Photogrammetry: geometry from images and laser scans
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Berlin [u.a.]
de Gruyter
2007
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| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Series: | de Gruyter Textbook
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XV, 459 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783110190076 3110190079 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kraus, Karl |d 1939-2006 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)12891176X |4 aut | |
| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Photogrammetrie |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Photogrammetry |b geometry from images and laser scans |c Karl Kraus |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b de Gruyter |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 459 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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KARL KRAUS PHOTOGRAMMETRY GEOMETRY FROM IMAGES AND LASER SCANS SECOND
EDITION TRANSLATED BY IAN HARLEY STEPHEN KYLE W DE G WALTER DE GRUYTER
BERLIN * NEW YORK CONTENTS FOREWORD V NOTES FOR READERS . VII 1
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . R 1 1.1 DEFINITIONS 1 1.2 APPLICATIONS 2
1.3 SOME REMARKS ON HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 3 2 PREPARATORY REMARKS ON
MATHEMATICS AND DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING . 10 2.1 PREPARATORY
MATHEMATICAL REMARKS 10 2.1.1 ROTATION IN A PLANE, SIMILARITY AND AFFINE
TRANSFORMATIONS . 10 2.1.2 ROTATION, AFFINE AND SIMILARITY
TRANSFORMATIONS IN THREE- DIMENSIONAL SPACE 14 2.1.3 CENTRAL PROJECTION
IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE 21 2.1.4 CENTRAL PROJECTION AND PROJECTIVE
TRANSFORMATION OF A PLANE . 24 2.1.5 CENTRAL PROJECTION AND PROJECTIVE
TRANSFORMATION OF THE STRAIGHT LINE 29 2.1.6 PROCESSING A STEREOPAIR IN
THE "NORMAL CASE" 31 2.1.7 ERROR THEORY FOR THE "NORMAL CASE" 33 2.2
PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON THE DIGITAL PROCESSING OF IMAGES 35 2.2.1 THE
DIGITAL IMAGE 36 2.2.2 A DIGITAL METRIC PICTURE 38 2.2.3 DIGITAL
PROCESSING IN THE "NORMAL CASE" AND DIGITAL PROJECTIVE RECTIFICATION 40
3 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC RECORDING SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATION 47 3.1 THE
BASICS OF METRIC CAMERAS 47 3.1.1 THE INTERIOR ORIENTATION OF A METRIC
CAMERA 47 3.1.2 CALIBRATION OF METRIC CAMERAS 55 3.1.3 CORRECTION OF
DISTORTION 56 3.1.4 DEPTH OF FIELD AND CIRCLE OF CONFUSION 58 3.1.5
RESOLVING POWER AND CONTRAST TRANSFER 63 3.1.5.1 DIFFRACTION BLURRING 63
3.1.5.2 OPTICAL RESOLVING POWER 64 3.1.5.3 DEFINITION OF CONTRAST 68
3.1.5.4 CONTRAST TRANSFER FUNCTION 68 CONTENTS 3.1.6 LIGHT FALL-OFF FROM
CENTRE TO EDGE OF IMAGE 70 3.2 PHOTOCHEMICAL IMAGE RECORDING 71 3.2.1
ANALOGUE METRIC IMAGE 71 3.2.1.1 GLASS VERSUS FILM AS EMULSION CARRIER
72 3.2.1.2 CORRECTING FILM DEFORMATION 73 3.2.2 PHYSICAL AND
PHOTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS 77 3.2.2.1 COLOURS AND FILTERS 77 3.2.2.2 THE
PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESS OF BLACK-AND-WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY 79 3.2.2.3
GRADATION 81 3.2.2.4 FILM SENSITIVITY (SPEED) 82 3.2.2.5 THE COLOUR
PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS 84 3.2.2.6 SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY 87 3.2.2.7
RESOLUTION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS 89 3.2.2.8 COPYING WITH CONTRAST
CONTROL 91 3.2.3 FILMS FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 91 3.3 PHOTOELECTRONIC
IMAGE RECORDING 93 3.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPTO-ELECTRONIC SENSORS 93 3.3.2
RESOLUTION AND MODULATION TRANSFER 97 3.3.3 DETECTOR SPACING (SAMPLING
THEORY) 100 3.3.4 GEOMETRIC ASPECTS OF CCD CAMERAS 102 3.3.5 RADIOMETRIC
ASPECTS OF CCD CAMERAS 103 3.3.5.1 LINEARITY AND SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY
103 3.3.5.2 COLOUR IMAGING 104 3.3.5.3 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 105 3.4
DIGITIZING ANALOGUE IMAGES 106 3.4.1 SAMPLING INTERVAL 107 3.4.2 GREY
VALUES AND COLOUR VALUES 107 3.4.3 TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS 109 3.5 DIGITAL
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT 110 3.5.1 CONTRAST AND BRIGHTNESS ENHANCEMENT ILL
3.5.1.1 HISTOGRAM EQUALIZATION 114 3.5.1.2 HISTOGRAM NORMALIZATION 114
3.5.1.3 COMPENSATION FOR LIGHT FALL-OFF FROM CENTRE TO EDGE OF IMAGE 119
3.5.1.4 HISTOGRAM NORMALIZATION WITH ADDITIONAL CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT 120
3.5.2 FILTERING 122 3.5.2.1 FILTERING IN THE SPATIAL DOMAIN 122 3.5.2.2
FILTERING IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN 125 3.6 IMAGE PYRAMIDS/DATA
COMPRESSION 128 3.6.1 IMAGE PYRAMIDS 128 CONTENTS XI 3.6.2 IMAGE
COMPRESSION 129 3.7 AERIAL CAMERAS AND THEIR USE IN PRACTICE 131 3.7.1
FLIGHT PLANNING 131 3.7.2 METRIC AERIAL CAMERAS 137 3.7.2.1 LARGE
FORMAT, METRIC FILM CAMERAS 137 3.7.2.2 DIGITAL CAMERAS WITH CCD AREA
SENSORS 144 3.7.2.3 DIGITAL 3-LINE CAMERAS 146 3.7.3 SATELLITE
POSITIONING AND INERTIAL SYSTEMS 147 3.7.3.1 USE OF GPS DURING
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC FLYING MISSIONS AND IMAGE EXPOSURE 147 3.7.3.2 ACCURATE
DETERMINATION OF EXTERIOR ORIENTATION ELEMENTS BY GPS AND IMU 148
3.7.3.3 GYRO-STABILIZED PLATFORMS AND PARTICULAR FEATURES OF LINE
CAMERAS AND LASER SCANNERS 153 3.7.4 IMAGE MOTION AND ITS COMPENSATION
155 3.7.4.1 COMPENSATION OF IMAGE MOTION IN AERIAL FILM CAMERAS 157
3.7.4.2 IMAGE MOTION COMPENSATION FOR DIGITAL CAMERAS WITH CCD AREA
ARRAYS 158 3.7.4.3 IMAGE MOTION COMPENSATION FOR DIGITAL LINE CAMERAS .
159 3.7.5 EFFECTIVE ILLUMINATION IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 159 3.7.6 SURVEY
AIRCRAFT 161 3.8 TERRESTRIAL METRIC CAMERAS AND THEIR APPLICATION 163
3.8.1 "NORMAL CASE" OF TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY 164 3.8.2 STEREOMETRIC
CAMERAS 165 3.8.3 INDEPENDENT METRIC CAMERAS 166 3.8.4 SEMI-METRIC
CAMERAS 169 3.8.5 AMATEUR CAMERAS 170 3.8.6 TERMINOLOGY AND
CLASSIFICATION 170 3.8.7 CCD CAMERAS 172 3.8.8 PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF
TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY 173 4 ORIENTATION PROCEDURES AND SOME METHODS
OF STEREOPROCESSING 180 4.1 WITH KNOWN EXTERIOR ORIENTATION 181 4.1.1
TWO OVERLAPPING METRIC PHOTOGRAPHS 181 4.1.2 METRIC IMAGES WITH A
THREE-LINE SENSOR CAMERA 183 4.2 WITH UNKNOWN EXTERIOR ORIENTATION 184
4.2.1 SEPARATE ORIENTATION OF THE TWO IMAGES 185 4.2.2 COMBINED,
SINGLE-STAGE ORIENTATION OF THE TWO IMAGES 188 4.2.3 TWO-STEP COMBINED
ORIENTATION OF A PAIR OF IMAGES 189 4.3 RELATIVE ORIENTATION 193 4.3.1
RELATIVE ORIENTATION OF NEAR-VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS 193 4.3.2 RELATIVE
ORIENTATION AND MODEL FORMATION USING HIGHLY TILTED PHOTOGRAPHS 197 XII
CONTENTS 4.3.2.1 GAUSS-HELMERT MODEL OF RELATIVE ORIENTATION 200 4.3.2.2
A COMBINED, SINGLE-STAGE RELATIVE ORIENTATION 201 4.3.3 ALTERNATIVE
FORMULATION OF RELATIVE ORIENTATION 201 4.3.4 RELATIVE ORIENTATION OF
NEAR-VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS BY Y-PARALLAXES 205 4.3.4.1 MOUNTAINOUS
COUNTRY (AFTER JERIE) 206 4.3.4.2 FLAT GROUND (AFTER HALLERT) 209 4.3.5
CRITICAL SURFACES IN RELATIVE ORIENTATION 210 4.3.6 ERROR THEORY OF
RELATIVE ORIENTATION 213 * : 4.3.6.1 STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF THE ELEMENTS
OF ORIENTATION . .213 4.3.6.2 DEFORMATION OF THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MODEL
215 4.4 ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION 219 4.4.1 LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATION 219
4.4.2 ERROR THEORY OF ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION 226 4.4.3 DETERMINATION OF
APPROXIMATE VALUES 228 4.5 IMAGE COORDINATE REFINEMENT 230 4.5.1
REFRACTION CORRECTION FOR NEAR-VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS 230 4.5.2 CORRECTION
FOR REFRACTION AND EARTH CURVATURE IN HORIZONTAL PHOTOGRAPHS 233 4.5.3
EARTH CURVATURE CORRECTION FOR NEAR-VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS . 235 4.5.4
VIRTUAL (DIGITAL) CORRECTION IMAGE 237 4.6 ACCURACY OF POINT
DETERMINATION IN A STEREOPAIR 238 5 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TRIANGULATION 246
5.1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON AEROTRIANGULATION 246 5.2 BLOCK ADJUSTMENT BY
INDEPENDENT MODELS 248 5.2.1 PLANIMETRIC ADJUSTMENT OF A BLOCK 248 5.2.2
SPATIAL BLOCK ADJUSTMENT 256 5.2.3 PLANIMETRIC AND HEIGHT ACCURACY IN
BLOCK ADJUSTMENT BY INDEPENDENT MODELS 259 5.2.3.1 PLANIMETRIC ACCURACY
259 5.2.3.2 HEIGHT ACCURACY 265 5.2.3.3 EMPIRICAL PLANIMETRIC AND HEIGHT
ACCURACY 267 5.2.3.4 PLANIMETRIC AND HEIGHT ACCURACY OF STRIP
TRIANGULATION 267 5.3 BUNDLE BLOCK ADJUSTMENT 269 5.3.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE
269 5.3.2 OBSERVATION AND NORMAL EQUATIONS FOR A BLOCK OF PHOTOGRAPHS
.270 5.3.3 SOLUTION OF THE NORMAL EQUATIONS 273 5.3.4 UNKNOWNS OF
INTERIOR ORIENTATION AND ADDITIONAL PARAMETERS . .274 5.3.5 ACCURACY,
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BUNDLE BLOCK ADJUSTMENT 274 5.4 GPS- AND
IMU-ASSISTED AEROTRIANGULATION 276 5.5 GEOREFERENCING OF MEASUREMENTS
MADE WITH A 3-LINE CAMERA 277 CONTENTS XIII 5.6 ACCOUNTING FOR EARTH
CURVATURE AND DISTORTIONS DUE TO CARTOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 280 5.7
TRIANGULATION IN CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY 282 6 PLOTTING INSTRUMENTS
AND STEREOPROCESSING PROCEDURES 286 6.1 STEREOSCOPIC OBSERVATION SYSTEMS
286 6.1.1 NATURAL SPATIAL VISION 286 6.1.2 THE OBSERVATION OF ANALOGUE
AND DIGITAL STEREOSCOPIC IMAGES . .288 6.2 THE PRINCIPLES OF
STEREOSCOPIC MATCHING AND MEASUREMENT 295 6.3 ANALOGUE STEREOPLOTTERS
297 6.4 ANALYTICAL STEREOPLOTTERS 300 6.4.1 STEREOCOMPARATORS 300 6.4.2
ELECTRONIC REGISTRATION OF IMAGE COORDINATES IN THE MONOCOMPARATOR 302
6.4.3 UNIVERSAL ANALYTICAL STEREOPLOTTER 304 6.5 DIGITAL STEREOPLOTTING
EQUIPMENT 306 6.6 COMPUTER-SUPPORTED MANUAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS 307
6.6.1 RECORDING IN PLAN 308 6.6.2 DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS 310 6.6.3
RECORDING OF BUILDINGS 312 6.6.4 TRANSITION TO SPATIALLY RELATED
INFORMATION SYSTEMS 316 6.7 OPERATOR ACCURACY WITH A COMPUTER ASSISTED
SYSTEM 317 6.7.1 MEASUREMENT IN PLAN 317 6.7.1.1 POINT MEASUREMENT 317
6.7.1.2 PROCESSING OF LINES 318 6.7.2 HEIGHT DETERMINATION 319 6.7.2.1
DIRECTLY DRAWN CONTOURS 319 6.7.2.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTOUR
INTERVAL AND HEIGHTING ACCURACY 320 6.7.2.3 CONTOURS OBTAINED INDIRECTLY
FROM A DTM 321 6.7.2.4 MEASUREMENT OF BUILDINGS 322 6.7.3 CHECKING OF
THE RESULTS 323 6.8 AUTOMATIC AND SEMI-AUTOMATIC PROCESSING METHODS 323
6.8.1 CORRELATION, OR IMAGE MATCHING, ALGORITHMS 323 6.8.1.1 CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT AS A MEASURE OF SIMILARITY . . .324 6.8.1.2 CORRELATION IN
THE SUBPIXEL REGION 326 6.8.1.3 INTEREST OPERATORS 330 6.8.1.4 FEATURE
BASED MATCHING 331 6.8.1.5 SIMULTANEOUS CORRELATION OF MORE THAN TWO
IMAGES . . 332 6.8.2 AUTOMATED INTERIOR ORIENTATION 334 6.8.3 AUTOMATED
RELATIVE ORIENTATION AND AUTOMATED DETERMINATION OF TIE POINTS 335 XIV
CONTENTS 6.8.3.1 NEAR-VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS WITH 60% FORWARD OVER- LAP
TAKEN OVER LAND WITH SMALL HEIGHT DIFFERENCES . . . 336 6.8.3.2
NEAR-VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS WITH 60% FORWARD OVER- LAP TAKEN OVER LAND
WITH LARGE HEIGHT DIFFERENCES . . . 337 6.8.3.3 ARBITRARY CONFIGURATIONS
OF PHOTOGRAPHS AND OBJECTS WITH VERY COMPLEX FORMS 337 6.8.3.4
LINE-BASED (EDGE-BASED) RELATIVE ORIENTATION 338 6.8.3.5 TIE POINTS FOR
AUTOMATED AEROTRIANGULATION 339 6.8.4 AUTOMATED LOCATION OF CONTROL
POINTS 339 6.8.5 INCLUSION OF EPIPOLAR GEOMETRY IN THE CORRELATION 341 :
6.8T5.1 EPIPOLAR GEOMETRY AFTER RELATIVE ORIENTATION USING ROTATIONS
ONLY 342 6.8.5.2 EPIPOLAR GEOMETRY IN NORMALIZED IMAGES 343 6.8.5.3
EPIPOLAR GEOMETRY IN ORIGINAL, TILTED METRIC PHOTOGRAPHS 345 6.8.5.4
DERIVATION OF NORMALIZED IMAGES USING THE ELEMENTS OF EXTERIOR
ORIENTATION 346 6.8.5.5 EPIPOLAR GEOMETRY IN IMAGES WHICH HAVE BEEN
ORIENTED RELATIVELY USING PROJECTIVE GEOMETRY 347 6.8.5.6 EPIPOLAR
GEOMETRY IN THREE IMAGES 349 6.8.6 AUTOMATED RECORDING OF SURFACES 350
6.8.7 SEMI-AUTOMATED PROCESSING FOR PLAN 352 6.8.7.1 ACTIVE CONTOURS
(SNAKES) 353 6.8.7.2 SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING 355 6.8.8 SEMI-AUTOMATIC
MEASUREMENT OF BUILDINGS 360 6.8.9 ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF RESULTS
OBTAINED BY AUTOMATED OR SEMI-AUTOMATED MEANS 363 6.8.10 SPECIAL
FEATURES OF THE THREE-LINE CAMERA 364 7 ORTHOPHOTOS AND SINGLE IMAGE
ANALYSIS 366 7.1 PERSPECTIVE DISTORTION IN A METRIC IMAGE 367 7.2
ORTHOPHOTOS OF PLANE OBJECTS 373 7.2.1 WITH VERTICAL CAMERA AXIS 373
7.2.2 WITH TILTED CAMERA AXIS 376 7.2.3 COMBINED PROJECTIVE AND AFFINE
RECTIFICATION 378 7.3 ORTHOPHOTOS OF CURVED OBJECTS 380 7.3.1 PRODUCTION
PRINCIPLE 380 7.3.2 ORTHOPHOTO ACCURACY 384 7.4 ANALOGUE, ANALYTICAL AND
DIGITAL SINGLE IMAGE ANALYSIS 393 7.4.1 ANALOGUE, ANALYTICAL AND DIGITAL
ORTHOPHOTO ANALYSIS 393 7.4.2 ANALYTICAL AND DIGITAL ANALYSIS OF A
TILTED IMAGE OF A FLAT OBJECT . 393 7.4.3 . ANALYTICAL AND DIGITAL
SINGLE IMAGE ANALYSIS OF CURVED OBJECT SURFACES 394 CONTENTS XV 7.5
PHOTO MODELS 396 7.6 STATIC AND DYNAMIC VISUALIZATIONS 399 8 LASER
SCANNING 400 8.1 AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING 400 8.1.1 PRINCIPLE OF
OPERATION 400 8.1.2 ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING 404 8.1.2.1 GEOREFERENCING
404 8.1.2.2 DERIVATION OF TERRAIN MODELS 407 8.1.2.3 GENERATION OF
BUILDING MODELS 411 8.1.3 COMPARISON OF TWO PARADIGMS AND FURTHER
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF LASER SCANNERS 413 8.2 TERRESTRIAL LASER
SCANNING 419 8.2.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 419 8.2.2 GEOREFERENCING 420
8.2.3 CONNECTING POINT CLOUDS 422 8.2.4 STRATEGIES FOR OBJECT MODELLING
423 8.2.5 INTEGRATION OF LASER DATA AND PHOTOGRAPHIC DATA 426 8.3 SHORT
RANGE LASER SCANNING 428 APPENDICES 432 2.1-1 THREE-DIMENSIONAL ROTATION
MATRIX 432 2.1-2 MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMAGE AND OBJECT
COORDINATES (COLLINEARITY CONDITION) 436 2.1-3 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENTS
OF THE COLLINEARITY EQUATIONS 438 2.2-1 DERIVATION OF FORMULA (2.2-5)
USING HOMOGENEOUS COORDINATES . 440 4.1-1 ESTIMATION BY THE METHOD OF
LEAST SQUARES 441 4.2-1 DIRECT LINEAR TRANSFORMATION (DLT) WITH
HOMOGENEOUS COORDINATES 444 4.3-1 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENTS FOR THE
COPLANARITY EQUATIONS 445 4.6-1 THE EMPIRICAL DETERMINATION OF STANDARD
DEVIATIONS AND TOLERANCES 447 COMPLETION OF THE REFERENCES 449 INDEX 451 |
| adam_txt |
KARL KRAUS PHOTOGRAMMETRY GEOMETRY FROM IMAGES AND LASER SCANS SECOND
EDITION TRANSLATED BY IAN HARLEY STEPHEN KYLE W DE G WALTER DE GRUYTER
BERLIN * NEW YORK CONTENTS FOREWORD V NOTES FOR READERS . VII 1
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . R 1 1.1 DEFINITIONS 1 1.2 APPLICATIONS 2
1.3 SOME REMARKS ON HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 3 2 PREPARATORY REMARKS ON
MATHEMATICS AND DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING . 10 2.1 PREPARATORY
MATHEMATICAL REMARKS 10 2.1.1 ROTATION IN A PLANE, SIMILARITY AND AFFINE
TRANSFORMATIONS . 10 2.1.2 ROTATION, AFFINE AND SIMILARITY
TRANSFORMATIONS IN THREE- DIMENSIONAL SPACE 14 2.1.3 CENTRAL PROJECTION
IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE 21 2.1.4 CENTRAL PROJECTION AND PROJECTIVE
TRANSFORMATION OF A PLANE . 24 2.1.5 CENTRAL PROJECTION AND PROJECTIVE
TRANSFORMATION OF THE STRAIGHT LINE 29 2.1.6 PROCESSING A STEREOPAIR IN
THE "NORMAL CASE" 31 2.1.7 ERROR THEORY FOR THE "NORMAL CASE" 33 2.2
PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON THE DIGITAL PROCESSING OF IMAGES 35 2.2.1 THE
DIGITAL IMAGE 36 2.2.2 A DIGITAL METRIC PICTURE 38 2.2.3 DIGITAL
PROCESSING IN THE "NORMAL CASE" AND DIGITAL PROJECTIVE RECTIFICATION 40
3 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC RECORDING SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATION 47 3.1 THE
BASICS OF METRIC CAMERAS 47 3.1.1 THE INTERIOR ORIENTATION OF A METRIC
CAMERA 47 3.1.2 CALIBRATION OF METRIC CAMERAS 55 3.1.3 CORRECTION OF
DISTORTION 56 3.1.4 DEPTH OF FIELD AND CIRCLE OF CONFUSION 58 3.1.5
RESOLVING POWER AND CONTRAST TRANSFER 63 3.1.5.1 DIFFRACTION BLURRING 63
3.1.5.2 OPTICAL RESOLVING POWER 64 3.1.5.3 DEFINITION OF CONTRAST 68
3.1.5.4 CONTRAST TRANSFER FUNCTION 68 CONTENTS 3.1.6 LIGHT FALL-OFF FROM
CENTRE TO EDGE OF IMAGE 70 3.2 PHOTOCHEMICAL IMAGE RECORDING 71 3.2.1
ANALOGUE METRIC IMAGE 71 3.2.1.1 GLASS VERSUS FILM AS EMULSION CARRIER
72 3.2.1.2 CORRECTING FILM DEFORMATION 73 3.2.2 PHYSICAL AND
PHOTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS 77 3.2.2.1 COLOURS AND FILTERS 77 3.2.2.2 THE
PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESS OF BLACK-AND-WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY 79 3.2.2.3
GRADATION 81 3.2.2.4 FILM SENSITIVITY (SPEED) 82 3.2.2.5 THE COLOUR
PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS 84 3.2.2.6 SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY 87 3.2.2.7
RESOLUTION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS 89 3.2.2.8 COPYING WITH CONTRAST
CONTROL 91 3.2.3 FILMS FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 91 3.3 PHOTOELECTRONIC
IMAGE RECORDING 93 3.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPTO-ELECTRONIC SENSORS 93 3.3.2
RESOLUTION AND MODULATION TRANSFER 97 3.3.3 DETECTOR SPACING (SAMPLING
THEORY) 100 3.3.4 GEOMETRIC ASPECTS OF CCD CAMERAS 102 3.3.5 RADIOMETRIC
ASPECTS OF CCD CAMERAS 103 3.3.5.1 LINEARITY AND SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY
103 3.3.5.2 COLOUR IMAGING 104 3.3.5.3 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 105 3.4
DIGITIZING ANALOGUE IMAGES 106 3.4.1 SAMPLING INTERVAL 107 3.4.2 GREY
VALUES AND COLOUR VALUES 107 3.4.3 TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS 109 3.5 DIGITAL
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT 110 3.5.1 CONTRAST AND BRIGHTNESS ENHANCEMENT ILL
3.5.1.1 HISTOGRAM EQUALIZATION 114 3.5.1.2 HISTOGRAM NORMALIZATION 114
3.5.1.3 COMPENSATION FOR LIGHT FALL-OFF FROM CENTRE TO EDGE OF IMAGE 119
3.5.1.4 HISTOGRAM NORMALIZATION WITH ADDITIONAL CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT 120
3.5.2 FILTERING 122 3.5.2.1 FILTERING IN THE SPATIAL DOMAIN 122 3.5.2.2
FILTERING IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN 125 3.6 IMAGE PYRAMIDS/DATA
COMPRESSION 128 3.6.1 IMAGE PYRAMIDS 128 CONTENTS XI 3.6.2 IMAGE
COMPRESSION 129 3.7 AERIAL CAMERAS AND THEIR USE IN PRACTICE 131 3.7.1
FLIGHT PLANNING 131 3.7.2 METRIC AERIAL CAMERAS 137 3.7.2.1 LARGE
FORMAT, METRIC FILM CAMERAS 137 3.7.2.2 DIGITAL CAMERAS WITH CCD AREA
SENSORS 144 3.7.2.3 DIGITAL 3-LINE CAMERAS 146 3.7.3 SATELLITE
POSITIONING AND INERTIAL SYSTEMS 147 3.7.3.1 USE OF GPS DURING
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC FLYING MISSIONS AND IMAGE EXPOSURE 147 3.7.3.2 ACCURATE
DETERMINATION OF EXTERIOR ORIENTATION ELEMENTS BY GPS AND IMU 148
3.7.3.3 GYRO-STABILIZED PLATFORMS AND PARTICULAR FEATURES OF LINE
CAMERAS AND LASER SCANNERS 153 3.7.4 IMAGE MOTION AND ITS COMPENSATION
155 3.7.4.1 COMPENSATION OF IMAGE MOTION IN AERIAL FILM CAMERAS 157
3.7.4.2 IMAGE MOTION COMPENSATION FOR DIGITAL CAMERAS WITH CCD AREA
ARRAYS 158 3.7.4.3 IMAGE MOTION COMPENSATION FOR DIGITAL LINE CAMERAS .
159 3.7.5 EFFECTIVE ILLUMINATION IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 159 3.7.6 SURVEY
AIRCRAFT 161 3.8 TERRESTRIAL METRIC CAMERAS AND THEIR APPLICATION 163
3.8.1 "NORMAL CASE" OF TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY 164 3.8.2 STEREOMETRIC
CAMERAS 165 3.8.3 INDEPENDENT METRIC CAMERAS 166 3.8.4 SEMI-METRIC
CAMERAS 169 3.8.5 AMATEUR CAMERAS 170 3.8.6 TERMINOLOGY AND
CLASSIFICATION 170 3.8.7 CCD CAMERAS 172 3.8.8 PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF
TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY 173 4 ORIENTATION PROCEDURES AND SOME METHODS
OF STEREOPROCESSING 180 4.1 WITH KNOWN EXTERIOR ORIENTATION 181 4.1.1
TWO OVERLAPPING METRIC PHOTOGRAPHS 181 4.1.2 METRIC IMAGES WITH A
THREE-LINE SENSOR CAMERA 183 4.2 WITH UNKNOWN EXTERIOR ORIENTATION 184
4.2.1 SEPARATE ORIENTATION OF THE TWO IMAGES 185 4.2.2 COMBINED,
SINGLE-STAGE ORIENTATION OF THE TWO IMAGES 188 4.2.3 TWO-STEP COMBINED
ORIENTATION OF A PAIR OF IMAGES 189 4.3 RELATIVE ORIENTATION 193 4.3.1
RELATIVE ORIENTATION OF NEAR-VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS 193 4.3.2 RELATIVE
ORIENTATION AND MODEL FORMATION USING HIGHLY TILTED PHOTOGRAPHS 197 XII
CONTENTS 4.3.2.1 GAUSS-HELMERT MODEL OF RELATIVE ORIENTATION 200 4.3.2.2
A COMBINED, SINGLE-STAGE RELATIVE ORIENTATION 201 4.3.3 ALTERNATIVE
FORMULATION OF RELATIVE ORIENTATION 201 4.3.4 RELATIVE ORIENTATION OF
NEAR-VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS BY Y-PARALLAXES 205 4.3.4.1 MOUNTAINOUS
COUNTRY (AFTER JERIE) 206 4.3.4.2 FLAT GROUND (AFTER HALLERT) 209 4.3.5
CRITICAL SURFACES IN RELATIVE ORIENTATION 210 4.3.6 ERROR THEORY OF
RELATIVE ORIENTATION 213 * : 4.3.6.1 STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF THE ELEMENTS
OF ORIENTATION . .213 4.3.6.2 DEFORMATION OF THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MODEL
215 4.4 ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION 219 4.4.1 LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATION 219
4.4.2 ERROR THEORY OF ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION 226 4.4.3 DETERMINATION OF
APPROXIMATE VALUES 228 4.5 IMAGE COORDINATE REFINEMENT 230 4.5.1
REFRACTION CORRECTION FOR NEAR-VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS 230 4.5.2 CORRECTION
FOR REFRACTION AND EARTH CURVATURE IN HORIZONTAL PHOTOGRAPHS 233 4.5.3
EARTH CURVATURE CORRECTION FOR NEAR-VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS . 235 4.5.4
VIRTUAL (DIGITAL) CORRECTION IMAGE 237 4.6 ACCURACY OF POINT
DETERMINATION IN A STEREOPAIR 238 5 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TRIANGULATION 246
5.1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON AEROTRIANGULATION 246 5.2 BLOCK ADJUSTMENT BY
INDEPENDENT MODELS 248 5.2.1 PLANIMETRIC ADJUSTMENT OF A BLOCK 248 5.2.2
SPATIAL BLOCK ADJUSTMENT 256 5.2.3 PLANIMETRIC AND HEIGHT ACCURACY IN
BLOCK ADJUSTMENT BY INDEPENDENT MODELS 259 5.2.3.1 PLANIMETRIC ACCURACY
259 5.2.3.2 HEIGHT ACCURACY 265 5.2.3.3 EMPIRICAL PLANIMETRIC AND HEIGHT
ACCURACY 267 5.2.3.4 PLANIMETRIC AND HEIGHT ACCURACY OF STRIP
TRIANGULATION 267 5.3 BUNDLE BLOCK ADJUSTMENT 269 5.3.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE
269 5.3.2 OBSERVATION AND NORMAL EQUATIONS FOR A BLOCK OF PHOTOGRAPHS
.270 5.3.3 SOLUTION OF THE NORMAL EQUATIONS 273 5.3.4 UNKNOWNS OF
INTERIOR ORIENTATION AND ADDITIONAL PARAMETERS . .274 5.3.5 ACCURACY,
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BUNDLE BLOCK ADJUSTMENT 274 5.4 GPS- AND
IMU-ASSISTED AEROTRIANGULATION 276 5.5 GEOREFERENCING OF MEASUREMENTS
MADE WITH A 3-LINE CAMERA 277 CONTENTS XIII 5.6 ACCOUNTING FOR EARTH
CURVATURE AND DISTORTIONS DUE TO CARTOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 280 5.7
TRIANGULATION IN CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY 282 6 PLOTTING INSTRUMENTS
AND STEREOPROCESSING PROCEDURES 286 6.1 STEREOSCOPIC OBSERVATION SYSTEMS
286 6.1.1 NATURAL SPATIAL VISION 286 6.1.2 THE OBSERVATION OF ANALOGUE
AND DIGITAL STEREOSCOPIC IMAGES . .288 6.2 THE PRINCIPLES OF
STEREOSCOPIC MATCHING AND MEASUREMENT 295 6.3 ANALOGUE STEREOPLOTTERS
297 6.4 ANALYTICAL STEREOPLOTTERS 300 6.4.1 STEREOCOMPARATORS 300 6.4.2
ELECTRONIC REGISTRATION OF IMAGE COORDINATES IN THE MONOCOMPARATOR 302
6.4.3 UNIVERSAL ANALYTICAL STEREOPLOTTER 304 6.5 DIGITAL STEREOPLOTTING
EQUIPMENT 306 6.6 COMPUTER-SUPPORTED MANUAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS 307
6.6.1 RECORDING IN PLAN 308 6.6.2 DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS 310 6.6.3
RECORDING OF BUILDINGS 312 6.6.4 TRANSITION TO SPATIALLY RELATED
INFORMATION SYSTEMS 316 6.7 OPERATOR ACCURACY WITH A COMPUTER ASSISTED
SYSTEM 317 6.7.1 MEASUREMENT IN PLAN 317 6.7.1.1 POINT MEASUREMENT 317
6.7.1.2 PROCESSING OF LINES 318 6.7.2 HEIGHT DETERMINATION 319 6.7.2.1
DIRECTLY DRAWN CONTOURS 319 6.7.2.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTOUR
INTERVAL AND HEIGHTING ACCURACY 320 6.7.2.3 CONTOURS OBTAINED INDIRECTLY
FROM A DTM 321 6.7.2.4 MEASUREMENT OF BUILDINGS 322 6.7.3 CHECKING OF
THE RESULTS 323 6.8 AUTOMATIC AND SEMI-AUTOMATIC PROCESSING METHODS 323
6.8.1 CORRELATION, OR IMAGE MATCHING, ALGORITHMS 323 6.8.1.1 CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT AS A MEASURE OF SIMILARITY . . .324 6.8.1.2 CORRELATION IN
THE SUBPIXEL REGION 326 6.8.1.3 INTEREST OPERATORS 330 6.8.1.4 FEATURE
BASED MATCHING 331 6.8.1.5 SIMULTANEOUS CORRELATION OF MORE THAN TWO
IMAGES . . 332 6.8.2 AUTOMATED INTERIOR ORIENTATION 334 6.8.3 AUTOMATED
RELATIVE ORIENTATION AND AUTOMATED DETERMINATION OF TIE POINTS 335 XIV
CONTENTS 6.8.3.1 NEAR-VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS WITH 60% FORWARD OVER- LAP
TAKEN OVER LAND WITH SMALL HEIGHT DIFFERENCES . . . 336 6.8.3.2
NEAR-VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS WITH 60% FORWARD OVER- LAP TAKEN OVER LAND
WITH LARGE HEIGHT DIFFERENCES . . . 337 6.8.3.3 ARBITRARY CONFIGURATIONS
OF PHOTOGRAPHS AND OBJECTS WITH VERY COMPLEX FORMS 337 6.8.3.4
LINE-BASED (EDGE-BASED) RELATIVE ORIENTATION 338 6.8.3.5 TIE POINTS FOR
AUTOMATED AEROTRIANGULATION 339 6.8.4 AUTOMATED LOCATION OF CONTROL
POINTS 339 6.8.5 INCLUSION OF EPIPOLAR GEOMETRY IN THE CORRELATION 341 :
6.8T5.1 EPIPOLAR GEOMETRY AFTER RELATIVE ORIENTATION USING ROTATIONS
ONLY 342 6.8.5.2 EPIPOLAR GEOMETRY IN NORMALIZED IMAGES 343 6.8.5.3
EPIPOLAR GEOMETRY IN ORIGINAL, TILTED METRIC PHOTOGRAPHS 345 6.8.5.4
DERIVATION OF NORMALIZED IMAGES USING THE ELEMENTS OF EXTERIOR
ORIENTATION 346 6.8.5.5 EPIPOLAR GEOMETRY IN IMAGES WHICH HAVE BEEN
ORIENTED RELATIVELY USING PROJECTIVE GEOMETRY 347 6.8.5.6 EPIPOLAR
GEOMETRY IN THREE IMAGES 349 6.8.6 AUTOMATED RECORDING OF SURFACES 350
6.8.7 SEMI-AUTOMATED PROCESSING FOR PLAN 352 6.8.7.1 ACTIVE CONTOURS
(SNAKES) 353 6.8.7.2 SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING 355 6.8.8 SEMI-AUTOMATIC
MEASUREMENT OF BUILDINGS 360 6.8.9 ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF RESULTS
OBTAINED BY AUTOMATED OR SEMI-AUTOMATED MEANS 363 6.8.10 SPECIAL
FEATURES OF THE THREE-LINE CAMERA 364 7 ORTHOPHOTOS AND SINGLE IMAGE
ANALYSIS 366 7.1 PERSPECTIVE DISTORTION IN A METRIC IMAGE 367 7.2
ORTHOPHOTOS OF PLANE OBJECTS 373 7.2.1 WITH VERTICAL CAMERA AXIS 373
7.2.2 WITH TILTED CAMERA AXIS 376 7.2.3 COMBINED PROJECTIVE AND AFFINE
RECTIFICATION 378 7.3 ORTHOPHOTOS OF CURVED OBJECTS 380 7.3.1 PRODUCTION
PRINCIPLE 380 7.3.2 ORTHOPHOTO ACCURACY 384 7.4 ANALOGUE, ANALYTICAL AND
DIGITAL SINGLE IMAGE ANALYSIS 393 7.4.1 ANALOGUE, ANALYTICAL AND DIGITAL
ORTHOPHOTO ANALYSIS 393 7.4.2 ANALYTICAL AND DIGITAL ANALYSIS OF A
TILTED IMAGE OF A FLAT OBJECT . 393 7.4.3 . ANALYTICAL AND DIGITAL
SINGLE IMAGE ANALYSIS OF CURVED OBJECT SURFACES 394 CONTENTS XV 7.5
PHOTO MODELS 396 7.6 STATIC AND DYNAMIC VISUALIZATIONS 399 8 LASER
SCANNING 400 8.1 AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING 400 8.1.1 PRINCIPLE OF
OPERATION 400 8.1.2 ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING 404 8.1.2.1 GEOREFERENCING
404 8.1.2.2 DERIVATION OF TERRAIN MODELS 407 8.1.2.3 GENERATION OF
BUILDING MODELS 411 8.1.3 COMPARISON OF TWO PARADIGMS AND FURTHER
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF LASER SCANNERS 413 8.2 TERRESTRIAL LASER
SCANNING 419 8.2.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 419 8.2.2 GEOREFERENCING 420
8.2.3 CONNECTING POINT CLOUDS 422 8.2.4 STRATEGIES FOR OBJECT MODELLING
423 8.2.5 INTEGRATION OF LASER DATA AND PHOTOGRAPHIC DATA 426 8.3 SHORT
RANGE LASER SCANNING 428 APPENDICES 432 2.1-1 THREE-DIMENSIONAL ROTATION
MATRIX 432 2.1-2 MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMAGE AND OBJECT
COORDINATES (COLLINEARITY CONDITION) 436 2.1-3 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENTS
OF THE COLLINEARITY EQUATIONS 438 2.2-1 DERIVATION OF FORMULA (2.2-5)
USING HOMOGENEOUS COORDINATES . 440 4.1-1 ESTIMATION BY THE METHOD OF
LEAST SQUARES 441 4.2-1 DIRECT LINEAR TRANSFORMATION (DLT) WITH
HOMOGENEOUS COORDINATES 444 4.3-1 DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENTS FOR THE
COPLANARITY EQUATIONS 445 4.6-1 THE EMPIRICAL DETERMINATION OF STANDARD
DEVIATIONS AND TOLERANCES 447 COMPLETION OF THE REFERENCES 449 INDEX 451 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Kraus, Karl 1939-2006 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)12891176X |
| author_facet | Kraus, Karl 1939-2006 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kraus, Karl 1939-2006 |
| author_variant | k k kk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022494558 |
| classification_rvk | RB 10112 ZI 9500 |
| classification_tum | BAU 950f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)255664924 (DE-599)DNB983877939 |
| dewey-full | 550 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 550 - Earth sciences |
| dewey-raw | 550 |
| dewey-search | 550 |
| dewey-sort | 3550 |
| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Bauingenieurwesen Vermessungswesen Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Geologie / Paläontologie Bauingenieurwesen Vermessungswesen Geographie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV022494558 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:53:06Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T09:19:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783110190076 3110190079 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015701712 |
| oclc_num | 255664924 |
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| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-20 DE-92 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-83 DE-11 |
| physical | XV, 459 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | de Gruyter |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | de Gruyter Textbook |
| spelling | Kraus, Karl 1939-2006 Verfasser (DE-588)12891176X aut Photogrammetrie Photogrammetry geometry from images and laser scans Karl Kraus 2. ed. Berlin [u.a.] de Gruyter 2007 XV, 459 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier de Gruyter Textbook Fotogrammetrie (DE-588)4045892-1 gnd rswk-swf Fotogrammetrie (DE-588)4045892-1 s DE-604 text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2943701&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015701712&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kraus, Karl 1939-2006 Photogrammetry geometry from images and laser scans Photogrammetrie Fotogrammetrie (DE-588)4045892-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045892-1 |
| title | Photogrammetry geometry from images and laser scans |
| title_alt | Photogrammetrie |
| title_auth | Photogrammetry geometry from images and laser scans |
| title_exact_search | Photogrammetry geometry from images and laser scans |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Photogrammetry geometry from images and laser scans |
| title_full | Photogrammetry geometry from images and laser scans Karl Kraus |
| title_fullStr | Photogrammetry geometry from images and laser scans Karl Kraus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Photogrammetry geometry from images and laser scans Karl Kraus |
| title_short | Photogrammetry |
| title_sort | photogrammetry geometry from images and laser scans |
| title_sub | geometry from images and laser scans |
| topic | Photogrammetrie Fotogrammetrie (DE-588)4045892-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Photogrammetrie Fotogrammetrie |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2943701&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015701712&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT krauskarl photogrammetrie AT krauskarl photogrammetrygeometryfromimagesandlaserscans |