Československo a subsaharská Afrika v letech 1948-1989:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Czech |
| Published: |
Praha
Ústav mezinárodních vztahů
2007
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 322 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 8086506584 |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Africa, Sub-Saharan |x Foreign relations |z Czechoslovakia | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Czechoslovakia |x Foreign relations |z Africa, Sub-Saharan | |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | OBSAH
Úvod
Ediční
Koncepce československé politiky vůči Africe
Koncepce z roku
Africká koncepce v
Periodizace
Vztahy
Angola
Mezi
Po vyhlášení nezávislosti
tínos československých občanů
Deziluze
Benin (Dahome)...........................................50
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Čad
Džibutsko
Etiopie
Československo a Etiopie v
Gabon
Ghana...................................................
Guinea
Rychlý rozvoj všestranné spolupráce
První projevy krize
Roztržka a její důsledky
Od chladných vztahů
Případ MUDr. Zbyňka Kozla
Spolupráce v
Guinea-Bissau
Jihoafrická republika
Kamerun
Kapverdy
Keňa
Komory
Kongo-Brazzaville
Kongo
Konžská krize a občanská válka
Režim generála
Lesotho.................................................
Libérie
Madagaskar
Malawi
Mali
Rozvoj spolupráce
Od stagnace
Mauricius
Mosambik...............................................151
Namibie
Namibijští „Češi
Niger...................................................163
Nigérie
Československo a
Pragmatické vztahy
Pobřeží slonoviny
Rovníková Guinea
Rwanda
Senegal a Gambie
Seychely
Sierra
Somálsko
Středoafrická republika
Svatý Tomáš a Princův ostrov
Svazijsko
Tanzanie
Togo ...................................................211
Uganda ................................................. 212
Československo
Zambie
Zimbabwe
Poznámky a odkazy
Seznam použitých zkratek
Jmenný rejstřík
Summary
Summary
In the late nineteen fifties, Czechoslovakia, then a rather provincial Soviet satellite, had
become an important player on the African continent which, at that time, was undergoing
a tumultuous de-colonization under the conditions of the cold war. The regime, personified
by
had in this territory (Bata s subsidiary CNEICO in Nigerian Midwest, ammunition factory
built by
South-African Union etc.) The extent in which Czechoslovakia managed to penetrate
African politics was quite extensive. Accomplished with the participation of communist
security units it was proof that the dynamics of this offensive was quite different from
previous contacts. Czechoslovakia played a crucial role as the Soviet agent and paved the
way for other states of the communist block. The party leadership always consulted its
tactics with Moscow and it is difficult to flnd a situation where it acted against Soviet
interests. In the event that some Czechoslovak representatives may have proceeded more
independently, this was only because they had established Soviet trust in order to do so.
Part of the ambitious African concept of Czechoslovakia, in the early 60 s, was not only
the stregnthening of relationships with Ethiopia and other revolutionary regimes in
Ghana, Guinea and Mali, but was also the establishment of diplomatic representative
offices wherever possible (for example in Mogadishu and in
students came to Prague to study at the University on the 17th of November; and in
the Foreign Faculty of the Military Academy of
fighters sent here from various African anti-colonial groups (from Angola, South Africa,
etc.). These movements movements, and later also others from Guinea-Bissau,
Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Namibia, also received armament from Czechoslovakia and
sometimes even military advisors.
However, even with its position as a Soviet satellite, Czechoslovak foreign policy
managed to find its own specific area of activities
addition to pro-Soviet oriented countries, which were often treated preferentially, at least
from the financial point of view, recipients of Czechoslovak special aid remained neutral
or even pro-Western like Obote s Uganda or Gowon s Nigeria.
The export of arms was feasible even during periods of crisis, such as the one, which
Czechoslovak relationships in sub-Saharan Africa underwent for a period after
reason for this was because the planned economy was in a slump resulting from an
unrealistic five-year plan. Yet another reason was also the failure of important economic
projects that Czechoslovakia was engaged in, in Guinea and Mali. This, in combination
with a change in the attitude of Ahmad
government of Modibo Keita and the fall of Nkrumah s regime were all factors. Finally
nationalist groups at
Stanleyville government fell. Not even hopes related to Kenya were fulfilled when
Odingo s wing inside
An example of a conflict between traditional relationships and the export of
revolution was the Czechoslovak approach to the South African Republic. In trading with
315
them, Czechoslovakia gained profits in a foreign currency. However, the pressure of the
local communists led, in
after an intervention from Moscow
with Rhodesia developed similarly after
Portugal were concerned, Prague never stopped its trade despite the pressure exerted by
theMPLA.
Notwithstanding the disillusion over a number of failures, Czechoslovakia maintained
its position as an important player within African events for the rest of the 60 s. For
example during the Biafran war, Czechoslovak arms appeared not only on the side of the
federal government but also on the side of Ojukwo s rebels.
The Soviet invasion in August
international relations, this occurred as a result of purges by which the regime got rid of
its most qualified experts on diplomacy and secret service, as well as the reaction of some
African states (Tanzania and especially Kaunda s Zambia), which denounced this
occupation. However, the events of the second half of the 70 s (Mengistu s coup d etat in
Ethiopia, the decolonization of Angola and later also Zimbabwe) meant the return of
Czechoslovakia aid provided by the states within the Soviet block to Africa. However,
this time Czechoslovak foreign policy significantly lagged behind its Soviet and East-
German counterparts, and in some cases even behind its Bulgarian counterpart. This, to a
large extent was encumbered by the inefficiency of their diplomatic representative offices
in countries considered less important. As well formalization was quite stressful, as it
covered a wide spectrum of international issues in bilateral negotiations. Extensive loans
which were given in the order of tens and of millions of dollars extended to Angola and
Ethiopia were either irrecoverable or were not drawn at all. Furthermore the kidnapping of
Czechoslovak citizens from the Angolan Alto Catumbela, whose return was negotiated
without the MPLA government and based on negotiations with
pitfall in Czechoslovak activities. The decline of the second half of the 80 s futher
deprived the Czechoslovak policy of African involvement on remnants of any initiative.
Overview of Bilateral Relations with the Most Important African
Countries
In case of Angola, Czechoslovakia was unable to bet on the right card for a long time.
In the MPLA
previously visited Prague in January
Czechoslovakia, at least two joined the competitive groups. Paradox principles of the
Czechoslovak policy is documented by the fact that in the first half of the 60 s, it
recommended to
preferred, contacts with the FNLA. It was only after the split in the FNLA, that
Neto
followed, the chief of the general staff of the FAPLA, Henrique Iko
Czechoslovak armaments be supplied to
At the time when Angola s independence was declared, Czechoslovakia was one of the
less active countries in the Soviet block and, originally, it did not even want to establish
its own embassy in Luanda. Although it donated a supply of foodstuff to Angola it
316
frequently provided military material such as: cannon projectiles for Cubans in Angola,
machine guns for the Angolan army and automatic guns for the militia. A steady Supply
of arms continued also in the years that followed. In addition to seven hundred
for the transport of coffee, Czechoslovakia was active in the country and sent over many
of their experts. In March
were kidnapped and the Czechoslovak authorities put together a crisis management group
led by the deputy minister of foreign affairs,
agreement was settled when seventeen women, twenty-one children and seven seriously
ill men were handed over. Because of the resistance of the Angolan government, Prague,
in the interest of the remaining hostages, made direct contacts with
delegation arrived in Prague in May
directly to
Prague and Luanda cooled also due to the development in mutual trade. Failure to repay
Czechoslovak receivables (at the end of the year
crowns) was also an obstacle for any other projects of economic co-operation. Not even
two visits of the Angolan president to Prague in the late 80 s led to a revival of mutual
relations.
Czechoslovakia maintained its relations with Ethiopia for a long time before February
1948.
the remaining part of the equipment for the ammunition factory whose construction was
taking place in Addis
1954
established in Addis
to Prague the emperor, Haile Selassie, signed an agreement for friendship and co¬
operation. The Czechoslovak loan amounting to
any problems. Despite certain difficulties (such as the collapse of a Czechoslovak
experimental farm CIAFFA) Czechoslovak-Ethiopian relations during the 60 s remained
on a good terms. Ethiopia was also the only state of sub-Saharan Africa, which was visited
by president
The revolution in September
Ethiopia closer to the Soviet block. The result of negotiations with the Derg representative,
Fiseha
received further aid, worth two million dollars, at the time of Somali invasion. Later, a plan
to extend the premises of the ammunition factory was revived. In addition to several loans
worth millions, Ethiopia received also several financial gifts, the largest being the one
during Mengista s visit in Prague in November
there were already
were culminated by
not even in the first half of the 80 s was Ethiopia, due to the maintenance of its costly army,
able to pay for the supplied goods. The participation of Czechoslovakia in the construction
of the hydro-power station Melka Wakana was made possible only by vast financial
concessions. In early
rather lengthy postponement of repayments, calculated the real foreign currency effect
at about thirty percent. The provision for further loans was being justified in
Prague by the need to protect Addis
317
With Ghana, one of the first decolonized countries of sub-Saharan Africa, diplomatic
relations were established in October
Nkrumah at the General Assembly of the UN in September
delegation then concluded several mutual agreements at Akkra in November of
commander of the Ghanan police, Madjitey, placed an order in February
Czechoslovakia for pistols, automatic guns and hand grenades. By another agreement,
Ghana received a loan amounting to five million pounds for supplies of investment units.
During his visit to Prague, in July and August of
increased. This was eventually agreed upon by the politburo amounting to ten million
pounds. At the same time Ghana opened an embassy in Prague. In the year
mutual trade turnover already amounted to a hundred million crowns. However,
Czechoslovak contracts (cane sugar refinery, tyre factory, two factories producing shoes)
coincided with organizational problems. Yet, the assassination attempt on Nkrumah in
August
defence, Kofi Baako, asked Czechoslovakia to build an arms plant in July
However, on the 24th of February
the Czechoslovak secret service tried in vain to change the situation in the country
through the Ghanan left. The plan to organize a coup d etat, led by its agent Kofi Batsa,
failed. Political changes also led to a steep decline in mutual trade. Afterward,
Czechoslovakia s only involvedment in Ghana was the supplying of small arms for the
Ghanan police in
A break in relations between France and
Czechoslovakia to establish relations. The
Beavogui, and included the minister of Interior, Keith Fodeba visited Prague in February
of
crowns worth of connecting material, which had been purchased earlier that year by
Klíma,
security, military and civil experts were to be increased and employees of the
security trained. In July
purchasing machinery products. Czechoslovakia also supplied broadcasting technology
for the transmitter at
Secretary of Defense, Keita N Famara, included military supplies (such as equiptment)
and aircraft operation training for the soldiers. At the end of
printed for Guinea, this also took place in Czechoslovakia. A quick development of
relations culminated in a visit of
November of
railway freight cars and six Czechoslovak operated passenger planes.
Soon, however, problems began to emerge as contracts were not being properly
fulfilled and the quality of goods was not always adequate. This led to the gradual cooling
down of mutual relations on both sides. At the end of
Soviet block finally ceased as ties had been overtly broken. As a result Czechoslovak
leadership attempted to at least correct the worst impacts of the broken economic
contacts. Despite a partial revival in the late 60 s, Czechoslovakian involvement in
Guinea fell, making it one of the least active countries, despite its occasional supply of
arms. Paradoxically, Czechoslovak foreign policy continued to provide aid to
318
Security even while a Czechoslovak doctor,
sentenced. Czechoslovak authorities had minimal involvement in his release in August
1975.
relatively modest. The inability of
prevented business relations from being developed.
The African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), which
faught for the independence of Guinea-Bissau, had the greatest supported of
Czechoslovak clients in the area. This was primarily due to its military success, however
its leader also played a large role in its success. Amilcar
became an agent of the Czechoslovak secret service under the codename SECRETARY.
The visit of Amilcar
resulted in a supply of weapons and regular financial aid to the PAIGC office in
The ministry of the interior also sent, as an advisor to the PAIGC corps
an officer of the secret service who took part in the guerrilla events himself. After Guinea-
Bissau declared their independence in
of both states prevailed through mutual co-operation.
Among traditional areas of the Czechoslovak trade belonged South Africa. Strong
pressure from the South-African Communist Party (SACP) and the
decision to close the Czechoslovakia general consulate in Johannesburg in
However, Czechoslovak export as well as the foreign-currency profit, which it generated,
continued the following year. In February
Committee of the Czechoslovak Communist Party) decided to provide aid to the SACP
by training specialists . South-African communists represented by Moses
for a supply of explosives, weapons and ammunition. However, it was not possible to
complete the supply because of a missing transport connection (Czechoslovakia did not
accept the idea of smuggling explosives in children s toys). In March of
of what would eventually be fifteen, South Africans arrived in Czechoslovakia; they were
to undergo military training. However, their group had a parting of ways, as moral
disagreements arose during their studies at the Foreign Faculty of VAAZ in Brno. The first
two graduates were, in addition, discovered in London s airport on their way back. New
co-operation was then launched with the South African resistance movement in the 70 s.
In June of
-
of this aid was weaponry.
The Union of the Peoples of Cameroon or the (UPC), was one of the first nationalistic
organizations in tropical Africa, to established direct contacts with Czechoslovakia. Its
leader,
of the
regarding security issues. It is important to note however, that already in the year
relations with the UPC had been cooled down resulting from the failure of the movement
in Cameroon as well as the split in leadership. At the end of the 60 s, certain probes were
made concerning a potential for establishing diplomatic relations with Ahidjo s
government. However, on the Cameroon side, the mistrust still prevailed.
319
From the beginning Kenya was, branded the most promising of the East African
states. However,
together with Oginga Odinga, Kenyatta asked for assistance in establishing
in Cairo. The party received twenty Czechoslovak bursaries. The Czechoslovak minister
of defence also organized military training for its members and security training for the
Ministry of Interior. Despite these last attempts the internal party competition between
Odinga s left wing of
the defeat of Odinga and the establishment of the Kenya People s Union (which was
banned immediately afterwards). Several employees of the Czechoslovak embassy were
expelled for their contacts with the Kenyan left and by the end of the 80 s Czechoslovakia
remained in Kenya without any significant influence.
■
Brazzaville, led to the arrival of good will missionaries to Czechoslovakia in in March of
1964.
weapons. The diplomatic representative office in Brazzaville had a reserve for it s
potential expulsion from
the co-operation amongst the ministries of interior. In October of
provided a supply of weapons to the Congo s security forces as well as two security
experts. The embassy was closed at the end of the 60 s and re-opened only in the year
1979.
The specific feature of the Czechoslovak position in
the existence of the general consulate in
authorities the consulate was established in the late 40 s. Josef Virius, who held the
position of general consul in May
parties and Czechoslovakia. Upon their declaration of independence he became the first
Czechoslovak ambassador in Congo. With respect to the mineral wealth of the country and
the orientation of Lumumba s government, Czechoslovakia presented a donation of
foodstuff and medicaments worth two million crowns. Negotiations also began regarding
the Congo s request for weapons. On September 5th
by the deputy minister of the interior,
same day, the controversy of president Kasavubu with prime minister Lumumba
culminated in the mutual deposing of both statesmen. The situation was resolved by a coup
d etat of colonel Mobutu, who expelled all the Czechoslovak and Soviet citizens. The
Czechoslovak secret service made, in the period that followed, several attempts to
penetrate the Congo. These attempts resulted in the establishment of contacts with
Gizengo s government . However, the inaccessibility of Stanleyville prevented the
Soviet block from supporting the opposition and, at the end of November
uprising was liquidated by a Belgium intervention. Czechoslovak representatives in fact
maintained rather correct relations with Mobuto s regime. However, his interest in the
purchase of weapons and the training for officers of Zairo secret service did not materialize
until the mid 70 s.
Prior contacts with future representatives of Mali were established by the Czechoslovak
embassy in Paris over the course of the year
320
delegation
provided Mali s security forces with an advisor. Security course training organized in
Czechoslovakia as well as material aid were also provided. Similarly, for Guinea,
Czechoslovakia printed new banknotes for the revolutionary regime and they were
supplied with Aero-145 aircraft flown by Czechoslovak pilots. In late May (early June) of
1962,
realized. From the years
downfall. Mali could pay for the supplied goods only in groundnut, which it preferred to
export to the West. Mali students returned home from Czechoslovakia increasingly more
anti-communist and in an anticommunist mood. After the coup d etat at Mali in November
1968,
Czechoslovakia established contacts with the political representation of Mozambique
through Angolan exile. In October of
for aid. In June of
weapons and explosives to FRELIMO in Tanzania. In June of
representatives took part in the independence celebrations of the country and further
rapprochement followed after the visit paid by president Samora Machel in
Czechoslovakia in October
promise for
diplomatic representative office in the country; however, the desperate security situation
discouraged it from sending further experts.
The first to receive aid from Czechoslovakia was
independence of Namibia, in a Czechoslovak shipment in September
leader, Sam Nujoma, came to Czechoslovakia in December of
million crowns worth of military material for his units. Further such supplies of arms
continued from the years
autumn of
a generation of Czech speaking young Namibians however, after their insensitive
repatriation during
In Nigeria, Czechoslovak trade gained its positions already before WWII, especially
thanks to the operation of Bata s affiliate in Sapela. Its employee and Nigerian federal
minister of finance, Eboh, contributed to the establishment of mutual diplomatic relations.
Attempts to gain leftist allies in the country failed due to the particularism of the local ultra
left groups. Czechoslovakia primarily had business interests in Nigeria. During the
Nigerian civil war, a Biafra leader named Ojukwo tried to obtain the favour of
Czechoslovakia, however, Prague eventually supplied weapons to the federal government.
President Gowon s promise that Prague would receive a significant position after the
conflict in Nigeria ended was never fulfilled; this may have been due to the several coups
d etats. Whatever the cause, Nigeria did fulfill its commitment to accredit Prague as the
head of its mission.
In Somalia, the Czechoslovak representation office started its activities on Christmas
Eve in
321
crowns during his visit to Prague. Yet his ambitious plan to build an agricultural apprentice
centre in the country was abandoned. The closed embassy in Mogadishu was restored in
response to the coming of
and a supply of weapons for fifteen million crowns. However, after his intervention in
Ogaden,
practically frozen.
Contacts with the most influential political force of the future Tanzania,
been maintained by Czechoslovakia even before Tanganyika s declaration of
independence. The Czechoslovak
originally accredited at the Zanzibar sultan; however, the revolution resulted in the
unification of both countries. A cautious position to the government of Julio Nyerere was
gradually changing. In August
supply of automatic guns and machine guns for security forces during his visit to Prague.
In the year
in Czechoslovakia. Despite their ideological disagreements,
a supply of weapons (free of charge) for
During its relations with Uganda Czechoslovak foreign policy experienced a broad
range of relations. From the friendlier relations of President Obote and his government that
received Czechoslovak armoured troop carriers
Czechoslovak experts, to the more cautious relations of the dictatorship of
Amin s government, however, brought Uganda to an economic collapse, which led to a
closure of Czechoslovak representation even before the Uganda-Tanzania war.
Relatively good relations with Zambia reflected not only contacts with the
representatives of the UNIP, before the declaration of Zambia s independence, but also the
preference of small states in president Kenneth Kaunda s foreign policy. Mutual
contacts were damaged only by the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August
Still in the year
Zambia. Certain improvement came with Kaunda s visit to Prague in August
Zambia received a loan of twenty million dollars for the purchase of machines and
equipment.
In its relation to Southern Rhodesia, known from the year
Czechoslovakia experienced the repetition of this South African scenario: Even after the
trade broke, true reports of Czechoslovak purchases of
popping up. Zimbabwe resistance did not appear to be reliable by Czechoslovak policy
standards and its representatives were received in Prague quite rarely. A split between
ZAPU and ZANU later resulted in Czechoslovakia s exclusive orientation toward ZAPU,
which, in the year
visit of Joshua Nkomo to Prague, arms for two thousand men were supplied to Luanda.
Controversies with the victorious ZANU were partly overcome only when Robert Mugabe
visited Prague in May
armament worth three million crowns and it purchased further military material in
Czechoslovakia.
322
|
| adam_txt |
OBSAH
Úvod
Ediční
Koncepce československé politiky vůči Africe
Koncepce z roku
Africká koncepce v
Periodizace
Vztahy
Angola
Mezi
Po vyhlášení nezávislosti
tínos československých občanů
Deziluze
Benin (Dahome).50
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Čad
Džibutsko
Etiopie
Československo a Etiopie v
Gabon
Ghana.
Guinea
Rychlý rozvoj všestranné spolupráce
První projevy krize
Roztržka a její důsledky
Od chladných vztahů
Případ MUDr. Zbyňka Kozla
Spolupráce v
Guinea-Bissau
Jihoafrická republika
Kamerun
Kapverdy
Keňa
Komory
Kongo-Brazzaville
Kongo
Konžská krize a občanská válka
Režim generála
Lesotho.
Libérie
Madagaskar
Malawi
Mali
Rozvoj spolupráce
Od stagnace
Mauricius
Mosambik.151
Namibie
Namibijští „Češi"
Niger.163
Nigérie
Československo a
Pragmatické vztahy
Pobřeží slonoviny
Rovníková Guinea
Rwanda
Senegal a Gambie
Seychely
Sierra
Somálsko
Středoafrická republika
Svatý Tomáš a Princův ostrov
Svazijsko
Tanzanie
Togo .211
Uganda . 212
Československo
Zambie
Zimbabwe
Poznámky a odkazy
Seznam použitých zkratek
Jmenný rejstřík
Summary
Summary
In the late nineteen fifties, Czechoslovakia, then a rather provincial Soviet satellite, had
become an important player on the African continent which, at that time, was undergoing
a tumultuous de-colonization under the conditions of the cold war. The regime, personified
by
had in this territory (Bata's subsidiary CNEICO in Nigerian Midwest, ammunition factory
built by
South-African Union etc.) The extent in which Czechoslovakia managed to penetrate
African politics was quite extensive. Accomplished with the participation of communist
security units it was proof that the dynamics of this "offensive" was quite different from
previous contacts. Czechoslovakia played a crucial role as the Soviet agent and paved the
way for other states of the communist block. The party leadership always "consulted" its
tactics with Moscow and it is difficult to flnd a situation where it acted against Soviet
interests. In the event that some Czechoslovak representatives may have proceeded more
independently, this was only because they had established Soviet trust in order to do so.
Part of the ambitious African concept of Czechoslovakia, in the early 60's, was not only
the stregnthening of relationships with Ethiopia and other "revolutionary" regimes in
Ghana, Guinea and Mali, but was also the establishment of diplomatic representative
offices wherever possible (for example in Mogadishu and in
students came to Prague to study at the University on the 17th of November; and in
the Foreign Faculty of the Military Academy of
fighters sent here from various African anti-colonial groups (from Angola, South Africa,
etc.). These movements movements, and later also others from Guinea-Bissau,
Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Namibia, also received armament from Czechoslovakia and
sometimes even military advisors.
However, even with its position as a Soviet satellite, Czechoslovak foreign policy
managed to find its own specific area of activities
addition to pro-Soviet oriented countries, which were often treated preferentially, at least
from the financial point of view, recipients of Czechoslovak special aid remained neutral
or even pro-Western like Obote's Uganda or Gowon's Nigeria.
The export of arms was feasible even during periods of crisis, such as the one, which
Czechoslovak relationships in sub-Saharan Africa underwent for a period after
reason for this was because the planned economy was in a slump resulting from an
unrealistic five-year plan. Yet another reason was also the failure of important economic
projects that Czechoslovakia was engaged in, in Guinea and Mali. This, in combination
with a change in the attitude of Ahmad
government of Modibo Keita and the fall of Nkrumah's regime were all factors. Finally
nationalist groups at
Stanleyville "government" fell. Not even hopes related to Kenya were fulfilled when
Odingo's wing inside
An example of a conflict between "traditional" relationships and the "export of
revolution" was the Czechoslovak approach to the South African Republic. In trading with
315
them, Czechoslovakia gained profits in a foreign currency. However, the pressure of the
local communists led, in
after an intervention from Moscow
with Rhodesia developed similarly after
Portugal were concerned, Prague never stopped its trade despite the pressure exerted by
theMPLA.
Notwithstanding the disillusion over a number of failures, Czechoslovakia maintained
its position as an important player within African events for the rest of the 60's. For
example during the Biafran war, Czechoslovak arms appeared not only on the side of the
federal government but also on the side of Ojukwo's rebels.
The Soviet invasion in August
international relations, this occurred as a result of purges by which the regime got rid of
its most qualified experts on diplomacy and secret service, as well as the reaction of some
African states (Tanzania and especially Kaunda's Zambia), which denounced this
occupation. However, the events of the second half of the 70's (Mengistu's coup d'etat in
Ethiopia, the decolonization of Angola and later also Zimbabwe) meant the return of
Czechoslovakia aid provided by the states within the Soviet block to Africa. However,
this time Czechoslovak foreign policy significantly lagged behind its Soviet and East-
German counterparts, and in some cases even behind its Bulgarian counterpart. This, to a
large extent was encumbered by the inefficiency of their diplomatic representative offices
in countries considered less important. As well formalization was quite stressful, as it
covered a wide spectrum of international issues in bilateral negotiations. Extensive loans
which were given in the order of tens and of millions of dollars extended to Angola and
Ethiopia were either irrecoverable or were not drawn at all. Furthermore the kidnapping of
Czechoslovak citizens from the Angolan Alto Catumbela, whose return was negotiated
without the MPLA government and based on negotiations with
pitfall in Czechoslovak activities. The decline of the second half of the 80's futher
deprived the Czechoslovak policy of African involvement on remnants of any initiative.
Overview of Bilateral Relations with the Most Important African
Countries
In case of Angola, Czechoslovakia was unable to bet on the right card for a long time.
In the MPLA
previously visited Prague in January
Czechoslovakia, at least two joined the competitive groups. Paradox principles of the
Czechoslovak policy is documented by the fact that in the first half of the 60's, it
recommended to
preferred, contacts with the FNLA. It was only after the split in the FNLA, that
Neto
followed, the chief of the general staff of the FAPLA, Henrique "Iko"
Czechoslovak armaments be supplied to
At the time when Angola's independence was declared, Czechoslovakia was one of the
less active countries in the Soviet block and, originally, it did not even want to establish
its own embassy in Luanda. Although it donated a supply of foodstuff to Angola it
316
frequently provided military material such as: cannon projectiles for Cubans in Angola,
machine guns for the Angolan army and automatic guns for the militia. A steady Supply
of arms continued also in the years that followed. In addition to seven hundred
for the transport of coffee, Czechoslovakia was active in the country and sent over many
of their experts. In March
were kidnapped and the Czechoslovak authorities put together a crisis management group
led by the deputy minister of foreign affairs,
agreement was settled when seventeen women, twenty-one children and seven seriously
ill men were handed over. Because of the resistance of the Angolan government, Prague,
in the interest of the remaining hostages, made direct contacts with
delegation arrived in Prague in May
directly to
Prague and Luanda cooled also due to the development in mutual trade. Failure to repay
Czechoslovak receivables (at the end of the year
crowns) was also an obstacle for any other projects of economic co-operation. Not even
two visits of the Angolan president to Prague in the late 80's led to a revival of mutual
relations.
Czechoslovakia maintained its relations with Ethiopia for a long time before February
1948.
the remaining part of the equipment for the ammunition factory whose construction was
taking place in Addis
1954
established in Addis
to Prague the emperor, Haile Selassie, signed an agreement for friendship and co¬
operation. The Czechoslovak loan amounting to
any problems. Despite certain difficulties (such as the collapse of a Czechoslovak
experimental farm CIAFFA) Czechoslovak-Ethiopian relations during the 60's remained
on a good terms. Ethiopia was also the only state of sub-Saharan Africa, which was visited
by president
The revolution in September
Ethiopia closer to the Soviet block. The result of negotiations with the Derg representative,
Fiseha
received further aid, worth two million dollars, at the time of Somali invasion. Later, a plan
to extend the premises of the ammunition factory was revived. In addition to several loans
worth millions, Ethiopia received also several financial gifts, the largest being the one
during Mengista's visit in Prague in November
there were already
were culminated by
not even in the first half of the 80's was Ethiopia, due to the maintenance of its costly army,
able to pay for the supplied goods. The participation of Czechoslovakia in the construction
of the hydro-power station Melka Wakana was made possible only by vast financial
concessions. In early
rather lengthy postponement of repayments, calculated the "real foreign currency effect"
at about thirty percent. The provision for further loans was being justified in
Prague by the need to protect Addis
317
With Ghana, one of the first decolonized countries of sub-Saharan Africa, diplomatic
relations were established in October
Nkrumah at the General Assembly of the UN in September
delegation then concluded several mutual agreements at Akkra in November of
commander of the Ghanan police, Madjitey, placed an order in February
Czechoslovakia for pistols, automatic guns and hand grenades. By another agreement,
Ghana received a loan amounting to five million pounds for supplies of investment units.
During his visit to Prague, in July and August of
increased. This was eventually agreed upon by the politburo amounting to ten million
pounds. At the same time Ghana opened an embassy in Prague. In the year
mutual trade turnover already amounted to a hundred million crowns. However,
Czechoslovak contracts (cane sugar refinery, tyre factory, two factories producing shoes)
coincided with organizational problems. Yet, the assassination attempt on Nkrumah in
August
defence, Kofi Baako, asked Czechoslovakia to build an arms plant in July
However, on the 24th of February
the Czechoslovak secret service tried in vain to change the situation in the country
through the Ghanan left. The plan to organize a coup d'etat, led by its agent Kofi Batsa,
failed. Political changes also led to a steep decline in mutual trade. Afterward,
Czechoslovakia's only involvedment in Ghana was the supplying of small arms for the
Ghanan police in
A break in relations between France and
Czechoslovakia to establish relations. The
Beavogui, and included the minister of Interior, Keith Fodeba visited Prague in February
of
crowns worth of connecting material, which had been purchased earlier that year by
Klíma,
security, military and civil experts were to be increased and employees of the
security trained. In July
purchasing machinery products. Czechoslovakia also supplied broadcasting technology
for the transmitter at
Secretary of Defense, Keita N'Famara, included military supplies (such as equiptment)
and aircraft operation training for the soldiers. At the end of
printed for Guinea, this also took place in Czechoslovakia. A quick development of
relations culminated in a visit of
November of
railway freight cars and six Czechoslovak operated passenger planes.
Soon, however, problems began to emerge as contracts were not being properly
fulfilled and the quality of goods was not always adequate. This led to the gradual cooling
down of mutual relations on both sides. At the end of
Soviet block finally ceased as ties had been overtly broken. As a result Czechoslovak
leadership attempted to at least correct the worst impacts of the broken economic
contacts. Despite a partial revival in the late 60's, Czechoslovakian involvement in
Guinea fell, making it one of the least active countries, despite its occasional supply of
arms. Paradoxically, Czechoslovak foreign policy continued to provide aid to
318
Security even while a Czechoslovak doctor,
sentenced. Czechoslovak authorities had minimal involvement in his release in August
1975.
relatively modest. The inability of
prevented business relations from being developed.
The African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), which
faught for the independence of Guinea-Bissau, had the greatest supported of
Czechoslovak clients in the area. This was primarily due to its military success, however
its leader also played a large role in its success. Amilcar
became an agent of the Czechoslovak secret service under the codename SECRETARY.
The visit of Amilcar
resulted in a supply of weapons and regular financial aid to the PAIGC office in
The ministry of the interior also sent, as an advisor to the PAIGC corps
an officer of the secret service who took part in the guerrilla events himself. After Guinea-
Bissau declared their independence in
of both states prevailed through mutual co-operation.
Among traditional areas of the Czechoslovak trade belonged South Africa. Strong
pressure from the South-African Communist Party (SACP) and the
decision to close the Czechoslovakia general consulate in Johannesburg in
However, Czechoslovak export as well as the foreign-currency profit, which it generated,
continued the following year. In February
Committee of the Czechoslovak Communist Party) decided to provide aid to the SACP
"by training specialists". South-African communists represented by Moses
for a supply of explosives, weapons and ammunition. However, it was not possible to
complete the supply because of a missing transport connection (Czechoslovakia did not
accept the idea of smuggling explosives in children's toys). In March of
of what would eventually be fifteen, South Africans arrived in Czechoslovakia; they were
to undergo military training. However, their group had a parting of ways, as moral
disagreements arose during their studies at the Foreign Faculty of VAAZ in Brno. The first
two graduates were, in addition, discovered in London's airport on their way back. New
co-operation was then launched with the South African resistance movement in the 70's.
In June of
-
of this aid was weaponry.
The Union of the Peoples of Cameroon or the (UPC), was one of the first nationalistic
organizations in tropical Africa, to established direct contacts with Czechoslovakia. Its
leader,
of the
regarding security issues. It is important to note however, that already in the year
relations with the UPC had been cooled down resulting from the failure of the movement
in Cameroon as well as the split in leadership. At the end of the 60's, certain probes were
made concerning a potential for establishing diplomatic relations with Ahidjo's
government. However, on the Cameroon side, the mistrust still prevailed.
319
From the beginning Kenya was, branded "the most promising" of the East African
states. However,
together with Oginga Odinga, Kenyatta asked for assistance in establishing
in Cairo. The party received twenty Czechoslovak bursaries. The Czechoslovak minister
of defence also organized military training for its members and security training for the
Ministry of Interior. Despite these last attempts the internal party competition between
Odinga's left wing of
the defeat of Odinga and the establishment of the Kenya People's Union (which was
banned immediately afterwards). Several employees of the Czechoslovak embassy were
expelled for their contacts with the Kenyan left and by the end of the 80's Czechoslovakia
remained in Kenya without any significant influence.
■
Brazzaville, led to the arrival of good will missionaries to Czechoslovakia in in March of
1964.
weapons. The diplomatic representative office in Brazzaville had a reserve for it's
potential expulsion from
the co-operation amongst the ministries of interior. In October of
provided a supply of weapons to the Congo's security forces as well as two security
experts. The embassy was closed at the end of the 60's and re-opened only in the year
1979.
The specific feature of the Czechoslovak position in
the existence of the general consulate in
authorities the consulate was established in the late 40's. Josef Virius, who held the
position of general consul in May
parties and Czechoslovakia. Upon their declaration of independence he became the first
Czechoslovak ambassador in Congo. With respect to the mineral wealth of the country and
the orientation of Lumumba's government, Czechoslovakia presented a donation of
foodstuff and medicaments worth two million crowns. Negotiations also began regarding
the Congo's request for weapons. On September 5th
by the deputy minister of the interior,
same day, the controversy of president Kasavubu with prime minister Lumumba
culminated in the mutual deposing of both statesmen. The situation was resolved by a coup
d'etat of colonel Mobutu, who expelled all the Czechoslovak and Soviet citizens. The
Czechoslovak secret service made, in the period that followed, several attempts to
penetrate the Congo. These attempts resulted in the establishment of contacts with
Gizengo's "government". However, the inaccessibility of Stanleyville prevented the
Soviet block from supporting the opposition and, at the end of November
uprising was liquidated by a Belgium intervention. Czechoslovak representatives in fact
maintained rather correct relations with Mobuto's regime. However, his interest in the
purchase of weapons and the training for officers of Zairo secret service did not materialize
until the mid 70's.
Prior contacts with future representatives of Mali were established by the Czechoslovak
embassy in Paris over the course of the year
320
delegation
provided Mali's security forces with an advisor. Security course training organized in
Czechoslovakia as well as material aid were also provided. Similarly, for Guinea,
Czechoslovakia printed new banknotes for the revolutionary regime and they were
supplied with Aero-145 aircraft flown by Czechoslovak pilots. In late May (early June) of
1962,
realized. From the years
downfall. Mali could pay for the supplied goods only in groundnut, which it preferred to
export to the West. Mali students returned home from Czechoslovakia increasingly more
anti-communist and in an anticommunist mood. After the coup d'etat at Mali in November
1968,
Czechoslovakia established contacts with the political representation of Mozambique
through Angolan exile. In October of
for aid. In June of
weapons and explosives to FRELIMO in Tanzania. In June of
representatives took part in the independence celebrations of the country and further
rapprochement followed after the visit paid by president Samora Machel in
Czechoslovakia in October
promise for
diplomatic representative office in the country; however, the desperate security situation
discouraged it from sending further experts.
The first to receive aid from Czechoslovakia was
independence of Namibia, in a Czechoslovak shipment in September
leader, Sam Nujoma, came to Czechoslovakia in December of
million crowns worth of military material for his units. Further such supplies of arms
continued from the years
autumn of
a generation of Czech speaking young Namibians however, after their insensitive
repatriation during
In Nigeria, Czechoslovak trade gained its positions already before WWII, especially
thanks to the operation of Bata's affiliate in Sapela. Its employee and Nigerian federal
minister of finance, Eboh, contributed to the establishment of mutual diplomatic relations.
Attempts to gain leftist allies in the country failed due to the particularism of the local ultra
left groups. Czechoslovakia primarily had business interests in Nigeria. During the
Nigerian civil war, a Biafra leader named Ojukwo tried to obtain the favour of
Czechoslovakia, however, Prague eventually supplied weapons to the federal government.
President Gowon's promise that Prague would receive a significant position after the
conflict in Nigeria ended was never fulfilled; this may have been due to the several coups
d'etats. Whatever the cause, Nigeria did fulfill its commitment to accredit Prague as the
head of its mission.
In Somalia, the Czechoslovak representation office started its activities on Christmas
Eve in
321
crowns during his visit to Prague. Yet his ambitious plan to build an agricultural apprentice
centre in the country was abandoned. The closed embassy in Mogadishu was restored in
response to the coming of
and a supply of weapons for fifteen million crowns. However, after his intervention in
Ogaden,
practically frozen.
Contacts with the most influential political force of the future Tanzania,
been maintained by Czechoslovakia even before Tanganyika's declaration of
independence. The Czechoslovak
originally accredited at the Zanzibar sultan; however, the revolution resulted in the
unification of both countries. A cautious position to the government of Julio Nyerere was
gradually changing. In August
supply of automatic guns and machine guns for security forces during his visit to Prague.
In the year
in Czechoslovakia. Despite their ideological disagreements,
a supply of weapons (free of charge) for
During its relations with Uganda Czechoslovak foreign policy experienced a broad
range of relations. From the friendlier relations of President Obote and his government that
received Czechoslovak armoured troop carriers
Czechoslovak experts, to the more cautious relations of the dictatorship of
Amin's government, however, brought Uganda to an economic collapse, which led to a
closure of Czechoslovak representation even before the Uganda-Tanzania war.
Relatively good relations with Zambia reflected not only contacts with the
representatives of the UNIP, before the declaration of Zambia's independence, but also the
preference of "small states" in president Kenneth Kaunda's foreign policy. Mutual
contacts were damaged only by the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August
Still in the year
Zambia. Certain improvement came with Kaunda's visit to Prague in August
Zambia received a loan of twenty million dollars for the purchase of machines and
equipment.
In its relation to Southern Rhodesia, known from the year
Czechoslovakia experienced the repetition of this South African scenario: Even after the
trade broke, true reports of Czechoslovak purchases of
popping up. Zimbabwe resistance did not appear to be reliable by Czechoslovak policy
standards and its representatives were received in Prague quite rarely. A split between
ZAPU and ZANU later resulted in Czechoslovakia's exclusive orientation toward ZAPU,
which, in the year
visit of Joshua Nkomo to Prague, arms for two thousand men were supplied to Luanda.
Controversies with the victorious ZANU were partly overcome only when Robert Mugabe
visited Prague in May
armament worth three million crowns and it purchased further military material in
Czechoslovakia.
322 |
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| author | Zídek, Petr 1971- Sieber, Karel |
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| callnumber-subject | DB - Austria, Liechtenstein, Hungary, Czechoslovakia |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)173844799 (DE-599)BVBBV022447815 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Tschechoslowakei Africa, Sub-Saharan Foreign relations Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Foreign relations 1945-1992 Czechoslovakia Foreign relations Africa, Sub-Saharan Subsaharisches Afrika (DE-588)4053770-5 gnd Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Tschechoslowakei Africa, Sub-Saharan Foreign relations Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Foreign relations 1945-1992 Czechoslovakia Foreign relations Africa, Sub-Saharan Subsaharisches Afrika |
| id | DE-604.BV022447815 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:35:14Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:57:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8086506584 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015655756 |
| oclc_num | 173844799 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| physical | 322 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Ústav mezinárodních vztahů |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Zídek, Petr 1971- Verfasser (DE-588)138651671 aut Československo a subsaharská Afrika v letech 1948-1989 Petr Zídek ; Karel Sieber Praha Ústav mezinárodních vztahů 2007 322 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Außenpolitik Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei Africa, Sub-Saharan Foreign relations Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Foreign relations 1945-1992 Czechoslovakia Foreign relations Africa, Sub-Saharan Subsaharisches Afrika (DE-588)4053770-5 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Subsaharisches Afrika (DE-588)4053770-5 g DE-604 Sieber, Karel Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015655756&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015655756&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Zídek, Petr 1971- Sieber, Karel Československo a subsaharská Afrika v letech 1948-1989 Außenpolitik Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4053770-5 (DE-588)4078435-6 |
| title | Československo a subsaharská Afrika v letech 1948-1989 |
| title_auth | Československo a subsaharská Afrika v letech 1948-1989 |
| title_exact_search | Československo a subsaharská Afrika v letech 1948-1989 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Československo a subsaharská Afrika v letech 1948-1989 |
| title_full | Československo a subsaharská Afrika v letech 1948-1989 Petr Zídek ; Karel Sieber |
| title_fullStr | Československo a subsaharská Afrika v letech 1948-1989 Petr Zídek ; Karel Sieber |
| title_full_unstemmed | Československo a subsaharská Afrika v letech 1948-1989 Petr Zídek ; Karel Sieber |
| title_short | Československo a subsaharská Afrika v letech 1948-1989 |
| title_sort | ceskoslovensko a subsaharska afrika v letech 1948 1989 |
| topic | Außenpolitik Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitik Tschechoslowakei Africa, Sub-Saharan Foreign relations Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Foreign relations 1945-1992 Czechoslovakia Foreign relations Africa, Sub-Saharan Subsaharisches Afrika |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015655756&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015655756&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zidekpetr ceskoslovenskoasubsaharskaafrikavletech19481989 AT sieberkarel ceskoslovenskoasubsaharskaafrikavletech19481989 |