Polymer structure characterization: from nano to macro organization
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
Royal Society of Chemistry
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 334 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0854044663 9780854044665 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV022449414 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20080430 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 070601s2007 ad|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 0854044663 |c (hbk.) : £89.95 |9 0-85404-466-3 | ||
| 020 | |a 9780854044665 |9 978-0-85404-466-5 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)288036674 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)GBV523938454 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-29T |a DE-703 |a DE-91G | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a QD461 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 541.22 22 |2 22 | |
| 084 | |a VE 8000 |0 (DE-625)147145:253 |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a CHE 720f |2 stub | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Pethrick, Richard A. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Polymer structure characterization |b from nano to macro organization |c Richard A. Pethrick |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge |b Royal Society of Chemistry |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 334 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Molecular structure | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Polymere |0 (DE-588)4046699-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Strukturchemie |0 (DE-588)4183790-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Polymere |0 (DE-588)4046699-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Strukturchemie |0 (DE-588)4183790-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015657317&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015657317 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136528426827776 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Chapter 1 Concept of Structure-Property Relationships in Molecular
Solids and Polymers
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Construction of a Physical Basis for Structure-
Property Relationships 2
1.2.1 Ionic Solids 2
1.2.2 The Crystal Surface 5
1.2.3 Molecular Solid 5
1.2.4 Low Molar Mass Hydrocarbons 8
1.2.5 Poly(methylene) Chains 10
1.3 Conformational States of Real Polymer Molecules in
the Solid State 11
1.3.1 Crystalline Polymers 11
1.3.2 Disordered or Amorphous Polymers 12
1.4 Classification of Polymers 12
1.4.1 What Factors Determine Whether a Polymer
Will Form a Crystalline Solid or Not? 13
Recommended Reading 14
References 14
Chapter 2 Crystal Growth in Small Molecular Systems
2.1 Introduction 16
2.1.1 Crystal Types 17
2.2 Crystallization 21
2.2.1 Supersaturation and Crystallization 22
2.3 Nature of Crystal Structures: Morphology and Habit 23
2.3.1 Morphology Prediction 24
2.4 Homogeneous Crystal Growth 25
2.4.1 Empirical Description of Nucleation 27
2.4.2 Stages of Crystal Growth 29
2.4.3 Heterogeneous Crystal Growth 30
viii
Contents ix
2.4.4 Nucleation and Growth Rates 31
2.4.5 Methods of Attachment to the Growth Surface 32
2.4.6 Bravais-Friedel-Donnay-Harker Approach 32
2.4.7 Periodic Bond Chains 33
2.4.8 Attachment Energy 34
2.4.9 Ising Model Surface Roughening 35
2.5 Sources of Nucleation Sites on Surfaces, Steps and
Dislocations 36
2.5.1 Two-Dimensional Nucleation 36
2.5.2 Dislocations and Related Defects 37
2.5.3 Screw Dislocation (BCF) Mechanism 39
2.5.4 Rough Interface Growth (RIG) Mechanism 40
2.5.5 Relative Rates of Crystal Growth 40
2.5.6 Computer Prediction of Morphology 40
2.6 Macrosteps 42
2.6.1 Impurities 42
2.7 Analysis of the Data from Step Growth 43
2.8 Refinements of the Theory 45
2.9 Methods of Microstructural Examination 46
Recommended Reading 49
References 49
Chapter 3 Liquid Crystalline State of Matter
3.1 Introduction 52
3.1.1 The Liquid Crystalline State 52
3.1.2 Historical Perspective 52
3.1.3 Mesophase Order 53
3.1.4 Nematic Liquid Crystals (N) 53
3.1.5 Smectic Liquid Crystals 54
3.1.6 Cholesteric Liquid Crystal (C) 55
3.2 Influence of Molecular Structure on the Formation of
Liquid Crystalline Phases 55
3.2.1 Influence of Chain Rigidity 55
3.2.2 Influence of Size of Rigid Block 57
3.2.3 Influence of Sequence Structure in Chain 58
3.2.4 Variations Within a Homologous Series of
Molecules 58
3.2.5 Changes in Substituents 59
3.3 Common Features of Many Liquid Crystal Forming
Molecules 59
3.3.1 Nematic Liquid Crystals 60
3.3.2 Influence of the Linking Group on the
Thermal Stability of the Nematic Phase 62
3.3.3 Terminal Group Effects 64
x Contents
3.3.4 Pendant Group Effects 65
3.3.5 Terminal Substitution Effects 66
3.4 Cholesteric Liquid Crystals 67
3.5 Smectic Liquid Crystals 67
3.6 Theoretical Models for Liquid Crystals 70
3.6.1 Statistical Models 71
3.6.2 Development of Statistical Mechanical Models 72
3.6.3 Distributions and Order Parameters 72
3.7 Elastic Behaviour of Nematic Liquid Crystals 75
3.8 Computer Simulations 78
3.9 Defects, Dislocations and Disclinations 79
3.10 Applications 82
3.11 Polymeric Liquid Crystals 82
3.12 Polymeric Liquid Crystalline Materials 82
3.12.1 General Factors Influencing Polymeric Liquid
Crystalline Materials 83
3.12.2 Main Chain Crystalline Polymers 84
3.12.3 Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers 89
3.12.4 Nature of Flexible Spacer and its Length 89
3.12.5 Nature of the Backbone 89
3.12.6 Polymer Network Stabilized Liquid Crystal
Phase 91
3.13 Structure Visualization 92
3.14 Conclusions 92
Recommended Reading 92
References 92
Chapter 4 Plastic Crystals
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Plastic Crystalline Materials 99
4.3 Alkanes and Related Systems 103
4.4 Conclusions 105
Recommended Reading 105
References 105
Chapter 5 Morphology of Crystalline Polymers and Methods for its
Investigation
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Crystallography and Crystallization 107
5.3 Single Crystal Growth 112
5.3.1 Habit of Single Crystals 113
5.4 Crystal Lamellae and Other Morphological Features 115
5.4.1 Solution-Grown Crystals 115
5.4.2 Chain Folding 115
Contents xi
5.4.3 Crystal Habit 116
5.4.4 Sectorization 116
5.4.5 Non-planar Geometries 116
5.5 Melt Grown Crystals 117
5.5.1 Melt-Crystallized Lamellae 117
5.5.2 Polymer Spherulites 118
5.6 Annealing Phenomena 123
5.7 Experimental Techniques for the Study of Polymer
Crystals 124
5.7.1 Optical Microscopy 125
5.7.2 Microtomes 126
5.7.3 Basic Light Microscopy 127
5.7.4 Light versus Electron Microscopy 128
5.7.5 Phase Contrast Microscopy 129
5.7.6 Polarized Light Microscopy 129
5.7.7 Origins of Birefringence 130
5.7.8 Orientation Birefringence 130
5.7.9 Strain Birefringence 130
5.7.10 Form Birefringence 131
5.7.11 Polarization Colours 131
5.7.12 Modulation Contrast Techniques 132
5.7.13 Interference Microscopy 133
5.8 Electron Microscopy 133
5.8.1 Sample Preparation: Etching and Staining 133
5.9 X-Ray Diffraction 134
5.10 Raman Scattering and Phonon Spectra 135
5.11 Degree of Crystallinity 135
5.11.1 Density and Calorimetric Methods 136
5.11.2 X-Ray Scattering 137
5.11.3 General Observations 138
5.12 Conclusions 138
Recommended Reading 139
References 139
Chapter 6 Polymer Crystal Growth
6.1 Introduction 141
6.1.1 Thermodynamics of Polymer Molecule in the
Melt 141
6.1.2 Nucleation 142
6.2 Minimum Energy Conditions and Simple Theory of
Growth 143
6.3 Nature of Chain Folding 146
6.4 Crystals Grown from the Melt and Lamellae Stacks 148
6.4.1 Location of Chain Ends 150
xii Contents
6.5 Crystallization Kinetics 150
6.6 Equilibrium Melting Temperature 153
6.7 General Avrami Equation 156
6.8 Comparison of Experiment with Theory 159
6.9 Growth Theories 159
6.9.1 Lauritzen-Hoffman Theory 160
6.9.2 Sadler-Gilmer Theory 169
6.10 Crystallization via Metastable Phases 171
6.11 Molecular Fractionation 172
6.12 Orientation-Induced Crystallization 175
Recommended Reading 176
References 176
Chapter 7 Glasses and Amorphous Material
7.1 Introduction 179
7.2 Phenomenology of the Glass Transition 180
7.2.1 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis 181
7.2.2 Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy (DRS) 183
7.2.3 Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy
(PALS) 189
7.3 Free Volume and the Williams-Landel-Ferry
Equation 190
7.4 How Big is the Element That Moves in the Tg
Process? 192
7.5 Physical Characteristics of Tg 194
7.5.1 Factors Influencing the Value of Tg 194
7.5.2 Molar Mass Effects 194
7.5.3 Plasticization Effect 195
7.5.4 Incorporation of Comonomer and Blends 195
7.5.5 Effects of Chemical Structure 196
7.6 Kauzmann Paradox 198
7.6.1 Pressure Dependence of the Glass Transition 198
7.6.2 Physical Ageing 198
7.7 Distribution of Free Volume in a Glass 200
7.8 Fragility 202
7.9 Theories of Tg 204
Recommended Reading 205
References 205
Chapter 8 Polymer Blends and Phase Separation
8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 Thermodynamics of Phase Separation 208
Contents xiii
8.2.1 Thermodynamics of Polymer-Polymer
Miscibility 209
8.2.2 Enthalpy and Entropy Changes on Mixing 211
8.3 Phase Separation Phenomena 213
8.3.1 The Phase Diagram for Nearly Miscible Blends 213
8.4 Parameters Influencing Miscibility 215
8.4.1 Molar Mass Dependence of Phase Diagrams 215
8.4.2 Effect of Pressure on Miscibility 217
8.4.3 Addition of Block Copolymers 217
8.4.4 Refinements of Theory 217
8.5 Kinetics of Phase Separation: The Spinodal
Decomposition 218
8.6 Specific Examples of Phase-Separated Systems 219
8.6.1 High-Impact Polystyrene 219
8.6.2 Rubber Toughened Epoxy Resins 220
8.6.3 Thermoplastic Toughened Epoxy Resins 222
8.6.4 Epoxy Resins 223
8.7 Block Copolymers: Polystyrene-WoeAr-Polybutadiene-
WocAr-Polystyrene (SBS) Block Copolymer 224
8.7.1 General Characteristics 225
8.7.2 Thickness of the Domain Interface 228
8.8 Polyurethanes 229
Recommended Reading 231
References 231
Chapter 9 Molecular Surfaces
9.1 Introduction 233
9.2 Gibbs Approach to Surface Energy 233
9.2.1 Contact Between a Liquid and a Surface 234
9.2.2 Derivation of Young s Equation and
Definition of Contact Angle 234
9.3 Surface Characterization 238
9.3.1 Classical Surface Assessment Methods,
Contact Angle Measurements 238
9.3.2 Visualization of the Polymer Surface 240
9.3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 244
9.4 Spectroscopic Assessment of the Surface: Attenuated
Total Reflection Infrared, Fluorescene and Visible
Spectroscopy 247
9.5 X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Analysis 247
9.5.1 Neutron and X-ray Reflectivity 247
9.6 Ion Beam Analysis: Electron Recoil and Rutherford
Backscattering 252
xiv Contents
9.7 Vacuum Techniques: X-ray Photoelectron Spectro-
scopy (XPS), Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
(SIMS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) 253
9.7.1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 253
9.7.2 Electron Mean Free Path, Attenuation and
Escape Depth 258
9.7.3 XPS Depth Profiling 262
9.7.4 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) 264
9.8 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Imaging 268
Recommended Reading 269
References 269
Chapter 10 Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces
10.1 Introduction 271
10.1.1 Crystalline Polymers 271
10.1.2 Amorphous Polymers 272
10.1.3 Polymer Blends 273
10.2 Theoretical Description of the Surface of a Polymer 273
10.2.1 Surface Tension of Homopolymers 273
10.2.2 Theories of Homopolymer Surface Tension 274
10.3 Surface Segregation 275
10.4 Binary Polymer Blends 276
10.5 End Functionalized Polymers 278
10.6 Phase Segregation and Enrichment at Surfaces 278
10.7 Electrohydrodynamic (EDH) Instabilities in
Polymer Films 280
Recommended Reading 282
References 282
Chapter 11 Colloids and Molecular Organization in Liquids
11.1 Introduction 284
11.2 Ideal Non-mixing Liquids 285
11.3 Minimum Surface Energy Conditions 287
11.4 Langmuir Trough 289
11.5 Langmuir-Blodgett Films 290
11.6 Micelle Formation 291
11.7 Stability Energy and Surface Area Considerations in
Colloids 293
11.8 Stability of Charged Colloids 293
11.9 Electrical Effects in Colloids 294
11.10 Electrical Double Layer 294
11.11 Particle (Micelle) Stabilization 295
Contents xv
11.11.1 Charge Stabilization: Derjaguin-Landau-
Verivey-Overbeek (DLVO) Theory 296
11.11.2 Steric or Entropic Stabilization? 398
11.11.3 Entropic Theory 399
11.12 Phase Behaviour of Micelle Systems 300
11.13 Phase Structures in Polymer Systems 302
11.13.1 Block Copolymers and Associated Phase
Diagrams 302
11.13.2 Pluronics 304
Recommended Reading 305
References 306
Chapter 12 Molecular Organization and Higher Order Structures
12.1 Introduction 308
12.2 Hair 308
12.3 Structure in Cellulose Fibres 310
12.4 Natural Silks 317
12.4.1 Silk Fibre Chemistry 317
12.4.2 Silk Fibre Processing 317
12.4.3 Silk Fibre Microstructures 319
References 320
Subject Index 321
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Chapter 1 Concept of Structure-Property Relationships in Molecular
Solids and Polymers
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Construction of a Physical Basis for Structure-
Property Relationships 2
1.2.1 Ionic Solids 2
1.2.2 The Crystal Surface 5
1.2.3 Molecular Solid 5
1.2.4 Low Molar Mass Hydrocarbons 8
1.2.5 Poly(methylene) Chains 10
1.3 Conformational States of Real Polymer Molecules in
the Solid State 11
1.3.1 Crystalline Polymers 11
1.3.2 Disordered or Amorphous Polymers 12
1.4 Classification of Polymers 12
1.4.1 What Factors Determine Whether a Polymer
Will Form a Crystalline Solid or Not? 13
Recommended Reading 14
References 14
Chapter 2 Crystal Growth in Small Molecular Systems
2.1 Introduction 16
2.1.1 Crystal Types 17
2.2 Crystallization 21
2.2.1 Supersaturation and Crystallization 22
2.3 Nature of Crystal Structures: Morphology and Habit 23
2.3.1 Morphology Prediction 24
2.4 Homogeneous Crystal Growth 25
2.4.1 Empirical Description of Nucleation 27
2.4.2 Stages of Crystal Growth 29
2.4.3 Heterogeneous Crystal Growth 30
viii
Contents ix
2.4.4 Nucleation and Growth Rates 31
2.4.5 Methods of Attachment to the Growth Surface 32
2.4.6 Bravais-Friedel-Donnay-Harker Approach 32
2.4.7 Periodic Bond Chains 33
2.4.8 Attachment Energy 34
2.4.9 Ising Model Surface Roughening 35
2.5 Sources of Nucleation Sites on Surfaces, Steps and
Dislocations 36
2.5.1 Two-Dimensional Nucleation 36
2.5.2 Dislocations and Related Defects 37
2.5.3 Screw Dislocation (BCF) Mechanism 39
2.5.4 Rough Interface Growth (RIG) Mechanism 40
2.5.5 Relative Rates of Crystal Growth 40
2.5.6 Computer Prediction of Morphology 40
2.6 Macrosteps 42
2.6.1 Impurities 42
2.7 Analysis of the Data from Step Growth 43
2.8 Refinements of the Theory 45
2.9 Methods of Microstructural Examination 46
Recommended Reading 49
References 49
Chapter 3 Liquid Crystalline State of Matter
3.1 Introduction 52
3.1.1 The Liquid Crystalline State 52
3.1.2 Historical Perspective 52
3.1.3 Mesophase Order 53
3.1.4 Nematic Liquid Crystals (N) 53
3.1.5 Smectic Liquid Crystals 54
3.1.6 Cholesteric Liquid Crystal (C) 55
3.2 Influence of Molecular Structure on the Formation of
Liquid Crystalline Phases 55
3.2.1 Influence of Chain Rigidity 55
3.2.2 Influence of Size of Rigid Block 57
3.2.3 Influence of Sequence Structure in Chain 58
3.2.4 Variations Within a Homologous Series of
Molecules 58
3.2.5 Changes in Substituents 59
3.3 Common Features of Many Liquid Crystal Forming
Molecules 59
3.3.1 Nematic Liquid Crystals 60
3.3.2 Influence of the Linking Group on the
Thermal Stability of the Nematic Phase 62
3.3.3 Terminal Group Effects 64
x Contents
3.3.4 Pendant Group Effects 65
3.3.5 Terminal Substitution Effects 66
3.4 Cholesteric Liquid Crystals 67
3.5 Smectic Liquid Crystals 67
3.6 Theoretical Models for Liquid Crystals 70
3.6.1 Statistical Models 71
3.6.2 Development of Statistical Mechanical Models 72
3.6.3 Distributions and Order Parameters 72
3.7 Elastic Behaviour of Nematic Liquid Crystals 75
3.8 Computer Simulations 78
3.9 Defects, Dislocations and Disclinations 79
3.10 Applications 82
3.11 Polymeric Liquid Crystals 82
3.12 Polymeric Liquid Crystalline Materials 82
3.12.1 General Factors Influencing Polymeric Liquid
Crystalline Materials 83
3.12.2 Main Chain Crystalline Polymers 84
3.12.3 Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers 89
3.12.4 Nature of Flexible Spacer and its Length 89
3.12.5 Nature of the Backbone 89
3.12.6 Polymer Network Stabilized Liquid Crystal
Phase 91
3.13 Structure Visualization 92
3.14 Conclusions 92
Recommended Reading 92
References 92
Chapter 4 Plastic Crystals
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Plastic Crystalline Materials 99
4.3 Alkanes and Related Systems 103
4.4 Conclusions 105
Recommended Reading 105
References 105
Chapter 5 Morphology of Crystalline Polymers and Methods for its
Investigation
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Crystallography and Crystallization 107
5.3 Single Crystal Growth 112
5.3.1 Habit of Single Crystals 113
5.4 Crystal Lamellae and Other Morphological Features 115
5.4.1 Solution-Grown Crystals 115
5.4.2 Chain Folding 115
Contents xi
5.4.3 Crystal Habit 116
5.4.4 Sectorization 116
5.4.5 Non-planar Geometries 116
5.5 Melt Grown Crystals 117
5.5.1 Melt-Crystallized Lamellae 117
5.5.2 Polymer Spherulites 118
5.6 Annealing Phenomena 123
5.7 Experimental Techniques for the Study of Polymer
Crystals 124
5.7.1 Optical Microscopy 125
5.7.2 Microtomes 126
5.7.3 Basic Light Microscopy 127
5.7.4 Light versus Electron Microscopy 128
5.7.5 Phase Contrast Microscopy 129
5.7.6 Polarized Light Microscopy 129
5.7.7 Origins of Birefringence 130
5.7.8 Orientation Birefringence 130
5.7.9 Strain Birefringence 130
5.7.10 Form Birefringence 131
5.7.11 Polarization Colours 131
5.7.12 Modulation Contrast Techniques 132
5.7.13 Interference Microscopy 133
5.8 Electron Microscopy 133
5.8.1 Sample Preparation: Etching and Staining 133
5.9 X-Ray Diffraction 134
5.10 Raman Scattering and Phonon Spectra 135
5.11 Degree of Crystallinity 135
5.11.1 Density and Calorimetric Methods 136
5.11.2 X-Ray Scattering 137
5.11.3 General Observations 138
5.12 Conclusions 138
Recommended Reading 139
References 139
Chapter 6 Polymer Crystal Growth
6.1 Introduction 141
6.1.1 Thermodynamics of Polymer Molecule in the
Melt 141
6.1.2 Nucleation 142
6.2 Minimum Energy Conditions and Simple Theory of
Growth 143
6.3 Nature of Chain Folding 146
6.4 Crystals Grown from the Melt and Lamellae Stacks 148
6.4.1 Location of Chain Ends 150
xii Contents
6.5 Crystallization Kinetics 150
6.6 Equilibrium Melting Temperature 153
6.7 General Avrami Equation 156
6.8 Comparison of Experiment with Theory 159
6.9 Growth Theories 159
6.9.1 Lauritzen-Hoffman Theory 160
6.9.2 Sadler-Gilmer Theory 169
6.10 Crystallization via Metastable Phases 171
6.11 Molecular Fractionation 172
6.12 Orientation-Induced Crystallization 175
Recommended Reading 176
References 176
Chapter 7 Glasses and Amorphous Material
7.1 Introduction 179
7.2 Phenomenology of the Glass Transition 180
7.2.1 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis 181
7.2.2 Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy (DRS) 183
7.2.3 Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy
(PALS) 189
7.3 Free Volume and the Williams-Landel-Ferry
Equation 190
7.4 How Big is the Element That Moves in the Tg
Process? 192
7.5 Physical Characteristics of Tg 194
7.5.1 Factors Influencing the Value of Tg 194
7.5.2 Molar Mass Effects 194
7.5.3 Plasticization Effect 195
7.5.4 Incorporation of Comonomer and Blends 195
7.5.5 Effects of Chemical Structure 196
7.6 Kauzmann Paradox 198
7.6.1 Pressure Dependence of the Glass Transition 198
7.6.2 Physical Ageing 198
7.7 Distribution of Free Volume in a Glass 200
7.8 Fragility 202
7.9 Theories of Tg 204
Recommended Reading 205
References 205
Chapter 8 Polymer Blends and Phase Separation
8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 Thermodynamics of Phase Separation 208
Contents xiii
8.2.1 Thermodynamics of Polymer-Polymer
Miscibility 209
8.2.2 Enthalpy and Entropy Changes on Mixing 211
8.3 Phase Separation Phenomena 213
8.3.1 The Phase Diagram for Nearly Miscible Blends 213
8.4 Parameters Influencing Miscibility 215
8.4.1 Molar Mass Dependence of Phase Diagrams 215
8.4.2 Effect of Pressure on Miscibility 217
8.4.3 Addition of Block Copolymers 217
8.4.4 Refinements of Theory 217
8.5 Kinetics of Phase Separation: The Spinodal
Decomposition 218
8.6 Specific Examples of Phase-Separated Systems 219
8.6.1 High-Impact Polystyrene 219
8.6.2 Rubber Toughened Epoxy Resins 220
8.6.3 Thermoplastic Toughened Epoxy Resins 222
8.6.4 Epoxy Resins 223
8.7 Block Copolymers: Polystyrene-WoeAr-Polybutadiene-
WocAr-Polystyrene (SBS) Block Copolymer 224
8.7.1 General Characteristics 225
8.7.2 Thickness of the Domain Interface 228
8.8 Polyurethanes 229
Recommended Reading 231
References 231
Chapter 9 Molecular Surfaces
9.1 Introduction 233
9.2 Gibbs Approach to Surface Energy 233
9.2.1 Contact Between a Liquid and a Surface 234
9.2.2 Derivation of Young's Equation and
Definition of Contact Angle 234
9.3 Surface Characterization 238
9.3.1 Classical Surface Assessment Methods,
Contact Angle Measurements 238
9.3.2 Visualization of the Polymer Surface 240
9.3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 244
9.4 Spectroscopic Assessment of the Surface: Attenuated
Total Reflection Infrared, Fluorescene and Visible
Spectroscopy 247
9.5 X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Analysis 247
9.5.1 Neutron and X-ray Reflectivity 247
9.6 Ion Beam Analysis: Electron Recoil and Rutherford
Backscattering 252
xiv Contents
9.7 Vacuum Techniques: X-ray Photoelectron Spectro-
scopy (XPS), Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
(SIMS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) 253
9.7.1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 253
9.7.2 Electron Mean Free Path, Attenuation and
Escape Depth 258
9.7.3 XPS Depth Profiling 262
9.7.4 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) 264
9.8 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Imaging 268
Recommended Reading 269
References 269
Chapter 10 Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces
10.1 Introduction 271
10.1.1 Crystalline Polymers 271
10.1.2 Amorphous Polymers 272
10.1.3 Polymer Blends 273
10.2 Theoretical Description of the Surface of a Polymer 273
10.2.1 Surface Tension of Homopolymers 273
10.2.2 Theories of Homopolymer Surface Tension 274
10.3 Surface Segregation 275
10.4 Binary Polymer Blends 276
10.5 End Functionalized Polymers 278
10.6 Phase Segregation and Enrichment at Surfaces 278
10.7 Electrohydrodynamic (EDH) Instabilities in
Polymer Films 280
Recommended Reading 282
References 282
Chapter 11 Colloids and Molecular Organization in Liquids
11.1 Introduction 284
11.2 Ideal Non-mixing Liquids 285
11.3 Minimum Surface Energy Conditions 287
11.4 Langmuir Trough 289
11.5 Langmuir-Blodgett Films 290
11.6 Micelle Formation 291
11.7 Stability Energy and Surface Area Considerations in
Colloids 293
11.8 Stability of Charged Colloids 293
11.9 Electrical Effects in Colloids 294
11.10 Electrical Double Layer 294
11.11 Particle (Micelle) Stabilization 295
Contents xv
11.11.1 Charge Stabilization: Derjaguin-Landau-
Verivey-Overbeek (DLVO) Theory 296
11.11.2 Steric or Entropic Stabilization? 398
11.11.3 Entropic Theory 399
11.12 Phase Behaviour of Micelle Systems 300
11.13 Phase Structures in Polymer Systems 302
11.13.1 Block Copolymers and Associated Phase
Diagrams 302
11.13.2 Pluronics 304
Recommended Reading 305
References 306
Chapter 12 Molecular Organization and Higher Order Structures
12.1 Introduction 308
12.2 Hair 308
12.3 Structure in Cellulose Fibres 310
12.4 Natural Silks 317
12.4.1 Silk Fibre Chemistry 317
12.4.2 Silk Fibre Processing 317
12.4.3 Silk Fibre Microstructures 319
References 320
Subject Index 321 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Pethrick, Richard A. |
| author_facet | Pethrick, Richard A. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Pethrick, Richard A. |
| author_variant | r a p ra rap |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022449414 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QD461 |
| callnumber-raw | QD461 |
| callnumber-search | QD461 |
| callnumber-sort | QD 3461 |
| callnumber-subject | QD - Chemistry |
| classification_rvk | VE 8000 |
| classification_tum | CHE 720f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)288036674 (DE-599)GBV523938454 |
| dewey-full | 541.2222 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 541 - Physical chemistry |
| dewey-raw | 541.22 22 |
| dewey-search | 541.22 22 |
| dewey-sort | 3541.22 222 |
| dewey-tens | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Chemie |
| discipline_str_mv | Chemie / Pharmazie Chemie |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01509nam a2200397 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV022449414</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20080430 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">070601s2007 ad|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0854044663</subfield><subfield code="c">(hbk.) : £89.95</subfield><subfield code="9">0-85404-466-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780854044665</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-85404-466-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)288036674</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)GBV523938454</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">aacr</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-29T</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-91G</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">QD461</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">541.22 22</subfield><subfield code="2">22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">VE 8000</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)147145:253</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">CHE 720f</subfield><subfield code="2">stub</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Pethrick, Richard A.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Polymer structure characterization</subfield><subfield code="b">from nano to macro organization</subfield><subfield code="c">Richard A. Pethrick</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Cambridge</subfield><subfield code="b">Royal Society of Chemistry</subfield><subfield code="c">2007</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XVII, 334 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Molecular structure</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Polymere</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4046699-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Strukturchemie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4183790-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Polymere</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4046699-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Strukturchemie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4183790-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HBZ Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015657317&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015657317</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV022449414 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:35:50Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:57:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0854044663 9780854044665 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015657317 |
| oclc_num | 288036674 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29T DE-703 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-29T DE-703 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XVII, 334 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Royal Society of Chemistry |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Pethrick, Richard A. Verfasser aut Polymer structure characterization from nano to macro organization Richard A. Pethrick Cambridge Royal Society of Chemistry 2007 XVII, 334 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Molecular structure Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd rswk-swf Strukturchemie (DE-588)4183790-3 gnd rswk-swf Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 s Strukturchemie (DE-588)4183790-3 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015657317&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pethrick, Richard A. Polymer structure characterization from nano to macro organization Molecular structure Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd Strukturchemie (DE-588)4183790-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046699-1 (DE-588)4183790-3 |
| title | Polymer structure characterization from nano to macro organization |
| title_auth | Polymer structure characterization from nano to macro organization |
| title_exact_search | Polymer structure characterization from nano to macro organization |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Polymer structure characterization from nano to macro organization |
| title_full | Polymer structure characterization from nano to macro organization Richard A. Pethrick |
| title_fullStr | Polymer structure characterization from nano to macro organization Richard A. Pethrick |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polymer structure characterization from nano to macro organization Richard A. Pethrick |
| title_short | Polymer structure characterization |
| title_sort | polymer structure characterization from nano to macro organization |
| title_sub | from nano to macro organization |
| topic | Molecular structure Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd Strukturchemie (DE-588)4183790-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Molecular structure Polymere Strukturchemie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015657317&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pethrickricharda polymerstructurecharacterizationfromnanotomacroorganization |