Verfügbarkeit: Medical retina

Medical retina: with 13 tables

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin Springer 2007
Schriftenreihe:	Essentials in ophthalmology
Schlagworte:	Makulopathie - Aufsatzsammlung Retinopathie - Aufsatzsammlung Makuladegeneration Makulaödem Makulopathie Retinopathie Aufsatzsammlung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Beschreibung:	XVII, 217 S. Ill.
ISBN:	9783540336716 3540336710

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Chapter 1 Microperimetry in Macular Disease Klaus Rohrschneider 1.1 Introduction ................ 7 1.2 Instruments ................. 2 1.2.1 Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope ............ 2 1.2.1.1 Fundus Perimetry (Microperimetry) ............ 3 1.2.2 Micro Perimeter 1 ........... 4 1.2.2.1 Static Threshold Fundus Perimetry ................... 4 1.2.2.2 Kinetic Fundus Perimetry ___ 6 1.2.3 Comparison Between SLO Perimetry and MPI ......... 6 1.2.4 Accuracy of Fundus Perimetry .................. б 1.2.4.1 Static Threshold Perimetry ... 6 1.2.4.2 Kinetic Perimetry ........... 7 1.2.5 Fundus-related Perimetry Versus Cupola Perimetry ..... 7 1.3 Clinical Implementation ..... 8 1.3.1 Macular Holes ............... S 1.3.2 Age-related Macular Degeneration .............. 10 1.3.2.1 Geographic Atrophy of the RPE ....................... 10 1.3.2.2 Choroidal Neovascularization in AMD .. 10 1.3.3 Diabetic Retinopathy ....... 10 1.3.4 Central Serous Chorioretinopathy .......... 14 1.3.5 Stargardt s Disease ......... 15 1.3.6 Viteiliform Macular Dystrophy (Best s Disease) ... 16 1.4 Conclusion ................. 16 Chapter 2 New Developments in cSLO Fundus Imaging Giovanni Staurenghi, Grazia Levi, Silvia Pedenovi, Chiara Veronese 2.1 Introduction ............... 21 2.2 Near Infrared Imaging ...... 22 2.2.1 Introduction ............... 22 2.2.2 The Effect of Wavelength on Imaging in the Human Fundus .................... 22 2.2.3 Comparison of Light Tissue Interactions for Visible and Near Infrared Wavelengths Using SLO ................. 22 2.2.4 Mode of Imaging ........... 22 2.2.5 Contrast of the Fundus ...... 23 2.2.6 Fundus Features ............ 23 2.2.7 Imaging of Pathological Features in Direct and Indirect Mode .......... 23 2.3 Blue Autofluorescence Imaging ................... 23 2.3.1 Autofluorescence and the Eye ........................ 24 2.3.1.1 Fluorescence of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium ........ 24 2.3.1.2 How to Evaluate RPE Autofluorescence .......... 24 2.3.2 Fundus Autofluorescence Changes in Early AMD ...... 25 2.3.3 Fundus Autofluorescence Changes in Choroidal Neovascularization in AMD .. 26 2.3.4 Fundus Autofluorescence Changes in Geographic Atrophy in AMD ............ 26 2.3.5 Fundus Autofluorescence in Acute and Chronic Recurrent Central Serous Chorioretinopathy .......... 27 Contents 2.3.6 Fundus Autofluorescence 4.1.1 in Stargardt s Macular 4.1.2 Dystrophy-Fundus 4.1.3 Flavimaculatus ..........., 27 4.1.4 2.3.7 Fundus Autofluorescence 4.1.5 in Patients with Macular 4.2 Holes ................. , 28 4.2.1 2.4 Wide-Field Contact Lens System . .... 28 4.2.2 2.4.1 Introduction ............., 28 2.4.2 Materials and Methods . 29 4.2.3 2.4.2.1 Structure of a Wide-Field Contact Lens System ...... 29 4.3 2.4.2.2 Limit and Advantage of a Wide-Field Contact Lens 4.3.1 System ................. 29 2.4.2.3 Technique for Performing 4.3.2 the Examination .......... 29 4.3.3 2.4.3 Other Techniques of Execution of Wide-field Fluorescein Angiograms .. .. 30 4.4 2.4.4 Clinical Application ....... 31 4.4.1 4.4.2 Chanter 3 4.4.3 Genetics of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Update Hendrik P.N. Scholl, Monika Fleckenstein, Peter Charbel Issa, Claudia Keilhauer, Frank G. Holz, Bernhard H.F. Weber 3.1 Introduction: Genetic Influence on AMD .. 35 3.2 Analysis of Candidate Genes for AMD ................... 36 3.3 Linkage and Association Studies in AMD ............ 38 3.4 Complement Factor Η Gene 38 3.5 LOC38771S ................ 43 3.6 Factor В ................... 44 3.7 Gene-Gene and Gene-Environment Interaction in AMD ......... 45 3.8 Conclusions ................ 46 Chapter 4 Anti-VEGF Treatment for Age- Related Macular Degeneration Todd R. Kiesért, Jennifer I. Lim 4.5 Historical Perspective ...... 53 VEGF Isoforms ............. 54 VEGF Expression ........... 54 VEGF Receptors ............ 54 VEGF Activity .............. 55 Current Anti-VEGF Therapies 55 Aptamers: Pegaptanib Sodium (Macugen) ......... 55 Monoclonal Antibodies: Ranibizumab (Lucentis) ..... 56 Monoclonal Antibodies: Bevacizumab (Avastin) ...... 58 Anti-VEGF Therapy: Practical Considerations ............. 60 Intravitreal Injection Technique ................. 60 Safety Considerations ...... 60 Bevacizumab (Avastin) Preparation: Compounding Pharmacies ................ б 7 Future Anti-VEGF Therapies 6 7 VEGFTrap .................. 61 Small Interfering RNAs ...... 62 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors .................. 63 Conclusion ................. 64 4.1 Basic Science ............... 53 Chapter 5 Intravitreal Injections: Techniques and Sequelae Heinrich Heimann 5.1 Introduction ............... 67 5.2 Complications of Intravitreal Injections .................. 68 5.2.1 Methodology .............. 69 5.2.2 Perioperative Complications 69 5.2.2.1 Conjunctival Hemorrhage ... 69 5.2.2.2 Conjunctival Scarring ...... 72 5.2.2.3 Pain ....................... 72 5.2.2.4 Punctate Keratitis and Corneal Edema ......... 72 5.2.2.5 Vitreous Reflux ............. 72 5.2.2.6 Traumatic Cataract ......... 72 5.2.2.7 Cataract Progression ........ 73 5.2.2.8 Retinal Perforation ......... 73 5.2.2.9 Vitreous Floaters ........... 74 5.2.2.10 Vitreous Hemorrhage ....... 74 5.2.2.11 Retinal Toxicity ............. 74 5.2.2.12 Intraocular Inflammation ___ 74 Contents XI 5.2.2.13 Uveitis and Pseudo- endophthalmitis ........... 75 5.2.2.14 Endophthalmitis ........... 76 5.2.2.15 Retinal Artery and Vein Occlusion .................. 78 5.2.2.1 б Retinal Detachment ........ 78 5.2.2.17 Acute Rise in Intraocular Pressure ................... 79 5.2.2.18 Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma ................. 79 5.3 Surgical Technique for Intravitreal Injection ..... 80 5.3.1 Guidelines and Preferred Practice Survey ............. 81 5.3.2 Preoperative Assessment and Preparation ............ 81 5.3.2.1 Concomitant Eye Diseases .. 81 5.3.2.2 Preoperative Assessment ... 81 5.3.2.3 Preoperative Medication ___ 81 5.3.2.4 Location ................... 81 5.3.2.5 Preparation of the Eye and Ocular Adnexa ............. 81 5.3.2.6 Preparation of the Surgeon .. 84 5.3.2.7 Preparation of the Drug ..... 84 5.3.3 Injection ................... 84 5.3.3.1 Syringe and Needle ......... 84 5.3.3.2 Position of the Injection ..... 84 5.3.3.3 Entry Path ................. 84 5.3.3.4 Advancement of Needle and Injection ................... 84 5.3.4 Postoperative Assessment .. 84 5.3.4.1 Assessment Immediately Following the Injection ..... 84 5.3.4.2 Topical Therapy ............ 85 5.3.4.3 Follow-up Examinations ___ 85 Chapter 6 Combination Therapies for Choroidal Neovascularization Richard F. Spaide 6.1 Introduction ............... 90 6.2 Angiogenesis .............. 90 6.2.1 Development of CNV ....... 91 6.2.2 Cancer and Angiogenesis ...91 6.3 Normalization ofTumor Vasculature ................ 92 6.4 Two-Component Model of CNV ....................... 94 6.5 Two-Component Model and Therapy ................... 94 6.5.1 Are There Cytokines to Block Other Than VEGF? .......... 95 6.6 Combination Therapies ..... 96 6.6.1 Anti-VEGF Biologies and PhotodynamicTherapy . 96 6.6.2 Anecortave Acetate and Photodynamic Therapy . 97 6.6.3 Intravitreal Triamcinolone and Photodynamic Therapy . 97 6.6.4 Triamcinolone and Anti- VEGFTherapy .............. 97 6.6.5 Triamcinolone and Anecortave Acetate ___ 98 6.7 Conclusion ................. 99 Chapter 7 Nutritional Supplementation in Age- related Macular Degeneration Hanna R. Coleman, Emily Y. Chew 7.1 Introduction .............. 705 7.2 Risk Factors ............... 705 7.3 Age-Related Eye Disease Study ..................... 706 7.4 Lutein/Zeaxanthin ......... 706 7.5 Zinc ...................... 706 7.6 Vitamin E ................. 707 7.7 Dietary Fat Intake .......... 707 7.8 Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 ................... 707 7.9 Conclusion ................ 70S Chapter 8 New Perspectives in Geographic Atrophy Associated with AMD Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg, Monika Fleckenstein, Hendrik P.N. Scholl, Frank G. Holz 8.1 Introduction .............. 114 8.1.1 Basics .................... 7 74 8.1.2 Development and Spread of Atrophy .................. 7 75 8.2 Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging in Geographic Atrophy .................. 7 76 8.3 Quantification of Atrophy Progression ............... 7 77 XII Contents 8.4 Risk Factors ............... 118 8.4.1 Genetic Factors ........... 118 8.4.2 Systemic Risk Factors ...... 118 8.4.3 Ocular Risk Factors ........ 119 8.5 Development of CNV in Eyes withGA .................. 722 8.6 Visual Function in GA Patients .................. 123 8.6.1 Measurement of Visual Acuity .................... 723 8.6.2 Contrast Sensitivity ........ 724 8.6.3 Reading Speed ............ 124 8.6.4 Fundus Perimetry ......... 724 Chapter 9 Diabetic Macular Edema: Current Treatments Florian K.P. Sutter, Mark С Gillies, Horst Helbig 9.1 Introduction .............. 737 9.2 Epidemiology ............. 737 9.3 Pathophysiology .......... 732 9.4 Diabetic Macular Edema and Laboratory Science ........ 732 9.5 Quality of Life ............. 733 9.6 Diagnosis and Screening ... 733 9.7 Types of Diabetic Macular Edema .................... 734 9.7.1 Clinically Significant Macular Edema .................... 734 9.7.2 Focal Diabetic Macular Edema .................... 734 9.7.3 Diffuse Diabetic Macular Edema .................... 734 9.7.4 Cystoid Macular Edema ___ 734 9.7.5 Ischemic Macular Edema .. 734 9.7.6 OCT Patterns of Diabetic Macular Edema ........... 734 9.8 Treatment ................ 735 9.8.1 Systemic Treatment ........ 735 9.8.1.1 Glycémie Control .......... 735 9.8.1.2 Blood Pressure Control ..... 735 9.8.1.3 Reducing Levels of Blood Lipids .................... 735 9.8.1.4 Treatment of Renal Dysfunction and Anemia ... 736 9.8.1.5 Smoking .................. 736 9.8.2 Systemic Pharmacotherapy 136 9.8.2.1 PKC-ß Inhibitors ........... 736 9.8.2.2 Aldose Reductase and AGE Inhibitors ................ 736 9.8.2.3 Antioxidants .............. 736 9.8.3 A Team Approach to the Prevention of Loss of Vision in People with Diabetes ............... 737 9.8.4 Local Ophthalmic Treatment ........ 73S 9.8.4.1 Focal Macular Laser ........ 73S 9.8.4.2 Grid Macular Laser ......... 73S 9.8.4.3 Recent Trends in Macular Laser Therapy ............. 73S 9.8.4.4 Micropulsed, Sub-threshold Selective Laser Therapy ... 739 9.8.4.5 Vitrectomy ................ 739 9.8.4.6 Intravitreal Steroids ........ 739 9.8.4.7 Periocular Steroids ........ 140 9.8.4.8 Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Antibodies ................ 140 9.8.4.9 Cataract Surgery .......... 141 9.9 Current Clinical Practice/ Recommendations ........ 141 Chapter 10 Treatment of Retinal Vein Occlusions Rajeev S. Ramchandran, R. Keith Shuler, Sharon Fekrat 10.1 Introduction .............. 747 10.2 Pathophysiology .......... 745 10.3 Branch and Central Vein Occlusion Studies ......... 74S 10.3.1 Background ............... 748 10.3.2 Branch Vein Occlusion Study ..................... 749 10.3.3 Central Vein Occlusion Study ..................... 749 10.4 Systemic Pharmacologie Treatments ............... 750 10.5 Targeting Macular Edema .. 757 10.6 Intravitreal Pharmacotherapy ......... 757 10.6.1 Background ............... 757 10.6.2 Intravitreal Triamcinolone.· BRVO ..................... 753 10.6.3 Intravitreal Triamcinolone: CRVO ..................... 753 10.6.4 Fluocinolone Acetonide Intravitreal Implant ........ 753 Contents XIII 10.6.5 Standard of Care vs. Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion Study ...... 154 10.6.6 Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Therapy .... 155 10.7 Surgical Treatments ....... 156 10.7.1 BRVO ..................... 156 10.7.2 CRVO ............... 156 10.7.2.1 Laser-Induced Venous Chorioretinal Anastomosis . 156 10.7.2.2 Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator ..... 156 10.7.2.3 Radial Optic Neurotomy ... 157 10.7.2.4 Intravitreal Triamcinolone: As Adjunctive Therapy ..... 158 10.8 Prevention — Systemic Factor Control . ... 158 10.9 Conclusion ............... 158 Chapter 11 New Perspectives in Stargardt s Disease Noemi Lois 11.1 Introduction .............. 766 11.2 Epidemiology and Clinical Findings .................. 766 11.3 Imaging Studies .......... 769 11.3.1 Fluorescein Angiography .. 769 11.3.2 Indocyanine Green Angiography .............. 170 11.3.3 Fundus Autofluorescence .. 770 11.3.4 Optical Coherence Tomography .............. 772 11.4 Electrophysiology and Psychophysics ........ 172 11.5 Histopathology ........... 174 11.6 Differential Diagnosis ...... 774 11.7 Genetics and Molecular Biology ................... 774 11.8 Animal Models of STGD- FFM ...................... 777 11.9 Current and Future Treatments ............... 777 Chapter 12 Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia Peter Charbel Issa, Hendrik P.N. Scholl, Hans-Martin Helb, Frank G. Holz 12.1 Introduction .............. 783 12.2 Type 1 Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia ............. 7S3 12.2.1 Epidemiology ............. 783 12.2.2 Diagnostic Approach and Clinical Findings .......... 785 12.2.3 Functional Implications ... 785 12.2.4 Pathophysiological Considerations ............ 786 12.2.5 Therapy .................. 786 12.3 Type 2 Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia ............. 187 12.3.1 Epidemiology ............. 188 12.3.2 Diagnostic Approach and Clinical Findings ........... 788 12.3.3 Functional Implications .... 189 12.3.4 Associated Diseases ....... 792 12.3.5 Pathophysiological Considerations ............ 792 12.3.6 Therapeutic Approaches ... 793 12.4 Type 3: Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia ............. 794 12.5 Perspectives .............. 794 Chapter 13 Artificial Vision Peter Walter 13.1 Introduction .............. 799 13.2 Current Concepts for Restoring Vision Using Electrical Stimulation ...... 200 13.3 Interfacing the Neurons .... 200 13.3.1 Epiretinal Stimulation ...... 201 13.3.2 Subretinal Approach ....... 203 13.3.3 Transchoroidal, Transscleral, and Suprachoroidal Stimulation ............... 203 13.3.4 Optic Nerve Approach ..... 204 13.3.5 Cortical Prosthesis ......... 204 13.4 Pixel Vision and Filters ..... 204 13.5 Outlook .................. 206 13.6 Conclusion ................ 206 Subject Index ..................27 7 F.G.Holz · R.F. SPAiDE ■ Medical Retina In the past few years, our knowledge of medical retina has improved substantially. Insights into the mechanisms of disease have been expanded and novel diagnostic and efficacious therapeutic strateg¬ ies have revolutionized our approach to retinal diseases, bridging the gap between laboratory and clinical science. This edition is authored by internationally recognized leaders in the field of medical retina and provides an up-to-date compilation of our current knowledge of topics including: ■ Anti-VEGF therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) Ш Combination treatments for AMD ■ Techniques and sequelae relating to intravitreal injections ■ Nutritional supplementation in AMD ■ Update on the role of genetic factors in AMD Ш Management of diabetic macular edema and retinal vein occlusions ■ Geographic atrophy in AMD Ш SLO imaging and microperimetry in macular diseases ■ Stargardťs disease ■ Artificial vision This highly practical and cUnically relevant volume provides expert answers to your most pressing questions and will be invaluable to anyone involved in the treatment of retinal diseases.
adam_txt	Chapter 1 Microperimetry in Macular Disease Klaus Rohrschneider 1.1 Introduction . 7 1.2 Instruments . 2 1.2.1 Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope . 2 1.2.1.1 Fundus Perimetry (Microperimetry) . 3 1.2.2 Micro Perimeter 1 . 4 1.2.2.1 Static Threshold Fundus Perimetry . 4 1.2.2.2 Kinetic Fundus Perimetry _ 6 1.2.3 Comparison Between SLO Perimetry and MPI . 6 1.2.4 Accuracy of Fundus Perimetry . б 1.2.4.1 Static Threshold Perimetry . 6 1.2.4.2 Kinetic Perimetry . 7 1.2.5 Fundus-related Perimetry Versus Cupola Perimetry . 7 1.3 Clinical Implementation . 8 1.3.1 Macular Holes . S 1.3.2 Age-related Macular Degeneration . 10 1.3.2.1 Geographic Atrophy of the RPE . 10 1.3.2.2 Choroidal Neovascularization in AMD . 10 1.3.3 Diabetic Retinopathy . 10 1.3.4 Central Serous Chorioretinopathy . 14 1.3.5 Stargardt's Disease . 15 1.3.6 Viteiliform Macular Dystrophy (Best's Disease) . 16 1.4 Conclusion . 16 Chapter 2 New Developments in cSLO Fundus Imaging Giovanni Staurenghi, Grazia Levi, Silvia Pedenovi, Chiara Veronese 2.1 Introduction . 21 2.2 Near Infrared Imaging . 22 2.2.1 Introduction . 22 2.2.2 The Effect of Wavelength on Imaging in the Human Fundus . 22 2.2.3 Comparison of Light Tissue Interactions for Visible and Near Infrared Wavelengths Using SLO . 22 2.2.4 Mode of Imaging . 22 2.2.5 Contrast of the Fundus . 23 2.2.6 Fundus Features . 23 2.2.7 Imaging of Pathological Features in Direct and Indirect Mode . 23 2.3 Blue Autofluorescence Imaging . 23 2.3.1 Autofluorescence and the Eye . 24 2.3.1.1 Fluorescence of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium . 24 2.3.1.2 How to Evaluate RPE Autofluorescence . 24 2.3.2 Fundus Autofluorescence Changes in Early AMD . 25 2.3.3 Fundus Autofluorescence Changes in Choroidal Neovascularization in AMD . 26 2.3.4 Fundus Autofluorescence Changes in Geographic Atrophy in AMD . 26 2.3.5 Fundus Autofluorescence in Acute and Chronic Recurrent Central Serous Chorioretinopathy . 27 Contents 2.3.6 Fundus Autofluorescence 4.1.1 in Stargardt's Macular 4.1.2 Dystrophy-Fundus 4.1.3 Flavimaculatus ., 27 4.1.4 2.3.7 Fundus Autofluorescence 4.1.5 in Patients with Macular 4.2 Holes . , 28 4.2.1 2.4 Wide-Field Contact Lens System . . 28 4.2.2 2.4.1 Introduction ., 28 2.4.2 Materials and Methods . 29 4.2.3 2.4.2.1 Structure of a Wide-Field Contact Lens System . 29 4.3 2.4.2.2 Limit and Advantage of a Wide-Field Contact Lens 4.3.1 System . 29 2.4.2.3 Technique for Performing 4.3.2 the Examination . 29 4.3.3 2.4.3 Other Techniques of Execution of Wide-field Fluorescein Angiograms . . 30 4.4 2.4.4 Clinical Application . 31 4.4.1 4.4.2 Chanter 3 4.4.3 Genetics of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Update Hendrik P.N. Scholl, Monika Fleckenstein, Peter Charbel Issa, Claudia Keilhauer, Frank G. Holz, Bernhard H.F. Weber 3.1 Introduction: Genetic Influence on AMD . 35 3.2 Analysis of Candidate Genes for AMD . 36 3.3 Linkage and Association Studies in AMD . 38 3.4 Complement Factor Η Gene 38 3.5 LOC38771S . 43 3.6 Factor В . 44 3.7 Gene-Gene and Gene-Environment Interaction in AMD . 45 3.8 Conclusions . 46 Chapter 4 Anti-VEGF Treatment for Age- Related Macular Degeneration Todd R. Kiesért, Jennifer I. Lim 4.5 Historical Perspective . 53 VEGF Isoforms . 54 VEGF Expression . 54 VEGF Receptors . 54 VEGF Activity . 55 Current Anti-VEGF Therapies 55 Aptamers: Pegaptanib Sodium (Macugen) . 55 Monoclonal Antibodies: Ranibizumab (Lucentis) . 56 Monoclonal Antibodies: Bevacizumab (Avastin) . 58 Anti-VEGF Therapy: Practical Considerations . 60 Intravitreal Injection Technique . 60 Safety Considerations . 60 Bevacizumab (Avastin) Preparation: Compounding Pharmacies . б 7 Future Anti-VEGF Therapies 6 7 VEGFTrap . 61 Small Interfering RNAs . 62 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors . 63 Conclusion . 64 4.1 Basic Science . 53 Chapter 5 Intravitreal Injections: Techniques and Sequelae Heinrich Heimann 5.1 Introduction . 67 5.2 Complications of Intravitreal Injections . 68 5.2.1 Methodology . 69 5.2.2 Perioperative Complications 69 5.2.2.1 Conjunctival Hemorrhage . 69 5.2.2.2 Conjunctival Scarring . 72 5.2.2.3 Pain . 72 5.2.2.4 Punctate Keratitis and Corneal Edema . 72 5.2.2.5 Vitreous Reflux . 72 5.2.2.6 Traumatic Cataract . 72 5.2.2.7 Cataract Progression . 73 5.2.2.8 Retinal Perforation . 73 5.2.2.9 Vitreous Floaters . 74 5.2.2.10 Vitreous Hemorrhage . 74 5.2.2.11 Retinal Toxicity . 74 5.2.2.12 Intraocular Inflammation _ 74 Contents XI 5.2.2.13 Uveitis and Pseudo- endophthalmitis . 75 5.2.2.14 Endophthalmitis . 76 5.2.2.15 Retinal Artery and Vein Occlusion . 78 5.2.2.1 б Retinal Detachment . 78 5.2.2.17 Acute Rise in Intraocular Pressure . 79 5.2.2.18 Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma . 79 5.3 Surgical Technique for Intravitreal Injection . 80 5.3.1 Guidelines and Preferred Practice Survey . 81 5.3.2 Preoperative Assessment and Preparation . 81 5.3.2.1 Concomitant Eye Diseases . 81 5.3.2.2 Preoperative Assessment . 81 5.3.2.3 Preoperative Medication _ 81 5.3.2.4 Location . 81 5.3.2.5 Preparation of the Eye and Ocular Adnexa . 81 5.3.2.6 Preparation of the Surgeon . 84 5.3.2.7 Preparation of the Drug . 84 5.3.3 Injection . 84 5.3.3.1 Syringe and Needle . 84 5.3.3.2 Position of the Injection . 84 5.3.3.3 Entry Path . 84 5.3.3.4 Advancement of Needle and Injection . 84 5.3.4 Postoperative Assessment . 84 5.3.4.1 Assessment Immediately Following the Injection . 84 5.3.4.2 Topical Therapy . 85 5.3.4.3 Follow-up Examinations _ 85 Chapter 6 Combination Therapies for Choroidal Neovascularization Richard F. Spaide 6.1 Introduction . 90 6.2 Angiogenesis . 90 6.2.1 Development of CNV . 91 6.2.2 Cancer and Angiogenesis .91 6.3 Normalization ofTumor Vasculature . 92 6.4 Two-Component Model of CNV . 94 6.5 Two-Component Model and Therapy . 94 6.5.1 Are There Cytokines to Block Other Than VEGF? . 95 6.6 Combination Therapies . 96 6.6.1 Anti-VEGF Biologies and PhotodynamicTherapy . 96 6.6.2 Anecortave Acetate and Photodynamic Therapy . 97 6.6.3 Intravitreal Triamcinolone and Photodynamic Therapy . 97 6.6.4 Triamcinolone and Anti- VEGFTherapy . 97 6.6.5 Triamcinolone and Anecortave Acetate _ 98 6.7 Conclusion . 99 Chapter 7 Nutritional Supplementation in Age- related Macular Degeneration Hanna R. Coleman, Emily Y. Chew 7.1 Introduction . 705 7.2 Risk Factors . 705 7.3 Age-Related Eye Disease Study . 706 7.4 Lutein/Zeaxanthin . 706 7.5 Zinc . 706 7.6 Vitamin E . 707 7.7 Dietary Fat Intake . 707 7.8 Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 . 707 7.9 Conclusion . 70S Chapter 8 New Perspectives in Geographic Atrophy Associated with AMD Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg, Monika Fleckenstein, Hendrik P.N. Scholl, Frank G. Holz 8.1 Introduction . 114 8.1.1 Basics . 7 74 8.1.2 Development and Spread of Atrophy . 7 75 8.2 Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging in Geographic Atrophy . 7 76 8.3 Quantification of Atrophy Progression . 7 77 XII Contents 8.4 Risk Factors . 118 8.4.1 Genetic Factors . 118 8.4.2 Systemic Risk Factors . 118 8.4.3 Ocular Risk Factors . 119 8.5 Development of CNV in Eyes withGA . 722 8.6 Visual Function in GA Patients . 123 8.6.1 Measurement of Visual Acuity . 723 8.6.2 Contrast Sensitivity . 724 8.6.3 Reading Speed . 124 8.6.4 Fundus Perimetry . 724 Chapter 9 Diabetic Macular Edema: Current Treatments Florian K.P. Sutter, Mark С Gillies, Horst Helbig 9.1 Introduction . 737 9.2 Epidemiology . 737 9.3 Pathophysiology . 732 9.4 Diabetic Macular Edema and Laboratory Science . 732 9.5 Quality of Life . 733 9.6 Diagnosis and Screening . 733 9.7 Types of Diabetic Macular Edema . 734 9.7.1 Clinically Significant Macular Edema . 734 9.7.2 Focal Diabetic Macular Edema . 734 9.7.3 Diffuse Diabetic Macular Edema . 734 9.7.4 Cystoid Macular Edema _ 734 9.7.5 Ischemic Macular Edema . 734 9.7.6 OCT Patterns of Diabetic Macular Edema . 734 9.8 Treatment . 735 9.8.1 Systemic Treatment . 735 9.8.1.1 Glycémie Control . 735 9.8.1.2 Blood Pressure Control . 735 9.8.1.3 Reducing Levels of Blood Lipids . 735 9.8.1.4 Treatment of Renal Dysfunction and Anemia . 736 9.8.1.5 Smoking . 736 9.8.2 Systemic Pharmacotherapy 136 9.8.2.1 PKC-ß Inhibitors . 736 9.8.2.2 Aldose Reductase and AGE Inhibitors . 736 9.8.2.3 Antioxidants . 736 9.8.3 A Team Approach to the Prevention of Loss of Vision in People with Diabetes . 737 9.8.4 Local Ophthalmic Treatment . 73S 9.8.4.1 Focal Macular Laser . 73S 9.8.4.2 Grid Macular Laser . 73S 9.8.4.3 Recent Trends in Macular Laser Therapy . 73S 9.8.4.4 Micropulsed, Sub-threshold "Selective" Laser Therapy . 739 9.8.4.5 Vitrectomy . 739 9.8.4.6 Intravitreal Steroids . 739 9.8.4.7 Periocular Steroids . 140 9.8.4.8 Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Antibodies . 140 9.8.4.9 Cataract Surgery . 141 9.9 Current Clinical Practice/ Recommendations . 141 Chapter 10 Treatment of Retinal Vein Occlusions Rajeev S. Ramchandran, R. Keith Shuler, Sharon Fekrat 10.1 Introduction . 747 10.2 Pathophysiology . 745 10.3 Branch and Central Vein Occlusion Studies . 74S 10.3.1 Background . 748 10.3.2 Branch Vein Occlusion Study . 749 10.3.3 Central Vein Occlusion Study . 749 10.4 Systemic Pharmacologie Treatments . 750 10.5 Targeting Macular Edema . 757 10.6 Intravitreal Pharmacotherapy . 757 10.6.1 Background . 757 10.6.2 Intravitreal Triamcinolone.· BRVO . 753 10.6.3 Intravitreal Triamcinolone: CRVO . 753 10.6.4 Fluocinolone Acetonide Intravitreal Implant . 753 Contents XIII 10.6.5 Standard of Care vs. Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion Study . 154 10.6.6 Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Therapy . 155 10.7 Surgical Treatments . 156 10.7.1 BRVO . 156 10.7.2 CRVO . 156 10.7.2.1 Laser-Induced Venous Chorioretinal Anastomosis . 156 10.7.2.2 Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator . 156 10.7.2.3 Radial Optic Neurotomy . 157 10.7.2.4 Intravitreal Triamcinolone: As Adjunctive Therapy . 158 10.8 Prevention — Systemic Factor Control . . 158 10.9 Conclusion . 158 Chapter 11 New Perspectives in Stargardt's Disease Noemi Lois 11.1 Introduction . 766 11.2 Epidemiology and Clinical Findings . 766 11.3 Imaging Studies . 769 11.3.1 Fluorescein Angiography . 769 11.3.2 Indocyanine Green Angiography . 170 11.3.3 Fundus Autofluorescence . 770 11.3.4 Optical Coherence Tomography . 772 11.4 Electrophysiology and Psychophysics . 172 11.5 Histopathology . 174 11.6 Differential Diagnosis . 774 11.7 Genetics and Molecular Biology . 774 11.8 Animal Models of STGD- FFM . 777 11.9 Current and Future Treatments . 777 Chapter 12 Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia Peter Charbel Issa, Hendrik P.N. Scholl, Hans-Martin Helb, Frank G. Holz 12.1 Introduction . 783 12.2 Type 1 Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia . 7S3 12.2.1 Epidemiology . 783 12.2.2 Diagnostic Approach and Clinical Findings . 785 12.2.3 Functional Implications . 785 12.2.4 Pathophysiological Considerations . 786 12.2.5 Therapy . 786 12.3 Type 2 Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia . 187 12.3.1 Epidemiology . 188 12.3.2 Diagnostic Approach and Clinical Findings . 788 12.3.3 Functional Implications . 189 12.3.4 Associated Diseases . 792 12.3.5 Pathophysiological Considerations . 792 12.3.6 Therapeutic Approaches . 793 12.4 Type 3: Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia . 794 12.5 Perspectives . 794 Chapter 13 Artificial Vision Peter Walter 13.1 Introduction . 799 13.2 Current Concepts for Restoring Vision Using Electrical Stimulation . 200 13.3 Interfacing the Neurons . 200 13.3.1 Epiretinal Stimulation . 201 13.3.2 Subretinal Approach . 203 13.3.3 Transchoroidal, Transscleral, and Suprachoroidal Stimulation . 203 13.3.4 Optic Nerve Approach . 204 13.3.5 Cortical Prosthesis . 204 13.4 Pixel Vision and Filters . 204 13.5 Outlook . 206 13.6 Conclusion . 206 Subject Index .27 7 F.G.Holz · R.F. SPAiDE ■ Medical Retina In the past few years, our knowledge of medical retina has improved substantially. Insights into the mechanisms of disease have been expanded and novel diagnostic and efficacious therapeutic strateg¬ ies have revolutionized our approach to retinal diseases, bridging the gap between laboratory and clinical science. This edition is authored by internationally recognized leaders in the field of medical retina and provides an up-to-date compilation of our current knowledge of topics including: ■ Anti-VEGF therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) Ш Combination treatments for AMD ■ Techniques and sequelae relating to intravitreal injections ■ Nutritional supplementation in AMD ■ Update on the role of genetic factors in AMD Ш Management of diabetic macular edema and retinal vein occlusions ■ Geographic atrophy in AMD Ш SLO imaging and microperimetry in macular diseases ■ Stargardťs disease ■ Artificial vision This highly practical and cUnically relevant volume provides expert answers to your most pressing questions and will be invaluable to anyone involved in the treatment of retinal diseases.
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spelling	Medical retina with 13 tables ed. by Frank G. Holz ... Berlin Springer 2007 XVII, 217 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Essentials in ophthalmology Makulopathie - Aufsatzsammlung Retinopathie - Aufsatzsammlung Makuladegeneration (DE-588)4210043-4 gnd rswk-swf Makulaödem (DE-588)4354975-5 gnd rswk-swf Makulopathie (DE-588)4243856-1 gnd rswk-swf Retinopathie (DE-588)4215186-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Retinopathie (DE-588)4215186-7 s DE-604 Makulopathie (DE-588)4243856-1 s Makuladegeneration (DE-588)4210043-4 s 1\p DE-604 Makulaödem (DE-588)4354975-5 s 2\p DE-604 Holz, Frank G. 1962- Sonstige (DE-588)114875855 oth Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015706488&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015706488&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Medical retina with 13 tables Makulopathie - Aufsatzsammlung Retinopathie - Aufsatzsammlung Makuladegeneration (DE-588)4210043-4 gnd Makulaödem (DE-588)4354975-5 gnd Makulopathie (DE-588)4243856-1 gnd Retinopathie (DE-588)4215186-7 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4210043-4 (DE-588)4354975-5 (DE-588)4243856-1 (DE-588)4215186-7 (DE-588)4143413-4
title	Medical retina with 13 tables
title_auth	Medical retina with 13 tables
title_exact_search	Medical retina with 13 tables
title_exact_search_txtP	Medical retina with 13 tables
title_full	Medical retina with 13 tables ed. by Frank G. Holz ...
title_fullStr	Medical retina with 13 tables ed. by Frank G. Holz ...
title_full_unstemmed	Medical retina with 13 tables ed. by Frank G. Holz ...
title_short	Medical retina
title_sort	medical retina with 13 tables
title_sub	with 13 tables
topic	Makulopathie - Aufsatzsammlung Retinopathie - Aufsatzsammlung Makuladegeneration (DE-588)4210043-4 gnd Makulaödem (DE-588)4354975-5 gnd Makulopathie (DE-588)4243856-1 gnd Retinopathie (DE-588)4215186-7 gnd
topic_facet	Makulopathie - Aufsatzsammlung Retinopathie - Aufsatzsammlung Makuladegeneration Makulaödem Makulopathie Retinopathie Aufsatzsammlung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015706488&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015706488&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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