Liquid crystals:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley-Interscience
2007
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Series: | Wiley series in pure and applied optics
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIV, 368 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780471751533 0471751537 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Liquid crystals |c Iam-Choon Khoo |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Wiley-Interscience |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 368 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Wiley series in pure and applied optics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cristaux liquides | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Liquid crystals | |
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| _version_ | 1804136596522401792 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xiii
Chapter
1.
Introduction to Liquid Crystals
1
1.1.
Molecular Structures and Chemical Compositions
1
1.1.1.
Chemical Structures
1
1.2.
Electronic Properties
3
1.2.1.
Electronic Transitions and Ultraviolet Absorption
3
1.2.2.
Visible and Infrared Absorption
4
1.3.
Lyotropic, Polymeric, and Thermotropic Liquid Crystals
6
1.3.1.
Lyotropic Liquid Crystals
6
1.3.2.
Polymeric Liquid Crystals
6
1.3.3.
Thermotropic Liquid Crystals: Nematics,
Cholesterics, and Smectics
7
1.3.4.
Other Liquid Crystalline Phases and Molecular
Engineered Structures
10
1.4.
Mixtures and Composites
11
1.4.1.
Mixtures
12
1.4.2.
Dye-Doped Liquid Crystals
13
1.4.3.
Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals
14
1.5.
Liquid Crystal Cells and Sample Preparation
14
1.5.1.
Bulk Thin Film
15
1.5.2.
Liquid Crystal Optical Slab Waveguide, Fiber,
and Nanostructured Photonic Crystals
17
References
19
Chapter
2.
Order Parameter, Phase Transition, and Free Energies
22
2.1.
Basic Concepts
22
2.1.1.
Introduction
22
2.1.2.
Scalar and Tensor Order Parameters
23
2.1.3.
Long-and Short-Range Order
25
2.2.
Molecular Interactions and Phase Transitions
26
2.3.
Molecular Theories and Results for the Liquid
Crystalline Phase
26
2.3.1.
Maier-Saupe Theory: Order Parameter Near Tc
27
2.3.2.
Nonequilibrium and Dynamical Dependence
of the Order Parameter
29
vi
CONTENTS
2.4.
Isotropie
Phase of Liquid Crystals
32
2.4.1.
Free Energy and Phase Transition
32
2.4.2.
Free Energy in the Presence of an Applied Field
33
References
35
Chapter
3.
Nematic Liquid Crystals
36
3.1.
Introduction
36
3.2.
Elastic Continuum Theory
36
3.2.1.
The Vector Field: Direct Axis
ñ (f)
36
3.2.2.
Elastic Constants, Free Energies, and
Molecular Fields
38
3.3.
Dielectric Constants and Refractive Indices
41
3.3.1.
dc and Low-Frequency Dielectric Permittivity,
Conductivities, and Magnetic Susceptibility
41
3.3.2.
Free Energy and Torques by Electric and
Magnetic Fields
44
3.4.
Optical Dielectric Constants and Refractive Indices
45
3.4.1.
Linear Susceptibility and Local Field Effect
45
3.4.2.
Equilibrium Temperature and Order Parameter
Dependences of Refractive Indices
47
3.5.
Flows and Hydrodynamics
51
3.5.1.
Hydrodynamics of Ordinary
Isotropie
Fluids
52
3.5.2.
General Stress Tensor for Nematic Liquid Crystals
55
3.5.3.
Flows with Fixed Director Axis Orientation
55
3.5.4.
Flows with Director Axis
Reorientation
57
3.6.
Field-Induced Director Axis
Reorientation
Effects
58
3.6.1.
Field-Induced
Reorientation
without Flow
Coupling: Freedericksz Transition
58
3.6.2.
Reorientation
with Flow Coupling
61
References
62
Chapter
4.
Cholesteric, Smectic, and Ferroelectric Liquid
Crystals
64
4.1.
Cholesteric Liquid Crystals
64
4.1.1.
Free Energies
64
4.1.2.
Field-Induced Effects and Dynamics
66
4.1.3.
Twist and Conic Mode Relaxation Times
69
4.2.
Light Scattering in Cholesterics
70
4.2.1.
General Optical Propagation and Reflection:
Normal Incidence
70
4.2.2.
Cholesteric Liquid Crystal as a One-Dimensional
Photonic Crystal
74
4.2.3.
Cholesteric Liquid Crystals with Magneto-Optic
Activity: Negative Refraction Effect
78
CONTENTS
vii
4.3.
Smectic and Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals: A Quick Survey
80
4.4.
Smectic-A Liquid Crystals
82
4.4.1.
Free Energy
82
4.4.2.
Light Scattering in SmA Liquid Crystals
84
4.5.
Smectic-C Liquid Crystals
86
4.5.1.
Free Energy
86
4.5.2.
Field-Induced Director Axis Rotation in SmC
Liquid Crystals
87
4.6.
Smectic-C* and Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
88
4.6.1.
Free Energy of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
89
4.6.2.
Smectic-C*-Smectic-A Phase Transition
93
References
95
Chapter
5.
Light Scatterings
97
5.1.
Introduction
97
5.2.
General Electromagnetic Formalism of Light Scattering in
Liquid Crystals
98
5.3.
Scattering from Director Axis Fluctuations in Nematic
Liquid Crystals
100
5.4.
Light Scattering in the
Isotropie
Phase of Liquid Crystals
104
5.5.
Temperature, Wavelength, and Cell Geometry Effects on
Scattering
107
5.6.
Spectrum of Light and Orientation Fluctuation Dynamics
109
5.7.
Raman Scatterings 111
5.7.1.
Introduction
111
5.7.2.
Quantum Theory of Raman Scattering:
Scattering Cross Section
112
5.8.
Brillouin and Rayleigh Scatterings
115
5.8.1.
Brillouin Scattering
117
5.8.2.
Rayleigh Scattering
119
5.9.
Nonlinear Light Scattering: Supraoptical Nonlinearity
of Liquid Crystals
120
References
122
Chapter
6.
Liquid Crystal Optics and Electro-Optics
124
6.1.
Introduction
124
6.2.
Review of Electro-Optics of
Anisotropie
and
Biréfringent
Crystals
125
6.2.1. Anisotropie,
Uniaxial,
and Biaxial Optical
Crystals
125
6.2.2.
Index Ellipsoid in the Presence of an Electric
Field: Linear Electro-Optics Effect
127
6.2.3.
Polarizers and Retardation Plate
128
6.2.4.
Basic Electro-Optics Modulation
130
CONTENTS
6.3. Electro-Optics
of Nematic
Liquid
Crystals
1
3
1
6.3.1.
Director
Axis Reorientation
in Homeotropic and
Planar Cells: Dual-Frequency Liquid Crystals
131
6.3.2.
Freedericksz Transition Revisited
133
6.3.3.
Field-Induced Refractive Index Change
and Phase Shift
136
6.4.
Nematic Liquid Crystal Switches and Displays
138
6.4.1.
Liquid Crystal Switch: On-Axis Consideration for
Twist, Planar, and Homeotropic Aligned Cells
139
6.4.2.
Off-Axis Transmission, Viewing Angle, and
Birefringence Compensation
139
6.4.3.
Liquid Crystal Display Electronics
141
6.5.
Electro-Optical Effects in Other Phases of Liquid Crystals
142
6.5.1.
Surface Stabilized FLC
142
6.5.2.
Soft-Mode FLCs
144
6.6.
Nondisplay
Applications of Liquid Crystals
146
6.6.1.
Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator
146
6.6.2.
Tunable Photonic Crystals with Liquid Crystal
Infiltrated Nanostructures
148
6.6.3.
Tunable Frequency Selective Planar Structures
148
6.6.4.
Liquid Crystals for Molecular Sensing
and Detection
150
6.6.5.
Beam Steering, Routing, and Optical Switching
and Laser Hardened Optics
152
References
153
Chapter
7.
Electromagnetic Formalisms for Optical Propagation
157
7.1.
Introduction
157
7.2.
Electromagnetism
of
Anisotropie
Media Revisited
158
7.2.1.
Maxwell Equations and Wave Equations
158
7.2.2.
Complex Refractive Index
159
7.2.3.
Negative Index Material
160
7.2.4.
Normal Modes, Power Flow, and Propagation
Vectors in a Lossless
Isotropie
Medium
163
7.2.5.
Normal Modes and Propagation Vectors in a
Lossless
Anisotropie
Medium
164
7.3.
General Formalisms for Polarized Light Propagation
Through Liquid Crystal Devices
168
7.3.1.
Plane-Polarized Wave and Jones Vectors
169
7.3.2.
Jones Matrix Method for Propagation Through a
Nematic Liquid Crystal Cell
173
7.3.3.
Oblique Incidence:
4X4
Matrix Methods
175
7.4.
Extended Jones Matrix Method
177
CONTENTS ix
7.5.
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Technique
181
7.5.1.
The Implementation of FDTD Methods
181
7.5.2.
Example: FDTD Computations of the Twisted
Nematic Cell in One Dimension
186
References
188
Chapter
8.
Laser-Induced Orientational Optical Nonlinearities
in Liquid Crystals
190
8.1.
General Overview of Liquid Crystal Nonlinearities
190
8.2.
Laser-Induced Molecular
Reorientations
in the
Isotropie
Phase
193
8.2.1.
Individual Molecular
Reorientations
in
Anisotropie
Liquids
193
8.2.2.
Correlated Molecular
Reorientation
Dynamics
196
8.2.3.
Influence of Molecular Structure on
Isotropie
Phase Reorientational Nonlinearities
198
8.3.
Molecular
Reorientations
in the Nematic Phase
200
8.3.1.
Simplified Treatment of Optical Field-Induced
Director Axis
Reorientation
201
8.3.2.
More Exact Treatment of Optical Field-Induced
Director Axis
Reorientation
204
8.3.3.
Nonlocal Effect and Transverse Dependence
205
8.4.
Nematic Phase
Reorientation
Dynamics
206
8.4.1.
Plane Wave Optical Field
206
8.4.2.
Sinusoidal Optical Intensity
210
8.5.
Laser-Induced Dopant-Assisted Molecular
Reorientation
and Trans-Cis Isomerism
211
8.6.
DC Field Aided Optically Induced Nonlinear Optical
Effects in Liquid Crystals: Photorefractivity
213
8.6.1.
Orientational Photorefractivity: Bulk Effects
215
8.6.2.
Some Experimental Results and Surface
Charge/Field Contribution
220
8.7.
Reorientation
and Nonelectronic Nonlinear Optical
Effects in Smectic and Cholesteric Phases
221
8.7.1.
Smectic Phase
221
8.7.2.
Cholesteric Phase
222
References
223
Chapter
9.
Thermal, Density, and Other Nonelectronic
Nonlinear Mechanisms
227
9.1.
Introduction
227
9.2.
Density and Temperature Changes Induced by Sinusoidal
Optical Intensity
230
9.3.
Refractive Index Changes: Temperature and Density Effects
233
x
CONTENTS
9.4.
Thermal and Density Optical Nonlinearities of Nematic
Liquid Crystals in the Visible-Infrared Spectrum
238
9.4.1.
Steady-State Thermal Nonlinearity of Nematic
Liquid Crystals
240
9.4.2.
Short Laser Pulse Induced Thermal Index Change
in Nematics and Near-7^ Effect
241
9.5.
Thermal and Density Optical Nonlinearities of
Isotropie
Liquid Crystals
243
9.6.
Coupled Nonlinear Optical Effects in Nematic Liquid
Crystals
245
9.6.1.
Thermal-Orientational Coupling in Nematic
Liquid Crystals
246
9.6.2.
Flow-Orientational Effect
247
References
251
Chapter
10.
Electronic Optical Nonlinearities
253
10.1.
Introduction
253
10.2.
Density Matrix Formalism for Optically Induced
Molecular Electronic Polarizabilities
253
10.2.1.
Induced Polarizations
256
10.2.2.
Multiphoton Absorptions
256
10.3.
Electronic Susceptibilities of Liquid Crystals
259
10.3.1.
Linear Optical Polarizabilities of a Molecule
with No Permanent
Dipole
259
10.3.2.
Second-Order Electronic Polarizabilities
262
10.3.3.
Third-Order Electronic Polarizabilities
264
10.4.
Electronic Nonlinear Polarizations of Liquid Crystals
266
10.4.1.
Local Field Effects and Symmetry
267
10.4.2.
Symmetry Considerations
268
10.4.3.
Permanent
Dipole
and Molecular Ordering
268
10.4.4.
Quadrupole Contribution and Field-Induced
Symmetry Breaking
269
10.4.5.
Molecular Structural Dependence of Nonlinear
Susceptibilities
269
References
271
Chapter
11.
Introduction to Nonlinear Optics
273
11.1.
Nonlinear Susceptibility and Intensity-Dependent
Refractive Index
273
11.1.1.
Nonlinear Polarization and Refractive
Index
273
11.1.2.
Nonlinear Coefficient and Units
276
11.2.
General Nonlinear Polarization and Susceptibility
277
11.3.
Convention and Symmetry
278
11.4.
Coupled Maxwell Wave Equations
282
CONTENTS xi
11.5.
Nonlinear Optical Phenomena
284
11.5.1.
Stationary Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing
284
11.5.2.
Optical Phase Conjugation
288
11.5.3.
Nearly Degenerate and Transient Wave Mixing
291
11.5.4.
Nondegenerate
Optical Wave Mixing: Harmonic
Generations
294
11.5.5.
Self-Focusing and Self-Phase Modulation
297
11.6.
Stimulated Scatterings
303
11.6.1.
Stimulated Raman Scatterings
303
11.6.2.
Stimulated Brillouin Scatterings
306
11.6.3.
Stimulated Orientational Scattering in Liquid Crystals
311
11.6.4.
Stimulated Thermal Scattering
(STS)
316
References
317
Chapter
12.
Nonlinear Optical Phenomena Observed in
Liquid Crystals
319
12.1.
Self-Focusing, Self-Phase Modulation, and Self-Guiding
319
12.1.1.
Self-Focusing and Self-Phase Modulation and cw
Optical Limiting with Nematic Liquid Crystals
319
12.1.2.
Self-Guiding, Spatial Soliton, and Pattern Formation
324
12.2.
Optical Wave Mixing
326
12.2.1.
Stimulated Orientational Scattering and Polarization
Self-Switching: Steady State
326
12.2.2.
Stimulated Orientational Scattering: Nonlinear
Dynamics
329
12.2.3.
Optical Phase Conjugation with Orientation
and Thermal Gratings
332
12.2.4.
Self-Starting Optical Phase Conjugation
333
12.3.
Liquid Crystals for All-Optical Image Processing
337
12.3.1.
Liquid Crystals as All-Optical Information
Processing Materials
337
12.3.2.
All-Optical Image Processing
339
12.3.3.
Intelligent Optical Processing
341
12.4.
Harmonic Generations and Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy
343
12.5.
Optical Switching
344
12.6.
Nonlinear Absorption and Optical Limiting of Short Laser
Pulses in
Isotropie
Phase Liquid Crystals and Liquids
348
12.6.1.
Introduction
348
12.6.2.
Nonlinear Fiber Array
350
12.6.3.
RSA Materials (C60 Doped ILC)
351
12.6.4.
Optical Limiting by
TPA
Materials
(L34 Fiber Core Liquid)
355
12.7.
Conclusion
358
References
358
Index
365
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface
xiii
Chapter
1.
Introduction to Liquid Crystals
1
1.1.
Molecular Structures and Chemical Compositions
1
1.1.1.
Chemical Structures
1
1.2.
Electronic Properties
3
1.2.1.
Electronic Transitions and Ultraviolet Absorption
3
1.2.2.
Visible and Infrared Absorption
4
1.3.
Lyotropic, Polymeric, and Thermotropic Liquid Crystals
6
1.3.1.
Lyotropic Liquid Crystals
6
1.3.2.
Polymeric Liquid Crystals
6
1.3.3.
Thermotropic Liquid Crystals: Nematics,
Cholesterics, and Smectics
7
1.3.4.
Other Liquid Crystalline Phases and Molecular
Engineered Structures
10
1.4.
Mixtures and Composites
11
1.4.1.
Mixtures
12
1.4.2.
Dye-Doped Liquid Crystals
13
1.4.3.
Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals
14
1.5.
Liquid Crystal Cells and Sample Preparation
14
1.5.1.
Bulk Thin Film
15
1.5.2.
Liquid Crystal Optical Slab Waveguide, Fiber,
and Nanostructured Photonic Crystals
17
References
19
Chapter
2.
Order Parameter, Phase Transition, and Free Energies
22
2.1.
Basic Concepts
22
2.1.1.
Introduction
22
2.1.2.
Scalar and Tensor Order Parameters
23
2.1.3.
Long-and Short-Range Order
25
2.2.
Molecular Interactions and Phase Transitions
26
2.3.
Molecular Theories and Results for the Liquid
Crystalline Phase
26
2.3.1.
Maier-Saupe Theory: Order Parameter Near Tc
27
2.3.2.
Nonequilibrium and Dynamical Dependence
of the Order Parameter
29
vi
CONTENTS
2.4.
Isotropie
Phase of Liquid Crystals
32
2.4.1.
Free Energy and Phase Transition
32
2.4.2.
Free Energy in the Presence of an Applied Field
33
References
35
Chapter
3.
Nematic Liquid Crystals
36
3.1.
Introduction
36
3.2.
Elastic Continuum Theory
36
3.2.1.
The Vector Field: Direct Axis
ñ (f)
36
3.2.2.
Elastic Constants, Free Energies, and
Molecular Fields
38
3.3.
Dielectric Constants and Refractive Indices
41
3.3.1.
dc and Low-Frequency Dielectric Permittivity,
Conductivities, and Magnetic Susceptibility
41
3.3.2.
Free Energy and Torques by Electric and
Magnetic Fields
44
3.4.
Optical Dielectric Constants and Refractive Indices
45
3.4.1.
Linear Susceptibility and Local Field Effect
45
3.4.2.
Equilibrium Temperature and Order Parameter
Dependences of Refractive Indices
47
3.5.
Flows and Hydrodynamics
51
3.5.1.
Hydrodynamics of Ordinary
Isotropie
Fluids
52
3.5.2.
General Stress Tensor for Nematic Liquid Crystals
55
3.5.3.
Flows with Fixed Director Axis Orientation
55
3.5.4.
Flows with Director Axis
Reorientation
57
3.6.
Field-Induced Director Axis
Reorientation
Effects
58
3.6.1.
Field-Induced
Reorientation
without Flow
Coupling: Freedericksz Transition
58
3.6.2.
Reorientation
with Flow Coupling
61
References
62
Chapter
4.
Cholesteric, Smectic, and Ferroelectric Liquid
Crystals
64
4.1.
Cholesteric Liquid Crystals
64
4.1.1.
Free Energies
64
4.1.2.
Field-Induced Effects and Dynamics
66
4.1.3.
Twist and Conic Mode Relaxation Times
69
4.2.
Light Scattering in Cholesterics
70
4.2.1.
General Optical Propagation and Reflection:
Normal Incidence
70
4.2.2.
Cholesteric Liquid Crystal as a One-Dimensional
Photonic Crystal
74
4.2.3.
Cholesteric Liquid Crystals with Magneto-Optic
Activity: Negative Refraction Effect
78
CONTENTS
vii
4.3.
Smectic and Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals: A Quick Survey
80
4.4.
Smectic-A Liquid Crystals
82
4.4.1.
Free Energy
82
4.4.2.
Light Scattering in SmA Liquid Crystals
84
4.5.
Smectic-C Liquid Crystals
86
4.5.1.
Free Energy
86
4.5.2.
Field-Induced Director Axis Rotation in SmC
Liquid Crystals
87
4.6.
Smectic-C* and Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
88
4.6.1.
Free Energy of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
89
4.6.2.
Smectic-C*-Smectic-A Phase Transition
93
References
95
Chapter
5.
Light Scatterings
97
5.1.
Introduction
97
5.2.
General Electromagnetic Formalism of Light Scattering in
Liquid Crystals
98
5.3.
Scattering from Director Axis Fluctuations in Nematic
Liquid Crystals
100
5.4.
Light Scattering in the
Isotropie
Phase of Liquid Crystals
104
5.5.
Temperature, Wavelength, and Cell Geometry Effects on
Scattering
107
5.6.
Spectrum of Light and Orientation Fluctuation Dynamics
109
5.7.
Raman Scatterings 111
5.7.1.
Introduction
111
5.7.2.
Quantum Theory of Raman Scattering:
Scattering Cross Section
112
5.8.
Brillouin and Rayleigh Scatterings
115
5.8.1.
Brillouin Scattering
117
5.8.2.
Rayleigh Scattering
119
5.9.
Nonlinear Light Scattering: Supraoptical Nonlinearity
of Liquid Crystals
120
References
122
Chapter
6.
Liquid Crystal Optics and Electro-Optics
124
6.1.
Introduction
124
6.2.
Review of Electro-Optics of
Anisotropie
and
Biréfringent
Crystals
125
6.2.1. Anisotropie,
Uniaxial,
and Biaxial Optical
Crystals
125
6.2.2.
Index Ellipsoid in the Presence of an Electric
Field: Linear Electro-Optics Effect
127
6.2.3.
Polarizers and Retardation Plate
128
6.2.4.
Basic Electro-Optics Modulation
130
CONTENTS
6.3. Electro-Optics
of Nematic
Liquid
Crystals
1
3
1
6.3.1.
Director
Axis Reorientation
in Homeotropic and
Planar Cells: Dual-Frequency Liquid Crystals
131
6.3.2.
Freedericksz Transition Revisited
133
6.3.3.
Field-Induced Refractive Index Change
and Phase Shift
136
6.4.
Nematic Liquid Crystal Switches and Displays
138
6.4.1.
Liquid Crystal Switch: On-Axis Consideration for
Twist, Planar, and Homeotropic Aligned Cells
139
6.4.2.
Off-Axis Transmission, Viewing Angle, and
Birefringence Compensation
139
6.4.3.
Liquid Crystal Display Electronics
141
6.5.
Electro-Optical Effects in Other Phases of Liquid Crystals
142
6.5.1.
Surface Stabilized FLC
142
6.5.2.
Soft-Mode FLCs
144
6.6.
Nondisplay
Applications of Liquid Crystals
146
6.6.1.
Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator
146
6.6.2.
Tunable Photonic Crystals with Liquid Crystal
Infiltrated Nanostructures
148
6.6.3.
Tunable Frequency Selective Planar Structures
148
6.6.4.
Liquid Crystals for Molecular Sensing
and Detection
150
6.6.5.
Beam Steering, Routing, and Optical Switching
and Laser Hardened Optics
152
References
153
Chapter
7.
Electromagnetic Formalisms for Optical Propagation
157
7.1.
Introduction
157
7.2.
Electromagnetism
of
Anisotropie
Media Revisited
158
7.2.1.
Maxwell Equations and Wave Equations
158
7.2.2.
Complex Refractive Index
159
7.2.3.
Negative Index Material
160
7.2.4.
Normal Modes, Power Flow, and Propagation
Vectors in a Lossless
Isotropie
Medium
163
7.2.5.
Normal Modes and Propagation Vectors in a
Lossless
Anisotropie
Medium
164
7.3.
General Formalisms for Polarized Light Propagation
Through Liquid Crystal Devices
168
7.3.1.
Plane-Polarized Wave and Jones Vectors
169
7.3.2.
Jones Matrix Method for Propagation Through a
Nematic Liquid Crystal Cell
173
7.3.3.
Oblique Incidence:
4X4
Matrix Methods
175
7.4.
Extended Jones Matrix Method
177
CONTENTS ix
7.5.
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Technique
181
7.5.1.
The Implementation of FDTD Methods
181
7.5.2.
Example: FDTD Computations of the Twisted
Nematic Cell in One Dimension
186
References
188
Chapter
8.
Laser-Induced Orientational Optical Nonlinearities
in Liquid Crystals
190
8.1.
General Overview of Liquid Crystal Nonlinearities
190
8.2.
Laser-Induced Molecular
Reorientations
in the
Isotropie
Phase
193
8.2.1.
Individual Molecular
Reorientations
in
Anisotropie
Liquids
193
8.2.2.
Correlated Molecular
Reorientation
Dynamics
196
8.2.3.
Influence of Molecular Structure on
Isotropie
Phase Reorientational Nonlinearities
198
8.3.
Molecular
Reorientations
in the Nematic Phase
200
8.3.1.
Simplified Treatment of Optical Field-Induced
Director Axis
Reorientation
201
8.3.2.
More Exact Treatment of Optical Field-Induced
Director Axis
Reorientation
204
8.3.3.
Nonlocal Effect and Transverse Dependence
205
8.4.
Nematic Phase
Reorientation
Dynamics
206
8.4.1.
Plane Wave Optical Field
206
8.4.2.
Sinusoidal Optical Intensity
210
8.5.
Laser-Induced Dopant-Assisted Molecular
Reorientation
and Trans-Cis Isomerism
211
8.6.
DC Field Aided Optically Induced Nonlinear Optical
Effects in Liquid Crystals: Photorefractivity
213
8.6.1.
Orientational Photorefractivity: Bulk Effects
215
8.6.2.
Some Experimental Results and Surface
Charge/Field Contribution
220
8.7.
Reorientation
and Nonelectronic Nonlinear Optical
Effects in Smectic and Cholesteric Phases
221
8.7.1.
Smectic Phase
221
8.7.2.
Cholesteric Phase
222
References
223
Chapter
9.
Thermal, Density, and Other Nonelectronic
Nonlinear Mechanisms
227
9.1.
Introduction
227
9.2.
Density and Temperature Changes Induced by Sinusoidal
Optical Intensity
230
9.3.
Refractive Index Changes: Temperature and Density Effects
233
x
CONTENTS
9.4.
Thermal and Density Optical Nonlinearities of Nematic
Liquid Crystals in the Visible-Infrared Spectrum
238
9.4.1.
Steady-State Thermal Nonlinearity of Nematic
Liquid Crystals
240
9.4.2.
Short Laser Pulse Induced Thermal Index Change
in Nematics and Near-7^ Effect
241
9.5.
Thermal and Density Optical Nonlinearities of
Isotropie
Liquid Crystals
243
9.6.
Coupled Nonlinear Optical Effects in Nematic Liquid
Crystals
245
9.6.1.
Thermal-Orientational Coupling in Nematic
Liquid Crystals
246
9.6.2.
Flow-Orientational Effect
247
References
251
Chapter
10.
Electronic Optical Nonlinearities
253
10.1.
Introduction
253
10.2.
Density Matrix Formalism for Optically Induced
Molecular Electronic Polarizabilities
253
10.2.1.
Induced Polarizations
256
10.2.2.
Multiphoton Absorptions
256
10.3.
Electronic Susceptibilities of Liquid Crystals
259
10.3.1.
Linear Optical Polarizabilities of a Molecule
with No Permanent
Dipole
259
10.3.2.
Second-Order Electronic Polarizabilities
262
10.3.3.
Third-Order Electronic Polarizabilities
264
10.4.
Electronic Nonlinear Polarizations of Liquid Crystals
266
10.4.1.
Local Field Effects and Symmetry
267
10.4.2.
Symmetry Considerations
268
10.4.3.
Permanent
Dipole
and Molecular Ordering
268
10.4.4.
Quadrupole Contribution and Field-Induced
Symmetry Breaking
269
10.4.5.
Molecular Structural Dependence of Nonlinear
Susceptibilities
269
References
271
Chapter
11.
Introduction to Nonlinear Optics
273
11.1.
Nonlinear Susceptibility and Intensity-Dependent
Refractive Index
273
11.1.1.
Nonlinear Polarization and Refractive
Index
273
11.1.2.
Nonlinear Coefficient and Units
276
11.2.
General Nonlinear Polarization and Susceptibility
277
11.3.
Convention and Symmetry
278
11.4.
Coupled Maxwell Wave Equations
282
CONTENTS xi
11.5.
Nonlinear Optical Phenomena
284
11.5.1.
Stationary Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing
284
11.5.2.
Optical Phase Conjugation
288
11.5.3.
Nearly Degenerate and Transient Wave Mixing
291
11.5.4.
Nondegenerate
Optical Wave Mixing: Harmonic
Generations
294
11.5.5.
Self-Focusing and Self-Phase Modulation
297
11.6.
Stimulated Scatterings
303
11.6.1.
Stimulated Raman Scatterings
303
11.6.2.
Stimulated Brillouin Scatterings
306
11.6.3.
Stimulated Orientational Scattering in Liquid Crystals
311
11.6.4.
Stimulated Thermal Scattering
(STS)
316
References
317
Chapter
12.
Nonlinear Optical Phenomena Observed in
Liquid Crystals
319
12.1.
Self-Focusing, Self-Phase Modulation, and Self-Guiding
319
12.1.1.
Self-Focusing and Self-Phase Modulation and cw
Optical Limiting with Nematic Liquid Crystals
319
12.1.2.
Self-Guiding, Spatial Soliton, and Pattern Formation
324
12.2.
Optical Wave Mixing
326
12.2.1.
Stimulated Orientational Scattering and Polarization
Self-Switching: Steady State
326
12.2.2.
Stimulated Orientational Scattering: Nonlinear
Dynamics
329
12.2.3.
Optical Phase Conjugation with Orientation
and Thermal Gratings
332
12.2.4.
Self-Starting Optical Phase Conjugation
333
12.3.
Liquid Crystals for All-Optical Image Processing
337
12.3.1.
Liquid Crystals as All-Optical Information
Processing Materials
337
12.3.2.
All-Optical Image Processing
339
12.3.3.
Intelligent Optical Processing
341
12.4.
Harmonic Generations and Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy
343
12.5.
Optical Switching
344
12.6.
Nonlinear Absorption and Optical Limiting of Short Laser
Pulses in
Isotropie
Phase Liquid Crystals and Liquids
348
12.6.1.
Introduction
348
12.6.2.
Nonlinear Fiber Array
350
12.6.3.
RSA Materials (C60 Doped ILC)
351
12.6.4.
Optical Limiting by
TPA
Materials
(L34 Fiber Core Liquid)
355
12.7.
Conclusion
358
References
358
Index
365 |
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| author | Khoo, Iam-Choon |
| author_facet | Khoo, Iam-Choon |
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| callnumber-label | QD923 |
| callnumber-raw | QD923 |
| callnumber-search | QD923 |
| callnumber-sort | QD 3923 |
| callnumber-subject | QD - Chemistry |
| classification_rvk | UQ 8700 VE 9550 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)69734668 (DE-599)BVBBV022498448 |
| dewey-full | 530.4/29 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 530 - Physics |
| dewey-raw | 530.4/29 |
| dewey-search | 530.4/29 |
| dewey-sort | 3530.4 229 |
| dewey-tens | 530 - Physics |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik |
| discipline_str_mv | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV022498448 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:54:32Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:58:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780471751533 0471751537 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2006048260 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015705542 |
| oclc_num | 69734668 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-20 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-20 DE-11 |
| physical | XIV, 368 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Wiley-Interscience |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Wiley series in pure and applied optics |
| spelling | Khoo, Iam-Choon Verfasser aut Liquid crystals Iam-Choon Khoo 2. ed. Hoboken, NJ Wiley-Interscience 2007 XIV, 368 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wiley series in pure and applied optics Cristaux liquides Liquid crystals Nichtlineare Optik (DE-588)4042096-6 gnd rswk-swf Flüssigkristall (DE-588)4071279-5 gnd rswk-swf Flüssigkristall (DE-588)4071279-5 s Nichtlineare Optik (DE-588)4042096-6 s 1\p DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015705542&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Khoo, Iam-Choon Liquid crystals Cristaux liquides Liquid crystals Nichtlineare Optik (DE-588)4042096-6 gnd Flüssigkristall (DE-588)4071279-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4042096-6 (DE-588)4071279-5 |
| title | Liquid crystals |
| title_auth | Liquid crystals |
| title_exact_search | Liquid crystals |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Liquid crystals |
| title_full | Liquid crystals Iam-Choon Khoo |
| title_fullStr | Liquid crystals Iam-Choon Khoo |
| title_full_unstemmed | Liquid crystals Iam-Choon Khoo |
| title_short | Liquid crystals |
| title_sort | liquid crystals |
| topic | Cristaux liquides Liquid crystals Nichtlineare Optik (DE-588)4042096-6 gnd Flüssigkristall (DE-588)4071279-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cristaux liquides Liquid crystals Nichtlineare Optik Flüssigkristall |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015705542&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT khooiamchoon liquidcrystals |