES 135 PROBLEMS
137 SATELLITE FIXED LINKS 139 7.1 INTRODUCTION 139 7.2 TROPOSPHERIC
EFFECTS 140 7.2.1 ATTENUATION 140 7.2.2 RAIN ATTENUATION 141 7.2.3
GASEOUS ABSORPTION 146 7.2.4 TROPOSPHERIC REFRACTION 148 7.2.5
TROPOSPHERIC SCINTILLATION 148 7.2.6 DEPOLARISATION 151 7.2.7 SKY NOISE
153 7.3 IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS 155 7.3.1 FARADAY ROTATION 158 7.3.2 GROUP
DELAY 159 7.3.3 DISPERSION 159 7.3.4 IONOSPHERIC SCINTILLATION 160 7.3.5
SUMMARY OF IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS 160 7.4 SATELLITE EARTH STATION ANTENNAS
160 7.5 CONCLUSION 161 REFERENCES 161 PROBLEMS 162 MACROCELLS 163 8.1
INTRODUCTION 163 8.2 DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS 163 8.3 EMPIRICAL PATH
LOSS MODELS 164 8.3.1 CLUTTER FACTOR MODELS 165 8.3.2 THE OKUMURA-HATA
MODEL 167 8.3.3 THE COST 231-HATA MODEL 169 8.3.4 THE LEE MODEL 169
8.3.5 THE IBRAHIM AND PARSONS MODEL 170 8.3.6 ENVIRONMENT CATEGORIES 171
8.4 PHYSICAL MODELS 172 8.4.1 THE ALLSEBROOK AND PARSONS MODEL 172 8.4.2
THE IKEGAMI MODEL 173 8.4.3 ROOFTOP DIFFRACTION 174 8.4.4 THE FIAT EDGE
MODEL 175 8.4.5 THE WALFISCH-BERTONI MODEL 178 8.4.6 COST
231/WALFISCH-IKEGAMI MODEL 180 8.5 ITU-R MODELS 181 8.5.1 ITU-R
RECOMMENDATION P.1411 181 8.5.2 ITU-R RECOMMENDATION P. 1546 182 8.6
COMPARISON OF MODELS 182 8.7 COMPUTERISED PLANNING TOOLS 183 8.8
CONCLUSION 183 REFERENCES 183 PROBLEMS 185 SHADOWING 187 9.1
INTRODUCTION 187 9.2 STATISTICAL CHARACTERISATION 187 9.3 PHYSICAL BASIS
FOR SHADOWING 189 9.4 IMPACT ON COVERAGE 189 9.4.1 EDGE OF CELL 189
9.4.2 WHOLE CELL 192 9.5 LOCATION VARIABILITY 195 9.6 CORRELATED
SHADOWING 196 9.6.1 SERIAL CORRELATION 197 9.6.2 SITE-TO-SITE
CORRELATION 199 9.7 CONCLUSION 205 REFERENCES 205 PROBLEMS 206
NARROWBAND FAST FADING 209 10.1 INTRODUCTION 209 10.2 BASEBAND CHANNEL
REPRESENTATION 209 10.3 THE AWGN CHANNEL 210 10.4 THE NARROWBAND FADING
CHANNEL 213 10.5 WHEN DOES FADING OCCUR IN PRACTICE? 214 10.6 THE
RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION 215 10.7 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SNR FOR A RAYLEIGH
CHANNEL 218 10.8 THE RICE DISTRIBUTION 221 10.9 THE NAKAGAMI- M
DISTRIBUTION 226 10.10 OTHER FADING DISTRIBUTIONS 227 10.11 SECOND-ORDER
FAST-FADING STATISTICS 227 10.11.1 THE DOPPLER EFFECT 228 10.11.2 THE
CLASSICAL DOPPLER SPECTRUM 230 10.12 AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTION 236 10.13
NARROWBAND MOBILE RADIO CHANNEL SIMULATIONS 238 10.14 CONCLUSION 239
CONTENTS REFERENCES 239 PROBLEMS 240 11. WIDEBAND FAST FADING 241 11.1
INTRODUCTION 241 11.2 EFFECT OF WIDEBAND FADING 242 11.3 WIDEBAND
CHANNEL MODEL 245 11.4 WIDEBAND CHANNEL PARAMETERS 246 11.5 FREQUENCY
DOMAIN EFFECTS 251 11.6 THE BELLO FUNCTIONS 252 11.7 WIDEBAND FADING IN
FIXED LINKS 253 11.8 OVERCOMING WIDEBAND CHANNEL IMPAIRMENTS 254 11.9
CONCLUSION 254 REFERENCES 255 PROBLEMS 255 12. MICROCELLS 257 12.1
INTRODUCTION 257 12.2 EMPIRICAL MODELS 257 12.2.1 DUAL-SLOPE MODEL 257
12.2.2 THE LEE MICROCELL MODEL 259 12.2.3 THE HAR-XIA-BERTONI MODEL 260
12.3 PHYSICAL MODELS 262 12.4 LINE-OF-SIGHT MODELS 264 12.4.1 TWO-RAY
MODEL 264 12.4.2 STREET CANYON MODELS 265 12.4.3 ITU-R P. 1411 STREET
CANYON MODEL 267 12.4.4 RANDOM WAVEGUIDE MODEL 268 12.5
NON-LINE-OF-SIGHT MODELS 270 12.5.1 PROPAGATION MECHANISMS AND CELL
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS 270 12.5.2 RECURSIVE MODEL 273 12.5.3 ITU-R
P.1411NON-LINE-OF-SIGHT MODEL 274 12.5.4 SITE-SPECIFIC RAY MODELS 275
12.6 DISCUSSION 276 12.7 MICROCELL SHADOWING 277 12.8 NARROWBAND FADING
277 12.9 WIDEBAND EFFECTS 277 12.10 CONCLUSION 278 REFERENCES 279
PROBLEMS 280 13. PICOCELLS 283 13.1 INTRODUCTION 283 13.2 EMPIRICAL
MODELS OF PROPAGATION WITHIN BUILDINGS 283 13.2.1 WALL AND FLOOR FACTOR
MODELS 283 XIII 13.2.2 COST231 MULTI-WALL MODEL 285 13.2.3 ERICSSON
MODEL 286 13.2.4 EMPIRICAL MODELS FOR WIRELESS LAN 286 13.2.5
MEASUREMENT-BASED PREDICTION 288 13.3 PHYSICAL MODELS OF INDOOR
PROPAGATION WITHIN BUILDINGS 288 13.3.1 RAY-TRACING MODELS FOR PICOCELLS
289 13.3.2 REDUCED-COMPLEXITY UTD INDOOR MODEL 289 13.3.3 PROPAGATION
BETWEEN FLOORS 291 13.3.4 PROPAGATION ON SINGLE FLOORS 292 13.4 MODELS
OF PROPAGATION INTO BUILDINGS 293 13.4.1 INTRODUCTION 293 13.4.2
MEASURED BEHAVIOUR 294 13.4.3 COST231 LINE-OF-SIGHT MODEL 294 13.4.4
FLOOR GAIN MODELS 295 13.4.5 COST231 NON-LINE-OF-SIGHT MODEL 296 13.4.6
PROPAGATION MECHANISMS 297 13.5 CONSTITUTIVE PARAMETERS OF BUILDING
MATERIALS FOR PHYSICAL MODELS 299 13.6 SHADOWING 300 13.7 MULTIPATH
EFFECTS 300 13.8 ULTRA-WIDEBAND INDOOR PROPAGATION 302 13.9 PROPAGATION
IN TUNNELS AND OTHER ENCLOSED SPACES 304 13.9.1 MEASURED BEHAVIOUR 304
13.9.2 MODELS OF TUNNEL PROPAGATION 304 13.10 DISCUSSION 309 13.11
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR INDOOR AND ENCLOSED SPACE APPLICATIONS 309
13.11.1 DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEMS - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 310 13.11.2
PASSIVE DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEMS 311 13.11.3 ACTIVE DISTRIBUTED
ANTENNA SYSTEMS 313 13.11.4 HYBRID SYSTEMS 314 13.11.5 RADIATING CABLES
315 13.11.6 REPEATERS 319 13.11.7 DIGITAL DISTRIBUTION 320 13.11.8
SELECTING THE MOST APPROPRIATE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 321 13.12 INDOOR LINK
BUDGETS 321 13.13 CONCLUSION 325 REFERENCES 326 PROBLEMS 328 14.
MEGACELLS 331 14.1 INTRODUCTION 331 14.2 SHADOWING AND FAST FADING 332
14.2.1 INTRODUCTION 332 CONTENTS 14.2.2 LOCAL SHADOWING EFFECTS 333
14.2.3 LOCAL MULTIPATH EFFECTS 334 14.3 EMPIRICAL NARROWBAND MODELS 336
14.4 STATISTICAL MODELS 337 14.4.1 LOO MODEL 339 14.4.2 CORAZZA MODEL
341 14.4.3 LUTZ MODEL 341 14.5 SHADOWING STATISTICS 345 14.6
PHYSICAL-STATISTICAL MODELS FOR BUILT-UP AREAS 345 14.6.1 BUILDING
HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION 348 14.6.2 TIME-SHARE OF SHADOWING 349 14.6.3 TIME
SERIES MODEL 350 14.7 WIDEBAND MODELS 353 14.8 MULTI-SATELLITE
CORRELATIONS 354 14.9 OVERALL MOBILE SATELLITE CHANNEL MODEL 356 14.10
CONCLUSION 357 REFERENCES 357 PROBLEMS 359 15. ANTENNAS FOR MOBILE
SYSTEMS 361 15.1 INTRODUCTION 361 15.2 MOBILE TERMINAL ANTENNAS 361
15.2.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 361 15.2.2 SMALL ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS
362 15.2.3 DIPOLES 364 15.2.4 HELICAL ANTENNAS 366 15.2.5 INVERTED-F
ANTENNAS 366 15.2.6 PATCHES 368 15.2.7 MEAN EFFECTIVE GAIN (MEG) 368
15.2.8 HUMAN BODY INTERACTIONS AND SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE (SAR) 370
15.2.9 MOBILE SATELLITE ANTENNAS 374 15.3 BASE STATION ANTENNAS 376
15.3.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS IN MACROCELLS 376 15.3.2 MACROCELL
ANTENNA DESIGN 377 15.3.3 MACROCELL ANTENNA DIVERSITY 380 15.3.4
MICROCELL ANTENNAS 381 15.3.5 PICOCELL ANTENNAS 382 15.3.6 ANTENNAS FOR
WIRELESS LAN 385 15.4 CONCLUSION 386 REFERENCES 386 PROBLEMS 388 16.
OVERCOMING NARROWBAND FADING VIA DIVERSITY 391 16.1 INTRODUCTION 391
16.2 CRITERIA FOR USEFUL BRANCHES 392 CONTENTS 16.3 SPACE DIVERSITY 393
16.3.1 GENERAL MODEL 393 16.3.2 MOBILE STATION SPACE DIVERSITY 395
16.3.3 HANDSET DIVERSITY ANTENNAS 397 16.3.4 BASE STATION SPACE
DIVERSITY 397 16.4 POLARISATION DIVERSITY 399 16.4.1 BASE STATION
POLARISATION DIVERSITY 399 16.4.2 MOBILE STATION POLARISATION DIVERSITY
400 16.5 TIME DIVERSITY 402 16.6 FREQUENCY DIVERSITY 403 16.7 COMBINING
METHODS 403 16.7.1 SELECTION COMBINING 403 16.7.2 SWITCHED COMBINING 405
16.7.3 EQUAL-GAIN COMBINING 406 16.7.4 MAXIMUM RATIO COMBINING 407
16.7.5 COMPARISON OF COMBINING METHODS 408 16.8 DIVERSITY FOR MICROWAVE
LINKS 409 16.9 MACRODIVERSITY 410 16.10 TRANSMIT DIVERSITY 410 16.11
CONCLUSION 411 REFERENCES 411 PROBLEMS 412 17. OVERCOMING WIDEBAND
FADING 413 17.1 INTRODUCTION 413 17.2 SYSTEM MODELLING 413 17.2.1
CONTINUOUS-TIME SYSTEM MODEL 413 17.2.2 DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEM MODEL 414
17.2.3 FIRST NYQUIST CRITERION 415 17.3 LINEAR EQUALISERS 416 17.3.1
LINEAR EQUALISER STRUCTURE 416 17.3.2 ZERO-FORCING EQUALISER 417 17.3.3
LEAST MEAN SQUARE EQUALISER 418 17.4 ADAPTIVE EQUALISERS 419 17.4.1
DIRECT MATRIX INVERSION 420 17.4.2 LMS ALGORITHM 421 17.4.3 OTHER
CONVERGENCE ALGORITHMS 421 17.5 NON-LINEAR EQUALISERS 422 17.5.1
DECISION FEEDBACK 423 17.5.2 MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD SEQUENCE ESTIMATOR 423
17.5.3 VITERBI EQUALISATION 424 17.6 RAKE RECEIVERS 427 17.7 OFDM
RECEIVERS 430 17.8 CONCLUSION 435 REFERENCES 435 PROBLEMS 436 CONTENTS
ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS 437 18.1 INTRODUCTION 437 18.2 BASIC CONCEPTS 437 18.3
ADAPTIVE ANTENNA APPLICATIONS 438 18.3.1 EXAMPLE OF ADAPTIVE ANTENNA
PROCESSING 438 18.3.2 SPATIAL FILTERING FOR INTERFERENCE REDUCTION 440
18.3.3 SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS 441 18.3.4 MULTIPLE-INPUT
MULTIPLE-OUTPUT SYSTEMS 441 18.4 OPTIMUM COMBINING 443 18.4.1
FORMULATION 443 18.4.2 STEERING VECTOR FOR UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY 445
18.4.3 STEERING VECTOR FOR ARBITRARY ELEMENT POSITIONS 446 18.4.4
OPTIMUM COMBINER IN A FREE SPACE ENVIRONMENT 447 18.4.5 OPTIMUM COMBINER
IN A FADING ENVIRONMENT 449 18.4.6 IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS
450 18.4.7 ADAPTIVE ANTENNA CHANNEL PARAMETERS 450 18.5 MULTIPLE-INPUT
MULTIPLE-OUTPUT SYSTEMS 453 18.5.1 MIMO SIGNAL MODEL 453 18.5.2 MIMO
CHANNEL CAPACITY 455 18.5.3 TRADE-OFF BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND CAPACITY FOR
MIMO 458 18.5.4 PARTICULAR STC SCHEINES 459 18.5.5 MIMO CHANNEL
MODELLING 460 18.5.6 MIMO CHANNEL MODELS FOR SPECIFIC SYSTEMS 462 18.5.7
IMPACT OF ANTENNAS ON MIMO PERFORMANCE 464 18.6 ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS IN A
PRACTICAL SYSTEM 465 18.7 CONCLUSION 466 REFERENCES 466 PROBLEMS 468
CHANNEL MEASUREMENTS FOR MOBILE SYSTEMS 469 19.1 INTRODUCTION 469 19.2
APPLICATIONS FOR CHANNEL MEASUREMENTS 469 19.2.1 TUNING EMPIRICAL PATH
LOSS MODELS 469 19.2.2 CREATING SYNTHETIC CHANNEL MODELS 470 19.2.3
EXISTING COVERAGE 471 19.2.4 DESIGN SURVEY 471 19.3 IMPACT OF
MEASUREMENT INACCURACIES 471 19.4 SIGNAL SAMPLING ISSUES 473 19.4.1
ESTIMATORS OF THE LOCAL MEAN 473 19.4.2 SAMPLING RATE 476 19.5
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 479 19.5.1 NARROWBAND CHANNEL SOUNDING 479 19.5.2
WIDEBAND CHANNEL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 480 19.5.3 OTHER MEASUREMENTS
481 19.6 EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION 481 19.6.1 GENERAL 481
19.6.2 TRANSMITTERS 482 19.6.3 RECEIVERS 482 19.6.4 PASSIVE ELEMENTS 483
19.7 OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS 484 19.7.1 GENERAL 484 19.7.2 MEASUREMENT
CAMPAIGN PLAN 484 19.7.3 NAVIGATION 484 19.7.4 SIZE AND SHAPE OF AREA
FOR AVERAGING 486 19.7.5 OUTDOOR TESTING GUIDELINES 488 19.8 INDOOR
MEASUREMENTS 488 19.8.1 GENERAL 488 19.8.2 NAVIGATION 489 19.8.3
SELECTION OF WALK ROUTES 490 19.8.4 EQUIPMENT 491 19.8.5 DOCUMENTATION
493 19.9 CONCLUSION 493 REFERENCES 493 PROBLEMS 494 20. FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION CHANNEL 497 20.1 INTRODUCTION
497 20.2 HIGH-RESOLUTION DATA 497 20.3 ANALYTICAL FORMULATIONS 498 20.4
PHYSICAL-STATISTICAL CHANNEL MODELLING 498 20.5 MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHANNEL
MODELS 498 20.6 REAL-TIME CHANNEL PREDICTIONS 498 20.7 INTELLIGENT
ANTENNAS 499 20.8 DISTRIBUTED AND AD-HOC CELL ARCHITECTURES 499 20.9
CONCLUSION 500 REFERENCES 500 APPENDIX A STATISTICS, PROBABILITY AND
STOCHASTIC PROCESSES 501 A.L INTRODUCTION 501 A.2 SINGLE RANDOM
VARIABLES 501 A.3 MULTIPLE RANDOM VARIABLES 502 A.4 GAUSSIAN
DISTRIBUTION AND CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM 503 A.5 RANDOM PROCESSES 503
REFERENCES 504 APPENDIX B TABLES AND DATA 505 B.L NORMAL (GAUSSIAN)
DISTRIBUTION 505 B.2 ERROR FUNCTION 507 B.3 FRESNEL INTEGRALS 508 B.4
GAMMA FUNCTION 508 B.5 BESSEL FUNCTION 511 REFERENCE 511 ABBREVIATIONS
513 INDEX 517 |
| adam_txt |
ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS SECOND
EDITION SIMON R. SAUNDERS, UNIVERSITY OF SURREY, GUILDFORD, UK ALEJANDRO
ARAGOEN-ZAVALA, TECNOLOEGICO DE MONTERREY, CAMPUS QUERETARO, MEXICO B
ICENTBN NIA L JJ IN \ 1 8 0 7 JJ \ WILEY \ ! 2 0 0 7 \ "I LR
B1CENTENNIAL JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE FIRST
EDITION XIX PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION XXI 1. INTRODUCTION: THE
WIREIESS COMMUNICATION CHANNEL 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2
CONCEPTOFAWIRELESS CHANNEL 2 1.3 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 4 1.4
HISTORY 5 1.5 SYSTEM TYPES 7 1.6 AIMS OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS 8 1.7 CELLULAR
NETWORKS 9 1.8 THE CELLULAR CONCEPT 9 1.9 TRAFFIC 13 1.10 MULTIPLE
ACCESS SCHEMES AND DUPLEXING 17 1.10.1 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE
ACCESS 17 1.10.2 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS 18 1.10.3 CODE DIVISION
MULTIPLE ACCESS 18 1.11 AVAILABLE DATA RATES 19 1.12 STRUCTURE OF THIS
BOOK 20 1.13 CONCLUSION 22 REFERENCES 22 PROBLEMS 23 2. PROPERTIES OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 25 2.1 INTRODUCTION 25 2.2 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS 25
2.3 PLANE WAVE PROPERTIES 26 2.3.1 FIELD RELATIONSHIPS 27 2.3.2 WAVE
IMPEDANCE 27 VIII CONTENTS 2.3.3 POYNTING VECTOR 28 2.3.4 PHASE VELOCITY
28 2.3.5 LOSSY MEDIA 28 2.4 POLARISATION 32 2.4.1 POLARISATION STATES 32
2.4.2 MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF POLARISATION 32 2.4.3 RANDOM
POLARISATION 33 2.5 CONCLUSION 34 REFERENCES 34 PROBLEMS 34 3.
PROPAGATION MECHANISMS 37 3.1 INTRODUCTION 37 3.2 REFLECTION, REFRACTION
AND TRANSMISSION 37 3.2.1 LOSSLESS MEDIA 37 3.2.2 LOSSY MEDIA 41 3.2.3
TYPICAL REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS 42 3.3 ROUGH SURFACE
SCATTERING 45 3.4 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 47 3.4.1 PRINCIPLES 47 3.4.2
FORMULATION 49 3.5 DIFFRACTION 50 3.5.1 PRINCIPLE 50 3.5.2 SINGLE
KNIFE-EDGE DIFFRACTION 51 3.5.3 OTHER DIFFRACTING OBSTACLES: GEOMETRICAL
THEORY OF DIFFRACTION 54 3.6 CONCLUSION 59 REFERENCES 59 PROBLEMS 59 4.
ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS 61 4.1 INTRODUCTION 61 4.2 PRINCIPLES 61 4.2.1 WHAT
IS AN ANTENNA? 61 4.2.2 NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR RADIATION 62 4.2.3
NEAR-FIELD AND FAR-FIELD REGIONS 62 4.2.4 FAR-FIELD RADIATION FROM WIRES
63 4.3 ANTENNA PARAMETERS 65 4.3.1 RADIATION PATTERN 65 4.3.2
DIRECTIVITY 67 4.3.3 RADIATION RESISTANCE AND EFFICIENCY 67 4.3.4 POWER
GAIN 68 4.3.5 BANDWIDTH 70 4.3.6 RECIPROCITY 70 4.3.7 RECEIVING ANTENNA
APERTURE 71 4.3.8 BEAMWIDTH AND DIRECTIVITY 71 4.3.9 THE FRIIS FORMULA:
ANTENNAS IN FREE SPACE 71 4.3.10 POLARISATION MATCHING 72 CONTENTS 4.4
PRACTICAL DIPOLES 73 4.4.1 DIPOLE STRUCTURE 73 4.4.2 CURRENT
DISTRIBUTION 74 4.4.3 RADIATION PATTERN 74 4.4.4 INPUT IMPEDANCE 77 4.5
ANTENNA ARRAYS 77 4.5.1 INTRODUCTION 77 4.5.2 LINEAR AND PLANAR ARRAYS
77 4.5.3 THE UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY 77 4.5.4 PARASITIC ELEMENTS: UDA-YAGI
ANTENNAS 78 4.5.5 REFLECTOR ANTENNAS 79 4.5.6 MONOPOLE ANTENNAS 80 4.5.7
CORNER REFLECTORS 80 4.5.8 PARABOLIC REFLECTOR ANTENNAS 81 4.6 HOERN
ANTENNAS 82 4.7 LOOP ANTENNAS 83 4.8 HELICAL ANTENNAS 83 4.9 PATCH
ANTENNAS 84 4.10 CONCLUSION 85 REFERENCES 85 PROBLEMS 86 5. BASIC
PROPAGATION MODELS 89 5.1 INTRODUCTION 89 5.2 DEFINITION OF PATH LOSS 89
5.3 A BRIEF NOTE ON DECIBELS 92 5.4 NOISE MODELLING 93 5.5 FREE SPACE
LOSS 97 5.6 PLANE EARTH LOSS 98 5.7 LINK BUDGETS 101 5.8 CONCLUSION 103
REFERENCE 103 PROBLEMS 103 6. TERRESTRIAL FIXED LINKS 105 6.1
INTRODUCTION 105 6.2 PATH PROFILES 105 6.3 TROPOSPHERIC REFRACTION 108
6.3.1 FUNDAMENTALS 108 6.3.2 TIME VARIABILITY 111 6.3.3 DUCTING AND
MULTIPATH 111 6.4 OBSTRUCTION LOSS 113 6.5 APPROXIMATE MULTIPLE
KNIFE-EDGE DIFFRACTION 115 6.5.1 THE DEYGOUT METHOD 115 6.5.2 THE
CAUSEBROOK CORRECTION 116 6.5.3 THE GIOVANELLI METHOD 117 CONTENTS 6.5.4
TEST CASES 117 6.6 THE MULTIPLE-EDGE DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 121 6.6.1
SLOPE-UTD MULTIPLE-EDGE DIFFRACTION MODEL 122 6.6.2 TEST CASE:
COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE MODELS 126 6.7 DIFFRACTION OVER OBJECTS OF FINITE
SIZE 127 6.8 OTHER METHODS FOR PREDICTING TERRAIN DIFFRACTION 129 6.8.1
THE INTEGRAL EQUATION MODEL 129 6.8.2 THE PARABOLIC EQUATION METHOD 131
6.9 INFLUENCE OF CLUTTER 134 6.10 CONCLUSION 135 REFERENCES 135 PROBLEMS
137 SATELLITE FIXED LINKS 139 7.1 INTRODUCTION 139 7.2 TROPOSPHERIC
EFFECTS 140 7.2.1 ATTENUATION 140 7.2.2 RAIN ATTENUATION 141 7.2.3
GASEOUS ABSORPTION 146 7.2.4 TROPOSPHERIC REFRACTION 148 7.2.5
TROPOSPHERIC SCINTILLATION 148 7.2.6 DEPOLARISATION 151 7.2.7 SKY NOISE
153 7.3 IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS 155 7.3.1 FARADAY ROTATION 158 7.3.2 GROUP
DELAY 159 7.3.3 DISPERSION 159 7.3.4 IONOSPHERIC SCINTILLATION 160 7.3.5
SUMMARY OF IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS 160 7.4 SATELLITE EARTH STATION ANTENNAS
160 7.5 CONCLUSION 161 REFERENCES 161 PROBLEMS 162 MACROCELLS 163 8.1
INTRODUCTION 163 8.2 DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS 163 8.3 EMPIRICAL PATH
LOSS MODELS 164 8.3.1 CLUTTER FACTOR MODELS 165 8.3.2 THE OKUMURA-HATA
MODEL 167 8.3.3 THE COST 231-HATA MODEL 169 8.3.4 THE LEE MODEL 169
8.3.5 THE IBRAHIM AND PARSONS MODEL 170 8.3.6 ENVIRONMENT CATEGORIES 171
8.4 PHYSICAL MODELS 172 8.4.1 THE ALLSEBROOK AND PARSONS MODEL 172 8.4.2
THE IKEGAMI MODEL 173 8.4.3 ROOFTOP DIFFRACTION 174 8.4.4 THE FIAT EDGE
MODEL 175 8.4.5 THE WALFISCH-BERTONI MODEL 178 8.4.6 COST
231/WALFISCH-IKEGAMI MODEL 180 8.5 ITU-R MODELS 181 8.5.1 ITU-R
RECOMMENDATION P.1411 181 8.5.2 ITU-R RECOMMENDATION P. 1546 182 8.6
COMPARISON OF MODELS 182 8.7 COMPUTERISED PLANNING TOOLS 183 8.8
CONCLUSION 183 REFERENCES 183 PROBLEMS 185 SHADOWING 187 9.1
INTRODUCTION 187 9.2 STATISTICAL CHARACTERISATION 187 9.3 PHYSICAL BASIS
FOR SHADOWING 189 9.4 IMPACT ON COVERAGE 189 9.4.1 EDGE OF CELL 189
9.4.2 WHOLE CELL 192 9.5 LOCATION VARIABILITY 195 9.6 CORRELATED
SHADOWING 196 9.6.1 SERIAL CORRELATION 197 9.6.2 SITE-TO-SITE
CORRELATION 199 9.7 CONCLUSION 205 REFERENCES 205 PROBLEMS 206
NARROWBAND FAST FADING 209 10.1 INTRODUCTION 209 10.2 BASEBAND CHANNEL
REPRESENTATION 209 10.3 THE AWGN CHANNEL 210 10.4 THE NARROWBAND FADING
CHANNEL 213 10.5 WHEN DOES FADING OCCUR IN PRACTICE? 214 10.6 THE
RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION 215 10.7 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SNR FOR A RAYLEIGH
CHANNEL 218 10.8 THE RICE DISTRIBUTION 221 10.9 THE NAKAGAMI- M
DISTRIBUTION 226 10.10 OTHER FADING DISTRIBUTIONS 227 10.11 SECOND-ORDER
FAST-FADING STATISTICS 227 10.11.1 THE DOPPLER EFFECT 228 10.11.2 THE
CLASSICAL DOPPLER SPECTRUM 230 10.12 AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTION 236 10.13
NARROWBAND MOBILE RADIO CHANNEL SIMULATIONS 238 10.14 CONCLUSION 239
CONTENTS REFERENCES 239 PROBLEMS 240 11. WIDEBAND FAST FADING 241 11.1
INTRODUCTION 241 11.2 EFFECT OF WIDEBAND FADING 242 11.3 WIDEBAND
CHANNEL MODEL 245 11.4 WIDEBAND CHANNEL PARAMETERS 246 11.5 FREQUENCY
DOMAIN EFFECTS 251 11.6 THE BELLO FUNCTIONS 252 11.7 WIDEBAND FADING IN
FIXED LINKS 253 11.8 OVERCOMING WIDEBAND CHANNEL IMPAIRMENTS 254 11.9
CONCLUSION 254 REFERENCES 255 PROBLEMS 255 12. MICROCELLS 257 12.1
INTRODUCTION 257 12.2 EMPIRICAL MODELS 257 12.2.1 DUAL-SLOPE MODEL 257
12.2.2 THE LEE MICROCELL MODEL 259 12.2.3 THE HAR-XIA-BERTONI MODEL 260
12.3 PHYSICAL MODELS 262 12.4 LINE-OF-SIGHT MODELS 264 12.4.1 TWO-RAY
MODEL 264 12.4.2 STREET CANYON MODELS 265 12.4.3 ITU-R P. 1411 STREET
CANYON MODEL 267 12.4.4 RANDOM WAVEGUIDE MODEL 268 12.5
NON-LINE-OF-SIGHT MODELS 270 12.5.1 PROPAGATION MECHANISMS AND CELL
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS 270 12.5.2 RECURSIVE MODEL 273 12.5.3 ITU-R
P.1411NON-LINE-OF-SIGHT MODEL 274 12.5.4 SITE-SPECIFIC RAY MODELS 275
12.6 DISCUSSION 276 12.7 MICROCELL SHADOWING 277 12.8 NARROWBAND FADING
277 12.9 WIDEBAND EFFECTS 277 12.10 CONCLUSION 278 REFERENCES 279
PROBLEMS 280 13. PICOCELLS 283 13.1 INTRODUCTION 283 13.2 EMPIRICAL
MODELS OF PROPAGATION WITHIN BUILDINGS 283 13.2.1 WALL AND FLOOR FACTOR
MODELS 283 XIII 13.2.2 COST231 MULTI-WALL MODEL 285 13.2.3 ERICSSON
MODEL 286 13.2.4 EMPIRICAL MODELS FOR WIRELESS LAN 286 13.2.5
MEASUREMENT-BASED PREDICTION 288 13.3 PHYSICAL MODELS OF INDOOR
PROPAGATION WITHIN BUILDINGS 288 13.3.1 RAY-TRACING MODELS FOR PICOCELLS
289 13.3.2 REDUCED-COMPLEXITY UTD INDOOR MODEL 289 13.3.3 PROPAGATION
BETWEEN FLOORS 291 13.3.4 PROPAGATION ON SINGLE FLOORS 292 13.4 MODELS
OF PROPAGATION INTO BUILDINGS 293 13.4.1 INTRODUCTION 293 13.4.2
MEASURED BEHAVIOUR 294 13.4.3 COST231 LINE-OF-SIGHT MODEL 294 13.4.4
FLOOR GAIN MODELS 295 13.4.5 COST231 NON-LINE-OF-SIGHT MODEL 296 13.4.6
PROPAGATION MECHANISMS 297 13.5 CONSTITUTIVE PARAMETERS OF BUILDING
MATERIALS FOR PHYSICAL MODELS 299 13.6 SHADOWING 300 13.7 MULTIPATH
EFFECTS 300 13.8 ULTRA-WIDEBAND INDOOR PROPAGATION 302 13.9 PROPAGATION
IN TUNNELS AND OTHER ENCLOSED SPACES 304 13.9.1 MEASURED BEHAVIOUR 304
13.9.2 MODELS OF TUNNEL PROPAGATION 304 13.10 DISCUSSION 309 13.11
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR INDOOR AND ENCLOSED SPACE APPLICATIONS 309
13.11.1 DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEMS - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 310 13.11.2
PASSIVE DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEMS 311 13.11.3 ACTIVE DISTRIBUTED
ANTENNA SYSTEMS 313 13.11.4 HYBRID SYSTEMS 314 13.11.5 RADIATING CABLES
315 13.11.6 REPEATERS 319 13.11.7 DIGITAL DISTRIBUTION 320 13.11.8
SELECTING THE MOST APPROPRIATE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 321 13.12 INDOOR LINK
BUDGETS 321 13.13 CONCLUSION 325 REFERENCES 326 PROBLEMS 328 14.
MEGACELLS 331 14.1 INTRODUCTION 331 14.2 SHADOWING AND FAST FADING 332
14.2.1 INTRODUCTION 332 CONTENTS 14.2.2 LOCAL SHADOWING EFFECTS 333
14.2.3 LOCAL MULTIPATH EFFECTS 334 14.3 EMPIRICAL NARROWBAND MODELS 336
14.4 STATISTICAL MODELS 337 14.4.1 LOO MODEL 339 14.4.2 CORAZZA MODEL
341 14.4.3 LUTZ MODEL 341 14.5 SHADOWING STATISTICS 345 14.6
PHYSICAL-STATISTICAL MODELS FOR BUILT-UP AREAS 345 14.6.1 BUILDING
HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION 348 14.6.2 TIME-SHARE OF SHADOWING 349 14.6.3 TIME
SERIES MODEL 350 14.7 WIDEBAND MODELS 353 14.8 MULTI-SATELLITE
CORRELATIONS 354 14.9 OVERALL MOBILE SATELLITE CHANNEL MODEL 356 14.10
CONCLUSION 357 REFERENCES 357 PROBLEMS 359 15. ANTENNAS FOR MOBILE
SYSTEMS 361 15.1 INTRODUCTION 361 15.2 MOBILE TERMINAL ANTENNAS 361
15.2.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 361 15.2.2 SMALL ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS
362 15.2.3 DIPOLES 364 15.2.4 HELICAL ANTENNAS 366 15.2.5 INVERTED-F
ANTENNAS 366 15.2.6 PATCHES 368 15.2.7 MEAN EFFECTIVE GAIN (MEG) 368
15.2.8 HUMAN BODY INTERACTIONS AND SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE (SAR) 370
15.2.9 MOBILE SATELLITE ANTENNAS 374 15.3 BASE STATION ANTENNAS 376
15.3.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS IN MACROCELLS 376 15.3.2 MACROCELL
ANTENNA DESIGN 377 15.3.3 MACROCELL ANTENNA DIVERSITY 380 15.3.4
MICROCELL ANTENNAS 381 15.3.5 PICOCELL ANTENNAS 382 15.3.6 ANTENNAS FOR
WIRELESS LAN 385 15.4 CONCLUSION 386 REFERENCES 386 PROBLEMS 388 16.
OVERCOMING NARROWBAND FADING VIA DIVERSITY 391 16.1 INTRODUCTION 391
16.2 CRITERIA FOR USEFUL BRANCHES 392 CONTENTS 16.3 SPACE DIVERSITY 393
16.3.1 GENERAL MODEL 393 16.3.2 MOBILE STATION SPACE DIVERSITY 395
16.3.3 HANDSET DIVERSITY ANTENNAS 397 16.3.4 BASE STATION SPACE
DIVERSITY 397 16.4 POLARISATION DIVERSITY 399 16.4.1 BASE STATION
POLARISATION DIVERSITY 399 16.4.2 MOBILE STATION POLARISATION DIVERSITY
400 16.5 TIME DIVERSITY 402 16.6 FREQUENCY DIVERSITY 403 16.7 COMBINING
METHODS 403 16.7.1 SELECTION COMBINING 403 16.7.2 SWITCHED COMBINING 405
16.7.3 EQUAL-GAIN COMBINING 406 16.7.4 MAXIMUM RATIO COMBINING 407
16.7.5 COMPARISON OF COMBINING METHODS 408 16.8 DIVERSITY FOR MICROWAVE
LINKS 409 16.9 MACRODIVERSITY 410 16.10 TRANSMIT DIVERSITY 410 16.11
CONCLUSION 411 REFERENCES 411 PROBLEMS 412 17. OVERCOMING WIDEBAND
FADING 413 17.1 INTRODUCTION 413 17.2 SYSTEM MODELLING 413 17.2.1
CONTINUOUS-TIME SYSTEM MODEL 413 17.2.2 DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEM MODEL 414
17.2.3 FIRST NYQUIST CRITERION 415 17.3 LINEAR EQUALISERS 416 17.3.1
LINEAR EQUALISER STRUCTURE 416 17.3.2 ZERO-FORCING EQUALISER 417 17.3.3
LEAST MEAN SQUARE EQUALISER 418 17.4 ADAPTIVE EQUALISERS 419 17.4.1
DIRECT MATRIX INVERSION 420 17.4.2 LMS ALGORITHM 421 17.4.3 OTHER
CONVERGENCE ALGORITHMS 421 17.5 NON-LINEAR EQUALISERS 422 17.5.1
DECISION FEEDBACK 423 17.5.2 MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD SEQUENCE ESTIMATOR 423
17.5.3 VITERBI EQUALISATION 424 17.6 RAKE RECEIVERS 427 17.7 OFDM
RECEIVERS 430 17.8 CONCLUSION 435 REFERENCES 435 PROBLEMS 436 CONTENTS
ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS 437 18.1 INTRODUCTION 437 18.2 BASIC CONCEPTS 437 18.3
ADAPTIVE ANTENNA APPLICATIONS 438 18.3.1 EXAMPLE OF ADAPTIVE ANTENNA
PROCESSING 438 18.3.2 SPATIAL FILTERING FOR INTERFERENCE REDUCTION 440
18.3.3 SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS 441 18.3.4 MULTIPLE-INPUT
MULTIPLE-OUTPUT SYSTEMS 441 18.4 OPTIMUM COMBINING 443 18.4.1
FORMULATION 443 18.4.2 STEERING VECTOR FOR UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY 445
18.4.3 STEERING VECTOR FOR ARBITRARY ELEMENT POSITIONS 446 18.4.4
OPTIMUM COMBINER IN A FREE SPACE ENVIRONMENT 447 18.4.5 OPTIMUM COMBINER
IN A FADING ENVIRONMENT 449 18.4.6 IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS
450 18.4.7 ADAPTIVE ANTENNA CHANNEL PARAMETERS 450 18.5 MULTIPLE-INPUT
MULTIPLE-OUTPUT SYSTEMS 453 18.5.1 MIMO SIGNAL MODEL 453 18.5.2 MIMO
CHANNEL CAPACITY 455 18.5.3 TRADE-OFF BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND CAPACITY FOR
MIMO 458 18.5.4 PARTICULAR STC SCHEINES 459 18.5.5 MIMO CHANNEL
MODELLING 460 18.5.6 MIMO CHANNEL MODELS FOR SPECIFIC SYSTEMS 462 18.5.7
IMPACT OF ANTENNAS ON MIMO PERFORMANCE 464 18.6 ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS IN A
PRACTICAL SYSTEM 465 18.7 CONCLUSION 466 REFERENCES 466 PROBLEMS 468
CHANNEL MEASUREMENTS FOR MOBILE SYSTEMS 469 19.1 INTRODUCTION 469 19.2
APPLICATIONS FOR CHANNEL MEASUREMENTS 469 19.2.1 TUNING EMPIRICAL PATH
LOSS MODELS 469 19.2.2 CREATING SYNTHETIC CHANNEL MODELS 470 19.2.3
EXISTING COVERAGE 471 19.2.4 DESIGN SURVEY 471 19.3 IMPACT OF
MEASUREMENT INACCURACIES 471 19.4 SIGNAL SAMPLING ISSUES 473 19.4.1
ESTIMATORS OF THE LOCAL MEAN 473 19.4.2 SAMPLING RATE 476 19.5
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 479 19.5.1 NARROWBAND CHANNEL SOUNDING 479 19.5.2
WIDEBAND CHANNEL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 480 19.5.3 OTHER MEASUREMENTS
481 19.6 EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION 481 19.6.1 GENERAL 481
19.6.2 TRANSMITTERS 482 19.6.3 RECEIVERS 482 19.6.4 PASSIVE ELEMENTS 483
19.7 OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS 484 19.7.1 GENERAL 484 19.7.2 MEASUREMENT
CAMPAIGN PLAN 484 19.7.3 NAVIGATION 484 19.7.4 SIZE AND SHAPE OF AREA
FOR AVERAGING 486 19.7.5 OUTDOOR TESTING GUIDELINES 488 19.8 INDOOR
MEASUREMENTS 488 19.8.1 GENERAL 488 19.8.2 NAVIGATION 489 19.8.3
SELECTION OF WALK ROUTES 490 19.8.4 EQUIPMENT 491 19.8.5 DOCUMENTATION
493 19.9 CONCLUSION 493 REFERENCES 493 PROBLEMS 494 20. FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION CHANNEL 497 20.1 INTRODUCTION
497 20.2 HIGH-RESOLUTION DATA 497 20.3 ANALYTICAL FORMULATIONS 498 20.4
PHYSICAL-STATISTICAL CHANNEL MODELLING 498 20.5 MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHANNEL
MODELS 498 20.6 REAL-TIME CHANNEL PREDICTIONS 498 20.7 INTELLIGENT
ANTENNAS 499 20.8 DISTRIBUTED AND AD-HOC CELL ARCHITECTURES 499 20.9
CONCLUSION 500 REFERENCES 500 APPENDIX A STATISTICS, PROBABILITY AND
STOCHASTIC PROCESSES 501 A.L INTRODUCTION 501 A.2 SINGLE RANDOM
VARIABLES 501 A.3 MULTIPLE RANDOM VARIABLES 502 A.4 GAUSSIAN
DISTRIBUTION AND CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM 503 A.5 RANDOM PROCESSES 503
REFERENCES 504 APPENDIX B TABLES AND DATA 505 B.L NORMAL (GAUSSIAN)
DISTRIBUTION 505 B.2 ERROR FUNCTION 507 B.3 FRESNEL INTEGRALS 508 B.4
GAMMA FUNCTION 508 B.5 BESSEL FUNCTION 511 REFERENCE 511 ABBREVIATIONS
513 INDEX 517 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author | Saunders, Simon R. Aragón-Zavala, Alejandro |
| author_facet | Saunders, Simon R. Aragón-Zavala, Alejandro |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Saunders, Simon R. |
| author_variant | s r s sr srs a a z aaz |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022510132 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TK7871 |
| callnumber-raw | TK7871.6 |
| callnumber-search | TK7871.6 |
| callnumber-sort | TK 47871.6 |
| callnumber-subject | TK - Electrical and Nuclear Engineering |
| classification_rvk | ZN 6420 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)85830855 (DE-599)BVBBV022510132 |
| dewey-full | 621.384/135 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.384/135 |
| dewey-search | 621.384/135 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.384 3135 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV022510132 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:59:06Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-20T19:00:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470848791 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015717057 |
| oclc_num | 85830855 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29T DE-573 DE-92 DE-634 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-29T DE-573 DE-92 DE-634 DE-83 |
| physical | XXII, 524 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Saunders, Simon R. Verfasser aut Antennas and propagation for wireless communication systems Simon R. Saunders ; Alejandro Aragón-Zavala 2. ed. Chichester [u.a.] Wiley 2007 XXII, 524 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Antenas (Electrónica) lemb Sistemas de radicomunicación lemb Antennas (Electronics) Wireless communication systems Antenne (DE-588)4002210-9 gnd rswk-swf Kommunikationssystem (DE-588)4125542-2 gnd rswk-swf Wellenausbreitung (DE-588)4121912-0 gnd rswk-swf Datenfunknetz (DE-588)4216132-0 gnd rswk-swf Kommunikationssystem (DE-588)4125542-2 s Antenne (DE-588)4002210-9 s Wellenausbreitung (DE-588)4121912-0 s DE-604 Datenfunknetz (DE-588)4216132-0 s 1\p DE-604 Aragón-Zavala, Alejandro Verfasser aut GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015717057&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Saunders, Simon R. Aragón-Zavala, Alejandro Antennas and propagation for wireless communication systems Antenas (Electrónica) lemb Sistemas de radicomunicación lemb Antennas (Electronics) Wireless communication systems Antenne (DE-588)4002210-9 gnd Kommunikationssystem (DE-588)4125542-2 gnd Wellenausbreitung (DE-588)4121912-0 gnd Datenfunknetz (DE-588)4216132-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002210-9 (DE-588)4125542-2 (DE-588)4121912-0 (DE-588)4216132-0 |
| title | Antennas and propagation for wireless communication systems |
| title_auth | Antennas and propagation for wireless communication systems |
| title_exact_search | Antennas and propagation for wireless communication systems |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Antennas and propagation for wireless communication systems |
| title_full | Antennas and propagation for wireless communication systems Simon R. Saunders ; Alejandro Aragón-Zavala |
| title_fullStr | Antennas and propagation for wireless communication systems Simon R. Saunders ; Alejandro Aragón-Zavala |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antennas and propagation for wireless communication systems Simon R. Saunders ; Alejandro Aragón-Zavala |
| title_short | Antennas and propagation for wireless communication systems |
| title_sort | antennas and propagation for wireless communication systems |
| topic | Antenas (Electrónica) lemb Sistemas de radicomunicación lemb Antennas (Electronics) Wireless communication systems Antenne (DE-588)4002210-9 gnd Kommunikationssystem (DE-588)4125542-2 gnd Wellenausbreitung (DE-588)4121912-0 gnd Datenfunknetz (DE-588)4216132-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Antenas (Electrónica) Sistemas de radicomunicación Antennas (Electronics) Wireless communication systems Antenne Kommunikationssystem Wellenausbreitung Datenfunknetz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015717057&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT saunderssimonr antennasandpropagationforwirelesscommunicationsystems AT aragonzavalaalejandro antennasandpropagationforwirelesscommunicationsystems |