Rannjaja preistorija Kavkaza:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Russian |
| Published: |
Sankt-Peterburg
PV
2006
|
| Series: | Archaeologica Petropolitana
19 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | PST: Early prehistory of the Caucasus. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 107 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 5858033210 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Ljubin, Vasilij P. |d 1917- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)103441093 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Rannjaja preistorija Kavkaza |c V. P. Ljubin ; E. V. Beljaeva |
| 264 | 1 | |a Sankt-Peterburg |b PV |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a 107 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Archaeologica Petropolitana |v 19 | |
| 490 | 1 | |a Trudy / Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Institut Istorii Materialʹnoj Kulʹtury |v 22 | |
| 500 | |a PST: Early prehistory of the Caucasus. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015711486&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015711486&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804136604834463744 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Оглавление
Введение
Глава
Глава
ГлаваЗ. Заселение Кавказа в ашельскую эпоху
Глава
Заключение
Литература
Список сокращений
Summary
Summary
Introduction. The present monograph is the first attempt to
draw a general scenario of the early prehistory of the Caucasus.
All available archaeological data are considered against recon¬
structed natural background.
Chapter
and environmental dynamics in Pleistocene» begins with a brief
description of geographic limits of the region, principal elements
of relief and diversity of landscape. It is noted that a wide envi¬
ronmental variability in the Caucasus isthmus reflects above all a
complex relief created to a large extent by neotectonics. As a re¬
sult of drifting of the Arabian plate to the north in the Caucasus
there was formed a system of faults and folds of both sub-
latitudinal and sub-meridional orientation (fig.
represented by principal mountain chains
Caucasus range as well as by intermountain depressions. The
main sub-meridional
sian transverse uplift (TTU) that extends in the medial belt of the
isthmus. The TTU contains volcanic plateaus of South Georgia
and Armenia, the Suram ridge, the Kazbek-Elbrus volcanic zone
of the Great Caucasus range and
the Piatigorie volcanic mounts and the Stavropol elevation (fig.
The
nected with the Great African-Arabian rift through great folds of
the Western Anatolia (Turkey) where the Eastern and Western
Euphrates valleys were laid. A natural history of the Caucasus
during the Pleistocene period was very complicated. In the re¬
gion there were established numerous favorable and unfavorable
environmental changes correlating in general to global climate
fluctuations. At the same time, a paleoecological situation there
was strongly influenced by a set of regional factors such as form¬
ing of highly variable mountain relief, mountain
periodic volcanic activity as well as transgression-regression cy¬
cles of the Black Sea and of the Caspian Sea basins. From time
to time during large Caspian transgressions vast lowlands of the
Eastern Caucasian became bays. In maximum phases of trans¬
gression sea water penetrated to the Kuma-Manych depression in
the north limits of the region and a temporal strait isolated the
Caucasus from the Russian plain (fig.
seemed to be the most suitable for Paleolithic settlement because
of moderately elevated and rugged relief with widespread open
landscape and abundant deposits of raw material, in particular,
volcanic rocks.
Chapter
sus» is focused on a problem of initial human appearance in the
Caucasus. Today the earliest migrations of pre-Acheulian bearers
are represented there by three sites (fig.
time. The earliest is a famous site of Dmanisi (South Georgia)
with Oldowan-like industry (fig.
ergaster dated to Pliocene-Pleistocene border (around
Humans lived there near a small lake in savanna-like landscape.
All the data suggest a relatively long human occupation of the
site and increasing aridization in the later period, after the Oldu-
vai event. Two younger sites (Akhalkalaki and Bogatyri) contain
small non-bifacial assemblages associated with the
complex (around
located not far from Dmanisi, in the South-Georgian volcanic
plateau (northern part of the Armenian upland). Of great interest
is also the Bogatyri site found recently in the
(Azov Sea coast) but a question about simultaneity of fauna and
lithics is still under study. Early humans appeared to migrate to
the Caucasus from the Near East, or more correctly, from the
Levant. Ways of migration extended likely along the aforemen¬
tioned rift system
then across vast areas of the Armenian upland containing vol¬
canic plateaus of Armenia, South Georgia and adjacent mountain
territories of Turkey (Eastern Anatolia) (fig.
were formed relatively similar environments. A break of occupa¬
tion at Dmanisi and a great interval between this episode and the
next one (Akhalkalaki, Bogatyti
bal climate shift to colder conditions that began just after the
Olduvai event (fig.
might prevent early hominids from penetration to mountain areas.
Chapter
much more extensive occupation of the Caucasus. There were
found six multilevel cave sites, four open-air sites and several
tens of surface occurrences with Acheulian artifacts. Rare an¬
thropological remains from cave sites (Kudaro I, Azykh) were
attributed to Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis, Bio-
stratigraphic data and several absolute dates for this stage indi¬
cate to a chronological interval
evidences of somewhat earlier beginning of the Acheulian occu¬
pation of the region have been obtained recently. A peculiar flint
micro-industry associated with hand-axes was found in the
gravel conglomerates within a Caspian Sea terrace reflecting an
early stage of the «Baku» transgression, which age is evaluated
around
canic area of northern Armenia, within the aforementioned TTU
zone there was found a series of localities containing both typical
Late Acheulian artifacts and those of evidently earlier age. The
archaic forms include very large, massive and roughly flaked
hand-axes (fig.
true pics
of Early Acheulian industries such as, for example, lithic assem¬
blage of a famous site of Ybeidiya in the Levant (around
Some other archaic finds including a large chisel-ended biface
from Abkhasia, Black Sea-side (fig.
count too. On the whole, nevertheless, most Acheulian localities
of the region may be attributed to Late Acheulian. It is notewor¬
thy that there is observed a considerable variability of industries
explained by their different origins, a strong effect of available
raw material varieties (lava rocks, flint, schist, sandstone, horn-
stone etc.) as well as by probable forming of new local tradi¬
tions. Like their predecessors, bearers of Acheulian industries
had to come to the Caucasus from the Levant and may use the
same natural roads. Though in the Levant and the Caucasus
Acheulian there are some common features no clear relations be¬
tween certain industries of these regions may be followed now.
On may suppose that probable ancestral Levantine industries
were considerably transformed as a result of changing raw mate¬
rial base. In other words, when moving from the Levant to the
Caucasus flint users of Levantine Acheulian had to adapt their
flaking techniques and morphological preferences to engineering
properties of volcanic rocks of the Armenian upland. In the Cau¬
casian part of the upland there is a great number of obsidian as
well as
localities extremely rich in Acheulian finds (fig.
cluding indicative early tool types. This area may be regarded as
a base or «spring-board» of Acheulian newcomers. To the north
from the upland the Acheulian localities become less frequent
and contain rare bifaces in spite of presence of plentiful sources
of flint in several parts a the region. Geographic arrangement of
the Acheulian localities (fig.
ness of human distribution within the Caucasus isthmus. This
pattern evidently resulted from preferring certain kinds of land¬
scape and placing not far from deposits of suitable raw materials.
It is not surprise that a majority of sites is located within the
Summary
107
TTU belt described above as a zone of the most favorable habi¬
tats. Outside the Armenian upland a settlement along this zone is
marked by lava bifaces from localities in foothills of the central
part of the Great Caucasus (fig.
the Suram ridge (fig.
tries of the Kudaro I and Tsona cave sites in highland of the Cen¬
tral Caucasus (fig.
people moved farther to the Northern Caucasus directly along
this zone because a barrier of the Great Caucasus range near the
Kazbek paleo-volcano considerably lowers and there is a series
of surmountable passes (fig.
mans in the central part of the Northern Caucasus is confirmed
by the Kinjal open-air site (fig.
Piatigorie mounts. Outside the TTU zone humans may move to
east and west parallel to the southern slopes of the Great Cauca¬
sus and then round this mountain barrier along paleo-shores of
the Black and Caspian seas. Acheulian localities were found and
continue to be being found in Dagestan (Caspian Sea-side) and
in the Abkhasia-Sochian part of the Black Sea-side (fig.
In the Northern Caucasus traces of Acheulian occupation are
concentrated in the Kuban river basin (fig.
forms predominate there (fig.
older age were met too (fig.
one may regard a pebble industry of the Treugolnaya cave site
(fig.
by paleoecological data from cave sites, Acheulian humans were
active hunters and their adaptation to mountain environments
was quite successful. All the available data suggest that the Cau¬
casus Acheulian industries have no relations with the Mousterian
ones as in chronological as in archeological aspects.
Chapter
Caucasus occupation. This period is represented by more than
400
tilevel cave shelters. A pattern of geographical distribution of the
Middle Paleolithic sites (fig.
of Acheulian (fig.
some previous habitats were left or only visited (highlands). A
settlement system demonstrates evident preference of areas rich
in raw material deposits and, especially, caves. Compared to
Acheulian, a variability of the Caucasus Middle Paleolithic in¬
dustries considerably increases but most assemblages may be
generally attributed to Mousterian excluding probably several
industries with Micoquian features in the North-Western Cauca¬
sus (fig.
Neanderthals. Their subsistence based on diversified hunting
though in certain sites there are evidences of specialization con¬
cerning the most important game: e.g. bison in forest-steppe
habitats of the North-Western Caucasus and mountain goat in the
gorges of Western Georgia. On the present level of our knowl¬
edge one may recognize two stages of Middle Paleolithic occu¬
pation of the region. The earliest is represented by a whole group
of sites with bladey industries located in the both slopes of the
Central Caucasus (Myshtulagty
Ossety and Kudaro I, Kudaro
South Ossety). Analysis of bio-stratigraphic data and evaluations
of absolute age points to the interval
Weichselian). Technologically and morphologically these indus¬
tries resemble the Early («D») Mousterian of the Levant. The
Kudaro-Djrachula site group includes three short-term hunting
camps in highland caves with a selected tool set dominated by
elongated points («personal gear») (fig.
longer duration in foothills (fig.
tance between the remotest points reaches
dicates to a high mobility and exploitation of vast areas. Of in¬
terest is that this model has analogies in a pattern of territorial
behavior reconstructed for the Levantine «D» Mousterian. An
age correlating to
sites. One of them yielded very poor finds (Matuzka, North-
Western Caucasus) and three sites (Erevan, Lusakert in Armenia,
Azykh in Azerbaijan (fig.
context and no reliable dates. Argued early Weichselian age of
the open-air site
seems more probable. This site whose industry shows certain
Micoquian traits may reflect close contacts between different
traditions of the Caucasus and East-European Middle Paleolithic
that became possible in
Black Sea and disappearance of the Manych strait (fig.
Бѕкауа
later sites of the North-Western Caucasus (fig.
whole, however, both chronological and cultural relations bet¬
ween the earliest stage of the Middle Paleolithic occupation and
the subsequent stage seem to be absent. Most Mousterian sites of
the region belong to this late stage. All the data permit to date
this stage as interval from very end of
than
and last stage of Mousterian occupation was interrupted during a
very cold period shortly before the Denekamp
stage is characterized by a maximum degree of industrial vari¬
ability. It seems that this reflects influx of different populations
as well as long isolated development of certain local human
groups. Several industries of the Lesser Caucasus (Taglar,
ma
terian of the Zagros region (modern Iran) whereas many indus¬
tries of the North-Western Caucasus (Mezmay, Barakaevskaya,
Monasheskaya (fig.
quian industries of the adjacent Crimea and East-European Plain.
Origins of most industries are still unclear. Of interest is that a
majority of multilevel sites contain only one industry, i.e. certain
human groups «possessed» their sites for a very long time. Of
special importance are three groups of multilevel cave sites. The
first consists of Monasheskaya, Barakaevsakaya (fig.
several other sites in the Gubs gorge, North-Western Caucasus;
the second contains Sakajia (fig.
in the Tskhaltsitela gorge in Western Georgia; the third is repre¬
sented by sites of the Shabatagele gorge neighboring to that of
the Tskhaltsitela (Bronzovaya cave (fig.
other sites). The three groups are distinguished for local and sta¬
ble cultural traditions developed in time within limited territo¬
ries. There were no special-purpose camps. Archaeological data
permit to reconstruct probably periodic but simultaneously con¬
tinuous inhabitance in each of sites. Hence, compared to the
early Mousterian pattern of settlement for a Late Mousterian on
may speak about decreasing mobility and some kind of control
over occupied territory and local natural resources. It is notewor¬
thy that this tendency of changes is in agreement with that re¬
ported for the later stages of the Levantine Mousterian. One may
suppose that these considerable changes in settlement patterns
were predetermined by ecological or/and behavioral shifts,
which took place after dramatic period of very cold conditions of
the Mousterian Pleniglacial
Generally, we may conclude that the Early and Middle Pa¬
leolithic humans moved to the Caucasus mostly from the south
and this process seemed to be rather discontinuous and pulsating.
At least five unrelated stages of settlement may be recognized
there for today. Both chronological and geographic ranges of
human occupation of the Caucasus in each stage as well as set¬
tlement patterns were depended on natural circumstances, which
existed during the Pleistocene in different parts of the region and
in neighboring areas.
|
| adam_txt |
Оглавление
Введение
Глава
Глава
ГлаваЗ. Заселение Кавказа в ашельскую эпоху
Глава
Заключение
Литература
Список сокращений
Summary
Summary
Introduction. The present monograph is the first attempt to
draw a general scenario of the early prehistory of the Caucasus.
All available archaeological data are considered against recon¬
structed natural background.
Chapter
and environmental dynamics in Pleistocene» begins with a brief
description of geographic limits of the region, principal elements
of relief and diversity of landscape. It is noted that a wide envi¬
ronmental variability in the Caucasus isthmus reflects above all a
complex relief created to a large extent by neotectonics. As a re¬
sult of drifting of the Arabian plate to the north in the Caucasus
there was formed a system of faults and folds of both sub-
latitudinal and sub-meridional orientation (fig.
represented by principal mountain chains
Caucasus range as well as by intermountain depressions. The
main sub-meridional
sian transverse uplift (TTU) that extends in the medial belt of the
isthmus. The TTU contains volcanic plateaus of South Georgia
and Armenia, the Suram ridge, the Kazbek-Elbrus volcanic zone
of the Great Caucasus range and
the Piatigorie volcanic mounts and the Stavropol elevation (fig.
The
nected with the Great African-Arabian rift through great folds of
the Western Anatolia (Turkey) where the Eastern and Western
Euphrates valleys were laid. A natural history of the Caucasus
during the Pleistocene period was very complicated. In the re¬
gion there were established numerous favorable and unfavorable
environmental changes correlating in general to global climate
fluctuations. At the same time, a paleoecological situation there
was strongly influenced by a set of regional factors such as form¬
ing of highly variable mountain relief, mountain
periodic volcanic activity as well as transgression-regression cy¬
cles of the Black Sea and of the Caspian Sea basins. From time
to time during large Caspian transgressions vast lowlands of the
Eastern Caucasian became bays. In maximum phases of trans¬
gression sea water penetrated to the Kuma-Manych depression in
the north limits of the region and a temporal strait isolated the
Caucasus from the Russian plain (fig.
seemed to be the most suitable for Paleolithic settlement because
of moderately elevated and rugged relief with widespread open
landscape and abundant deposits of raw material, in particular,
volcanic rocks.
Chapter
sus» is focused on a problem of initial human appearance in the
Caucasus. Today the earliest migrations of pre-Acheulian bearers
are represented there by three sites (fig.
time. The earliest is a famous site of Dmanisi (South Georgia)
with Oldowan-like industry (fig.
ergaster dated to Pliocene-Pleistocene border (around
Humans lived there near a small lake in savanna-like landscape.
All the data suggest a relatively long human occupation of the
site and increasing aridization in the later period, after the Oldu-
vai event. Two younger sites (Akhalkalaki and Bogatyri) contain
small non-bifacial assemblages associated with the
complex (around
located not far from Dmanisi, in the South-Georgian volcanic
plateau (northern part of the Armenian upland). Of great interest
is also the Bogatyri site found recently in the
(Azov Sea coast) but a question about simultaneity of fauna and
lithics is still under study. Early humans appeared to migrate to
the Caucasus from the Near East, or more correctly, from the
Levant. Ways of migration extended likely along the aforemen¬
tioned rift system
then across vast areas of the Armenian upland containing vol¬
canic plateaus of Armenia, South Georgia and adjacent mountain
territories of Turkey (Eastern Anatolia) (fig.
were formed relatively similar environments. A break of occupa¬
tion at Dmanisi and a great interval between this episode and the
next one (Akhalkalaki, Bogatyti
bal climate shift to colder conditions that began just after the
Olduvai event (fig.
might prevent early hominids from penetration to mountain areas.
Chapter
much more extensive occupation of the Caucasus. There were
found six multilevel cave sites, four open-air sites and several
tens of surface occurrences with Acheulian artifacts. Rare an¬
thropological remains from cave sites (Kudaro I, Azykh) were
attributed to Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis, Bio-
stratigraphic data and several absolute dates for this stage indi¬
cate to a chronological interval
evidences of somewhat earlier beginning of the Acheulian occu¬
pation of the region have been obtained recently. A peculiar flint
micro-industry associated with hand-axes was found in the
gravel conglomerates within a Caspian Sea terrace reflecting an
early stage of the «Baku» transgression, which age is evaluated
around
canic area of northern Armenia, within the aforementioned TTU
zone there was found a series of localities containing both typical
Late Acheulian artifacts and those of evidently earlier age. The
archaic forms include very large, massive and roughly flaked
hand-axes (fig.
true pics
of Early Acheulian industries such as, for example, lithic assem¬
blage of a famous site of Ybeidiya in the Levant (around
Some other archaic finds including a large chisel-ended biface
from Abkhasia, Black Sea-side (fig.
count too. On the whole, nevertheless, most Acheulian localities
of the region may be attributed to Late Acheulian. It is notewor¬
thy that there is observed a considerable variability of industries
explained by their different origins, a strong effect of available
raw material varieties (lava rocks, flint, schist, sandstone, horn-
stone etc.) as well as by probable forming of new local tradi¬
tions. Like their predecessors, bearers of Acheulian industries
had to come to the Caucasus from the Levant and may use the
same natural roads. Though in the Levant and the Caucasus
Acheulian there are some common features no clear relations be¬
tween certain industries of these regions may be followed now.
On may suppose that probable ancestral Levantine industries
were considerably transformed as a result of changing raw mate¬
rial base. In other words, when moving from the Levant to the
Caucasus flint users of Levantine Acheulian had to adapt their
flaking techniques and morphological preferences to engineering
properties of volcanic rocks of the Armenian upland. In the Cau¬
casian part of the upland there is a great number of obsidian as
well as
localities extremely rich in Acheulian finds (fig.
cluding indicative early tool types. This area may be regarded as
a base or «spring-board» of Acheulian newcomers. To the north
from the upland the Acheulian localities become less frequent
and contain rare bifaces in spite of presence of plentiful sources
of flint in several parts a the region. Geographic arrangement of
the Acheulian localities (fig.
ness of human distribution within the Caucasus isthmus. This
pattern evidently resulted from preferring certain kinds of land¬
scape and placing not far from deposits of suitable raw materials.
It is not surprise that a majority of sites is located within the
Summary
107
TTU belt described above as a zone of the most favorable habi¬
tats. Outside the Armenian upland a settlement along this zone is
marked by lava bifaces from localities in foothills of the central
part of the Great Caucasus (fig.
the Suram ridge (fig.
tries of the Kudaro I and Tsona cave sites in highland of the Cen¬
tral Caucasus (fig.
people moved farther to the Northern Caucasus directly along
this zone because a barrier of the Great Caucasus range near the
Kazbek paleo-volcano considerably lowers and there is a series
of surmountable passes (fig.
mans in the central part of the Northern Caucasus is confirmed
by the Kinjal open-air site (fig.
Piatigorie mounts. Outside the TTU zone humans may move to
east and west parallel to the southern slopes of the Great Cauca¬
sus and then round this mountain barrier along paleo-shores of
the Black and Caspian seas. Acheulian localities were found and
continue to be being found in Dagestan (Caspian Sea-side) and
in the Abkhasia-Sochian part of the Black Sea-side (fig.
In the Northern Caucasus traces of Acheulian occupation are
concentrated in the Kuban river basin (fig.
forms predominate there (fig.
older age were met too (fig.
one may regard a pebble industry of the Treugolnaya cave site
(fig.
by paleoecological data from cave sites, Acheulian humans were
active hunters and their adaptation to mountain environments
was quite successful. All the available data suggest that the Cau¬
casus Acheulian industries have no relations with the Mousterian
ones as in chronological as in archeological aspects.
Chapter
Caucasus occupation. This period is represented by more than
400
tilevel cave shelters. A pattern of geographical distribution of the
Middle Paleolithic sites (fig.
of Acheulian (fig.
some previous habitats were left or only visited (highlands). A
settlement system demonstrates evident preference of areas rich
in raw material deposits and, especially, caves. Compared to
Acheulian, a variability of the Caucasus Middle Paleolithic in¬
dustries considerably increases but most assemblages may be
generally attributed to Mousterian excluding probably several
industries with Micoquian features in the North-Western Cauca¬
sus (fig.
Neanderthals. Their subsistence based on diversified hunting
though in certain sites there are evidences of specialization con¬
cerning the most important game: e.g. bison in forest-steppe
habitats of the North-Western Caucasus and mountain goat in the
gorges of Western Georgia. On the present level of our knowl¬
edge one may recognize two stages of Middle Paleolithic occu¬
pation of the region. The earliest is represented by a whole group
of sites with bladey industries located in the both slopes of the
Central Caucasus (Myshtulagty
Ossety and Kudaro I, Kudaro
South Ossety). Analysis of bio-stratigraphic data and evaluations
of absolute age points to the interval
Weichselian). Technologically and morphologically these indus¬
tries resemble the Early («D») Mousterian of the Levant. The
Kudaro-Djrachula site group includes three short-term hunting
camps in highland caves with a selected tool set dominated by
elongated points («personal gear») (fig.
longer duration in foothills (fig.
tance between the remotest points reaches
dicates to a high mobility and exploitation of vast areas. Of in¬
terest is that this model has analogies in a pattern of territorial
behavior reconstructed for the Levantine «D» Mousterian. An
age correlating to
sites. One of them yielded very poor finds (Matuzka, North-
Western Caucasus) and three sites (Erevan, Lusakert in Armenia,
Azykh in Azerbaijan (fig.
context and no reliable dates. Argued early Weichselian age of
the open-air site
seems more probable. This site whose industry shows certain
Micoquian traits may reflect close contacts between different
traditions of the Caucasus and East-European Middle Paleolithic
that became possible in
Black Sea and disappearance of the Manych strait (fig.
Бѕкауа
later sites of the North-Western Caucasus (fig.
whole, however, both chronological and cultural relations bet¬
ween the earliest stage of the Middle Paleolithic occupation and
the subsequent stage seem to be absent. Most Mousterian sites of
the region belong to this late stage. All the data permit to date
this stage as interval from very end of
than
and last stage of Mousterian occupation was interrupted during a
very cold period shortly before the Denekamp
stage is characterized by a maximum degree of industrial vari¬
ability. It seems that this reflects influx of different populations
as well as long isolated development of certain local human
groups. Several industries of the Lesser Caucasus (Taglar,
ma
terian of the Zagros region (modern Iran) whereas many indus¬
tries of the North-Western Caucasus (Mezmay, Barakaevskaya,
Monasheskaya (fig.
quian industries of the adjacent Crimea and East-European Plain.
Origins of most industries are still unclear. Of interest is that a
majority of multilevel sites contain only one industry, i.e. certain
human groups «possessed» their sites for a very long time. Of
special importance are three groups of multilevel cave sites. The
first consists of Monasheskaya, Barakaevsakaya (fig.
several other sites in the Gubs gorge, North-Western Caucasus;
the second contains Sakajia (fig.
in the Tskhaltsitela gorge in Western Georgia; the third is repre¬
sented by sites of the Shabatagele gorge neighboring to that of
the Tskhaltsitela (Bronzovaya cave (fig.
other sites). The three groups are distinguished for local and sta¬
ble cultural traditions developed in time within limited territo¬
ries. There were no special-purpose camps. Archaeological data
permit to reconstruct probably periodic but simultaneously con¬
tinuous inhabitance in each of sites. Hence, compared to the
early Mousterian pattern of settlement for a Late Mousterian on
may speak about decreasing mobility and some kind of control
over occupied territory and local natural resources. It is notewor¬
thy that this tendency of changes is in agreement with that re¬
ported for the later stages of the Levantine Mousterian. One may
suppose that these considerable changes in settlement patterns
were predetermined by ecological or/and behavioral shifts,
which took place after dramatic period of very cold conditions of
the Mousterian Pleniglacial
Generally, we may conclude that the Early and Middle Pa¬
leolithic humans moved to the Caucasus mostly from the south
and this process seemed to be rather discontinuous and pulsating.
At least five unrelated stages of settlement may be recognized
there for today. Both chronological and geographic ranges of
human occupation of the Caucasus in each stage as well as set¬
tlement patterns were depended on natural circumstances, which
existed during the Pleistocene in different parts of the region and
in neighboring areas. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Ljubin, Vasilij P. 1917- Beljaeva, E. V. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)103441093 |
| author_facet | Ljubin, Vasilij P. 1917- Beljaeva, E. V. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Ljubin, Vasilij P. 1917- |
| author_variant | v p l vp vpl e v b ev evb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022504474 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)213503458 (DE-599)BVBBV022504474 |
| era | Vor- und Frühgeschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Vor- und Frühgeschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kaukasus (DE-588)4030090-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kaukasus |
| id | DE-604.BV022504474 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:56:53Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:59:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 5858033210 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015711486 |
| oclc_num | 213503458 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 107 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | PV |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Archaeologica Petropolitana |
| series2 | Archaeologica Petropolitana Trudy / Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Institut Istorii Materialʹnoj Kulʹtury |
| spelling | Ljubin, Vasilij P. 1917- Verfasser (DE-588)103441093 aut Rannjaja preistorija Kavkaza V. P. Ljubin ; E. V. Beljaeva Sankt-Peterburg PV 2006 107 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Archaeologica Petropolitana 19 Trudy / Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Institut Istorii Materialʹnoj Kulʹtury 22 PST: Early prehistory of the Caucasus. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Vor- und Frühgeschichte gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Kaukasus (DE-588)4030090-0 gnd rswk-swf Kaukasus (DE-588)4030090-0 g Vor- und Frühgeschichte z Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Beljaeva, E. V. Verfasser aut Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Institut Istorii Materialʹnoj Kulʹtury Trudy 22 (DE-604)BV013519965 22 Archaeologica Petropolitana 19 (DE-604)BV011541587 19 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015711486&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015711486&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ljubin, Vasilij P. 1917- Beljaeva, E. V. Rannjaja preistorija Kavkaza Archaeologica Petropolitana Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4030090-0 |
| title | Rannjaja preistorija Kavkaza |
| title_auth | Rannjaja preistorija Kavkaza |
| title_exact_search | Rannjaja preistorija Kavkaza |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Rannjaja preistorija Kavkaza |
| title_full | Rannjaja preistorija Kavkaza V. P. Ljubin ; E. V. Beljaeva |
| title_fullStr | Rannjaja preistorija Kavkaza V. P. Ljubin ; E. V. Beljaeva |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rannjaja preistorija Kavkaza V. P. Ljubin ; E. V. Beljaeva |
| title_short | Rannjaja preistorija Kavkaza |
| title_sort | rannjaja preistorija kavkaza |
| topic | Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Kaukasus |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015711486&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015711486&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013519965 (DE-604)BV011541587 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ljubinvasilijp rannjajapreistorijakavkaza AT beljaevaev rannjajapreistorijakavkaza |