Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa: příběh hebrejského cenzora a klementinského knihovníka Karla Fischera (1757-1844)
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Národní Knihovna České Rep.
2007
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. vyd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Between the Christian and Jewish worlds: the story of a censor in Hebraicis and a librarian of the Klementimum, Karl Fischer (1757 - 1844) |
| Beschreibung: | 190 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788070505205 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa |b příběh hebrejského cenzora a klementinského knihovníka Karla Fischera (1757-1844) |c Iveta Cermanová ; Jindřich Marek |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Between the Christian and Jewish worlds: the story of a censor in Hebraicis and a librarian of the Klementimum, Karl Fischer (1757 - 1844) | ||
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| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1700-1800 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Censorship |z Czech Republic |z Prague |x History |y 18th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Hebrew imprints |x Censorship |z Czech Republic |z Prague |y 18th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Librarians |z Czech Republic |y 18th century |v Biography | |
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| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Fischer, Karl |d 1757-1844 |0 (DE-588)133300161 |D p |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136590860091392 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | OBSAH
i. Úvod
..............................................................................................................................5
1. Cermanová
2.
Životní příběh
..............................................................................................................8
I.
Cermanová
3.
Pracovní rytmus a volný čas
....................................................................................36
I.
Cermanová
4.
Okruh přátel
..............................................................................................................65
I.
Cermanová
5.
Sluha, skriptor a kustod
с. к.
Universitní knihovny
................................................82
J. Marek
6.
Hebrejský cenzor, revizor a překladatel
................................................................102
I.
Cermanová
7.
Závěr
.........................................................................................................................154
I. Cermanová
-
J. Marek
8.
Soupis písemné pozůstalosti Karla Fischera
..........................................................157
J. Marek
Bibliografie.
..................................................................................................................174
Summary
.....................................................................................................................¡183
—------——■-------------------------------------------------------_—_-------------
Summary
Summary
Between the Christian and Jewish Worlds: The Story of
a Censor in Hebraicis and a Librarian of the
Klementinum,
Karl Fischer
(1757-1844)
The book presented is a detailed biography of the as-yet-not-well-known
official and scholar Karl Fischer
(1757-1844),
who worked in Prague s Impe¬
rial-Royal University Library and held the post of the censor in hebraicis for
the whole of Bohemia for more than half a century. Step by step, it presents
Fischer s life story and official career, his everyday life, circle of friends and
intellectual world. Particular attention is paid to his opinions on the Jewish
question and also to his work, which has been for the most part preserved only
in the form of manuscripts. A detailed account of Fischer s fortunes has been
made possible through the enormous amount of documents which he left be¬
hind. Systematic research of the archival materials in the National Archives,
the Archives of the National Library of the Czech Republic and the Manu¬
scripts and Early Printed Books Department of the same institution revealed
an unforeseen number of important and previously unknown sources, includ¬
ing personal correspondence. These materials have cast a new light on the life
history of K. Fischer and have provided new information related to the history
of Prague University Library, Hebrew censorship as well as Bohemian Jewry.
The introductory part of the book provides a thumbnail sketch, of the sig¬
nificance of Fischer s personality and summarises its depictions in the exist¬
ing literature. There has not been written much on Karl Fischer as yet, and
the information about his life has generally been limited to providing basic
biographical data. The most detailed information on him was provided by the
publisher of his
Gutmeinung über den
Talmud
der Hebräer
(Testimonial on
the Talmud of the Hebrews)
Emanuel
Baumgarten,
from whom some later au¬
thors then drew basic information. Fischer, however, was not an individual
object of interest for any of them and was always mentioned merely within
the scope of the conceived presentations on the history of Prague University
Library or on Hebrew censorship.
The following chapter is devoted to Fischer s life history. He was born on
21
April
1757
in
Hroznětín (Ger.
Lichtenstadt) to a poor Christian family of a
master tailor Joseph Fischer and his wife Maria Anna,
née
Schürl.
Between
1769
and
1778,
he studied at a Piarist grammar school in
Ostrov nad Ohří (Ger.
Schlackenwerth), where he received a quality education in the humanities. Be¬
ing a gifted albeit poor student, he considered a career as a minister, which
brought him to Prague in November
1778.
In reality, however, he never be¬
gan his theological studies and decided for a secular way of making his living.
During the next seven years, he made his money through the home tuition of
children in Prague families. Towards the end of
1778,
Fischer met the Hebrew
censor and University Professor Emeritus of Hebrew, the ex-Jesuit Leopold
Tirsch
(1733-1788).
Tirsch took note of Fischer s great interest in Hebrew and
_____________________
Afa
rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa
__________________
Summary.
agreed to teach him it privately. This study took nearly ten years, during which
Fischer mastered Hebrew, Aramaic, the Rabbinical language and
Judendeutsch
(Judeo-German). During his regular visits to the Hebrew censor, Fischer be¬
came acquainted with his office and began to help him with it. In
1781,
Tirsch
pushed through that the authorities officially recognised Fischer as an adjunct
in hebraicis. Despite the effort, the young man was not awarded any pay for
this post and thus-had to perform the work unpaid until
1787.
This landed him
in a difficult existential situation, which was not solved until
1785
when he
was offered a position by Chief Librarian Karl Rafael
Ungar (1744-1807)
in
the recently established University Library, where Fischer started as a trainee
on l May
1785.
He was subsequently appointed a library assistant on
28
July.
Accordingly, he received his first permanent salary
(120
fl.) and was provided
with a vacant flat, which enabled him to start a family of his own.
For the rest of his life, Fischer s workaday life was divided between the
morning work in the library and the afternoon work in the Hebrew censor of¬
fice. The authorities did not grant him his first pay for the censorship work, a
stipend of
50
florins, until
1787
when he was already discharging a great deal
of his sick teacher s duties. After Tirsch s death in November
1788,
Fischer
Was appointed by the provincial authorities as the interim Hebrew censor and
translator. Finally, on
24
June
1789,
he was appointed to this office with an
annual salary of
200
florins. Whereas his position in the censorship did not
change, the work in the library made certain career promotions and pay rises
possible. In April
1791,
Fischer was promoted to the position of Second Scribe
(Ger. Skriptor)
of the library with an annual salary of
300
florins, in February
1808
he became First Scribe with a higher salary of
600
florins and in
1815
he
was the one chosen from the candidates for the post of Custodian of the Library
(Ger. Kustos)
with an increased salary of
800
florins.
In
1823,
Fischer unsuccessfully tried to apply for retirement from this of¬
fice. Therefore, he had to, owing to the difficult existential situation of his large
family, reconcile himself to the fact that he would work until his death. The
only alleviation for him in his old age was that he was relieved of the office
of Hebrew translator in
1834.
From January
1825
to July
1828,
Fischer was
provisionally the head of the whole library but was not appointed to the post
of regular Chief Librarian due to his advanced age. The period between the
years
1827
and
1834
was unfortunate for him on a personal level, because he
prematurely lost two of his sons and also his wife. In addition, the death of the
youngest son
Wenzel (1827),
who was supposed to provide for his unmarried
sisters in future, made the existential situation of the whole family much more
difficult. Fischer died on
22
January
1844,
completely without property.
The chapter The Work Rhythm and Free Time is devoted to Fischer s ev¬
eryday life. His workaday life was constantly divided between the work in the
library and the Hebrew censorship. As an employee of the library and a Hebrew
censor and translator for the whole of Bohemia in one person, he was even for
that time overburdened, and his work rate was high. With the exception of
breaks because of sickness and holidays, he worked constantly and never took
time off. Since he did the censorship in his flat, which he only occasionally left
_____________________
Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa
__________________
184
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary
for other offices, he spent most of his time on the grounds of the
Klementi¬
num.
All his life, he kept the censor registry at home and had Jewish visitors
in his flat every day. The work environment in the former Jesuit College was
not healthy, and the harsh conditions in Fischer s cold and damp, north facing
flat caused a number of health problems for the whole of his family. Although
he himself lived to an old age, both his wife and children struggled with seri¬
ous health problems. Like most employees of the Library, Fischer also suffered
from chronic severe rheumatism, and his gruelling way of life resulted in at¬
tacks of the illness of scholars
-
hypochondria, manifesting itself through
states of melancholy and exhaustion.
Fischer performed his work with legendary diligence, meticulousness and
the ability to make the most effective use of time. These qualities showed them¬
selves through a very individual, neat handwriting and all official as well as pri¬
vate documents being clearly structured. Through many years of experience,
Fischer acquired an extraordinary insight into both of his offices. In accord¬
ance with the demands of the time, he was scrupulous in his work, fulfilling his
work duties precisely. This exact quality was most likely the reason for the not
very good relations with Chief Librarian Franz Posselt
(1753-1825),
who dur¬
ing his tenure of office did not spend much time in the library.
As to his free time, Fischer preferred to spend most of it walking in Prague
and its vicinity, reading, writing and visiting his acquaintances. Already in
his youth, he would often walk through the surroundings of his native town
Hroznětín,
and later also in Prague would he satisfy his romantic interest
in nature through excursions into Prague s environs in the company of his
friends. Fischer also devoted a great deal of time to writing. Nevertheless, the
great majority of his papers, which are an interesting complement of the im¬
age of his personality, have remained unpublished. Thematically, they can be
divided into three principal fields following his main interests, namely natural
history and topography, history and Jewish problems. Whereas in the first
two areas, Fischer can be classified rather as a learned amateur with a wide
range of knowledge, in the case of the Jewish issues he was an extremely well
informed author.
His treatment of his works was influenced by the period s rationalism and
criticism of the Enlightenment. Fischer s interest in nature, history and cul¬
ture was in the first place that of a collector, and the preparation of his works
consisted mainly in the careful reading of the literature, making notes and col¬
lecting other materials. When selecting the topics, he usually drew inspira¬
tion from his own experience. This feature is evident primarily in his treatises
relating to national history and geography, most of which are concerned with
Fischer s native region and are strongly influenced by the period s sentimental-
ism (see the inventory list of Fischer s written legacy).
The interest in Jewish problems accompanied Karl Fischer from his youth,
with its original impulse being the existence of an important Jewish commu¬
nity in his native
Hroznětín.
In the course of time, he acquired exceptional
knowledge and insight in this field, which is proved by his written legacy.
Fischer s two collections of Hebrew correspondence (Inventory List
Nos.
16
_____________________
Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa
_______________
I85
Summary
---------------___------------_-------------------------------------------------------------
and
17),
an extensive censorship diary (Inventory List
Nos.
4
and
5)
and the
materials in the collection The Censor and Reviser of Jewish Books, Prints, and
Manuscripts,
1700-1843
in the Archives of the National Library of the Czech
Republic are particularly valuable sources. Fischer s most important work in
the area of Jewish problems and at the same time his only published treatise
(1883)
is his
Gutmeinung über den
Talmud
der Hebräer
(Inventory List No.
18).
This work, dispelling myths passed on for centuries about the Talmud and
the Jewish nation, has retained its value up to the present and deserves to be
recognised for its soundness as well as the style in which it was written.
The fourth chapter of the book presents, on the basis of Fischer s letters,
the circle of his friends. Even though he never returned to his hometown, he
maintained contact with several acquaintances and relatives from
Hroznětín
for almost all his life. The friendly correspondence with the local rabbi Joseph
Lerner (d. 1836),
through whom Fischer corresponded even with his own fa¬
ther, is worthy of particular mention. Nevertheless, most of his best friends
came from Prague. Among them were both his colleagues from the library and
other intellectuals from the ranks of Christians as well as Jews. Whereas ex¬
tensive correspondence has been preserved in the case of his Jewish friends,
which offers a fascinating insight into Fischer s privacy and intellectual world,
we are only informed about the others through allusions in various places of
his treatises.
Among Fisher s closest friends in the library were Joseph Bernard
Müller,
Jacob Forthofer and later Anton Spirk; he also had a friendly relation with his
benefactor K. R.
Ungar.
The closest friend of Fischer s from among the Jews
was the Prague rabbi and scholar of great acclaim Eleazar Fleckeles
(1754-18 26).
Fischer met him in
1788,
and the two men soon began to visit each other. They
maintained both official and personal relations with each other. Fleckeles could
not do without a number of the censor s services while Fischer used Fleckeles
as an advisor and also informer on the situation in the Prague Jewish commu¬
nity. Both were clearly connected by mutual affection. Fischer held Fleckeles
in esteem as an exceptional Jewish scholar; Fleckeles, on the other hand, was
impressed by Fischer s singular knowledge of Hebrew, Jewish religious litera¬
ture as well as his obliging attitude towards the Jews. Although they lived close
to each other, they maintained correspondence between each other, namely
both of a purely official character in German and informal correspondence
in Hebrew, which was of a very personal nature. A total of
39
Hebrew letters
have been preserved from the years
1789-1826,
mainly from Rabbi Fleckeles.
A common part of the letters was warm addresses, greetings to the families and
also greetings on both Christian and Jewish holidays. Fischer s letters, demon¬
strating an outstanding knowledge of Hebrew, Rabbinical language and stylis-
tics, often contained also specific questions in the matters of Jewish religion
and customs, which the rabbi would answer by return post. Fischer censored
Fleckeles writings prior to others and also supported Fleckles interests when
negotiating with the provincial authorities and also in disputes within the Jew¬
ish community.
The circle of the other Jewish friends of Fischer s for the most part cor-
_____________________
Na rozhraní křesťanského
ą
židovského
světa
__________________
186
-------—————---------______________________________________
Summary
responded with people close to E. Fleckeles. Friendly letters were exchanged
between the censor and Fleckeles sons-in-law
Veit Friedländer
and Itzak
Spitz, both originally from
Kolín,
and he also had very close ties with the most
intimate friend of the rabbi s, the renowned scholar and teacher of the Tal¬
mud Bezalel Ranschburg
(1762-1820).
The Hebrew correspondence between
Ranschburg and Fischer forms the largest part of the letters from the legacy
of the Hebrew censor. It contains
60
letters from Ranschburg and one draft
of Fischer s response from the years
1792-1820.
Most of the letters are work-
related but show a very friendly relationship between the two men. Apparently
through Ranschburg, Karl Fischer also met the prominent rabbi Samuel
Leib
Kauder
(1766-1838),
of whom he thought highly all his life. Still another inti¬
mate friend of Fischer s, the scholar
Barach Jeitteles
(1762-1813),
came from
the circle of the close friends of Fleckeles and Ranschburg s. Eleven letters very
valuable in terms of their content have been preserved from their mutual cor¬
respondence. They prove, among others, that Jeitteles would visit University
Library, where Fischer would recommend and find books on the topics which
Jeitteles was interested in. Fischer s censorship diary shows that Jeitteles had
a considerable influence on him in the matters of the Hebrew censorship.
Among other friends of Fischer s were in the later years also the radical
Jewish representatives of the Enlightenment Peter Beer and
Markus
Fischer
along with a number of other people with whom he met when discharging his
office (Secretary of the Prague Burial Society Moses Wolf Jeitteles, the rabbi
of
Hořice (Ger.
Horschitz) David
Levit,
the bookseller Judah Klemperer, the
publisher Wolf Pascheles and others). The person closest to Fischer in his old
age was the scholar and Hebrew printer Moses Israel Landau
(1788-1852).
The censor followed with great empathy Landau s printing and publishing ac¬
tivities and stood by his side in disputes with the Viennese privileged printer of
Hebrew books Anton
Schmid.
The chapter devoted to library work presents Karl Fischer as a librarian and
.
archivist who was engaged in processing the documents from the archives of
abolished monasteries. It does not omit his contribution to recataloguing the
library collection, ordering the library s registry and keeping official records,
and also focuses on Fischer s input when he served for three years as a tempo¬
rary administrator as no Chief Librarian had been appointed. The end of the
chapter draws attention to his opinions on the running of the library, on its re¬
lation to the university and briefly presents his self-reflection on library work.
It is mainly based on Fischer s accounts of processing the library collection,
which are quite valuable for the library s history.
Initially, Karl Fischer focused chiefly on processing the documents from the
monasteries abolished under Joseph II between
1782
and
1789.
When First
Scribe Joseph Karmaschek was in
1791
appointed to the post of Chief Librarian
in
Olomouc (Ger.
Olmütz),
Fischer took custody of the archives of the abolished
monasteries of Bohemia over from him, which he provided with new inventory
lists and from which he separated several thousands of works and papers inap¬
propriate for the library, which he handed over to the provincial authorities
to be redistributed to other institutions. He put approximately six thousand
_____________________№1
rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa
__________________
187
Summary—
________________________________________________________________________
documents (in this case we are talking about separately preserved parchment
leaves) in a better chronological order and made a copy of a number of them.
He had a large number of other documents bound in binder s volumes, which
he made available in the manuscript hall. Several of Fischer s inventory lists
and card catalogue cabinets to the papers from the monasteries have been
preserved up to the present. Of astounding extent is
Repertorium
et copiarium
diplomatům
Latinorum et
Germanorum
(Repertory and Copybook of Latin
and German [Parchment] Leaves), containing copies in
extenso.
Another in¬
ventory list of Fischer s is related to the binder s volumes of the papers from
the monasteries, namely Monasticon with abstracts of the papers. Still another
autograph of Fischer s is a manuscript with copies of decrees and notifications
related to the monastery archives.
Within his library work, Karl Fischer participated significantly not only
in the processing of the library collection itself, i.e. the classification of books
and assigning them shelf numbers, but above all in preparing aids for it, es¬
pecially catalogues. Fischer partook already in the first wave of cataloguing
printed books of Prague University Library. He mentions in a later report that
he has made a fair copy of the catalogues of Greek and Roman classics. He also
created catalogues of oriental books, oriental treatises or English and Spanish
printed books. Fischer later participated in the preparation of a revised version
of catalogues of University Library, which reflect the form of the collections
after Joseph II s secularising measures and after Ungar s final reorganisation
of the division of the library collection into sections. Based on a later report of
his, Fischer himself prepared catalogues for the following fields: mathematics,
canon law, liturgy, homiletics, polemics, and ascetics.
Not insignificant was Fischer s credit in organising the library registry and
keeping official records in general. As he himself wrote, he arranged the li¬
brary registry, he copied out in four volumes both the court decrees and the
decrees of the Bohemian
Gubernium
(Böhmisches
Landesgubernium) and the
Presidium of the
Gubernium
(Landespräsidium)
and other official notes, and
attended to official correspondence almost single-handedly. Several volumes
of copies of
Gubernium
decrees have been preserved in the Archives of the Na¬
tional Library, which were for the most part for the time when Fischer worked
in the library his autographs.
When Karl Fischer as Custodian was put in charge of administering the
library
(1825-1828
after the death of Chief Librarian Posselt and before Chief
Librarian Spirk was appointed, or assumed his office), his main duties ranged
from supervising acquisitions, order in the library and its collection (handling,
loans), and last but not least fiscal duties. It further arises from the documents
preserved from this period of Fischer s professional career that he to a consi¬
derable degree dealt with issues of improving staff flats of the employees of the
library, as well as issues of building modifications of the whole building of the
Klementinum.
However, the largest project which he implemented as admi¬
nistrator of the library and for which also the most archival material has been
preserved as compared with other duties was an auction of duplicates, which
took place on
23
April
1827
and brought in the large sum of
2,281
fl.
20.25
kr·
_____________________
Na rozhraní křesťanského a
židovského
světa
__________________
188
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary
CM. The auction catalogue was published by the Hebrew printer M. I. Landau.
Fischer s administration of Imperial-Royal University Library can be con¬
sidered a success. He focused above all on practical issues, which he always
solved very sensibly and with personal contribution.
The chapter on Fischer s work in the post of censor in hebraids outlines
the development of Hebrew censorship in Bohemia, analyses Fischer s opin¬
ions on the Jewish question and presents his work as a censor, reviser and
translator. Regular censorship of Hebrew books existed in Bohemia from ap¬
proximately
1560,
came under the purview of the archbishop of Prague and
was connected with the activity of the Jesuit order almost from the beginning.
After it was disbanded in
1773,
the censor in hebraids at that time, Tirsch, was
forced to move his office from the
Klementinum
to
Schönfeld
House, and in
1781
Hebrew censorship was once and for all removed from the jurisdiction
of the Prague Archbishop Consistory and put under the state (the Bohemian
Gubernium).
Thereafter, Hebrew books were to be reviewed according to gen¬
erally accepted censorship norms.
Karl Fischer lived during a turning point of Jewish history. From the late
18th century, traditional Jewish society was, under multiple internal conflicts,
gradually transforming into a modern society, the Jewish Enlightenment was
developing. Greater conflicts between supporters and opponents of the mod¬
ernisation of life among the Jews revealed themselves in Prague already ten
years after Fischer was appointed to his office, and the situation in the largest
Bohemian Jewish community was further complicated by conflicts about who
was to lead it religiously and the just then culminating messianic movement.
Fischer was soon drawn into these conflicts. His opinions on the Jewish ques¬
tion were characterised by certain inconsistency. Although he was a sympa¬
thiser of the supporters of the Jewish Enlightenment from the very beginning,
out of consideration for his closest Jewish friends he remained in practice
rather in the area of moderate Enlightenment. Not until later did radical sup¬
porters of the Jewish Enlightenment gain greater influence on him through
their opinions.
Fischer s position in the censorship office was exceptional. After more than
two hundred years of Hebrew censorship in Bohemia, he was the first secular
censor in history and he maintained a surprisingly independent position with¬
in the censorship organisation of the
Habsburg
Monarchy. His office was not
under the Provincial Censorship Office
(Ger. Biicherrevisionsarnť)
in Prague,
which supervised all other censorship in the country, but directly under the
Bohemian
Gubernium.
Fischer therefore carried it out alone in his
Klementi¬
num
flat until his death. The office that he held involved three jobs. As a cen¬
sor, he would read through and examine new manuscripts and books destined
for printing and would have his decision confirmed by a censorship official.
As a reviser, he would visit the Provincial Censorship Office in Prague, where
he would inspect books which had arrived in Prague, and the Office would in¬
form him about book legacies and other important matters. As a translator,
Fischer would offer official translation services from Hebrew, the Rabbinical
language and Judeo-German into German for various authorities and also in-
_____________________
Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa
__________________
189
Summary
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dividuals. An exact idea on his everyday schedule is supplied by his censorship
diary (Inventory List
Nos.
4
and
5).
It shows that both the Hebrew censorship
and translation in Prague were, particularly in the first years of Fisher s being
in the office, carried out quickly and flexibly.
Soon after he was appointed to his post, Fischer won recognition in Jewish
intellectual circles due to his knowledge and obliging attitude towards the Jews.
Before long, Jewish intellectuals from various parts of the
Habsburg
Monarchy
as well as abroad (I. Euchel, W.
Heidenheim)
began to approach him not only
in matters of censorship. Since he performed his office from home, his du¬
ties were carried out in a more personal manner than the censorship of works
in other languages, which was provided by the Provincial Censorship Office.
Fischer s diary and correspondence show that the censor in hebraicis was will¬
ing to discuss the works with their authors and that he consulted a number of
things with his closest Jewish friends, in particular with Rabbi Fleckeles. The
close cooperation between the two men is revealingly evidenced by the cir¬
cumstances of introducing the censorship of Jewish tombstones in
1810,
which
they subsequently carried out jointly as authorised by the authorities.
Because of his considerable workload, Fischer struggled for his entire life
to be assigned an assistant but without success. Even though applications for
the post of adjunct in hebraicis were invited in
1813,
the idea of its establish¬
ment was abandoned in
1815.
Nevertheless, thanks to the application process,
Fischer acquired a student of Hebrew, a priest of the Order of the Knights of
the Cross with the Red Star
Johann N. Zimmermann,
who he subsequently
taught for seven years.
Zimmermann,
being of a problematic character, who
from November
1820
acted as a feared censor of Czech books and who enjoyed
the great trust of the President of the Supreme Police and Censorship Office
in Vienna Sedlnitzky, caused, however, a number of difficulties for Fischer in
years to come. In the 1820s, he began, as directed by the highest authorities,
the censorship also of Hebrew books and he monitored the censorship work
of K. Fischer himself, who was not trusted by the authorities at that time for
unclear reasons.
The very position of the censor in hebraicis in Bohemia came to an end
with the death of Karl Fischer, and soon thereafter it was decided that the new
censor would be subjected to the Provincial Censorship Office in Prague, in
whose building he would also do his work. The last censor in hebraicis was the
professor of biblical studies at Prague University
Jan Mařan
(1802-1866).
The
translation office, which had been independent of the office of the censor in
hebraicis for ten years, was performed by the Jewish Doctor of Law Wolfgang
Wessely
(1801-1870).
The extent of the written legacy of Karl Fischer, which has been preserved
mainly thanks to his orderliness and meticulousness, is exceptional. Most
manuscripts included in its inventory list are not recorded in printed cat¬
alogues, and this is the first time that their descriptions have been published.
The form of the records in the inventory list is based on the current practice of
the National Library of the Czech Republic in cataloguing for detailed records
of modern manuscripts.
_____________________
Na rozhráni křesťanského a židovského světa
__________________
190
|
| adam_txt |
OBSAH
i. Úvod
.5
1. Cermanová
2.
Životní příběh
.8
I.
Cermanová
3.
Pracovní rytmus a volný čas
.36
I.
Cermanová
4.
Okruh přátel
.65
I.
Cermanová
5.
Sluha, skriptor a kustod
с. к.
Universitní knihovny
.82
J. Marek
6.
Hebrejský cenzor, revizor a překladatel
.102
I.
Cermanová
7.
Závěr
.154
I. Cermanová
-
J. Marek
8.
Soupis písemné pozůstalosti Karla Fischera
.157
J. Marek
Bibliografie.
.174
Summary
.¡183
—------——■-------------------------------------------------------_—_-------------
Summary
Summary
Between the Christian and Jewish Worlds: The Story of
a Censor in Hebraicis and a Librarian of the
Klementinum,
Karl Fischer
(1757-1844)
The book presented is a detailed biography of the as-yet-not-well-known
official and scholar Karl Fischer
(1757-1844),
who worked in Prague's Impe¬
rial-Royal University Library and held the post of the censor in hebraicis for
the whole of Bohemia for more than half a century. Step by step, it presents
Fischer's life story and official career, his everyday life, circle of friends and
intellectual world. Particular attention is paid to his opinions on the Jewish
question and also to his work, which has been for the most part preserved only
in the form of manuscripts. A detailed account of Fischer's fortunes has been
made possible through the enormous amount of documents which he left be¬
hind. Systematic research of the archival materials in the National Archives,
the Archives of the National Library of the Czech Republic and the Manu¬
scripts and Early Printed Books Department of the same institution revealed
an unforeseen number of important and previously unknown sources, includ¬
ing personal correspondence. These materials have cast a new light on the life
history of K. Fischer and have provided new information related to the history
of Prague University Library, Hebrew censorship as well as Bohemian Jewry.
The introductory part of the book provides a thumbnail sketch, of the sig¬
nificance of Fischer's personality and summarises its depictions in the exist¬
ing literature. There has not been written much on Karl Fischer as yet, and
the information about his life has generally been limited to providing basic
biographical data. The most detailed information on him was provided by the
publisher of his
Gutmeinung über den
Talmud
der Hebräer
(Testimonial on
the Talmud of the Hebrews)
Emanuel
Baumgarten,
from whom some later au¬
thors then drew basic information. Fischer, however, was not an individual
object of interest for any of them and was always mentioned merely within
the scope of the conceived presentations on the history of Prague University
Library or on Hebrew censorship.
The following chapter is devoted to Fischer's life history. He was born on
21
April
1757
in
Hroznětín (Ger.
Lichtenstadt) to a poor Christian family of a
master tailor Joseph Fischer and his wife Maria Anna,
née
Schürl.
Between
1769
and
1778,
he studied at a Piarist grammar school in
Ostrov nad Ohří (Ger.
Schlackenwerth), where he received a quality education in the humanities. Be¬
ing a gifted albeit poor student, he considered a career as a minister, which
brought him to Prague in November
1778.
In reality, however, he never be¬
gan his theological studies and decided for a secular way of making his living.
During the next seven years, he made his money through the home tuition of
children in Prague families. Towards the end of
1778,
Fischer met the Hebrew
censor and University Professor Emeritus of Hebrew, the ex-Jesuit Leopold
Tirsch
(1733-1788).
Tirsch took note of Fischer's great interest in Hebrew and
_
Afa
rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa
_
Summary.
agreed to teach him it privately. This study took nearly ten years, during which
Fischer mastered Hebrew, Aramaic, the Rabbinical language and
Judendeutsch
(Judeo-German). During his regular visits to the Hebrew censor, Fischer be¬
came acquainted with his office and began to help him with it. In
1781,
Tirsch
pushed through that the authorities officially recognised Fischer as an adjunct
in hebraicis. Despite the effort, the young man was not awarded any pay for
this post and thus-had to perform the work unpaid until
1787.
This landed him
in a difficult existential situation, which was not solved until
1785
when he
was offered a position by Chief Librarian Karl Rafael
Ungar (1744-1807)
in
the recently established University Library, where Fischer started as a trainee
on l May
1785.
He was subsequently appointed a library assistant on
28
July.
Accordingly, he received his first permanent salary
(120
fl.) and was provided
with a vacant flat, which enabled him to start a family of his own.
For the rest of his life, Fischer's workaday life was divided between the
morning work in the library and the afternoon work in the Hebrew censor of¬
fice. The authorities did not grant him his first pay for the censorship work, a
stipend of
50
florins, until
1787
when he was already discharging a great deal
of his sick teacher's duties. After Tirsch's death in November
1788,
Fischer
Was appointed by the provincial authorities as the interim Hebrew censor and
translator. Finally, on
24
June
1789,
he was appointed to this office with an
annual salary of
200
florins. Whereas his position in the censorship did not
change, the work in the library made certain career promotions and pay rises
possible. In April
1791,
Fischer was promoted to the position of Second Scribe
(Ger. Skriptor)
of the library with an annual salary of
300
florins, in February
1808
he became First Scribe with a higher salary of
600
florins and in
1815
he
was the one chosen from the candidates for the post of Custodian of the Library
(Ger. Kustos)
with an increased salary of
800
florins.
In
1823,
Fischer unsuccessfully tried to apply for retirement from this of¬
fice. Therefore, he had to, owing to the difficult existential situation of his large
family, reconcile himself to the fact that he would work until his death. The
only alleviation for him in his old age was that he was relieved of the office
of Hebrew translator in
1834.
From January
1825
to July
1828,
Fischer was
provisionally the head of the whole library but was not appointed to the post
of regular Chief Librarian due to his advanced age. The period between the
years
1827
and
1834
was unfortunate for him on a personal level, because he
prematurely lost two of his sons and also his wife. In addition, the death of the
youngest son
Wenzel (1827),
who was supposed to provide for his unmarried
sisters in future, made the existential situation of the whole family much more
difficult. Fischer died on
22
January
1844,
completely without property.
The chapter "The Work Rhythm and Free Time" is devoted to Fischer's ev¬
eryday life. His workaday life was constantly divided between the work in the
library and the Hebrew censorship. As an employee of the library and a Hebrew
censor and translator for the whole of Bohemia in one person, he was even for
that time overburdened, and his work rate was high. With the exception of
breaks because of sickness and holidays, he worked constantly and never took
time off. Since he did the censorship in his flat, which he only occasionally left
_
Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa
_
184
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary
for other offices, he spent most of his time on the grounds of the
Klementi¬
num.
All his life, he kept the censor registry at home and had Jewish visitors
in his flat every day. The work environment in the former Jesuit College was
not healthy, and the harsh conditions in Fischer's cold and damp, north facing
flat caused a number of health problems for the whole of his family. Although
he himself lived to an old age, both his wife and children struggled with seri¬
ous health problems. Like most employees of the Library, Fischer also suffered
from chronic severe rheumatism, and his gruelling way of life resulted in at¬
tacks of the "illness of scholars"
-
hypochondria, manifesting itself through
states of melancholy and exhaustion.
Fischer performed his work with legendary diligence, meticulousness and
the ability to make the most effective use of time. These qualities showed them¬
selves through a very individual, neat handwriting and all official as well as pri¬
vate documents being clearly structured. Through many years of experience,
Fischer acquired an extraordinary insight into both of his offices. In accord¬
ance with the demands of the time, he was scrupulous in his work, fulfilling his
work duties precisely. This exact quality was most likely the reason for the not
very good relations with Chief Librarian Franz Posselt
(1753-1825),
who dur¬
ing his tenure of office did not spend much time in the library.
As to his free time, Fischer preferred to spend most of it walking in Prague
and its vicinity, reading, writing and visiting his acquaintances. Already in
his youth, he would often walk through the surroundings of his native town
Hroznětín,
and later also in Prague would he satisfy his romantic interest
in nature through excursions into Prague's environs in the company of his
friends. Fischer also devoted a great deal of time to writing. Nevertheless, the
great majority of his papers, which are an interesting complement of the im¬
age of his personality, have remained unpublished. Thematically, they can be
divided into three principal fields following his main interests, namely natural
history and topography, history and Jewish problems. Whereas in the first
two areas, Fischer can be classified rather as a learned amateur with a wide
range of knowledge, in the case of the Jewish issues he was an extremely well
informed author.
His treatment of his works was influenced by the period's rationalism and
criticism of the Enlightenment. Fischer's interest in nature, history and cul¬
ture was in the first place that of a collector, and the preparation of his works
consisted mainly in the careful reading of the literature, making notes and col¬
lecting other materials. When selecting the topics, he usually drew inspira¬
tion from his own experience. This feature is evident primarily in his treatises
relating to national history and geography, most of which are concerned with
Fischer's native region and are strongly influenced by the period's sentimental-
ism (see the inventory list of Fischer's written legacy).
The interest in Jewish problems accompanied Karl Fischer from his youth,
with its original impulse being the existence of an important Jewish commu¬
nity in his native
Hroznětín.
In the course of time, he acquired exceptional
knowledge and insight in this field, which is proved by his written legacy.
Fischer's two collections of Hebrew correspondence (Inventory List
Nos.
16
_
Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa
_
I85
Summary
---------------_------------_-------------------------------------------------------------
and
17),
an extensive censorship diary (Inventory List
Nos.
4
and
5)
and the
materials in the collection The Censor and Reviser of Jewish Books, Prints, and
Manuscripts,
1700-1843
in the Archives of the National Library of the Czech
Republic are particularly valuable sources. Fischer's most important work in
the area of Jewish problems and at the same time his only published treatise
(1883)
is his
Gutmeinung über den
Talmud
der Hebräer
(Inventory List No.
18).
This work, dispelling myths passed on for centuries about the Talmud and
the Jewish nation, has retained its value up to the present and deserves to be
recognised for its soundness as well as the style in which it was written.
The fourth chapter of the book presents, on the basis of Fischer's letters,
the circle of his friends. Even though he never returned to his hometown, he
maintained contact with several acquaintances and relatives from
Hroznětín
for almost all his life. The friendly correspondence with the local rabbi Joseph
Lerner (d. 1836),
through whom Fischer corresponded even with his own fa¬
ther, is worthy of particular mention. Nevertheless, most of his best friends
came from Prague. Among them were both his colleagues from the library and
other intellectuals from the ranks of Christians as well as Jews. Whereas ex¬
tensive correspondence has been preserved in the case of his Jewish friends,
which offers a fascinating insight into Fischer's privacy and intellectual world,
we are only informed about the others through allusions in various places of
his treatises.
Among Fisher's closest friends in the library were Joseph Bernard
Müller,
Jacob Forthofer and later Anton Spirk; he also had a friendly relation with his
benefactor K. R.
Ungar.
The closest friend of Fischer's from among the Jews
was the Prague rabbi and scholar of great acclaim Eleazar Fleckeles
(1754-18 26).
Fischer met him in
1788,
and the two men soon began to visit each other. They
maintained both official and personal relations with each other. Fleckeles could
not do without a number of the censor's services while Fischer used Fleckeles
as an advisor and also informer on the situation in the Prague Jewish commu¬
nity. Both were clearly connected by mutual affection. Fischer held Fleckeles
in esteem as an exceptional Jewish scholar; Fleckeles, on the other hand, was
impressed by Fischer's singular knowledge of Hebrew, Jewish religious litera¬
ture as well as his obliging attitude towards the Jews. Although they lived close
to each other, they maintained correspondence between each other, namely
both of a purely official character in German and informal correspondence
in Hebrew, which was of a very personal nature. A total of
39
Hebrew letters
have been preserved from the years
1789-1826,
mainly from Rabbi Fleckeles.
A common part of the letters was warm addresses, greetings to the families and
also greetings on both Christian and Jewish holidays. Fischer's letters, demon¬
strating an outstanding knowledge of Hebrew, Rabbinical language and stylis-
tics, often contained also specific questions in the matters of Jewish religion
and customs, which the rabbi would answer by return post. Fischer censored
Fleckeles' writings prior to others and also supported Fleckles' interests when
negotiating with the provincial authorities and also in disputes within the Jew¬
ish community.
The circle of the other Jewish friends of Fischer's for the most part cor-
_
Na rozhraní křesťanského
ą
židovského
světa
_
186
-------—————---------_
Summary
responded with people close to E. Fleckeles. Friendly letters were exchanged
between the censor and Fleckeles' sons-in-law
Veit Friedländer
and Itzak
Spitz, both originally from
Kolín,
and he also had very close ties with the most
intimate friend of the rabbi's, the renowned scholar and teacher of the Tal¬
mud Bezalel Ranschburg
(1762-1820).
The Hebrew correspondence between
Ranschburg and Fischer forms the largest part of the letters from the legacy
of the Hebrew censor. It contains
60
letters from Ranschburg and one draft
of Fischer's response from the years
1792-1820.
Most of the letters are work-
related but show a very friendly relationship between the two men. Apparently
through Ranschburg, Karl Fischer also met the prominent rabbi Samuel
Leib
Kauder
(1766-1838),
of whom he thought highly all his life. Still another inti¬
mate friend of Fischer's, the scholar
Barach Jeitteles
(1762-1813),
came from
the circle of the close friends of Fleckeles' and Ranschburg's. Eleven letters very
valuable in terms of their content have been preserved from their mutual cor¬
respondence. They prove, among others, that Jeitteles would visit University
Library, where Fischer would recommend and find books on the topics which
Jeitteles was interested in. Fischer's censorship diary shows that Jeitteles had
a considerable influence on him in the matters of the Hebrew censorship.
Among other friends of Fischer's were in the later years also the radical
Jewish representatives of the Enlightenment Peter Beer and
Markus
Fischer
along with a number of other people with whom he met when discharging his
office (Secretary of the Prague Burial Society Moses Wolf Jeitteles, the rabbi
of
Hořice (Ger.
Horschitz) David
Levit,
the bookseller Judah Klemperer, the
publisher Wolf Pascheles and others). The person closest to Fischer in his old
age was the scholar and Hebrew printer Moses Israel Landau
(1788-1852).
The censor followed with great empathy Landau's printing and publishing ac¬
tivities and stood by his side in disputes with the Viennese privileged printer of
Hebrew books Anton
Schmid.
The chapter devoted to library work presents Karl Fischer as a librarian and
.
archivist who was engaged in processing the documents from the archives of
abolished monasteries. It does not omit his contribution to recataloguing the
library collection, ordering the library's registry and keeping official records,
and also focuses on Fischer's input when he served for three years as a tempo¬
rary administrator as no Chief Librarian had been appointed. The end of the
chapter draws attention to his opinions on the running of the library, on its re¬
lation to the university and briefly presents his self-reflection on library work.
It is mainly based on Fischer's accounts of processing the library collection,
which are quite valuable for the library's history.
Initially, Karl Fischer focused chiefly on processing the documents from the
monasteries abolished under Joseph II between
1782
and
1789.
When First
Scribe Joseph Karmaschek was in
1791
appointed to the post of Chief Librarian
in
Olomouc (Ger.
Olmütz),
Fischer took custody of the archives of the abolished
monasteries of Bohemia over from him, which he provided with new inventory
lists and from which he separated several thousands of works and papers inap¬
propriate for the library, which he handed over to the provincial authorities
to be redistributed to other institutions. He put approximately six thousand
_№1
rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa
_
187
Summary—
_
documents (in this case we are talking about separately preserved parchment
leaves) in a better chronological order and made a copy of a number of them.
He had a large number of other documents bound in binder's volumes, which
he made available in the manuscript hall. Several of Fischer's inventory lists
and card catalogue cabinets to the papers from the monasteries have been
preserved up to the present. Of astounding extent is
Repertorium
et copiarium
diplomatům
Latinorum et
Germanorum
(Repertory and Copybook of Latin
and German [Parchment] Leaves), containing copies in
extenso.
Another in¬
ventory list of Fischer's is related to the binder's volumes of the papers from
the monasteries, namely Monasticon with abstracts of the papers. Still another
autograph of Fischer's is a manuscript with copies of decrees and notifications
related to the monastery archives.
Within his library work, Karl Fischer participated significantly not only
in the processing of the library collection itself, i.e. the classification of books
and assigning them shelf numbers, but above all in preparing aids for it, es¬
pecially catalogues. Fischer partook already in the first wave of cataloguing
printed books of Prague University Library. He mentions in a later report that
he has made a fair copy of the catalogues of Greek and Roman classics. He also
created catalogues of oriental books, oriental treatises or English and Spanish
printed books. Fischer later participated in the preparation of a revised version
of catalogues of University Library, which reflect the form of the collections
after Joseph II's secularising measures and after Ungar's final reorganisation
of the division of the library collection into sections. Based on a later report of
his, Fischer himself prepared catalogues for the following fields: mathematics,
canon law, liturgy, homiletics, polemics, and ascetics.
Not insignificant was Fischer's credit in organising the library registry and
keeping official records in general. As he himself wrote, he arranged the li¬
brary registry, he copied out in four volumes both the court decrees and the
decrees of the Bohemian
Gubernium
(Böhmisches
Landesgubernium) and the
Presidium of the
Gubernium
(Landespräsidium)
and other official notes, and
attended to official correspondence almost single-handedly. Several volumes
of copies of
Gubernium
decrees have been preserved in the Archives of the Na¬
tional Library, which were for the most part for the time when Fischer worked
in the library his autographs.
When Karl Fischer as Custodian was put in charge of administering the
library
(1825-1828
after the death of Chief Librarian Posselt and before Chief
Librarian Spirk was appointed, or assumed his office), his main duties ranged
from supervising acquisitions, order in the library and its collection (handling,
loans), and last but not least fiscal duties. It further arises from the documents
preserved from this period of Fischer's professional career that he to a consi¬
derable degree dealt with issues of improving staff flats of the employees of the
library, as well as issues of building modifications of the whole building of the
Klementinum.
However, the largest project which he implemented as admi¬
nistrator of the library and for which also the most archival material has been
preserved as compared with other duties was an auction of duplicates, which
took place on
23
April
1827
and brought in the large sum of
2,281
fl.
20.25
kr·
_
Na rozhraní křesťanského a
židovského
světa
_
188
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary
CM. The auction catalogue was published by the Hebrew printer M. I. Landau.
Fischer's administration of Imperial-Royal University Library can be con¬
sidered a success. He focused above all on practical issues, which he always
solved very sensibly and with personal contribution.
The chapter on Fischer's work in the post of censor in hebraids outlines
the development of Hebrew censorship in Bohemia, analyses Fischer's opin¬
ions on the Jewish question and presents his work as a censor, reviser and
translator. Regular censorship of Hebrew books existed in Bohemia from ap¬
proximately
1560,
came under the purview of the archbishop of Prague and
was connected with the activity of the Jesuit order almost from the beginning.
After it was disbanded in
1773,
the censor in hebraids at that time, Tirsch, was
forced to move his office from the
Klementinum
to
Schönfeld
House, and in
1781
Hebrew censorship was once and for all removed from the jurisdiction
of the Prague Archbishop Consistory and put under the state (the Bohemian
Gubernium).
Thereafter, Hebrew books were to be reviewed according to gen¬
erally accepted censorship norms.
Karl Fischer lived during a turning point of Jewish history. From the late
18th century, traditional Jewish society was, under multiple internal conflicts,
gradually transforming into a modern society, the Jewish Enlightenment was
developing. Greater conflicts between supporters and opponents of the mod¬
ernisation of life among the Jews revealed themselves in Prague already ten
years after Fischer was appointed to his office, and the situation in the largest
Bohemian Jewish community was further complicated by conflicts about who
was to lead it religiously and the just then culminating messianic movement.
Fischer was soon drawn into these conflicts. His opinions on the Jewish ques¬
tion were characterised by certain inconsistency. Although he was a sympa¬
thiser of the supporters of the Jewish Enlightenment from the very beginning,
out of consideration for his closest Jewish friends he remained in practice
rather in the area of moderate Enlightenment. Not until later did radical sup¬
porters of the Jewish Enlightenment gain greater influence on him through
their opinions.
Fischer's position in the censorship office was exceptional. After more than
two hundred years of Hebrew censorship in Bohemia, he was the first secular
censor in history and he maintained a surprisingly independent position with¬
in the censorship organisation of the
Habsburg
Monarchy. His office was not
under the Provincial Censorship Office
(Ger. Biicherrevisionsarnť)
in Prague,
which supervised all other censorship in the country, but directly under the
Bohemian
Gubernium.
Fischer therefore carried it out alone in his
Klementi¬
num
flat until his death. The office that he held involved three jobs. As a cen¬
sor, he would read through and examine new manuscripts and books destined
for printing and would have his decision confirmed by a censorship official.
As a reviser, he would visit the Provincial Censorship Office in Prague, where
he would inspect books which had arrived in Prague, and the Office would in¬
form him about book legacies and other important matters. As a translator,
Fischer would offer official translation services from Hebrew, the Rabbinical
language and Judeo-German into German for various authorities and also in-
_
Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa
_
189
Summary
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dividuals. An exact idea on his everyday schedule is supplied by his censorship
diary (Inventory List
Nos.
4
and
5).
It shows that both the Hebrew censorship
and translation in Prague were, particularly in the first years of Fisher's being
in the office, carried out quickly and flexibly.
Soon after he was appointed to his post, Fischer won recognition in Jewish
intellectual circles due to his knowledge and obliging attitude towards the Jews.
Before long, Jewish intellectuals from various parts of the
Habsburg
Monarchy
as well as abroad (I. Euchel, W.
Heidenheim)
began to approach him not only
in matters of censorship. Since he performed his office from home, his du¬
ties were carried out in a more personal manner than the censorship of works
in other languages, which was provided by the Provincial Censorship Office.
Fischer's diary and correspondence show that the censor in hebraicis was will¬
ing to discuss the works with their authors and that he consulted a number of
things with his closest Jewish friends, in particular with Rabbi Fleckeles. The
close cooperation between the two men is revealingly evidenced by the cir¬
cumstances of introducing the censorship of Jewish tombstones in
1810,
which
they subsequently carried out jointly as authorised by the authorities.
Because of his considerable workload, Fischer struggled for his entire life
to be assigned an assistant but without success. Even though applications for
the post of adjunct in hebraicis were invited in
1813,
the idea of its establish¬
ment was abandoned in
1815.
Nevertheless, thanks to the application process,
Fischer acquired a student of Hebrew, a priest of the Order of the Knights of
the Cross with the Red Star
Johann N. Zimmermann,
who he subsequently
taught for seven years.
Zimmermann,
being of a problematic character, who
from November
1820
acted as a feared censor of Czech books and who enjoyed
the great trust of the President of the Supreme Police and Censorship Office
in Vienna Sedlnitzky, caused, however, a number of difficulties for Fischer in
years to come. In the 1820s, he began, as directed by the highest authorities,
the censorship also of Hebrew books and he monitored the censorship work
of K. Fischer himself, who was not trusted by the authorities at that time for
unclear reasons.
The very position of the censor in hebraicis in Bohemia came to an end
with the death of Karl Fischer, and soon thereafter it was decided that the new
censor would be subjected to the Provincial Censorship Office in Prague, in
whose building he would also do his work. The last censor in hebraicis was the
professor of biblical studies at Prague University
Jan Mařan
(1802-1866).
The
translation office, which had been independent of the office of the censor in
hebraicis for ten years, was performed by the Jewish Doctor of Law Wolfgang
Wessely
(1801-1870).
The extent of the written legacy of Karl Fischer, which has been preserved
mainly thanks to his orderliness and meticulousness, is exceptional. Most
manuscripts included in its inventory list are not recorded in printed cat¬
alogues, and this is the first time that their descriptions have been published.
The form of the records in the inventory list is based on the current practice of
the National Library of the Czech Republic in cataloguing for detailed records
of modern manuscripts.
_
Na rozhráni křesťanského a židovského světa
_
190 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Cermanová, Iveta 1976- Marek, Jindřich 1978- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133128121 (DE-588)133128156 |
| author_facet | Cermanová, Iveta 1976- Marek, Jindřich 1978- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Cermanová, Iveta 1976- |
| author_variant | i c ic j m jm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022494486 |
| callnumber-first | Z - Library Science |
| callnumber-label | Z720 |
| callnumber-raw | Z720.F573 |
| callnumber-search | Z720.F573 |
| callnumber-sort | Z 3720 F573 |
| callnumber-subject | Z - Books and Writing |
| classification_rvk | KS 3025 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)166152479 (DE-599)BVBBV022494486 |
| dewey-full | 020.92 |
| dewey-hundreds | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| dewey-ones | 020 - Library and information sciences |
| dewey-raw | 020.92 |
| dewey-search | 020.92 |
| dewey-sort | 220.92 |
| dewey-tens | 020 - Library and information sciences |
| discipline | Allgemeines Slavistik |
| discipline_str_mv | Allgemeines Slavistik |
| edition | 1. vyd. |
| era | Geschichte 1700-1800 |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1700-1800 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Biografie |
| geographic | Tschechische Republik |
| geographic_facet | Tschechische Republik |
| id | DE-604.BV022494486 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:53:05Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:58:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788070505205 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015701639 |
| oclc_num | 166152479 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| physical | 190 S. Ill., Kt. |
| psigel | DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Národní Knihovna České Rep. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Cermanová, Iveta 1976- Verfasser (DE-588)133128121 aut Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa příběh hebrejského cenzora a klementinského knihovníka Karla Fischera (1757-1844) Iveta Cermanová ; Jindřich Marek 1. vyd. Praha Národní Knihovna České Rep. 2007 190 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Between the Christian and Jewish worlds: the story of a censor in Hebraicis and a librarian of the Klementimum, Karl Fischer (1757 - 1844) Fischer, Karel <1757-1844> Fischer, Karl 1757-1844 (DE-588)133300161 gnd rswk-swf Národní a universitní knihovna v Praze Biography Geschichte 1700-1800 Geschichte Censorship Czech Republic Prague History 18th century Hebrew imprints Censorship Czech Republic Prague 18th century Librarians Czech Republic 18th century Biography Tschechische Republik (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Fischer, Karl 1757-1844 (DE-588)133300161 p DE-604 Marek, Jindřich 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)133128156 aut Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015701639&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015701639&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Cermanová, Iveta 1976- Marek, Jindřich 1978- Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa příběh hebrejského cenzora a klementinského knihovníka Karla Fischera (1757-1844) Fischer, Karel <1757-1844> Fischer, Karl 1757-1844 (DE-588)133300161 gnd Národní a universitní knihovna v Praze Biography Geschichte Censorship Czech Republic Prague History 18th century Hebrew imprints Censorship Czech Republic Prague 18th century Librarians Czech Republic 18th century Biography |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)133300161 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa příběh hebrejského cenzora a klementinského knihovníka Karla Fischera (1757-1844) |
| title_auth | Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa příběh hebrejského cenzora a klementinského knihovníka Karla Fischera (1757-1844) |
| title_exact_search | Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa příběh hebrejského cenzora a klementinského knihovníka Karla Fischera (1757-1844) |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa příběh hebrejského cenzora a klementinského knihovníka Karla Fischera (1757-1844) |
| title_full | Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa příběh hebrejského cenzora a klementinského knihovníka Karla Fischera (1757-1844) Iveta Cermanová ; Jindřich Marek |
| title_fullStr | Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa příběh hebrejského cenzora a klementinského knihovníka Karla Fischera (1757-1844) Iveta Cermanová ; Jindřich Marek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa příběh hebrejského cenzora a klementinského knihovníka Karla Fischera (1757-1844) Iveta Cermanová ; Jindřich Marek |
| title_short | Na rozhraní křesťanského a židovského světa |
| title_sort | na rozhrani krestanskeho a zidovskeho sveta pribeh hebrejskeho cenzora a klementinskeho knihovnika karla fischera 1757 1844 |
| title_sub | příběh hebrejského cenzora a klementinského knihovníka Karla Fischera (1757-1844) |
| topic | Fischer, Karel <1757-1844> Fischer, Karl 1757-1844 (DE-588)133300161 gnd Národní a universitní knihovna v Praze Biography Geschichte Censorship Czech Republic Prague History 18th century Hebrew imprints Censorship Czech Republic Prague 18th century Librarians Czech Republic 18th century Biography |
| topic_facet | Fischer, Karel <1757-1844> Fischer, Karl 1757-1844 Národní a universitní knihovna v Praze Biography Geschichte Censorship Czech Republic Prague History 18th century Hebrew imprints Censorship Czech Republic Prague 18th century Librarians Czech Republic 18th century Biography Tschechische Republik Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015701639&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015701639&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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