Urbanization: an introduction to urban geography
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Upper Saddle River, N.J.
Pearson Prentice Hall
2005
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XII, 594 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. und Kt. 29 cm |
| ISBN: | 0131424505 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Knox, Paul L. |d 1947- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)123288347 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Urbanization |b an introduction to urban geography |c Paul L. Knox ; Linda McCarthy |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Upper Saddle River, N.J. |b Pearson Prentice Hall |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XII, 594 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. und Kt. |c 29 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Géographie urbaine | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Géographie urbaine |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Stadsgeografie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Urbanisatie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Urbanisation | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Urbanisation |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Verstädterung | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Urban geography | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Urbanization | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804136602882015232 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Urbanization
Autor: Knox, Paul L.
Jahr: 2005
Contents
Preface xi
1 Urbanization and Urban Geography 1
Chapter Preview 2
The Study of Urban Geography 2
Space, Territoriality, Distance, and Place 2
Approaches to Urban Geography 3
Box 1.1 Census Delinitions 6
Urbanization: Processes and Outcomes 9
Economic Change 9
Box 1.2 Globalization and Cities It)
Box 1.3 Long-Wave Economic Fluctuations
and Urban Change 12
Demographic Change 14
Political Change 15
Cultural Change 16
Technological Change 16
Environmental Change 16
Social Change 16
The Plan of the Book 17
Follow Up 18
Related Websites 19
2 The Origins and Growth of Cities 21
Chapter Preview 22
The Definition of a City 22
Box 2.1 A Summary ol ChiUle s Characteristics
of Urban Civilization 2 5
Preconditions for Urbanization 23
Theories of Urban Origins 23
Agricultural Surplus 23
Hydrological Factors 24
Population Pressures 24
Trading Requirements 24
Defense Needs 24
Religious Causes 24
A More Comprehensive Explanation 24
Urban Origins 25
Mesopotamia 25
Egypt 26
The Indus Valley 26
Northern China 26
Mesoamerica 26
Internal Structure of the Earliest Cities 27
Box 2.2 Internal Structure ol the Earliest
Cities 11
Urban Expansion from the Regions of Urban
Origin 31
Box 2.3 The Silk Road: Long-Distance Trade
and Urban Expansion 32
The Roots of European Urban Expansion 34
Greek Cities 34
Roman Cities 35
Dark Ages 37
Urban Revival in Europe During the Medieval
Period 39
Urban Expansion and Consolidation During the
Renaissance and Baroque Periods 43
Box 2.4 Hanscalic League ( ilies 44
Urbanization and the Industrial Revolution 46
Box 2.5 MaiKhestcr: Slunk C il ol European
Industrialization 47
Box 2.6 Residential Segregation in Mid-Nineteenth
( enlui v Glasgow. Scotland 50
Follow Up 50
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 51
Related Websites 51
3 The Foundations of the American Urban
System 53
Chapter Preview 54
Frontier Urbanization 54
The Mercantile Epoch (1790-1840) 56
Box 5.1 Vance s Mercantile Model 59
Early Industrial Expansion and Realignment
(1840-1875) 61
Box 3.2 Immigrant Housing Conditions
and the Amc-iican ( ilv, 18-1U-1875 -
Some Principles of Urban Growth 65
Interpreting and Analyzing the Urban Hierarchy
and the Central Place System 65
/// ¦ ! iiuk- i:, / ii/V 6 i
buhH uhu i tnui I rhiin (jViv//; o
( ,7/, r,;/ I lu,v ihccrv ( (
In W ihi (, nsmiwi Iliiuci 7.1/itA W
The Organization of Industry (1875-1920) 68
Understanding and Analyzing Uneven Urban
Development 70
Early Fordism, the Automobile Era, Suburban
Infill, and the Great Depression (1920-1945) 74
A Critical Turn for Urbanization: The Depression
and Macroeconomic Management 75
Follow Up 76
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 77
Related Websites 77
4 Urban Systems in Transition 79
Chapter Preview 80
Freeways, Regional Decentralization, and
Metropolitan Consolidation (1945-1972) 80
Economic Crisis and Neo-Fordist Urban
Restructuring (1972-1983) 82
Urban Distress 84
Neo-Fordist Economic Restructuring and the
Emergence of Informational Cities
(1983-Present) 86
Box 4.1 The Digital Divide and Splintering Urbanism
in the United Stales 89
Contents
Globalization, Splintering Urbanism, and Uneven
Urban Development 89
Economic Functions within the Urban
Hierarchy 91
World t.///V 92
/ V.!i /lil/ CoiUrOi CcilKrs i
SpCi iali:ed I nnlmer-Senice Centers 94
Pereiideiit Centers 5
(5o 4.2 Variations in the Quality (if Life within
the U.S. Urban System 95
Box4.j Contemporary European Urbanization 96
Demographic and Social Change in the Postwar
Urban Systems 100
The Btihv Boomers 100
The Pcst-liocmers/Younij Adult-, 101
The Fiderbv 102
The Sew Inunlqranis 106
Concepts of Urban System Change:
Counterurbanization, Deurbanization, and
Reurbanization 106
Box 4.4 Tlie Deurbani/alion Scenario
in the United States? 109
Follow Up 112
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 112
Related Websites 113
5 The Foundations of Urban Form
and Land Use 115
Chapter Preview 116
The Mercantile City (Before 1840) 116
The Pedestrian City 116
Models of the Mercantile City 117
The Early Industrial City (1840-1875) 117
Urbanization and the Public Interest 118
Instruments of Change: Horsecars and
Railroads 119
Iie-r.sei.irs 119
RdilrMils 120
The Industrial City (1875-1920) 121
Economic Specialization and the Reorganization
of Urban Space 122
Framing the City: Networked Infrastructures 123
The Emergence of Land Use Zoning Laws 125
The Suburban Explosion: Streetcar Suburbs 126
R.irt.i Ti,;nsit 127
Muss Transport and Heal l-staie Development !2S
Urban Structure in the Industrial Era 129
Central Business Districts 129
! epar;:i:en: tore and slwrplii i Pi-Uriels 129
P-e-.viuewi! int iee Dianas I id
i I:: S/ iV, u;/1 ¦ ^ani saaon o! CllTh i i /
Land Values and Urban Land Use 132
Solio s and/ones /jS
Box 5.! The Bid-Rent Theory of Urban
Land Use 134
iil:erin: and Vatam v Chains 1 6
Follow Up 1 36
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 137
Related Websites 137
6 Changing Metropolitan Form 139
Chapter Preview 140
Suburban Infill (1920-1945) 140
Fordism 140
Paving the way for Suburbanization 141
Parkways 141
The Decline of Mass Transit 142
Patterns of Suburban Growth 142
Automobile Suburbs 142
Planned Suburbs 141
Suburbanization and Federal Policy 146
Suburbanization of Commerce and Industry 14S
New Patterns of Land Use 149
Freeways and Metropolitan Sprawl
(1945-1972) 150
The Preconditions for Sprawl 150
The Fordist Suburb 151
Suburban Production and Consumption Spaces 155
Central City Land Use 155
Neo-Fordist Development (1973-Present) 158
Splintering Urbanism 158
The Polycentric Metropolis 158
The End of Suburbia 162
Box 6,1 Boomburbs and Generica 163
Box 6.2 Japanese Cilies: Tokyo and (he Tokaido
Megalopolis 164
Box 6.3 Australian Edge Cities? 166
Follow Up 168
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 169
Related Websites 169
Urbanization in the Less Developed
Countries 171
Chapter Preview 172
Urbanization Trends and Projections: The Less
Developed Countries in Global Context 172
Box 7.1 Core, Semi-Periphery, and Periphery
in the World-System 173
Factors Promoting Urban Growth 176
Theories of Urbanization and Economic
Development 177
Modernization Theories: The Developmental
Approach 177
Urban Bias and L/wderdevelopment 179
Box 7.2 A Model of Peripheral Urbanization 181
New Models from the Less Developed Countries:
Opportunities for Development 182
A Historical Perspective on Colonial
Urbanization 182
Box 7.3 Delhi: The Evolution of an
Imperial City 183
Indigenous Urbanization at the Eve of the European
Encounters 187
Mercantile Colonialism 188
Industrial Colonialism 189
Late Colonialism 189
Box 7.4 Generalized Model of the Convolution
of Transportation Networks and Urban
Hierarchies in a Colonial Context 189
Contents
Vll
Early Independence 191
Neocolonialism 192
Overurbanization and Megacities
Follow Up 194
Key Sources and Suggested Reading
Related Websites 19 5
193
195
8 Urban Form and Land Use in the Less
Developed Countries 197
Chapter Preview 198
Patterns of Urban Form and Land Use 198
Latin American Cities 198
African Cities 203
Box 8.! South African Cities 204
Islamic Cities 206
Box 8.2 Contemporary Islamic Cities
and the Imprints of Globalization 209
South Asian Cities 209
Southeast Asian Cities 211
East Asian Cities 215
Box 83 Shanghai and the Pudong New Area—The
Dragon Head of China s Economy? 218
Box 8.4 Hong Kong s Extended Metropolitan Region:
Foreign Direct Investment and Regional
Development in the Pearl River Delta 220
Follow Up 222
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 223
Related Websites 223
9 Urban Problems and Responses in the Less
Developed Countries 225
Chapter Preview 226
Urban Problems 226
Poverty 226
Inadequate Housing 229
Lack of Urban Services 231
Box 9.1 HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan African Cities 233
Transportation Problems 233
Environmental Degradation 234
Box 9.2 How Rationing Can Backfire: The Day
Without a Car Regulation in Mexico City 236
Responses to the Problems of Urbanization 237
Sustainable Urban Development 237
The Globalization Paradox and Recent Changes in
Urban Governance 238
Box 9.3 Different Levels of Participation in Urban
Policy-Making and Implementation 240
Box 9.4 Urban Social Movements and the Role
of Women 241
Follow Up 242
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 243
Related Websites 243
10 The City as Text: Architecture
and Urban Design 245
Chapter Preview 246
Architecture and the Dynamics of Urban
Change 246
Architecture and Exchange Value 246
Architecture and the Circulation of Capital 246
Architecture and Legitimation 247
Meaning and Si-wMbm 24 7
Architecture Versus Mere Building 247
The Style of Production/The Production
of Style 248
Arcadian Classicism and the Middle Landscape 248
Public Parks 249
Commercial Collusion 249
Beaux Arts and the City Beautiful 250
The American Way: Skyscrapers 252
Modernism: Architecture as Social Redemption 254
Arts and Crafts and Art Nouveau 254
The Early Modernists 254
The Bauhaus and the Modern Movement 255
Le Corbusier 256
An American Response 258
The International Style ami Late Modernism 259
The Critique of Modernism 261
The Postmodern Interlude 263
Postmodernism and Neo-Fordism 204
Packaged Landscapes 265
New (Retro) Urbanism 206
Historic Preservation 267
Design for Dystopia 268
Fortress I.A. 209
Follow Up 270
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 271
Related Websites 271
11 The Urban Development Process 273
Chapter Preview 274
Property, Location, Rent, and Investment 274
Box 11.1 Concepts of Rent 275
A Typology of Investment in Land and Property 276
Property as a Financial Asset 277
The Structures of Building Provision 278
City Makers 278
Landowners 279
Speculators 281
Developers 281
Builders 284
Consumers 284
Real Estate Agents, Financiers, and Other
Facilitators 2S4
Government Agencies 284
Market Responses of the Development Industry 285
Box 11.2 Brownfield Redevelopment 286
Box 11.3 Urban Development Is Less and Less
a Local Activity 287
New Products 2X8
Follow Up 292
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 292
Related Websites 293
12 The Residential Kaleidoscope 295
Chapter Preview 297
Social Interaction and Residential
Segregation 297
Contents
Territoriality 298
The Foundations of Residential Segregation 299
faw/ Static 2 c
Household Tvpc *!
Etltniehy 302
Box 12.1 The Social Construction of Race 304
Lifestyle i l~
Box 12.2 Social Exclusion and Migrant Workers
in West European Cities 308
Box 12.3 How Segregated Are Urban
Neighborhoods? 309
Interpretations of Residential Ecology 311
The Chicago School: Human Ecology 311
Criticisms of Human Fcologv 3/3
Box 12.4 factorial Ecology 314
Box 12.5 Residential and Economic Structure in
European Cil ies 317
Urbanization and Changing Social Structures 318
Recent Changes to the Foundations of
Residential Segregation 318
New Divisions of Labor, New Household Types,
and New Lifestyles 319
Box 12.6 The Ethnoburb—A New Suburban Ethnic
Settlement 321
Sew Roies for Women 323
Aviv Patterns of Household Formation 324
Increased Materialism and New Lifestvles 325
The Spatial Isolation of the Vulnerable and
Disadvantages 327
Box 12.7 Inconspicuous Consumption during
Ihe 1990s 327
The New Mosaic: Attempting to Identify Urban
Lifestyle Communities 331
Box 12.8 G1S Marketing Applications Help Starbucks
lo Brew Up Better Locational Analyses 336
Follow Up 337
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 338
Related Websites 339
13 How Neighborhoods Change 341
Chapter Preview 342
Neighborhood Change 342
Redevelopment and Reinvestment 343
Neighborhood Life Cycles 344
Box 13.1 Stability and change: A Typology
of Neighborhoods 345
Housing Markets 346
Urbanization and the Tenure Transformation 347
Housing Affordability 349
Public Housing 352
Housing Submarkets 353
Box 1 3.2 Public and Private Housing in European
Cities 354
Box 13.5 Neighborhood Stability in West European
Cities 357
Residential Mobility and Neighborhood
Change 358
Rates of Turnover: Movers and Stayers 358
The Impact of New Arrivals to the City 360
Intraurban Moves 360
Reasons for Moving 361
Understanding Household Behavior: The Decision
to Move 361
Understanding Household Behavior: The Search for
Alternative Places to Live 363
Concepts that Link Mobility with Neighborhood
Change 363
Housing Market Gatekeepers, Bias, and
Discrimination 364
Real Estate Agents as Social Gatekeepers 365
Mortgage Finance Managers as Social
Gatekeepers 367
Insurance Agents as Social Gatekeepers 369
Putting It All Together: The Example
of Gentrification 370
Follow Up 374
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 374
Related Websites 375
14 Urbanization, Urban Life, and Urban
Spaces 377
Chapter Preview 378
Social Life in Cities 378
Theoretical Interpretations of Urban Life 379
The Moral Order of City Life 379
Box 14.1 Sex and the City : Prostitution 380
Anomie and Deviant Behavior 180
Liberating Aspects of I rban Life 381
Urbanism as a Way of Life 382
The Public and Private Worlds of City Life 383
Changing Metropolitan Form and New Forms
of Urbanism 384
Box 14.2 Homosexuality and the City 385
Urban Villages 3S6
Suburban Communality. Habitus,, and Postmodern
Lifestyles 3SH
Community and Territory 389
Cognition. Perception, and Mental Maps
of the City 389
Appraisive Images 79.3
Lifeworlds and the Structuration of Social Life 395
Box 14.3 Disability and the City 396
Time-Space Routines 397
Box 14.4 Structuration: Time and Space
in Everyday Life 398
Gendered Spaces: Women, Home,
and Community 399
The Creation of Women s Spaces 399
Changing Roles, Changing Spaces 401
Box 14.5 Discrimination by Design: Domestic
Architecture and Gender Differences 403
Follow Up 404
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 404
Related Websites 405
15 Problems of Urbanization 407
Chapter Preview 408
Problem? What Problem? 408
From Haunts of Vice to Gang Wastelands—
and Back 409
Problems of the Early Industrial City 409
Problems of the Industrial City 410
Problems of the Fordist Era 412
Problems of the Neo-Fordist Era 412
Contents
IX
Slums and Poverty Areas 413
The Cycle of Poverty 414
Poverty Areas 416
Box 15.1 Poverty, Stress, and Civil Disorder 417
Dual Cities? 424
Criminal Violence 426
Spatial Patterns 427
Box 15.2 A Profile of Drug Indicators:
Washington, D.C. 428
Box 15.3 Crime and Corruption in the Cities
of (he Russian Federation 429
The Effects of Crime on Urbanization
and Urban Life 430
Box 15.4 Terrorism and Cilies 432
Homelessness 434
The Causes of Homelessness 436
Infrastructure and Environmental
Problems 439
Water Supply Problems 440
Air Pollution 442
Box 15.5 Lower Manhattan Air Quality Following
the Collapse of the Twin Towers 443
Infrastructure Crisis 445
Box 15.6 High-Speed Rail in an integrating
Europe 445
Box 15.7 London s Traffic Congestion Charge 450
Follow Up 451
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 452
Related Websites 453
16 The Politics of Change: Urbanization
and Urban Governance 455
Chapter Preview 456
Box! 6.1 Urban Governance 456
Laissez-Faire: Government and Politics in the
Mercantile City (1790 to 1840) 456
Municipal Socialism and the Rise of Machine
Politics (1840-1875) 458
Boosterism and the Politics of Reform
(1875-1920) 459
The Progressive Era 460
Annexation 462
Metropolitan Fragmentation and the
Formation of Progrowth Coalitions
(1920-1945) 463
The Consequences of Metropolitan
Fragmentation 463
The Urban Legacies of the New Deal 465
Cities as Growth Machines and Service
Providers (1945-1973) 467
Growth Machines and Urban Renewal 467
Backlash: Grassroots Activism and Protest 470
Black Power and Black Politics 471
Box 16.2 Milwaukee Demolishes Ihe Freeway
to Nowhere 472
Reform: The Struggle for Social Justice and Spatial
Equity 472
Reapportionment 473
Fragmentation Compounded: Special Districts 474
Social Justice and Spatial Equity in Municipal Service
De liven 474
Fiscal Crisis and Entrepreneurial Politics
(1973-Present) 475
Fiscal Crisis 476
Box 16.3 Tax Increment Financing (T1F) 477
Fiscal Retrenchment 478
Box 16.4 America s Ailing Central Cities 479
The Privatized City 480
Advantages and Disadvantages of Privatization 481
Crisis? What Crisis? Civic Entrepreneurialism
and the Politics of Image 482
Strategies for Urban Economic Development 48i
The Politics of Packaqittcf 4S5
Box 16.5 Urban Regeneration in London s
Docklands 486
Architectural Convergence mid Economic
Volatility 4S7
Conceptual and Theoretical Perspectives on
Governance, Politics, and Urban Change 488
The Structure of Local Power 488
The Role of the Local State 490
Patterns of Local Conflict 491
Follow Up 492
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 493
Related Websites 493
17 Urban Policy and Planning 495
Chapter Preview 496
The Roots of Urban Policy and Planning 496
Themes and Perspectives 497
Box 17.1 The Visible Legacy of Urban Policy
and Planning in European Cities 497
The Beginning: Philanthropy and Reform 499
Early European Traditions 499
Ebenezer Howard and the Harden City Concept i0t
Patrick Ceddes and Scientific Planning 502
North America: Jacob Riis and the Tenement
Commissions 503
Progressive Era Reforms 503
Settlement Houses 504
The Park Movement 5t 5
The City Beautiful Movement J(Y
The City Practical 507
The New Deal 507
Fordist Era Policy and Planning 509
Europe: Planning for Renewal 509
The United States: Planning for Growth 509
The Courts and Urban Policy in the United States 511
Box 17.2 Planning the Socialist City in Eastern
Europe 5 11
School Desegregation 5/_?
Restrictive Covenants i!2
Civil Rights 5/2
Federal Policy Initiatives 512
Evangelical Bureaucrats 513
Neo-Fordist Policy and Planning 514
Neoliberal Approaches to Policy and Planning 514
The Property Rights Movement / 5
Planning as Dealmaking 515
Mixed-Use Developments ana ( lusicr Zenith! i/t
Splintering Urbanism and the Artful Fragment:
Postmodern Planning 516
Box 17.3 Competitive Regionalism 517
Place Marketing 5 AS
Contents
Planning for Healthy and Livable Cities 518 Demographic Change 530
Sustainability and Green Urbanism 519 Social Change 531
Smart Growth 519 Cultural Change 531
Metropolitan Governance and Planning 520 _ ,. . , _, ,..,..
Box 17.4 Metropolitan Governance in the Political Change 531
Twin Cities 520 Future Visions 532
Follow Ud 522 The Volatility of Urban Systems 532
T, _ ,„ , _ ,. ,..,, Metropolitan Form 533
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 523 Persistent Problems 534
Related Websites 523 Key Sources and Suggested Reading 535
Related Websites 536
18 Urban Futures 525
Notes 537
Chapter Preview 526
A Perspective on Future Urban Change 526 Glossary 559
Economic Change 527 Credits 578
The Globalization of the World Economy 527
The Next Economic Swings 529 Index 583
|
| adam_txt |
Titel: Urbanization
Autor: Knox, Paul L.
Jahr: 2005
Contents
Preface xi
1 Urbanization and Urban Geography 1
Chapter Preview 2
The Study of Urban Geography 2
Space, Territoriality, Distance, and Place 2
Approaches to Urban Geography 3
Box 1.1 Census Delinitions 6
Urbanization: Processes and Outcomes 9
Economic Change 9
Box 1.2 Globalization and Cities It)
Box 1.3 Long-Wave Economic Fluctuations
and Urban Change 12
Demographic Change 14
Political Change 15
Cultural Change 16
Technological Change 16
Environmental Change 16
Social Change 16
The Plan of the Book 17
Follow Up 18
Related Websites 19
2 The Origins and Growth of Cities 21
Chapter Preview 22
The Definition of a City 22
Box 2.1 A Summary ol ChiUle's Characteristics
of Urban Civilization 2 5
Preconditions for Urbanization 23
Theories of Urban Origins 23
Agricultural Surplus 23
Hydrological Factors 24
Population Pressures 24
Trading Requirements 24
Defense Needs 24
Religious Causes 24
A More Comprehensive Explanation 24
Urban Origins 25
Mesopotamia 25
Egypt 26
The Indus Valley 26
Northern China 26
Mesoamerica 26
Internal Structure of the Earliest Cities 27
Box 2.2 Internal Structure ol the Earliest
Cities 11
Urban Expansion from the Regions of Urban
Origin 31
Box 2.3 The Silk Road: Long-Distance Trade
and Urban Expansion 32
The Roots of European Urban Expansion 34
Greek Cities 34
Roman Cities 35
Dark Ages 37
Urban Revival in Europe During the Medieval
Period 39
Urban Expansion and Consolidation During the
Renaissance and Baroque Periods 43
Box 2.4 Hanscalic League ('ilies 44
Urbanization and the Industrial Revolution 46
Box 2.5 MaiKhestcr: Slunk C il\ ol European
Industrialization 47
Box 2.6 Residential Segregation in Mid-Nineteenth
("enlui'v Glasgow. Scotland 50
Follow Up 50
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 51
Related Websites 51
3 The Foundations of the American Urban
System 53
Chapter Preview 54
Frontier Urbanization 54
The Mercantile Epoch (1790-1840) 56
Box 5.1 Vance's Mercantile Model 59
Early Industrial Expansion and Realignment
(1840-1875) 61
Box 3.2 Immigrant Housing Conditions
and the Amc-iican ( ilv, 18-1U-1875 -
Some Principles of Urban Growth 65
Interpreting and Analyzing the Urban Hierarchy
and the Central Place System 65
/// ¦ !\iiuk-\i:,' /\'ii/V 6 i
buhH\uhu i tnui I rhiin (jViv//; ' o
( ,7/,'r,;/ I'lu,v ihccrv ( (
In'W'ihi (,'nsmiwi Iliiuci'7.1/itA W
The Organization of Industry (1875-1920) 68
Understanding and Analyzing Uneven Urban
Development 70
Early Fordism, the Automobile Era, Suburban
Infill, and the Great Depression (1920-1945) 74
A Critical Turn for Urbanization: The Depression
and Macroeconomic Management 75
Follow Up 76
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 77
Related Websites 77
4 Urban Systems in Transition 79
Chapter Preview 80
Freeways, Regional Decentralization, and
Metropolitan Consolidation (1945-1972) 80
Economic Crisis and Neo-Fordist Urban
Restructuring (1972-1983) 82
Urban Distress 84
Neo-Fordist Economic Restructuring and the
Emergence of "Informational" Cities
(1983-Present) 86
Box 4.1 The Digital Divide and Splintering Urbanism
in the United Stales 89
Contents
Globalization, Splintering Urbanism, and Uneven
Urban Development 89
Economic Functions within the Urban
Hierarchy 91
World t.///V 92
/\V.!i\'/lil/ CoiUrOi CcilKrs '' i
SpCi iali:ed I'nnlmer-Senice Centers 94
Pereiideiit Centers "5
(5o\ 4.2 Variations in the Quality (if Life within
the U.S. Urban System 95
Box4.j Contemporary European Urbanization 96
Demographic and Social Change in the Postwar
Urban Systems 100
The Btihv Boomers 100
The Pcst-liocmers/Younij Adult-, 101
The Fiderbv 102
'The Sew Inunlqranis 106
Concepts of Urban System Change:
Counterurbanization, Deurbanization, and
Reurbanization 106
Box 4.4 Tlie Deurbani/alion Scenario
in the United States? 109
Follow Up 112
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 112
Related Websites 113
5 The Foundations of Urban Form
and Land Use 115
Chapter Preview 116
The Mercantile City (Before 1840) 116
The Pedestrian City 116
Models of the Mercantile City 117
The Early Industrial City (1840-1875) 117
Urbanization and the Public Interest 118
Instruments of Change: Horsecars and
Railroads 119
Iie-r.sei.irs 119
RdilrMils 120
The Industrial City (1875-1920) 121
Economic Specialization and the Reorganization
of Urban Space 122
Framing the City: Networked Infrastructures 123
The Emergence of Land Use Zoning Laws 125
The Suburban Explosion: Streetcar Suburbs 126
R.irt.i Ti,;nsit 127
Muss 'Transport and Heal l-staie Development !2S
Urban Structure in the Industrial Era 129
Central Business Districts 129
!'epar;:i:en: \tore\ and slwrplii'i Pi-Uriels 129
P-e-.viuewi! int'iee Dianas I id
i I:: S/\iV,"u;/1 '¦ ^ani'saaon o! CllTh i i /
Land Values and Urban Land Use 132
Solio's and/ones /jS
Box 5.! The Bid-Rent Theory of Urban
Land Use 134
iil:erin:\ and Vatam v Chains 1 6
Follow Up 1 36
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 137
Related Websites 137
6 Changing Metropolitan Form 139
Chapter Preview 140
Suburban Infill (1920-1945) 140
Fordism 140
Paving the way for Suburbanization 141
Parkways 141
The Decline of Mass Transit 142
Patterns of Suburban Growth 142
Automobile Suburbs 142
Planned Suburbs 141
Suburbanization and Federal Policy 146
Suburbanization of Commerce and Industry 14S
New Patterns of Land Use 149
Freeways and Metropolitan Sprawl
(1945-1972) 150
The Preconditions for Sprawl 150
The Fordist Suburb 151
Suburban Production and Consumption Spaces 155
Central City Land Use 155
Neo-Fordist Development (1973-Present) 158
Splintering Urbanism 158
The Polycentric Metropolis 158
The End of "Suburbia" 162
Box 6,1 Boomburbs and "Generica" 163
Box 6.2 Japanese Cilies: Tokyo and (he Tokaido
Megalopolis 164
Box 6.3 Australian Edge Cities? 166
Follow Up 168
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 169
Related Websites 169
Urbanization in the Less Developed
Countries 171
Chapter Preview 172
Urbanization Trends and Projections: The Less
Developed Countries in Global Context 172
Box 7.1 Core, Semi-Periphery, and Periphery
in the World-System 173
Factors Promoting Urban Growth 176
Theories of Urbanization and Economic
Development 177
Modernization Theories: The Developmental
Approach 177
Urban Bias and L/wderdevelopment 179
Box 7.2 A Model of Peripheral Urbanization 181
New Models from the Less Developed Countries:
Opportunities for Development 182
A Historical Perspective on Colonial
Urbanization 182
Box 7.3 Delhi: The Evolution of an
Imperial City 183
Indigenous Urbanization at the Eve of the European
Encounters 187
Mercantile Colonialism 188
Industrial Colonialism 189
Late Colonialism 189
Box 7.4 Generalized Model of the Convolution
of Transportation Networks and Urban
Hierarchies in a Colonial Context 189
Contents
Vll
Early Independence 191
Neocolonialism 192
Overurbanization and Megacities
Follow Up 194
Key Sources and Suggested Reading
Related Websites 19 5
193
195
8 Urban Form and Land Use in the Less
Developed Countries 197
Chapter Preview 198
Patterns of Urban Form and Land Use 198
Latin American Cities 198
African Cities 203
Box 8.! South African Cities 204
Islamic Cities 206
Box 8.2 Contemporary Islamic Cities
and the Imprints of Globalization 209
South Asian Cities 209
Southeast Asian Cities 211
East Asian Cities 215
Box 83 Shanghai and the Pudong New Area—The
"Dragon Head" of China's Economy? 218
Box 8.4 Hong Kong's Extended Metropolitan Region:
Foreign Direct Investment and Regional
Development in the Pearl River Delta 220
Follow Up 222
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 223
Related Websites 223
9 Urban Problems and Responses in the Less
Developed Countries 225
Chapter Preview 226
Urban Problems 226
Poverty 226
Inadequate Housing 229
Lack of Urban Services 231
Box 9.1 HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan African Cities 233
Transportation Problems 233
Environmental Degradation 234
Box 9.2 How Rationing Can Backfire: The "Day
Without a Car" Regulation in Mexico City 236
Responses to the Problems of Urbanization 237
Sustainable Urban Development 237
The "Globalization Paradox" and Recent Changes in
Urban Governance 238
Box 9.3 Different Levels of Participation in Urban
Policy-Making and Implementation 240
Box 9.4 Urban Social Movements and the Role
of Women 241
Follow Up 242
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 243
Related Websites 243
10 The City as Text: Architecture
and Urban Design 245
Chapter Preview 246
Architecture and the Dynamics of Urban
Change 246
Architecture and Exchange Value 246
Architecture and the Circulation of Capital 246
Architecture and Legitimation 247
Meaning and Si-wMbm 24 7
Architecture Versus "Mere Building" 247
The Style of Production/The Production
of Style 248
Arcadian Classicism and the "Middle Landscape" 248
Public Parks 249
Commercial Collusion 249
Beaux Arts and the City Beautiful 250
The American Way: Skyscrapers 252
Modernism: Architecture as Social Redemption 254
Arts and Crafts and Art Nouveau 254
The Early Modernists 254
The Bauhaus and the Modern Movement 255
Le Corbusier 256
An American Response 258
The International Style ami Late Modernism 259
The Critique of Modernism 261
The Postmodern Interlude 263
Postmodernism and Neo-Fordism 204
Packaged Landscapes 265
New (Retro) Urbanism 206
Historic Preservation 267
Design for Dystopia 268
Fortress I.A. 209
Follow Up 270
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 271
Related Websites 271
11 The Urban Development Process 273
Chapter Preview 274
Property, Location, Rent, and Investment 274
Box 11.1 Concepts of Rent 275
A Typology of Investment in Land and Property 276
Property as a Financial Asset 277
The Structures of Building Provision 278
City Makers 278
Landowners 279
Speculators 281
Developers 281
Builders 284
Consumers 284
Real Estate Agents, Financiers, and Other
Facilitators 2S4
Government Agencies 284
Market Responses of the Development Industry 285
Box 11.2 Brownfield Redevelopment 286
Box 11.3 Urban Development Is Less and Less
a Local Activity 287
New Products 2X8
Follow Up 292
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 292
Related Websites 293
12 The Residential Kaleidoscope 295
Chapter Preview 297
Social Interaction and Residential
Segregation 297
Contents
Territoriality 298
The Foundations of Residential Segregation 299
faw/ Static 2 c
Household Tvpc *!
Etltniehy 302
Box 12.1 The Social Construction of Race 304
Lifestyle i l~
Box 12.2 Social Exclusion and Migrant Workers
in West European Cities 308
Box 12.3 How Segregated Are Urban
Neighborhoods? 309
Interpretations of Residential Ecology 311
The Chicago School: Human Ecology 311
Criticisms of Human Fcologv 3/3
Box 12.4 factorial Ecology 314
Box 12.5 Residential and Economic Structure in
European Cil'ies 317
Urbanization and Changing Social Structures 318
Recent Changes to the Foundations of
Residential Segregation 318
New Divisions of Labor, New Household Types,
and New Lifestyles 319
Box 12.6 The Ethnoburb—A New Suburban Ethnic
Settlement 321
Sew Roies for Women 323
Aviv Patterns of Household Formation 324
Increased Materialism and New Lifestvles 325
The Spatial Isolation of the Vulnerable and
Disadvantages 327
Box 12.7 "Inconspicuous Consumption" during
Ihe 1990s 327
The New Mosaic: Attempting to Identify Urban
"Lifestyle" Communities 331
Box 12.8 G1S Marketing Applications Help Starbucks
lo Brew Up Better Locational Analyses 336
Follow Up 337
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 338
Related Websites 339
13 How Neighborhoods Change 341
Chapter Preview 342
Neighborhood Change 342
Redevelopment and Reinvestment 343
Neighborhood Life Cycles 344
Box 13.1 Stability and change: A Typology
of Neighborhoods 345
Housing Markets 346
Urbanization and the Tenure Transformation 347
Housing Affordability 349
Public Housing 352
Housing Submarkets 353
Box 1 3.2 Public and Private Housing in European
Cities 354
Box 13.5 Neighborhood Stability in West European
Cities 357
Residential Mobility and Neighborhood
Change 358
Rates of Turnover: Movers and Stayers 358
The Impact of New Arrivals to the City 360
Intraurban Moves 360
Reasons for Moving 361
Understanding Household Behavior: The Decision
to Move 361
Understanding Household Behavior: The Search for
Alternative Places to Live 363
Concepts that Link Mobility with Neighborhood
Change 363
Housing Market Gatekeepers, Bias, and
Discrimination 364
Real Estate Agents as Social Gatekeepers 365
Mortgage Finance Managers as Social
Gatekeepers 367
Insurance Agents as Social Gatekeepers 369
Putting It All Together: The Example
of Gentrification 370
Follow Up 374
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 374
Related Websites 375
14 Urbanization, Urban Life, and Urban
Spaces 377
Chapter Preview 378
Social Life in Cities 378
Theoretical Interpretations of Urban Life 379
The "Moral Order" of City Life 379
Box 14.1 "Sex and the City": Prostitution 380
Anomie and Deviant Behavior 180
Liberating Aspects of I'rban Life 381
Urbanism as a Way of Life 382
The Public and Private Worlds of City Life 383
Changing Metropolitan Form and New Forms
of Urbanism 384
Box 14.2 Homosexuality and the City 385
Urban Villages 3S6
Suburban Communality. "Habitus,," and Postmodern
Lifestyles 3SH
Community and Territory 389
Cognition. Perception, and Mental Maps
of the City 389
Appraisive Images 79.3
Lifeworlds and the "Structuration" of Social Life 395
Box 14.3 Disability and the City 396
Time-Space Routines 397
Box 14.4 Structuration: Time and Space
in Everyday Life 398
Gendered Spaces: Women, Home,
and Community 399
The Creation of Women's Spaces 399
Changing Roles, Changing Spaces 401
Box 14.5 Discrimination by Design: Domestic
Architecture and Gender Differences 403
Follow Up 404
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 404
Related Websites 405
15 Problems of Urbanization 407
Chapter Preview 408
Problem? What Problem? 408
From Haunts of Vice to Gang Wastelands—
and Back 409
Problems of the Early Industrial City 409
Problems of the Industrial City 410
Problems of the Fordist Era 412
Problems of the "Neo-Fordist" Era 412
Contents
IX
Slums and Poverty Areas 413
The Cycle of Poverty 414
Poverty Areas 416
Box 15.1 Poverty, Stress, and Civil Disorder 417
Dual Cities? 424
Criminal Violence 426
Spatial Patterns 427
Box 15.2 A Profile of Drug Indicators:
Washington, D.C. 428
Box 15.3 Crime and Corruption in the Cities
of (he Russian Federation 429
The Effects of Crime on Urbanization
and Urban Life 430
Box 15.4 Terrorism and Cilies 432
Homelessness 434
The Causes of Homelessness 436
Infrastructure and Environmental
Problems 439
Water Supply Problems 440
Air Pollution 442
Box 15.5 Lower Manhattan Air Quality Following
the Collapse of the Twin Towers 443
Infrastructure Crisis 445
Box 15.6 High-Speed Rail in an integrating
Europe 445
Box 15.7 London's Traffic Congestion Charge 450
Follow Up 451
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 452
Related Websites 453
16 The Politics of Change: Urbanization
and Urban Governance 455
Chapter Preview 456
Box! 6.1 Urban Governance 456
Laissez-Faire: Government and Politics in the
Mercantile City (1790 to 1840) 456
Municipal Socialism and the Rise of Machine
Politics (1840-1875) 458
Boosterism and the Politics of Reform
(1875-1920) 459
The Progressive Era 460
Annexation 462
Metropolitan Fragmentation and the
Formation of Progrowth Coalitions
(1920-1945) 463
The Consequences of Metropolitan
Fragmentation 463
The Urban Legacies of the New Deal 465
Cities as Growth Machines and Service
Providers (1945-1973) 467
Growth Machines and Urban Renewal 467
Backlash: Grassroots Activism and Protest 470
Black Power and Black Politics 471
Box 16.2 Milwaukee Demolishes Ihe "Freeway
to Nowhere" 472
Reform: The Struggle for Social Justice and Spatial
Equity 472
Reapportionment 473
Fragmentation Compounded: Special Districts 474
Social Justice and Spatial Equity in Municipal Service
De liven 474
Fiscal Crisis and Entrepreneurial Politics
(1973-Present) 475
Fiscal Crisis 476
Box 16.3 Tax Increment Financing (T1F) 477
Fiscal Retrenchment 478
Box 16.4 America's Ailing Central Cities 479
The Privatized City 480
Advantages and Disadvantages of Privatization 481
Crisis? What Crisis? Civic Entrepreneurialism
and the Politics of Image 482
Strategies for Urban Economic Development 48i
The Politics of Packaqittcf 4S5
Box 16.5 Urban Regeneration in London's
Docklands 486
Architectural Convergence mid Economic
Volatility 4S7
Conceptual and Theoretical Perspectives on
Governance, Politics, and Urban Change 488
The Structure of Local Power 488
The Role of the Local State 490
Patterns of Local Conflict 491
Follow Up 492
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 493
Related Websites 493
17 Urban Policy and Planning 495
Chapter Preview 496
The Roots of Urban Policy and Planning 496
Themes and Perspectives 497
Box 17.1 The Visible Legacy of Urban Policy
and Planning in European Cities 497
The Beginning: Philanthropy and Reform 499
Early European Traditions 499
Ebenezer Howard and the Harden City Concept i0t
Patrick Ceddes and Scientific Planning 502
North America: Jacob Riis and the Tenement
Commissions 503
Progressive Era Reforms 503
Settlement Houses 504
The Park Movement 5t 5
The City Beautiful Movement J(Y
The City Practical 507
The New Deal 507
Fordist Era Policy and Planning 509
Europe: Planning for Renewal 509
The United States: Planning for Growth 509
The Courts and Urban Policy in the United States 511
Box 17.2 Planning the Socialist City in Eastern
Europe 5 11
School Desegregation 5/_?
Restrictive Covenants i!2
Civil Rights 5/2
Federal Policy Initiatives 512
Evangelical Bureaucrats 513
Neo-Fordist Policy and Planning 514
Neoliberal Approaches to Policy and Planning 514
The Property Rights Movement / 5
Planning as Dealmaking 515
Mixed-Use Developments ana ( lusicr Zenith! i/t
Splintering Urbanism and the Artful Fragment:
Postmodern Planning 516
Box 17.3 Competitive Regionalism 517
Place Marketing 5 AS'
Contents
Planning for Healthy and Livable Cities 518 Demographic Change 530
Sustainability and Green Urbanism 519 Social Change 531
Smart Growth 519 Cultural Change 531
Metropolitan Governance and Planning 520 _ ,. . , _, ,.,.
Box 17.4 Metropolitan Governance in the Political Change 531
Twin Cities 520 Future Visions 532
Follow Ud 522 The Volatility of Urban Systems 532
T, _ ,„ , _ ,. ,.,, Metropolitan Form 533
Key Sources and Suggested Reading 523 Persistent Problems 534
Related Websites 523 Key Sources and Suggested Reading 535
Related Websites 536
18 Urban Futures 525
Notes 537
Chapter Preview 526
A Perspective on Future Urban Change 526 Glossary 559
Economic Change 527 Credits 578
The Globalization of the World Economy 527
The Next Economic Swings 529 Index 583 |
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| author | Knox, Paul L. 1947- |
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| dewey-search | 307.76 |
| dewey-sort | 3307.76 |
| dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
| discipline | Soziologie Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Soziologie Geographie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:56:21Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:59:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0131424505 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Knox, Paul L. 1947- Verfasser (DE-588)123288347 aut Urbanization an introduction to urban geography Paul L. Knox ; Linda McCarthy 2. ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Pearson Prentice Hall 2005 XII, 594 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. und Kt. 29 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Géographie urbaine Géographie urbaine rasuqam Stadsgeografie gtt Urbanisatie gtt Urbanisation Urbanisation rasuqam Verstädterung Urban geography Urbanization Stadtentwicklung (DE-588)4056730-8 gnd rswk-swf Stadtgeografie (DE-588)4056733-3 gnd rswk-swf Verstädterung (DE-588)4063234-9 gnd rswk-swf Verstädterung (DE-588)4063234-9 s Stadtentwicklung (DE-588)4056730-8 s Stadtgeografie (DE-588)4056733-3 s 1\p DE-604 McCarthy, Linda Sonstige (DE-588)124830293 oth http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip052/2004024420.html Table of contents HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015710076&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Knox, Paul L. 1947- Urbanization an introduction to urban geography Géographie urbaine Géographie urbaine rasuqam Stadsgeografie gtt Urbanisatie gtt Urbanisation Urbanisation rasuqam Verstädterung Urban geography Urbanization Stadtentwicklung (DE-588)4056730-8 gnd Stadtgeografie (DE-588)4056733-3 gnd Verstädterung (DE-588)4063234-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056730-8 (DE-588)4056733-3 (DE-588)4063234-9 |
| title | Urbanization an introduction to urban geography |
| title_auth | Urbanization an introduction to urban geography |
| title_exact_search | Urbanization an introduction to urban geography |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Urbanization an introduction to urban geography |
| title_full | Urbanization an introduction to urban geography Paul L. Knox ; Linda McCarthy |
| title_fullStr | Urbanization an introduction to urban geography Paul L. Knox ; Linda McCarthy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Urbanization an introduction to urban geography Paul L. Knox ; Linda McCarthy |
| title_short | Urbanization |
| title_sort | urbanization an introduction to urban geography |
| title_sub | an introduction to urban geography |
| topic | Géographie urbaine Géographie urbaine rasuqam Stadsgeografie gtt Urbanisatie gtt Urbanisation Urbanisation rasuqam Verstädterung Urban geography Urbanization Stadtentwicklung (DE-588)4056730-8 gnd Stadtgeografie (DE-588)4056733-3 gnd Verstädterung (DE-588)4063234-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Géographie urbaine Stadsgeografie Urbanisatie Urbanisation Verstädterung Urban geography Urbanization Stadtentwicklung Stadtgeografie |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip052/2004024420.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015710076&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT knoxpaull urbanizationanintroductiontourbangeography AT mccarthylinda urbanizationanintroductiontourbangeography |