International copyright law and policy:
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2008
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| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | LX, 618 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780199207206 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a International copyright law and policy |c Silke von Lewinski |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Oxford Univ. Press |c 2008 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Droit d'auteur international | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Internationaal auteursrecht |2 gtt | |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS TABLE OF CASES XXXVII TABLE OFLEGISLATION, TREATIES, AND
CONVENTIONS XXXIX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LVII PART I THE LAW OF THE
CLASSICAL CONVENTIONS 1. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT AND
NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS LAW A. THE NOTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1.01 (1)
DELINEATION FROM FOREIGN NATIONAL LAWS 1.01 (2) DELINEATION FROM
INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW 1.03 (3) DELINEATION FROM TRANSNATIONAL LAW
1.04 B. THE NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION IN THE FIELDS OF COPYRIGHT
AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 1.05 (1) TERRITORIALITY 1.06 (2) DISCRIMINATION
1.11 (3) CONDITIONS FOR EQUAL TREATMENT AND DIVERSITY OF STANDARDS 1.12
2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT LAW A. EARLY
INDIVIDUAL CLAIMS FOR INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION 2.01 B. BILATERAL
TREATIES 2.03 (1) DEVELOPMENT OF BILATERAL TREATIES 2.03 (2) CONTENTS OF
BILATERAL TREATIES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 2.05 (A) NATIONAL TREATMENT
2.05 (I) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 2.05 (II) RIGHTS AND LIMITATIONS 2.08
(III) DURATION 2.11 (IV) WORKS 2.12 (B) FORMALITIES AND CENSORSHIP 2.14
(C) MOST-FAVOURED-NATION CLAUSE 2.16 (D) DURATION OF TREATIES 2.23 (3)
RESUME OF BILATERAL TREATIES 2.24 C. DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS THE FIRST
MULTILATERAL TREATY 2.25 (1) OVERVIEW OF FIRST STEPS 2.25 CONTENTS (2)
THE BRUSSELS CONGRESS 1858 2.26 (3) THE ANTWERP CONGRESSES 1861 AND 1877
2.30 (4) THE INTERNATIONAL LITERARY AND ARTISTIC CONGRESSES 1878 2.32
(5) THE WORK OF THE INTERNATIONAL LITERARY ASSOCIATION 2.35 (6) THE
DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCES PRECEDING THE BERNE CONVENTION 2.39 3. COMPARISON
OF THE COPYRIGHT SYSTEM AND THE AUTHOR S RIGHTS (DROIT D AUTEUR) SYSTEM
A. INTRODUCTION 3.01 (1) THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS 3.01 (2) GEOGRAPHICAL
SPREADING 3.05 B. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BASIC APPROACHES UNDER BOTH SYSTEMS
3.09 (1) BEGINNINGS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 3.09 (2) CLEAR DIVISION IN
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 3.11 (A) MAIN APPROACHES TO PROTECTION UNDER BOTH
SYSTEMS 3.11 (B) REFLECTIONS OF THE APPROACHES IN TERMINOLOGY AND
STRUCTURE OF LAWS 3.16 C. MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE COPYRIGHT AND THE
AUTHOR S RIGHTS SYSTEMS 3.20 (1) GENERAL REMARKS 3.20 (A) DESCRIPTION OF
SYSTEMS IN PURE FORM 3.20 (B) GENERAL DIFFERENCES ROOTED IN COMMON LAW
AND CIVIL LAW 3.21 (2) GENESIS OF PROTECTION 3.25 (A) FORMALITIES 3.25
(I) AUTHOR S RIGHTS SYSTEM 3.25 (II) COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 3.26 (III)
VOLUNTARY FULFILMENT OF FORMALITIES 3.28 (B) FIXATION 3.30 (I) AUTHOR S
RIGHTS SYSTEM 3.30 (II) COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 3.31 (3) PROTECTED WORKS 3.32
(A) AUTHOR S RIGHTS SYSTEM 3.32 (B) COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 3.33 (C) PHONOGRAMS
AND SIMILAR OBJECTS OF PROTECTION 3.35 (4) AUTHORSHIP 3.37 (A) AUTHOR S
RIGHTS SYSTEM 3.37 (B) COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 3.41 (5) RIGHTS 3.44 (A) MORAL
RIGHTS 3.44 (I) GENERAL BACKGROUND AND CURRENT IMPORTANCE 3.44 (II) THE
THREE BASIC RIGHTS 3.47 (III) ADDITIONAL MORAL RIGHTS AND REFLECTIONS
THEREOF UNDER NATIONAL LAWS 3.51 CONTENTS (IV) DURATION AND TRANSFER OF
MORAL RIGHTS 3.53 (V) MORAL RIGHTS IN COUNTRIES OF THE COPYRIGHT SYSTEM
3.54 (B) ECONOMIC RIGHTS 3.56 (I) EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS: BROAD VERSUS
SPECIFIC RIGHTS 3.56 (II) STATUTORY REMUNERATION RIGHTS 3.59 (6)
EXCEPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 3.62 (A) AUTHOR S RIGHTS SYSTEM 3.62 (B)
COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 3.63 (7) DURATION OF PROTECTION 3.64 (8) NEIGHBOURING
RIGHTS 3.68 (9) CONTRACT LAW 3.70 (10) COLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF RIGHTS
3.73 (11) STRUCTURE OF COPYRIGHT ACTS 3.77 (A) AUTHOR S RIGHTS SYSTEM
3.78 (B) COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 3.79 (12) RESUME 3.80 4. OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN
CLASSICAL COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS CONVENTIONS BEFORE THE
TRIPS AGREEMENT A. THE MAIN COPYRIGHT CONVENTIONS 4.01 (1) THE BERNE
CONVENTION OF 1886 AND ITS REVISION ACTS UP TO 1971 4.01 (A) THE BERNE
CONVENTION AND BILATERAL TREATIES: THE SITUATION IN THE EARLY BERNE
YEARS 4.01 (B) ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION OF THE BERNE UNION 4.03 (C)
REVISION CONFERENCES AND INTERIM STEPS 4.05 (I) PARIS 1896 4.05 (II)
BERLIN 1908 4.09 (III) ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL 1914 AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR
4.11 (IV) ROME 1928 4.13 (V) BRUSSELS 1948 4.15 (VI) STOCKHOLM 1967 4.17
(VII) PARIS 1971 4.21 (D) DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONTENTS OF THE BERNE
CONVENTION FROM 1886 TO 1971 4.23 (2) OTHER EARLY MULTILATERAL
CONVENTIONS 4.29 (A) CONVENTION OF MONTEVIDEO 4.29 (B) OTHER AMERICAN
CONVENTIONS 4.32 (3) THE UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION 4.33 (A) REASONS
FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION 4.33 (B) THE WAY
TOWARDS THE ADOPTION OF THE UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION 4.34 (C) MAIN
CONTENTS OF THE UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION OF 1952 4.36 CONTENTS (D)
1971 PARIS REVISION 4.39 (E) DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT
CONVENTION AFTER 1971 4.43 B. THE MAIN NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS CONVENTIONS
4.49 (1) THE ROME CONVENTION OF 1961 4.49 (A) EARLY STEPS TOWARDS THE
INTRODUCTION OF NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 4.49 (B) EARLY STEPS AT THE
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL IN THE CONTEXT OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 4.52 (C) A
SEPARATE INITIATIVE OUTSIDE THE BERNE CONTEXT 4.54 (D) THE CONFERENCE OF
SAMADEN 1939: DRAFT ANNEXES TO THE BERNE CONVENTION 4.55 (E) A NEW START
AT THE BRUSSELS CONFERENCE OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 4.57 (0 SUBSEQUENT
WORK LEADING TO THE ROME CONVENTION 4.58 (G) THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROME
CONVENTION AFTER 1961 4.60 (2) THE GENEVA PHONOGRAMS CONVENTION OF 1971
4.63 (A) REASONS FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE GENEVA PHONOGRAMS CONVENTION
4.63 (B) PREPARATION OF THE GENEVA PHONOGRAMS CONVENTION 4.65 (C) MAIN
CONTENTS OF THE GENEVA PHONOGRAMS CONVENTION 4.66 (D) ADMINISTRATIVE AND
FRAMEWORK PROVISIONS 4.69 (3) THE BRUSSELS SATELLITE CONVENTION OF 1974
4.70 (A) REASONS FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE CONVENTION 4.70 (B) PREPARATION
OF THE BRUSSELS SATELLITE CONVENTION 4.71 (C) MAIN CONTENTS OF THE
BRUSSELS SATELLITE CONVENTION 4.72 C. RESUME 4.75 5. THE BERNE
CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF LITERARY AND ARTISTIC WORKS (PARIS ACT
1971) A. PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION 5.01 (1) NATIONAL TREATMENT AND
MINIMUM RIGHTS 5.01 (A) ORIGINS, AIM, AND SOLUTIONS IN EARLIER VERSIONS
5.01 (I) BASIC CHOICES IN THE 1886 VERSION 5.01 (II) AMENDMENTS IN
SUBSEQUENT VERSIONS 5.06 (B) CONDITIONS OF APPLICATION AND MODE OF
OPERATION UNDER THE PARIS ACT 1971 5.08 (I) CRITERIA OF ELIGIBILITY FOR
PROTECTION OF THE AUTHOR 5.10 NATIONALITY 5.11 HABITUAL RESIDENCE 5.14
FIRST OR SIMULTANEOUS PUBLICATION IN A UNION COUNTRY 5.17 CONTENTS (II)
PROTECTED WORK (III) UNION COUNTRY OTHER THAN COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OVERVIEW
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN DETERMINING THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN IN UNREGULATED CASES
(IV) CONTENTS OF PRINCIPLES OF NATIONAL TREATMENT AND MINIMUM RIGHTS (V)
PARTICULAR PROBLEMS: DEFINITION OF PUBLICATION (VI) PARTICULAR PROBLEMS:
PROTECTION IN THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN (VII) SUMMARY (C) EXCEPTIONS TO
NATIONAL TREATMENT (I) DURATION OF PROTECTION (II) WORKS OF APPLIED
ART/INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS AND MODELS (III) RESALE RIGHT (IV) RETALIATION
AGAINST NATIONALS FROM NON-UNION COUNTRIES (V) PRIVILEGES FOR DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES (2) PRINCIPLE OF NO FORMALITIES (A) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
(B) CONTENTS OF THE PRINCIPLE (C) RATIONALE OF THE PRINCIPLE (D)
VOLUNTARY REGISTRATION B. SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS OF PROTECTION (1) WORKS
PROTECTED UNDER THE CONVENTION (A) GENERA] REMARKS (I) OVERVIEW (II) THE
DEFINED TERM (III) DOMAIN (IV) PRODUCTION (V) EXPRESSION (VI) FIXATION
AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS (B) PARTICULAR CATEGORIES OF WORKS (I) HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND (II) ARTICLE 2(1) OF THE BERNE CONVENTION (III) LISTED AND
UNLISTED WORKS (C) EXEMPTIONS FROM PROTECTION (I) OFFICIAL TEXTS AND
PUBLIC SPEECHES (II) NEWS OF THE DAY (2) AUTHORS (A) AUTHOR AS NATURAL
PERSON (B) FILM AUTHORSHIP (C) SUCCESSORS IN TITLE 5.18 5.19 5.19 5.22
5.24 5.28 5.32 5.35 5.37 5.40 5.41 5.45 5.48 5.49 5.53 5.54 5.54 5.55
5.58 5.61 5.62 5.62 5.62 5.62 5.64 5.65 5.66 5.69 5.71 5.74 5.74 5.75
5.76 5.80 5.80 5.83 5.84 5.84 5.87 5.93 CONTENTS (3) MINIMUM RIGHTS 5.94
(A) GENERAL REMARKS 5.94 (I) MINIMUM, NOT MAXIMUM 5.94 (II) RELATION
BETWEEN MORAL RIGHTS AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS 5.95 (B) MORAL RIGHTS 5.96 (I)
OVERVIEW AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 5.96 (II) INDEPENDENCE FROM ECONOMIC
RIGHTS AND TRANSFERABILITY 5.97 (III) RIGHT TO CLAIM AUTHORSHIP 5.98
(IV) RIGHT OF INTEGRITY 5.100 (V) DURATION AND REMEDIES 5.105 (VI)
PROVISIONS IN CONTEXT WITH LIMITATIONS 5.107 (B) ECONOMIC RIGHTS 5.110
(I) INTRODUCTION 5.110 (II) THE REPRODUCTION RIGHT 5.112 IMPORTANCE AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 5.112 REPRODUCTION AND FIXATION 5.116
REPRODUCTION IN ANY MANNER OR FORM 5.117 PARTIAL REPRODUCTION 5.119
CINEMATOGRAPHIC WORKS 5-120 (III) TRANSLATION RIGHT 5.121 (IV)
ADAPTATION RIGHT 5.125 (V) DISTRIBUTION RIGHT 5.131 (VI) RIGHTS OF
PUBLIC PERFORMANCE AND RECITATION, COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC, AND
BROADCASTING 5.134 GENERAL REMARKS AND SYSTEMATIC OVERVIEW 5.134 PUBLIC
PERFORMANCE AND RECITATION UNDER ARTICLES 11, 11 TCR , AND 14 OF THE
BERNE CONVENTION 5.137 COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC UNDER ARTICLES 11, 1
L TER , AND 14 OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.138 BROADCASTING UNDER ARTICLE
1 L BIS OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.141 REBROADCASTING AND RETRANSMISSION
UNDER ARTICLE 1 L BA OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.143 PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
OF A BROADCAST UNDER ARTICLE 1 L BLS OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.146
PUBLIC 5.147 (4) EXCEPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 5.148 (A) GENERAL REMARKS
5.148 (I) HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 5.148 (II) DIFFERENT WAYS OF
RESTRICTING PROTECTION 5.149 (III) INTERESTS PROTECTED BY LIMITATIONS OF
RIGHTS 5.153 (IV) CONCEPT OF LIMITATIONS UNDER THE BERNE CONVENTION
5.154 (B) THE INDIVIDUAL LIMITATIONS IN FAVOUR OF THE PUBLIC INTEREST
5.156 (I) ACCESS TO INFORMATION, NEWS REPORTING 5.156 CONTENTS ARTICLE 2
BIS (2) OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.156 ARTICLE 10 BIS (L) OF THE BERNE
CONVENTION 5.157 ARTICLE 10 BIS (2) OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.161 (II)
QUOTATIONS 5.163 (III) EDUCATION (ARTICLE 10(2) OF THE BERNE CONVENTION)
5.169 (IV) GENERAL LIMITATION OF THE REPRODUCTION RIGHT (ARTICLE 9 (2)
OF THE BERNE CONVENTION) 5.174 GENERAL REMARKS 5.174 CERTAIN SPECIAL
CASES 5.179 NO CONFLICT WITH NORMAL EXPLOITATION 5.182 NO UNREASONABLE
PREJUDICE TO THE LEGITIMATE INTERESTS OF THE AUTHOR 5.184 EXAMPLES 5.187
(C) INDIVIDUAL LIMITATIONS IN FAVOUR OF INTERESTS OF SPECIFIC GROUPS
5.189 (I) EPHEMERAL RECORDINGS 5.189 (II) COMPULSORY LICENCES 5.193
ARTICLE 1 L BIS (2) OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.194 ARTICLE 13 OF THE
BERNE CONVENTION 5.196 (D) IMPLIED EXCEPTIONS 5.199 (I) MINOR EXCEPTIONS
5.200 (II) TRANSLATION RIGHT 5.203 (E) ARTICLE 17 OF THE BERNE
CONVENTION 5.205 (I) CENSORSHIP 5.205 (II) COMPETITION LAW 5.209 (5)
DURATION OF PROTECTION 5.212 (A) GENERAL REMARKS 5.212 (B) MORAL RIGHTS
5.213 (C) ECONOMIC RIGHTS 5.215 (I) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 5.215 (II)
GENERAL DURATION AND JOINT WORKS 5.217 (III) ANONYMOUS AND PSEUDONYMOUS
WORKS 5.220 (IV) CINEMATOGRAPHIC WORKS 5.222 (V) PHOTOGRAPHIC WORKS
5.224 (VI) WORKS OF APPLIED ART 5.225 (VII) ARTICLE 7(5)-(7) OF THE
BERNE CONVENTION 5.227 (VIII) POSTHUMOUS WORKS 5.229 (6) SPECIAL
PROVISIONS ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 5.230 (A) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 5.230
(B) OVERVIEW OF THE CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX 5.232 C. ENFORCEMENT 5.234
(1) SEIZURE 5.236 (2) ARTICLE 15 OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.238 CONTENTS
D. FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS 5.243 (1) APPLICATION IN TIME
(ARTICLE 18 OF THE BERNE CONVENTION) 5.243 (A) OVERVIEW 5.243 (B)
ARTICLE 18(1) AND (2) OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.245 (C) ARTICLE 18(3) OF
THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.247 (D) ARTICLE 18(4) OF THE BERNE CONVENTION
5.249 (2) SPECIAL AGREEMENTS UNDER ARTICLE 20 OF THE BERNE CONVENTION
5.250 (3) INSTITUTIONAL AND OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINAL CLAUSES 5.252
(A) ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANS AND FINANCING 5.252 (B) REVISION 5.253 (C)
ACCEPTANCE AND ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE PARIS ACT 5.255 (D) RESERVATIONS
5.257 (E) APPLICATION TO TERRITORIES 5.258 (F) APPLICABILITY OF
DIFFERENT ACTS 5.259 (G) DENUNCIATION 5.261 (H) IMPLEMENTATION 5.262 6.
THE ROME CONVENTION OF 1961 A. PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION 6.01 (1)
NATIONAL TREATMENT AND MINIMUM RIGHTS 6.01 (A) ELIGIBILITY FOR
PROTECTION 6.01 (I) ELIGIBILITY FOR PROTECTION OF PERFORMERS 6.02
OVERVIEW 6.02 PERFORMANCE IN ANOTHER CONTRACTING STATE 6.03 PERFORMANCE
INCORPORATED IN ELIGIBLE PHONOGRAM 6.04 PERFORMANCE CARRIED BY ELIGIBLE
BROADCAST 6.07 DEFICIENCY OF THE SYSTEM 6.08 (II) ELIGIBILITY FOR
PROTECTION OF PHONOGRAM PRODUCERS 6.09 (III) ELIGIBILITY FOR PROTECTION
OF BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS 6.13 (B) DEFINITIONS OF RIGHT OWNERS AND
SUBJECT MATTER 6.14 (I) PERFORMERS AND PERFORMANCES 6.14 (II) PHONOGRAMS
AND PHONOGRAM PRODUCERS 6.20 (III) BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS AND
BROADCASTS 6.24 (C) SCOPE OF NATIONAL TREATMENT AND EXCEPTIONS 6.26 (I)
SCOPE 6.26 (II) EXCEPTIONS TO NATIONAL TREATMENT 6.28 (2) LIMITED
FORMALITIES (ARTICLE 11 OF THE ROME CONVENTION) 6.32 B. SUBSTANTIVE
STANDARDS OF PROTECTION 6.34 (1) MINIMUM RIGHTS OF PERFORMING ARTISTS
6.35 (A) THE NATURE OF RIGHTS UNDER ARTICLE 7 OF THE ROME CONVENTION
6.35 (B) THE ACTS WHICH THE PERFORMER MUST BE ABLE TO PREVENT 6.37 (I)
LIVE BROADCASTING AND COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC 6.37 CONTENTS (II)
FIXATION 6.39 (III) REPRODUCTION 6.40 (C) RELATIONS BETWEEN PERFORMERS
AND BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS REGARDING THE RIGHTS UNDER ARTICLE 7 OF
THE ROME CONVENTION 6.42 (D) PERFORMERS PROTECTION IN FILMS 6.45 (E)
REMUNERATION FOR SECONDARY USES UNDER ARTICLE 12 OF THE ROME CONVENTION
6.49 (I) GENERAL BACKGROUND 6.49 (II) PHONOGRAMS PUBLISHED FOR
COMMERCIAL PURPOSES 6.50 (III) DIRECT USES 6.52 (IV) BENEFICIARIES OF
SINGLE EQUITABLE REMUNERATION 6.54 (V) RESERVATIONS 6.57 (0 UNREGULATED
ISSUES 6.59 (I) THE POSSIBILITY TO TRANSFER RIGHTS 6.59 (II) MORAL
RIGHTS 6.60 (2) MINIMUM RIGHTS OF PHONOGRAM PRODUCERS 6.61 (3) MINIMUM
RIGHTS OF BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS 6.63 (4) LIMITATIONS OF RIGHTS 6.67
(5) DURATION OF PROTECTION 6.70 C. FRAMEWORK PROVISIONS 6.73 (1)
RELATION TO AUTHOR S RIGHTS PROTECTION 6.73 (2) APPLICATION IN TIME 6.76
(3) FURTHER PROTECTION OF NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS OWNERS 6.77 (4)
ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINAL CLAUSES 6.79 7. NEW PHENOMENA AS A CHALLENGE TO
THE INTERPRETATION OF THE BERNE AND ROME CONVENTIONS A. RULES OF
INTERPRETATION 7.01 (1) GENERAL REMARKS 7.01 (2) METHODS OF
INTERPRETATION 7.05 (A) OBJECTIVE METHODS OF INTERPRETATION 7.07 (B)
SUBJECTIVE METHOD OF INTERPRETATION 7.10 (C) LANGUAGES 7.11 (I)
AUTHENTIC AND OFFICIAL TEXTS 7.11 (II) SEVERAL AUTHENTIC TEXTS 7.12 B.
EXAMPLES 7.13 (1) SUBJECT MATTER 7.13 (A) COMPUTER PROGRAMS 7.13 (B)
PHONOGRAMS 7.20 (2) NEW USES 7.22 (A) MAKING AVAILABLE WORKS ON DEMAND
7.23 (B) PUBLIC LENDING RIGHT AND NATIONAL TREATMENT 7.27 CONTENTS (3)
PUBLICATION ON THE INTERNET 7.31 (4) THE SCOPE OF NATIONAL TREATMENT
UNDER THE ROME CONVENTION 7.34 (5) RESUME 7.41 8. CONSEQUENCES OF A
VIOLATION OF A TREATY AND OF DIVERGENCES OF INTERPRETATION AMONG ITS
MEMBER COUNTRIES A. INTRODUCTION 8.01 B. GENERAL PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL
LAW CONDITIONS REGARDING TREATIES (1) FULL POWERS FOR THE CONCLUSION OF
TREATIES (2) MAJORITY AND UNANIMITY (3) AUTHENTICATION (4) SIGNATURE,
RATIFICATION, ACCESSION (5) ENTRY INTO FORCE (6) RESERVATIONS (7)
INVALIDITY, TERMINATION, DENUNCIATION, AND OTHER ISSUES C. INTERNAL
APPLICABILITY OF TREATIES (1) TRANSFORMATION INTO NATIONAL LAW (2) RANK
IN THE NATIONAL HIERARCHY OF NORMS D. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT UNDER
INTERNATIONAL LAW (1) OVERVIEW (2) POLITICAL MEANS (3) LEGAL FORMS (4)
THE ICJ (5) COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS CONVENTIONS 8.02 8.02 8.03
8.04 8.05 8.06 8.08 8.09 8.11 8.11 8.14 8.16 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.20 8.23
PART II THE INCLUSION OF COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS IN TRADE
TREATIES AND TRADE MEASURES 9. REASONS FOR THE SHIFT TOWARDS THE TRADE
CONTEXT A. FACTUAL DEVELOPMENTS AFTER THE LAST REVISION OF THE BERNE
CONVENTION AND THE ADOPTION OF THE ROME CONVENTION 9.01 (1) TECHNICAL
AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS 9.01 (2) ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS 9.03 B. THE
POTENTIAL OF THE EXISTING CONVENTIONS 9.04 C. THE CHOICE OF GATT AS A
NEW FORUM 9.07 CONTENTS 10. THE INCLUSION OF COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING
RIGHTS IN THE GATT/WTO A. SHORT PRESENTATION OF GATT/WTO IN GENERAL
10.01 (1) THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT) 10.01 (A)
THE GENESIS OF GATT 10.01 (I) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 10.01 (II) THE ITO
FAILURE 10.03 (B) GATT AS A DE FACTO ORGANIZATION 10.04 (C) CRISIS OF
GATT BEFORE THE URUGUAY ROUND 10.05 (2) THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
10.07 (A) THE SUCCESS OF THE URUGUAY ROUND 10.07 (I) SINGLE UNDERTAKING
APPROACH 10.07 (II) THE ESTABLISHMENT, TASKS, AND STRUCTURE OF THE WTO
10.09 (III) AMENDMENTS OF THE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM 10.15 (B)
DYNAMIC CHARACTER OF THE WTO 10.17 B. THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 10.19 (1) THE
NEGOTIATIONS LEADING TO THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 10.19 (2) PRINCIPLES OF
PROTECTION OF COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 10.24 (A) NATIONAL
TREATMENT 10.25 (I) GENERAL 10.25 (II) COPYRIGHT 10.28 (III)
NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 10.31 ELIGIBILITY OF PERFORMERS 10.31 ELIGIBILITY OF
PHONOGRAM PRODUCERS 10.32 ELIGIBILITY OF BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS
10.33 SCOPE OF NATIONAL TREATMENT 10.34 EXCEPTIONS TO NATIONAL TREATMENT
10.36 (B) MINIMUM RIGHTS 10.37 (C) THE PRINCIPLES REGARDING NO OR
LIMITED FORMALITIES 10.39 (D) MOST-FAVOURED-NATION CLAUSE 10.40 (I)
BACKGROUND AND CONTENTS OF THE CLAUSE 10.40 (II) EFFECTS OF THE CLAUSE
IN THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CONTEXT 10.42 (III) EXCEPTIONS FROM THE
CLAUSE 10.44 (IV) ASSESSMENT 10.49 (3) SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS OF
PROTECTION OF COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 10.50 (A) COPYRIGHT
10.50 (I) THE BERNE-PLUS APPROACH 10.50 THE COMPLIANCE CLAUSE 10.50
EXCEPTION TO THE COMPLIANCE CLAUSE: MORAL RIGHTS 10.52 (II) WORKS 10.55
COMPUTER PROGRAMS 10.56 DATABASES 10.60 CONTENTS (III) RIGHTS BACKGROUND
COMPROMISE CHARACTER RENTAL RIGHT FOR SELECTED CATEGORIES OF WORKS ONLY
CINEMATOGRAPHIC WORKS EXCEPTION REGARDING COMPUTER PROGRAMS RENTAL AND
PUBLIC ARTICLE 14(4)ON PHONOGRAMS (IV) SPECIAL TERM OF PROTECTION (V)
LIMITATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS (B) RELATED RIGHTS (I) GENERAL REMARKS (II)
MINIMUM RIGHTS OF PERFORMERS AND PHONOGRAM PRODUCERS (III) MINIMUM
RIGHTS OF BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS (IV) DURATION OF PROTECTION (V)
RESTRICTIONS OF PROTECTION (VI) APPLICATION IN TIME (4) ENFORCEMENT
PROVISIONS UNDER PART III OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT (A) BACKGROUND (B)
GENERAL REMARKS (C) DIFFERENT ENFORCEMENT MEASURES (5) DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT MECHANISM (A) BASIC CHOICES MADE DURING THE TRIPS
NEGOTIATIONS (I) THREE OPTIONS FOR A DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM FOR
TRIPS (II) THREE DIFFERENT COMPLAINTS (B) DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURE
(I) PROCEDURE LEADING TO PANEL OR APPELLATE BODY REPORT (II)
IMPLEMENTATION OF REPORTS (III) COMPENSATION AND SUSPENSION OF
CONCESSIONS (IV) THE COPYRIGHT CASE UNDER TRIPS (6) OTHER PROVISIONS (A)
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (I) TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS (II) TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER (B) INSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS (C) FINAL PROVISIONS (I)
APPLICATION IN TIME (II) REVIEW AND AMENDMENT, RESERVATIONS 10.64 10.64
10.65 10.66 10.67 10.70 10.71 10.72 10.80 10.83 10.89 10.89 10.91 10.96
10.98 10.100 10.101 10.103 10.103 10.105 10.109 10.114 10.114 10.114
10.117 10.120 10.120 10.123 10.124 10.129 10.133 10.133 10.133 10.135
10.136 10.138 10.138 10.139 CONTENTS C. ASSESSMENT OF THE INCLUSION OF
COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS IN THE TRIPS AGREEMENT AS COMPARED TO
THE BERNE AND ROME CONVENTIONS (1) PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION (2)
SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS (3) OTHER ASPECTS 11. COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING
RIGHTS UNDER THE NAFTA AND OTHER REGIONAL AGREEMENTS A. NAFTA (1)
GENERAL REMARKS (2) PROVISIONS WITH REGARD TO COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING
RIGHTS (A) BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION (I) GENERAL REMARK (II)
NATIONAL TREATMENT (III) MINIMUM RIGHTS (IV) NO FORMALITIES (B)
SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS OF PROTECTION (I) PRINCIPAL APPROACHES (II)
COPYRIGHT (III) NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS (IV) COMMON PROVISIONS (C)
ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS (3) DISPUTE SETTLEMENT (4) OTHER PROVISIONS B.
OTHER REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS (RTAS) (1) GENERAL REMARKS (2) THE
AMERICAS (A) GENERAL REMARKS (B) DRAFT FTAA (I) OVERVIEW AND BACKGROUND
(II) GENERAL PROVISIONS (III) SPECIFIC COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS
PROVISIONS (IV) OUTLOOK (C) CAFTA-DR (I) HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT (II)
GENERAL PROVISIONS (III) SPECIFIC COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS
PROVISIONS (D) ANDEAN COMMUNITY AND MERCOSUR (I) ANDEAN COMMUNITY/CAN
(II) MERCOSUR (E) CARICOM 10.142 10.142 10.143 10.145 11.01 11.01 11.02
11.03 11.03 11.05 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.09 11.11 11.15 11.18 11.21 11.22
11.24 11.25 11.25 11.27 11.27 11.28 11.28 11.30 11.31 11.36 11.37 11.37
11.38 11.40 11.45 11.45 11.51 11.52 CONTENTS (3) ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
11.54 (A) ASEAN AND AFTA 11.54 (B) APEC 11.57 (4) AFRICA 11.58 (A) OAPI
11-58 (I) GENERAL REMARKS 11.58 (II) GENERAL PROVISIONS 11.60 (III)
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS 11.61 (B) ARIPO 11.62 (C) AU 11.63 (5) EUROPE 11.64
(A) EC 11.64 (B) EFTA 11.65 (C) EEA 11.67 (D) CEFTA 11.68 (E) COTONOU
AGREEMENT 11.69 (6) RESUME 11.71 12. BILATERAL TREATIES A. TREATIES
BETWEEN THE USA AND OTHER COUNTRIES 12.02 (1) REASONS FOR INCLUDING
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN MODERN-ERA BILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS (TAS)
12.02 (2) THE FIRST GENERATION OF TAS 12.09 (A) GENERAL PROVISIONS 12.09
(B) MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR COPYRIGHT 12.10 (C) MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR
NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 12.13 (D) ENFORCEMENT 12.14 (E) CONCLUSION 12.15 (3)
SECOND (AND CURRENT) GENERATION OF TAS 12.16 (A) GENERAL REMARKS 12.16
(B) DIFFERENT AGREEMENTS 12.17 (I) TIFAS 12.17 (II) BITS 12.18 (III)
FTAS 12.20 (C) DIFFERENT STRATEGIES 12.21 (D) PRINCIPAL NEGOTIATION
OBJECTIVES 12.25 (E) CONTENTS OF FTAS 12.26 (I) GENERAL PROVISIONS 12.26
(II) SPECIFIC COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS 12.31 (III)
ENFORCEMENT AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 12.38 (0 IMPLEMENTATION 12.39 (4)
RESUME 12.42 CONTENTS B. TREATIES BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND
NON-EC COUNTRIES 12.43 (1) GENERAL REMARKS 12.43 (A) EARLY MOTIVATION
FOR THE INCLUSION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN BILATERAL AGREEMENTS 12.43
(B) KINDS OF AGREEMENTS 12.45 (2) AGREEMENTS AIMED AT PREPARING FOR
ACCESSION TO THE EC 12.47 (A) FIRST GENERATION OF AGREEMENTS 12.47 (B)
SECOND GENERATION OF AGREEMENTS AND EUROPE AGREEMENTS 12.49 (C)
STABILIZATION AND ASSOCIATION AGREEMENTS 12.52 (3) PARTNERSHIP AND
COOPERATION AGREEMENTS WITH FORMER SOVIET COUNTRIES 12.54 (4)
DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION AGREEMENTS 12.55 C. BILATERAL TREATIES OF OTHER
COUNTRIES 12.61 (1) GENERAL REMARKS 12.61 (2) EFTA 12.62 (3) LATIN
AMERICA 12.63 (4) TRANS-PACIFIC STRATEGIC ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
12.66 (5) AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND 12.68 (A) AUSTRALIA 12.68 (B) NEW
ZEALAND 12.71 (6) ASIA 12.72 (A) DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 12.72 (B) JAPAN
12.73 D. COMPARISON OF APPROACHES 12.76 13. UNILATERAL TRADE MEASURES A.
MEASURES APPLIED BY THE USA 13.01 (1) BACKGROUND 13.01 (2) CONTENTS AND
WORKING OF SPECIAL 301 13.02 (3) RELATION OF SPECIAL 301 MEASURES TO
THE WTO AND OTHER AGREEMENTS 13.07 B. MEASURES APPLIED BY THE EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY 13.11 C. RESUME 13.19 14. OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF THE INCLUSION
OF COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS INTO THE TRADE FRAMEWORK A. THE
ROLE OF COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS WITHIN TRADE AGREEMENTS 14.01
(1) BEFORE THE MID-1980S 14.01 CONTENTS (2) AFTER THE MID-1980S 14.02
(A) THE MAIN PLAYERS 14.03 (B) TOOLS FOR INCLUSION OF COPYRIGHT AND
NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS INTO THE TRADE FRAMEWORK 14.04 (C) AIMS OF TRADE
AGREEMENTS THAT INCLUDE COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING FIGHTS 14.08 (D)
CONTENTS OF PROVISIONS OR DEMANDS 14.09 B. RESULTS OF THE INCLUSION OF
COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS INTO THE TRADE FRAMEWORK 14.10 (1)
FACTUAL OUTCOME 14.10 (2) DISCUSSION OF THE DE FACTO OUTCOME 14.16 (A)
ECONOMIC ASPECTS 14.16 (B) LEGAL AND LEGAL POLICY ASPECTS 14.17 (C)
GENERAL POLITICAL ASPECTS 14.20 (3) RESUME 14.24 PART III DEVELOPMENTS
IN THE WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION (WIPO) AFTERTHE ADOPTION
OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 15. PRESENTATION OF THE WIPO A. THE DEVELOPMENT
TOWARDS THE WIPO 15.01 B. STRUCTURE AND WORKING MECHANISMS OF THE WIPO
15.06 C. TASKS OF THE WIPO 15.10 (1) ADMINISTRATION AND CREATION OF
TREATIES 15.11 (2) MODEL LAWS AND LEGISLATIVE ADVICE 15.14 (3) TRAINING
AND OTHER TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 15.16 (4) STUDIES, CONFERENCES,
DOCUMENTATION 15.17 (5) ARBITRATION AND MEDIATION 15.18 D. OUTLOOK 15.19
16. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT DRAFT TREATY A. THE EMERGENCE OF THE PLAN FOR A
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT TREATY 16.01 B. DISCUSSIONS AND DRAFT TREATY 16.02 C.
THE OUTCOME OF DISCUSSIONS 16.05 CONTENTS 17. THE WIPO COPYRIGHT TREATY
(WCT) AND THE WIPO PERFORMANCES AND PHONOGRAMS TREATY (WPPT) OF 1996 A.
BACKGROUND OF AND DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS THE WIPO TREATIES OFL996 17.01 (1)
1971-1991: BETWEEN GUIDED DEVELOPMENT AND THE NEW APPROACH OF
A PROTOCOL 17.01 (2) 1991-1993: INITIAL DISCUSSIONS ON THE BERNE
PROTOCOL AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SECOND COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS 17.05
(3) 1993-1996: SUBSTANTIVE DISCUSSIONS INCLUDING THE DIGITAL AGENDA
17.07 (4) 1996: PREPARATIONS FOR A DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 17.10 B.
PROCEDURE AT THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 17.13 (1) INVITED PARTICIPANTS
17.14 (2) COMMITTEES AT THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 17.17 (3) PARTICULAR
PROCEDURAL QUESTIONS 17.20 (A) POSTS 17.20 (B) EC VOTING RIGHTS 17.21
(4) THE PROCESS AT THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 17.23 (5) CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE NEGOTIATIONS 17.27 C. PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION UNDER THE WCT AND
THE WPPT AS COMPARED TO THE PRECEDING INTERNATIONAL LAW 17.29 (1) WCT
17.30 (2) WPPT 17.34 (A) CRITERIA OF ELIGIBILITY 17.35 (I) GENERAL 17.35
(II) PERFORMER 17.36 (III) PHONOGRAM PRODUCER 17.40 (IV) DEFINITIONS IN
THE CONTEXT OF ELIGIBILITY 17.41 (B) NATIONAL TREATMENT 17.43 (I)
BACKGROUND 17.43 (II) SCOPE OF NATIONAL TREATMENT 17.45 (III) EXCEPTIONS
TO NATIONAL TREATMENT 17.47 (C) MINIMUM RIGHTS 17.48 (D) NO FORMALITIES
17.50 D. SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS OF PROTECTION 17.51 (1) PARALLEL
STANDARDS IN BOTH TREATIES 17.51 (A) REPRODUCTION RIGHT 17.52 (I)
BACKGROUND 17.52 (II) CONTENTS OF THE RIGHT 17.56 (B) DISTRIBUTION RIGHT
17.59 (I) GENERAL REMARKS AND CONTENTS OF RIGHT 17.59 (II)
IMPLEMENTATION INTO NATIONAL LAW 17.61 (III) EXHAUSTION OF THE
DISTRIBUTION RIGHT 17.62 CONTENTS (C) RENTAL RIGHT (I) GENERAL
PRINCIPLE: THE TRIPS MODEL (II) CLARIFICATIONS AS COMPARED TO TRIPS (D)
THE RIGHT OF MAKING AVAILABLE (I) GENERAL REMARKS AND BACKGROUND (II)
CONTENTS OF THE RIGHT (III) RELATION TO THE COMMUNICATION RIGHT (IV)
AGREED STATEMENT (E) LIMITATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS (I) WCT (II) WPPT (F)
OBLIGATIONS CONCERNING TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES AND RIGHTS MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION (I) TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES (II) RIGHTS MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION (2) STANDARDS ONLY UNDER THE WCT (A) SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS
OF THE BERNE CONVENTION (B) COMPUTER PROGRAMS (C) DATABASES (D) RIGHT OF
COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC (E) DURATION OF PROTECTION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC
WORKS (3) STANDARDS ONLY UNDER THE WPPT (A) MORAL RIGHTS OF PERFORMERS
(I) IMPORTANCE AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROVISION (II) SCOPE OF
APPLICATION (III) RIGHT OF PERFORMERSHIP (IV) RIGHT OF INTEGRITY (V)
ARTICLE 5(2) AND (3) OF THE WPPT (B) RIGHTS OF PERFORMERS IN UNFIXED
PERFORMANCES (C) REMUNERATION RIGHT FOR BROADCASTING AND COMMUNICATION
TO THE PUBLIC (I) MAIN FEATURES (II) AGREED STATEMENTS (III)
RESERVATIONS TO THE RIGHTS (D) TERM OF PROTECTION (E) DEFINITIONS (I)
PERFORMERS (II) PHONOGRAM (III) PRODUCER OF A PHONOGRAM (IV) FIXATION
(V) PUBLICATION (VI) BROADCASTING (VII) COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC
17.67 17.67 17.69 17.72 17.72 17.73 17.79 17.81 17.83 17.84 17.88 17.91
17.93 17.99 17.102 17.102 17.103 17.105 17.107 17.111 17.115 17.115
17.115 17.118 17.119 17.121 17.123 17.125 17.126 17.126 17.128 17.130
17.131 17.132 17.133 17.134 17.136 17.138 17.139 17.140 17.143 CONTENTS
E. ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS E PROPOSALS THAT WERE NOT ADOPTED (1) THE
ABOLITION OF NON-VOLUNTARY LICENCES (A) BACKGROUND (B) MECHANICAL
RECORDING (C) BROADCASTING AND COMMUNICATION (2) DEFINITION OF RENTAL
(3) ONLINE PUBLICATION (4) MODIFICATION RIGHT FOR PERFORMERS AND
PHONOGRAM PRODUCERS (5) SUI GENERIS PROTECTION OF DATABASES G. FRAMEWORK
PROVISIONS OF BOTH TREATIES (1) RELATION TO OTHER TREATIES (A) WCT (B)
WPPT (2) APPLICATION IN TIME H. ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINAL CLAUSES OF BOTH
TREATIES 17.144 17.146 17.146 17.146 17.148 17.149 17.150 17.151 17.153
17.155 17.158 17.158 17.158 17.162 17.164 17.165 I. ASSESSMENT OF THE
WIPO TREATIES AS COMPARED TO THE BERNE AND ROME CONVENTIONS AND THE
TRIPS AGREEMENT 17.167 (1) PROGRESS OF THE WCT AS COMPARED TO THE BERNE
CONVENTION (1971) 17.170 (2) PROGRESS OF THE WPPT AS COMPARED TO THE
ROME CONVENTION 17.172 (3) PROGRESS OF THE WCT AND WPPT AS COMPARED TO
THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 17.177 (4) RESUME 17.180 18. THE PROTECTION OF
AUDIOVISUAL PERFORMANCES A. THE WIPO DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE OF 1996 18.02
(1) DIFFERENT PROPOSALS 18.02 (2) BACKGROUND TO DIFFERENT POSITIONS
18.05 (3) OUTCOME OF THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 1996 18.07 B. ACTIVITIES
BETWEEN 1996 AND 2000 18.08 C. THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 2000 18.09 (1)
THE LEAST CONTROVERSIAL PROVISIONS 18.10 (2) THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL
ISSUES 18.13 (A) DEFINITION OF AUDIOVISUAL FIXATIONS 18.14 (B) MORAL
RIGHTS 18.15 (C) BROADCASTING AND COMMUNICATION RIGHTS AND NATIONAL
TREATMENT 18.16 (D) APPLICATION IN TIME 18.18 (E) TRANSFER OF RIGHTS
18.19 (3) THE OUTCOME OF THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 18.21 D. DEVELOPMENTS
AFTER 2000 18.22 CONTENTS 19. THE PROJECT OF A TREATY ON THE PROTECTION
OF BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS A. THE LAUNCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
DISCUSSIONS ON THE PROTECTION OF BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS IN WIPO
19.01 (1) INITIAL ACTIVITIES 19.01 (A) THE LACK OF BROADCASTING
ORGANIZATIONS IN THE WPPT 19.01 (B) NEW INITIATIVES 19.02 (2)
DEVELOPMENT OF WORK IN THE STANDING COMMITTEE OF WIPO 19.04 (A) INITIAL
SESSIONS 19.04 (B) PROPOSAL ON WEBCASTERS 19.05 (C) SCOPE OF PROTECTION
19.06 (D) THE WAY TOWARDS AN ENVISAGED DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 19.07 B.
OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN ISSUES DISCUSSED AS POSSIBLE CONTENTS OF A
BROADCASTERS TREATY 19.12 (1) PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION 19.13 (2) RIGHT
OWNERS AND OBJECTS OF PROTECTION 19.15 (A) OVERVIEW 19.15 (B)
SIMULCASTING AND WEBCASTING 19.16 (C) TRADITIONAL BROADCASTING AND
CABLE-CASTING 19.20 (I) WIRELESS BROADCASTS 19.20 (II) PRE-BROADCAST
SIGNALS 19.21 (III) CABLE-CASTS 19.22 (IV) DEFINITIONS OF BROADCASTING
AND CABLE-CASTING ORGANIZATIONS 19.24 (V) SIGNAL VERSUS CONTENT
PROTECTION 19.25 (3) MINIMUM RIGHTS 19.29 (4) LIMITATIONS AND OTHER
RESTRICTIONS OF PROTECTION 19.31 (5) OTHER MINIMUM STANDARDS 19.33 (6)
FRAMEWORK PROVISIONS 19.35 C. RESUME 19.36 20. PROTECTION OF FOLKLORE A.
INTRODUCTION: THE ISSUES AT STAKE 20.01 B. THE EXISTING POSSIBILITIES
FOR PROTECTING FOLKLORE 20.07 (1) DIRECT PROTECTION OF FOLKLORE 20.07
(2) INDIRECT PROTECTION OF FOLKLORE 20.11 (A) COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING
RIGHTS 20.11 (B) OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 20.14 (C) PROTECTION
OUTSIDE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 20.21 (D) RESUME 20.24 CONTENTS C. PAST
ATTEMPTS TO ACHIEVE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF FOLKLORE 20.27 (1) THE
BERNE CONVENTION 20.27 (2) WIPO MODEL PROVISIONS 20.30 (3) DRAFT TREATY
20.32 (4) THE RECENT RELAUNCH OF DEBATES IN WIPO 20.33 D. THE
INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITTEE OF WIPO 20.36 (1) OVERVIEW OF THE COMMITTEES
WORK ON FOLKLORE 20.36 (2) THE LATEST PROPOSALS 20.39 E. OUTLOOK 20.41
21. THE WIPO DEVELOPMENT AGENDA A. BACKGROUND 21.01 B. SUBSEQUENT
ACTIVITIES 21.03 C. MAIN CONTENTS OF PROPOSALS 21.06 D. OUTLOOK 21.11
22. ADDITIONAL ISSUES DISCUSSED IN WIPO AFTER 1996 A. SUIGENERIS
PROTECTION OF DATABASES 22.01 B. OTHER TOPICS 22.05 (1) THE SEARCH FOR
NEW TOPICS 22.05 (2) WORK ON NEW TOPICS 22.08 (A) LIABILITY OF INTERNET
SERVICE PROVIDERS 22.08 (B) PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 22.09 (C) ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE OF COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS 22.11 (D) COLLECTIVE RIGHTS
MANAGEMENT, REGISTRATION, AND OTHER NEW TOPICS 22.12 (E) IMPLEMENTATION
OFTHEWCT AND THE WPPT 22.14 (F) EXCEPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 22.15 (G)
ENFORCEMENT 22.17 C. OUTLOOK 22.18 PART IV OVERALL RESUME AND OUTLOOK
23. COMPARATIVE TABLES OF THE CONTENTS OF THE MAIN INTERNATIONAL
COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS TREATIES A. COPYRIGHT 561 B.
NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 566 CONTENTS 24. THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIFFERENT
TREATIES A. INTRODUCTION 24.01 B. RELATION BETWEEN TREATIES 24.02 (1)
THE RELEVANT RULES 24.02 (A) SPECIFIC RULES 24.02 (B) GENERAL RULES
24.03 (2) SPECIFIC EXAMPLES 24.07 (A) UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION
(UCC) 24.07 (B) RELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT ACTS OF THE BERNE CONVENTION
24.08 (C) RELATION BETWEEN THE BERNE CONVENTION AND THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
OR WCT 24.09 (I) NON-DEROGATION CLAUSES 24.09 (II) SPECIAL AGREEMENTS
24.10 (D) RELATION BETWEEN THE TRIPS AGREEMENT AND THE WCT 24.12 (E)
RELATIONS BETWEEN TREATIES IN THE FIELD OF RELATED RIGHTS 24.13 (I)
NON-DEROGATION CLAUSES 24.13 (II) SPECIAL AGREEMENTS 24.14 (F)
RELATION OF BILATERAL AND REGIONAL TRADE TREATIES WITH OTHER TREATIES
24.16 C. JURISDICTION 24.20 D. RESUME 24.24 25. OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF
THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS
PROTECTION A. INTRODUCTION 25.01 B. SELECTED ASPECTS 25.02 (1) THE
CHALLENGING AND DYNAMIC LIFE OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 25-02 (A)
FRAGMENTATION AMONG MEMBER COUNTRIES 25.02 (B) POTENTIAL LOSS OF A MAJOR
MEMBER AND SLOW-DOWN AT THE BRUSSELS CONFERENCE 25.03 (C) POTENTIAL
DILUTION BY NON-CREATIVE SUBJECT MATTER 25.04 (D) POTENTIAL SPLIT
BETWEEN TREATIES IN THE AMERICAS AND THE BERNE UNION 25.05 (E) THE
NORTH-SOUTH CONFLICT AS A PROBLEM FOR REVISIONS BY UNANIMITY 25-06 (F)
COMPETITION THROUGH TRADE FORA 25-07 (2) THE INCLUSION OF COPYRIGHT AND
NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS INTO THE TRADE FRAMEWORK 25-13 (3) MAIN PLAYERS
25-20 (A) THE USA 25-21 (B) THE EC 25-22 (C) DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 25-23
CONTENTS (4) THE USER MOVEMENT 25.27 (5) TECHNICAL PROGRESS 25.33 C.
RESUME 25.34 26. OUTLOOK: PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL
COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS LAW A. ANOTHER CRISIS? 26.01 B. THE
WAY AHEAD 26.06 (1) CONSOLIDATION 26.06 (2) BALANCING AGAINST OTHER
ASPECTS 26.09 C. COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS IN THE MIRROR OF
GENERAL DEVELOPMENTS 26.12 INDEX 605
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CONTENTS TABLE OF CASES XXXVII TABLE OFLEGISLATION, TREATIES, AND
CONVENTIONS XXXIX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LVII PART I THE LAW OF THE
'CLASSICAL' CONVENTIONS 1. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT AND
NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS LAW A. THE NOTION OF'INTERNATIONAL LAW' 1.01 (1)
DELINEATION FROM FOREIGN NATIONAL LAWS 1.01 (2) DELINEATION FROM
INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW 1.03 (3) DELINEATION FROM TRANSNATIONAL LAW
1.04 B. THE NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION IN THE FIELDS OF COPYRIGHT
AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 1.05 (1) TERRITORIALITY 1.06 (2) DISCRIMINATION
1.11 (3) CONDITIONS FOR EQUAL TREATMENT AND DIVERSITY OF STANDARDS 1.12
2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT LAW A. EARLY
INDIVIDUAL CLAIMS FOR INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION 2.01 B. BILATERAL
TREATIES 2.03 (1) DEVELOPMENT OF BILATERAL TREATIES 2.03 (2) CONTENTS OF
BILATERAL TREATIES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 2.05 (A) NATIONAL TREATMENT
2.05 (I) GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 2.05 (II) RIGHTS AND LIMITATIONS 2.08
(III) DURATION 2.11 (IV) WORKS 2.12 (B) FORMALITIES AND CENSORSHIP 2.14
(C) MOST-FAVOURED-NATION CLAUSE 2.16 (D) DURATION OF TREATIES 2.23 (3)
RESUME OF BILATERAL TREATIES 2.24 C. DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS THE FIRST
MULTILATERAL TREATY 2.25 (1) OVERVIEW OF FIRST STEPS 2.25 CONTENTS (2)
THE BRUSSELS CONGRESS 1858 2.26 (3) THE ANTWERP CONGRESSES 1861 AND 1877
2.30 (4) THE INTERNATIONAL LITERARY AND ARTISTIC CONGRESSES 1878 2.32
(5) THE WORK OF THE INTERNATIONAL LITERARY ASSOCIATION 2.35 (6) THE
DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCES PRECEDING THE BERNE CONVENTION 2.39 3. COMPARISON
OF THE COPYRIGHT SYSTEM AND THE AUTHOR'S RIGHTS (DROIT D'AUTEUR) SYSTEM
A. INTRODUCTION 3.01 (1) THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS 3.01 (2) GEOGRAPHICAL
SPREADING 3.05 B. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BASIC APPROACHES UNDER BOTH SYSTEMS
3.09 (1) BEGINNINGS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 3.09 (2) CLEAR DIVISION IN
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 3.11 (A) MAIN APPROACHES TO PROTECTION UNDER BOTH
SYSTEMS 3.11 (B) REFLECTIONS OF THE APPROACHES IN TERMINOLOGY AND
STRUCTURE OF LAWS 3.16 C. MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE COPYRIGHT AND THE
AUTHOR'S RIGHTS SYSTEMS 3.20 (1) GENERAL REMARKS 3.20 (A) DESCRIPTION OF
SYSTEMS IN PURE FORM 3.20 (B) GENERAL DIFFERENCES ROOTED IN COMMON LAW
AND CIVIL LAW 3.21 (2) GENESIS OF PROTECTION 3.25 (A) FORMALITIES 3.25
(I) AUTHOR'S RIGHTS SYSTEM 3.25 (II) COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 3.26 (III)
VOLUNTARY FULFILMENT OF FORMALITIES 3.28 (B) FIXATION 3.30 (I) AUTHOR'S
RIGHTS SYSTEM 3.30 (II) COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 3.31 (3) PROTECTED WORKS 3.32
(A) AUTHOR'S RIGHTS SYSTEM 3.32 (B) COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 3.33 (C) PHONOGRAMS
AND SIMILAR OBJECTS OF PROTECTION 3.35 (4) AUTHORSHIP 3.37 (A) AUTHOR'S
RIGHTS SYSTEM 3.37 (B) COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 3.41 (5) RIGHTS 3.44 (A) MORAL
RIGHTS 3.44 (I) GENERAL BACKGROUND AND CURRENT IMPORTANCE 3.44 (II) THE
THREE BASIC RIGHTS 3.47 (III) ADDITIONAL MORAL RIGHTS AND REFLECTIONS
THEREOF UNDER NATIONAL LAWS 3.51 CONTENTS (IV) DURATION AND TRANSFER OF
MORAL RIGHTS 3.53 (V) MORAL RIGHTS IN COUNTRIES OF THE COPYRIGHT SYSTEM
3.54 (B) ECONOMIC RIGHTS 3.56 (I) EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS: BROAD VERSUS
SPECIFIC RIGHTS 3.56 (II) STATUTORY REMUNERATION RIGHTS 3.59 (6)
EXCEPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 3.62 (A) AUTHOR'S RIGHTS SYSTEM 3.62 (B)
COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 3.63 (7) DURATION OF PROTECTION 3.64 (8) NEIGHBOURING
RIGHTS 3.68 (9) CONTRACT LAW 3.70 (10) COLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF RIGHTS
3.73 (11) STRUCTURE OF COPYRIGHT ACTS 3.77 (A) AUTHOR'S RIGHTS SYSTEM
3.78 (B) COPYRIGHT SYSTEM 3.79 (12) RESUME 3.80 4. OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN
'CLASSICAL' COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS CONVENTIONS BEFORE THE
TRIPS AGREEMENT A. THE MAIN COPYRIGHT CONVENTIONS 4.01 (1) THE BERNE
CONVENTION OF 1886 AND ITS REVISION ACTS UP TO 1971 4.01 (A) THE BERNE
CONVENTION AND BILATERAL TREATIES: THE SITUATION IN THE EARLY BERNE
YEARS 4.01 (B) ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION OF THE BERNE UNION 4.03 (C)
REVISION CONFERENCES AND INTERIM STEPS 4.05 (I) PARIS 1896 4.05 (II)
BERLIN 1908 4.09 (III) ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL 1914 AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR
4.11 (IV) ROME 1928 4.13 (V) BRUSSELS 1948 4.15 (VI) STOCKHOLM 1967 4.17
(VII) PARIS 1971 4.21 (D) DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONTENTS OF THE BERNE
CONVENTION FROM 1886 TO 1971 4.23 (2) OTHER EARLY MULTILATERAL
CONVENTIONS 4.29 (A) CONVENTION OF MONTEVIDEO 4.29 (B) OTHER AMERICAN
CONVENTIONS 4.32 (3) THE UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION 4.33 (A) REASONS
FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION 4.33 (B) THE WAY
TOWARDS THE ADOPTION OF THE UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION 4.34 (C) MAIN
CONTENTS OF THE UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION OF 1952 4.36 CONTENTS (D)
1971 PARIS REVISION 4.39 (E) DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT
CONVENTION AFTER 1971 4.43 B. THE MAIN NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS CONVENTIONS
4.49 (1) THE ROME CONVENTION OF 1961 4.49 (A) EARLY STEPS TOWARDS THE
INTRODUCTION OF NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 4.49 (B) EARLY STEPS AT THE
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL IN THE CONTEXT OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 4.52 (C) A
SEPARATE INITIATIVE OUTSIDE THE BERNE CONTEXT 4.54 (D) THE CONFERENCE OF
SAMADEN 1939: DRAFT ANNEXES TO THE BERNE CONVENTION 4.55 (E) A NEW START
AT THE BRUSSELS CONFERENCE OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 4.57 (0 SUBSEQUENT
WORK LEADING TO THE ROME CONVENTION 4.58 (G) THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROME
CONVENTION AFTER 1961 4.60 (2) THE GENEVA PHONOGRAMS CONVENTION OF 1971
4.63 (A) REASONS FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE GENEVA PHONOGRAMS CONVENTION
4.63 (B) PREPARATION OF THE GENEVA PHONOGRAMS CONVENTION 4.65 (C) MAIN
CONTENTS OF THE GENEVA PHONOGRAMS CONVENTION 4.66 (D) ADMINISTRATIVE AND
FRAMEWORK PROVISIONS 4.69 (3) THE BRUSSELS SATELLITE CONVENTION OF 1974
4.70 (A) REASONS FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE CONVENTION 4.70 (B) PREPARATION
OF THE BRUSSELS SATELLITE CONVENTION 4.71 (C) MAIN CONTENTS OF THE
BRUSSELS SATELLITE CONVENTION 4.72 C. RESUME 4.75 5. THE BERNE
CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF LITERARY AND ARTISTIC WORKS (PARIS ACT
1971) A. PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION 5.01 (1) NATIONAL TREATMENT AND
MINIMUM RIGHTS 5.01 (A) ORIGINS, AIM, AND SOLUTIONS IN EARLIER VERSIONS
5.01 (I) BASIC CHOICES IN THE 1886 VERSION 5.01 (II) AMENDMENTS IN
SUBSEQUENT VERSIONS 5.06 (B) CONDITIONS OF APPLICATION AND MODE OF
OPERATION UNDER THE PARIS ACT 1971 5.08 (I) CRITERIA OF ELIGIBILITY FOR
PROTECTION OF THE AUTHOR 5.10 NATIONALITY 5.11 HABITUAL RESIDENCE 5.14
FIRST OR SIMULTANEOUS PUBLICATION IN A UNION COUNTRY 5.17 CONTENTS (II)
PROTECTED WORK (III) UNION COUNTRY OTHER THAN COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OVERVIEW
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN DETERMINING THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN IN UNREGULATED CASES
(IV) CONTENTS OF PRINCIPLES OF NATIONAL TREATMENT AND MINIMUM RIGHTS (V)
PARTICULAR PROBLEMS: DEFINITION OF'PUBLICATION (VI) PARTICULAR PROBLEMS:
PROTECTION IN THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN (VII) SUMMARY (C) EXCEPTIONS TO
NATIONAL TREATMENT (I) DURATION OF PROTECTION (II) WORKS OF APPLIED
ART/INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS AND MODELS (III) RESALE RIGHT (IV) RETALIATION
AGAINST NATIONALS FROM NON-UNION COUNTRIES (V) PRIVILEGES FOR DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES (2) PRINCIPLE OF 'NO FORMALITIES' (A) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
(B) CONTENTS OF THE PRINCIPLE (C) RATIONALE OF THE PRINCIPLE (D)
VOLUNTARY REGISTRATION B. SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS OF PROTECTION (1) WORKS
PROTECTED UNDER THE CONVENTION (A) GENERA] REMARKS (I) OVERVIEW (II) THE
DEFINED TERM (III) DOMAIN (IV) PRODUCTION (V) EXPRESSION (VI) FIXATION
AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS (B) PARTICULAR CATEGORIES OF WORKS (I) HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND (II) ARTICLE 2(1) OF THE BERNE CONVENTION (III) LISTED AND
UNLISTED WORKS (C) EXEMPTIONS FROM PROTECTION (I) OFFICIAL TEXTS AND
PUBLIC SPEECHES (II) NEWS OF THE DAY (2) AUTHORS (A) AUTHOR AS NATURAL
PERSON (B) FILM AUTHORSHIP (C) SUCCESSORS IN TITLE 5.18 5.19 5.19 5.22
5.24 5.28 5.32 5.35 5.37 5.40 5.41 5.45 5.48 5.49 5.53 5.54 5.54 5.55
5.58 5.61 5.62 5.62 5.62 5.62 5.64 5.65 5.66 5.69 5.71 5.74 5.74 5.75
5.76 5.80 5.80 5.83 5.84 5.84 5.87 5.93 CONTENTS (3) MINIMUM RIGHTS 5.94
(A) GENERAL REMARKS 5.94 (I) MINIMUM, NOT MAXIMUM 5.94 (II) RELATION
BETWEEN MORAL RIGHTS AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS 5.95 (B) MORAL RIGHTS 5.96 (I)
OVERVIEW AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 5.96 (II) INDEPENDENCE FROM ECONOMIC
RIGHTS AND TRANSFERABILITY 5.97 (III) RIGHT TO CLAIM AUTHORSHIP 5.98
(IV) RIGHT OF INTEGRITY 5.100 (V) DURATION AND REMEDIES 5.105 (VI)
PROVISIONS IN CONTEXT WITH LIMITATIONS 5.107 (B) ECONOMIC RIGHTS 5.110
(I) INTRODUCTION 5.110 (II) THE REPRODUCTION RIGHT 5.112 IMPORTANCE AND
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 5.112 REPRODUCTION AND FIXATION 5.116
REPRODUCTION IN ANY MANNER OR FORM 5.117 PARTIAL REPRODUCTION 5.119
CINEMATOGRAPHIC WORKS 5-120 (III) TRANSLATION RIGHT 5.121 (IV)
ADAPTATION RIGHT 5.125 (V) DISTRIBUTION RIGHT 5.131 (VI) RIGHTS OF
PUBLIC PERFORMANCE AND RECITATION, COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC, AND
BROADCASTING 5.134 GENERAL REMARKS AND SYSTEMATIC OVERVIEW 5.134 PUBLIC
PERFORMANCE AND RECITATION UNDER ARTICLES 11, 11 TCR , AND 14 OF THE
BERNE CONVENTION 5.137 COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC UNDER ARTICLES 11, 1
L TER , AND 14 OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.138 BROADCASTING UNDER ARTICLE
1 L BIS OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.141 REBROADCASTING AND RETRANSMISSION
UNDER ARTICLE 1 L BA OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.143 PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
OF A BROADCAST UNDER ARTICLE 1 L BLS OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.146
'PUBLIC' 5.147 (4) EXCEPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 5.148 (A) GENERAL REMARKS
5.148 (I) HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 5.148 (II) DIFFERENT WAYS OF
RESTRICTING PROTECTION 5.149 (III) INTERESTS PROTECTED BY LIMITATIONS OF
RIGHTS 5.153 (IV) CONCEPT OF LIMITATIONS UNDER THE BERNE CONVENTION
5.154 (B) THE INDIVIDUAL LIMITATIONS IN FAVOUR OF THE PUBLIC INTEREST
5.156 (I) ACCESS TO INFORMATION, NEWS REPORTING 5.156 CONTENTS ARTICLE 2
BIS (2) OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.156 ARTICLE 10 BIS (L) OF THE BERNE
CONVENTION 5.157 ARTICLE 10 BIS (2) OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.161 (II)
QUOTATIONS 5.163 (III) EDUCATION (ARTICLE 10(2) OF THE BERNE CONVENTION)
5.169 (IV) GENERAL LIMITATION OF THE REPRODUCTION RIGHT (ARTICLE 9 (2)
OF THE BERNE CONVENTION) 5.174 GENERAL REMARKS 5.174 CERTAIN SPECIAL
CASES 5.179 NO CONFLICT WITH NORMAL EXPLOITATION 5.182 NO UNREASONABLE
PREJUDICE TO THE LEGITIMATE INTERESTS OF THE AUTHOR 5.184 EXAMPLES 5.187
(C) INDIVIDUAL LIMITATIONS IN FAVOUR OF INTERESTS OF SPECIFIC GROUPS
5.189 (I) EPHEMERAL RECORDINGS 5.189 (II) COMPULSORY LICENCES 5.193
ARTICLE 1 L BIS (2) OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.194 ARTICLE 13 OF THE
BERNE CONVENTION 5.196 (D) IMPLIED EXCEPTIONS 5.199 (I) MINOR EXCEPTIONS
5.200 (II) TRANSLATION RIGHT 5.203 (E) ARTICLE 17 OF THE BERNE
CONVENTION 5.205 (I) CENSORSHIP 5.205 (II) COMPETITION LAW 5.209 (5)
DURATION OF PROTECTION 5.212 (A) GENERAL REMARKS 5.212 (B) MORAL RIGHTS
5.213 (C) ECONOMIC RIGHTS 5.215 (I) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 5.215 (II)
GENERAL DURATION AND JOINT WORKS 5.217 (III) ANONYMOUS AND PSEUDONYMOUS
WORKS 5.220 (IV) CINEMATOGRAPHIC WORKS 5.222 (V) PHOTOGRAPHIC WORKS
5.224 (VI) WORKS OF APPLIED ART 5.225 (VII) ARTICLE 7(5)-(7) OF THE
BERNE CONVENTION 5.227 (VIII) POSTHUMOUS WORKS 5.229 (6) SPECIAL
PROVISIONS ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 5.230 (A) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 5.230
(B) OVERVIEW OF THE CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX 5.232 C. ENFORCEMENT 5.234
(1) SEIZURE 5.236 (2) ARTICLE 15 OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.238 CONTENTS
D. FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS 5.243 (1) APPLICATION IN TIME
(ARTICLE 18 OF THE BERNE CONVENTION) 5.243 (A) OVERVIEW 5.243 (B)
ARTICLE 18(1) AND (2) OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.245 (C) ARTICLE 18(3) OF
THE BERNE CONVENTION 5.247 (D) ARTICLE 18(4) OF THE BERNE CONVENTION
5.249 (2) SPECIAL AGREEMENTS UNDER ARTICLE 20 OF THE BERNE CONVENTION
5.250 (3) INSTITUTIONAL AND OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINAL CLAUSES 5.252
(A) ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANS AND FINANCING 5.252 (B) REVISION 5.253 (C)
ACCEPTANCE AND ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE PARIS ACT 5.255 (D) RESERVATIONS
5.257 (E) APPLICATION TO TERRITORIES 5.258 (F) APPLICABILITY OF
DIFFERENT ACTS 5.259 (G) DENUNCIATION 5.261 (H) IMPLEMENTATION 5.262 6.
THE ROME CONVENTION OF 1961 A. PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION 6.01 (1)
NATIONAL TREATMENT AND MINIMUM RIGHTS 6.01 (A) ELIGIBILITY FOR
PROTECTION 6.01 (I) ELIGIBILITY FOR PROTECTION OF PERFORMERS 6.02
OVERVIEW 6.02 PERFORMANCE IN ANOTHER CONTRACTING STATE 6.03 PERFORMANCE
INCORPORATED IN ELIGIBLE PHONOGRAM 6.04 PERFORMANCE CARRIED BY ELIGIBLE
BROADCAST 6.07 DEFICIENCY OF THE SYSTEM 6.08 (II) ELIGIBILITY FOR
PROTECTION OF PHONOGRAM PRODUCERS 6.09 (III) ELIGIBILITY FOR PROTECTION
OF BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS 6.13 (B) DEFINITIONS OF RIGHT OWNERS AND
SUBJECT MATTER 6.14 (I) PERFORMERS AND PERFORMANCES 6.14 (II) PHONOGRAMS
AND PHONOGRAM PRODUCERS 6.20 (III) BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS AND
BROADCASTS 6.24 (C) SCOPE OF NATIONAL TREATMENT AND EXCEPTIONS 6.26 (I)
SCOPE 6.26 (II) EXCEPTIONS TO NATIONAL TREATMENT 6.28 (2) LIMITED
FORMALITIES (ARTICLE 11 OF THE ROME CONVENTION) 6.32 B. SUBSTANTIVE
STANDARDS OF PROTECTION 6.34 (1) MINIMUM'RIGHTS'OF PERFORMING ARTISTS
6.35 (A) THE NATURE OF 'RIGHTS' UNDER ARTICLE 7 OF THE ROME CONVENTION
6.35 (B) THE ACTS WHICH THE PERFORMER MUST BE ABLE TO PREVENT 6.37 (I)
LIVE BROADCASTING AND COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC 6.37 CONTENTS (II)
FIXATION 6.39 (III) REPRODUCTION 6.40 (C) RELATIONS BETWEEN PERFORMERS
AND BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS REGARDING THE RIGHTS UNDER ARTICLE 7 OF
THE ROME CONVENTION 6.42 (D) PERFORMERS' PROTECTION IN FILMS 6.45 (E)
REMUNERATION FOR SECONDARY USES UNDER ARTICLE 12 OF THE ROME CONVENTION
6.49 (I) GENERAL BACKGROUND 6.49 (II) PHONOGRAMS PUBLISHED FOR
COMMERCIAL PURPOSES 6.50 (III) DIRECT USES 6.52 (IV) BENEFICIARIES OF
SINGLE EQUITABLE REMUNERATION 6.54 (V) RESERVATIONS 6.57 (0 UNREGULATED
ISSUES 6.59 (I) THE POSSIBILITY TO TRANSFER RIGHTS 6.59 (II) MORAL
RIGHTS 6.60 (2) MINIMUM RIGHTS OF PHONOGRAM PRODUCERS 6.61 (3) MINIMUM
RIGHTS OF BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS 6.63 (4) LIMITATIONS OF RIGHTS 6.67
(5) DURATION OF PROTECTION 6.70 C. FRAMEWORK PROVISIONS 6.73 (1)
RELATION TO AUTHOR'S RIGHTS PROTECTION 6.73 (2) APPLICATION IN TIME 6.76
(3) FURTHER PROTECTION OF NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS OWNERS 6.77 (4)
ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINAL CLAUSES 6.79 7. NEW PHENOMENA AS A CHALLENGE TO
THE INTERPRETATION OF THE BERNE AND ROME CONVENTIONS A. RULES OF
INTERPRETATION 7.01 (1) GENERAL REMARKS 7.01 (2) METHODS OF
INTERPRETATION 7.05 (A) OBJECTIVE METHODS OF INTERPRETATION 7.07 (B)
SUBJECTIVE METHOD OF INTERPRETATION 7.10 (C) LANGUAGES 7.11 (I)
AUTHENTIC AND OFFICIAL TEXTS 7.11 (II) SEVERAL AUTHENTIC TEXTS 7.12 B.
EXAMPLES 7.13 (1) SUBJECT MATTER 7.13 (A) COMPUTER PROGRAMS 7.13 (B)
PHONOGRAMS 7.20 (2) NEW USES 7.22 (A) MAKING AVAILABLE WORKS ON DEMAND
7.23 (B) PUBLIC LENDING RIGHT AND NATIONAL TREATMENT 7.27 CONTENTS (3)
'PUBLICATION'ON THE INTERNET 7.31 (4) THE SCOPE OF NATIONAL TREATMENT
UNDER THE ROME CONVENTION 7.34 (5) RESUME 7.41 8. CONSEQUENCES OF A
VIOLATION OF A TREATY AND OF DIVERGENCES OF INTERPRETATION AMONG ITS
MEMBER COUNTRIES A. INTRODUCTION 8.01 B. GENERAL PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL
LAW CONDITIONS REGARDING TREATIES (1) FULL POWERS FOR THE CONCLUSION OF
TREATIES (2) MAJORITY AND UNANIMITY (3) AUTHENTICATION (4) SIGNATURE,
RATIFICATION, ACCESSION (5) ENTRY INTO FORCE (6) RESERVATIONS (7)
INVALIDITY, TERMINATION, DENUNCIATION, AND OTHER ISSUES C. INTERNAL
APPLICABILITY OF TREATIES (1) TRANSFORMATION INTO NATIONAL LAW (2) RANK
IN THE NATIONAL HIERARCHY OF NORMS D. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT UNDER
INTERNATIONAL LAW (1) OVERVIEW (2) POLITICAL MEANS (3) LEGAL FORMS (4)
THE ICJ (5) COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS CONVENTIONS 8.02 8.02 8.03
8.04 8.05 8.06 8.08 8.09 8.11 8.11 8.14 8.16 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.20 8.23
PART II THE INCLUSION OF COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS IN TRADE
TREATIES AND TRADE MEASURES 9. REASONS FOR THE SHIFT TOWARDS THE TRADE
CONTEXT A. FACTUAL DEVELOPMENTS AFTER THE LAST REVISION OF THE BERNE
CONVENTION AND THE ADOPTION OF THE ROME CONVENTION 9.01 (1) TECHNICAL
AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS 9.01 (2) ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS 9.03 B. THE
POTENTIAL OF THE EXISTING CONVENTIONS 9.04 C. THE CHOICE OF GATT AS A
NEW FORUM 9.07 CONTENTS 10. THE INCLUSION OF COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING
RIGHTS IN THE GATT/WTO A. SHORT PRESENTATION OF GATT/WTO IN GENERAL
10.01 (1) THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT) 10.01 (A)
THE GENESIS OF GATT 10.01 (I) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 10.01 (II) THE ITO
FAILURE 10.03 (B) GATT AS A DE FACTO ORGANIZATION 10.04 (C) CRISIS OF
GATT BEFORE THE URUGUAY ROUND 10.05 (2) THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
10.07 (A) THE SUCCESS OF THE URUGUAY ROUND 10.07 (I) 'SINGLE UNDERTAKING
APPROACH 10.07 (II) THE ESTABLISHMENT, TASKS, AND STRUCTURE OF THE WTO
10.09 (III) AMENDMENTS OF THE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM 10.15 (B)
DYNAMIC CHARACTER OF THE WTO 10.17 B. THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 10.19 (1) THE
NEGOTIATIONS LEADING TO THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 10.19 (2) PRINCIPLES OF
PROTECTION OF COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 10.24 (A) NATIONAL
TREATMENT 10.25 (I) GENERAL 10.25 (II) COPYRIGHT 10.28 (III)
NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 10.31 ELIGIBILITY OF PERFORMERS 10.31 ELIGIBILITY OF
PHONOGRAM PRODUCERS 10.32 ELIGIBILITY OF BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS
10.33 SCOPE OF NATIONAL TREATMENT 10.34 EXCEPTIONS TO NATIONAL TREATMENT
10.36 (B) MINIMUM RIGHTS 10.37 (C) THE PRINCIPLES REGARDING NO OR
LIMITED FORMALITIES 10.39 (D) MOST-FAVOURED-NATION CLAUSE 10.40 (I)
BACKGROUND AND CONTENTS OF THE CLAUSE 10.40 (II) EFFECTS OF THE CLAUSE
IN THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CONTEXT 10.42 (III) EXCEPTIONS FROM THE
CLAUSE 10.44 (IV) ASSESSMENT 10.49 (3) SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS OF
PROTECTION OF COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 10.50 (A) COPYRIGHT
10.50 (I) THE BERNE-PLUS APPROACH 10.50 THE COMPLIANCE CLAUSE 10.50
EXCEPTION TO THE COMPLIANCE CLAUSE: MORAL RIGHTS 10.52 (II) WORKS 10.55
COMPUTER PROGRAMS 10.56 DATABASES 10.60 CONTENTS (III) RIGHTS BACKGROUND
COMPROMISE CHARACTER RENTAL RIGHT FOR SELECTED CATEGORIES OF WORKS ONLY
CINEMATOGRAPHIC WORKS EXCEPTION REGARDING COMPUTER PROGRAMS 'RENTAL' AND
'PUBLIC' ARTICLE 14(4)ON PHONOGRAMS (IV) SPECIAL TERM OF PROTECTION (V)
LIMITATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS (B) RELATED RIGHTS (I) GENERAL REMARKS (II)
MINIMUM RIGHTS OF PERFORMERS AND PHONOGRAM PRODUCERS (III) MINIMUM
RIGHTS OF BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS (IV) DURATION OF PROTECTION (V)
RESTRICTIONS OF PROTECTION (VI) APPLICATION IN TIME (4) ENFORCEMENT
PROVISIONS UNDER PART III OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT (A) BACKGROUND (B)
GENERAL REMARKS (C) DIFFERENT ENFORCEMENT MEASURES (5) DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT MECHANISM (A) BASIC CHOICES MADE DURING THE TRIPS
NEGOTIATIONS (I) THREE OPTIONS FOR A DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM FOR
TRIPS (II) THREE DIFFERENT COMPLAINTS (B) DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURE
(I) PROCEDURE LEADING TO PANEL OR APPELLATE BODY REPORT (II)
IMPLEMENTATION OF REPORTS (III) COMPENSATION AND SUSPENSION OF
CONCESSIONS (IV) THE COPYRIGHT CASE UNDER TRIPS (6) OTHER PROVISIONS (A)
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (I) TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS (II) TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER (B) INSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS (C) FINAL PROVISIONS (I)
APPLICATION IN TIME (II) REVIEW AND AMENDMENT, RESERVATIONS 10.64 10.64
10.65 10.66 10.67 10.70 10.71 10.72 10.80 10.83 10.89 10.89 10.91 10.96
10.98 10.100 10.101 10.103 10.103 10.105 10.109 10.114 10.114 10.114
10.117 10.120 10.120 10.123 10.124 10.129 10.133 10.133 10.133 10.135
10.136 10.138 10.138 10.139 CONTENTS C. ASSESSMENT OF THE INCLUSION OF
COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS IN THE TRIPS AGREEMENT AS COMPARED TO
THE BERNE AND ROME CONVENTIONS (1) PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION (2)
SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS (3) OTHER ASPECTS 11. COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING
RIGHTS UNDER THE NAFTA AND OTHER REGIONAL AGREEMENTS A. NAFTA (1)
GENERAL REMARKS (2) PROVISIONS WITH REGARD TO COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING
RIGHTS (A) BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION (I) GENERAL REMARK (II)
NATIONAL TREATMENT (III) MINIMUM RIGHTS (IV) 'NO FORMALITIES' (B)
SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS OF PROTECTION (I) PRINCIPAL APPROACHES (II)
COPYRIGHT (III) NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS (IV) COMMON PROVISIONS (C)
ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS (3) DISPUTE SETTLEMENT (4) OTHER PROVISIONS B.
OTHER REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS (RTAS) (1) GENERAL REMARKS (2) THE
AMERICAS (A) GENERAL REMARKS (B) DRAFT FTAA (I) OVERVIEW AND BACKGROUND
(II) GENERAL PROVISIONS (III) SPECIFIC COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS
PROVISIONS (IV) OUTLOOK (C) CAFTA-DR (I) HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT (II)
GENERAL PROVISIONS (III) SPECIFIC COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS
PROVISIONS (D) ANDEAN COMMUNITY AND MERCOSUR (I) ANDEAN COMMUNITY/CAN
(II) MERCOSUR (E) CARICOM 10.142 10.142 10.143 10.145 11.01 11.01 11.02
11.03 11.03 11.05 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.09 11.11 11.15 11.18 11.21 11.22
11.24 11.25 11.25 11.27 11.27 11.28 11.28 11.30 11.31 11.36 11.37 11.37
11.38 11.40 11.45 11.45 11.51 11.52 CONTENTS (3) ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
11.54 (A) ASEAN AND AFTA 11.54 (B) APEC 11.57 (4) AFRICA 11.58 (A) OAPI
11-58 (I) GENERAL REMARKS 11.58 (II) GENERAL PROVISIONS 11.60 (III)
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS 11.61 (B) ARIPO 11.62 (C) AU 11.63 (5) EUROPE 11.64
(A) EC 11.64 (B) EFTA 11.65 (C) EEA 11.67 (D) CEFTA 11.68 (E) COTONOU
AGREEMENT 11.69 (6) RESUME 11.71 12. BILATERAL TREATIES A. TREATIES
BETWEEN THE USA AND OTHER COUNTRIES 12.02 (1) REASONS FOR INCLUDING
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN MODERN-ERA BILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS (TAS)
12.02 (2) THE FIRST GENERATION OF TAS 12.09 (A) GENERAL PROVISIONS 12.09
(B) MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR COPYRIGHT 12.10 (C) MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR
NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 12.13 (D) ENFORCEMENT 12.14 (E) CONCLUSION 12.15 (3)
SECOND (AND CURRENT) GENERATION OF TAS 12.16 (A) GENERAL REMARKS 12.16
(B) DIFFERENT AGREEMENTS 12.17 (I) TIFAS 12.17 (II) BITS 12.18 (III)
FTAS 12.20 (C) DIFFERENT STRATEGIES 12.21 (D) PRINCIPAL NEGOTIATION
OBJECTIVES 12.25 (E) CONTENTS OF FTAS 12.26 (I) GENERAL PROVISIONS 12.26
(II) SPECIFIC COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS 12.31 (III)
ENFORCEMENT AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 12.38 (0 IMPLEMENTATION 12.39 (4)
RESUME 12.42 CONTENTS B. TREATIES BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND
NON-EC COUNTRIES 12.43 (1) GENERAL REMARKS 12.43 (A) EARLY MOTIVATION
FOR THE INCLUSION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN BILATERAL AGREEMENTS 12.43
(B) KINDS OF AGREEMENTS 12.45 (2) AGREEMENTS AIMED AT PREPARING FOR
ACCESSION TO THE EC 12.47 (A) FIRST GENERATION OF AGREEMENTS 12.47 (B)
SECOND GENERATION OF AGREEMENTS AND EUROPE AGREEMENTS 12.49 (C)
STABILIZATION AND ASSOCIATION AGREEMENTS 12.52 (3) PARTNERSHIP AND
COOPERATION AGREEMENTS WITH FORMER SOVIET COUNTRIES 12.54 (4)
DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION AGREEMENTS 12.55 C. BILATERAL TREATIES OF OTHER
COUNTRIES 12.61 (1) GENERAL REMARKS 12.61 (2) EFTA 12.62 (3) LATIN
AMERICA 12.63 (4) TRANS-PACIFIC STRATEGIC ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
12.66 (5) AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND 12.68 (A) AUSTRALIA 12.68 (B) NEW
ZEALAND 12.71 (6) ASIA 12.72 (A) DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 12.72 (B) JAPAN
12.73 D. COMPARISON OF APPROACHES 12.76 13. UNILATERAL TRADE MEASURES A.
MEASURES APPLIED BY THE USA 13.01 (1) BACKGROUND 13.01 (2) CONTENTS AND
WORKING OF'SPECIAL 301' 13.02 (3) RELATION OF'SPECIAL 301' MEASURES TO
THE WTO AND OTHER AGREEMENTS 13.07 B. MEASURES APPLIED BY THE EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY 13.11 C. RESUME 13.19 14. OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF THE INCLUSION
OF COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS INTO THE TRADE FRAMEWORK A. THE
ROLE OF COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS WITHIN TRADE AGREEMENTS 14.01
(1) BEFORE THE MID-1980S 14.01 CONTENTS (2) AFTER THE MID-1980S 14.02
(A) THE MAIN PLAYERS 14.03 (B) TOOLS FOR INCLUSION OF COPYRIGHT AND
NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS INTO THE TRADE FRAMEWORK 14.04 (C) AIMS OF TRADE
AGREEMENTS THAT INCLUDE COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING FIGHTS 14.08 (D)
CONTENTS OF PROVISIONS OR DEMANDS 14.09 B. RESULTS OF THE INCLUSION OF
COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS INTO THE TRADE FRAMEWORK 14.10 (1)
FACTUAL OUTCOME 14.10 (2) DISCUSSION OF THE DE FACTO OUTCOME 14.16 (A)
ECONOMIC ASPECTS 14.16 (B) LEGAL AND LEGAL POLICY ASPECTS 14.17 (C)
GENERAL POLITICAL ASPECTS 14.20 (3) RESUME 14.24 PART III DEVELOPMENTS
IN THE WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION (WIPO) AFTERTHE ADOPTION
OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 15. PRESENTATION OF THE WIPO A. THE DEVELOPMENT
TOWARDS THE WIPO 15.01 B. STRUCTURE AND WORKING MECHANISMS OF THE WIPO
15.06 C. TASKS OF THE WIPO 15.10 (1) ADMINISTRATION AND CREATION OF
TREATIES 15.11 (2) MODEL LAWS AND LEGISLATIVE ADVICE 15.14 (3) TRAINING
AND OTHER TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 15.16 (4) STUDIES, CONFERENCES,
DOCUMENTATION 15.17 (5) ARBITRATION AND MEDIATION 15.18 D. OUTLOOK 15.19
16. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT DRAFT TREATY A. THE EMERGENCE OF THE PLAN FOR A
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT TREATY 16.01 B. DISCUSSIONS AND DRAFT TREATY 16.02 C.
THE OUTCOME OF DISCUSSIONS 16.05 CONTENTS 17. THE WIPO COPYRIGHT TREATY
(WCT) AND THE WIPO PERFORMANCES AND PHONOGRAMS TREATY (WPPT) OF 1996 A.
BACKGROUND OF AND DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS THE WIPO TREATIES OFL996 17.01 (1)
1971-1991: BETWEEN 'GUIDED DEVELOPMENT' AND THE NEW APPROACH OF
A'PROTOCOL' 17.01 (2) 1991-1993: INITIAL DISCUSSIONS ON THE BERNE
PROTOCOL AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SECOND COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS 17.05
(3) 1993-1996: SUBSTANTIVE DISCUSSIONS INCLUDING THE 'DIGITAL AGENDA
17.07 (4) 1996: PREPARATIONS FOR A DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 17.10 B.
PROCEDURE AT THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 17.13 (1) INVITED PARTICIPANTS
17.14 (2) COMMITTEES AT THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 17.17 (3) PARTICULAR
PROCEDURAL QUESTIONS 17.20 (A) POSTS 17.20 (B) EC VOTING RIGHTS 17.21
(4) THE PROCESS AT THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 17.23 (5) CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE NEGOTIATIONS 17.27 C. PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION UNDER THE WCT AND
THE WPPT AS COMPARED TO THE PRECEDING INTERNATIONAL LAW 17.29 (1) WCT
17.30 (2) WPPT 17.34 (A) CRITERIA OF ELIGIBILITY 17.35 (I) GENERAL 17.35
(II) PERFORMER 17.36 (III) PHONOGRAM PRODUCER 17.40 (IV) DEFINITIONS IN
THE CONTEXT OF ELIGIBILITY 17.41 (B) NATIONAL TREATMENT 17.43 (I)
BACKGROUND 17.43 (II) SCOPE OF NATIONAL TREATMENT 17.45 (III) EXCEPTIONS
TO NATIONAL TREATMENT 17.47 (C) MINIMUM RIGHTS 17.48 (D) NO FORMALITIES
17.50 D. SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS OF PROTECTION 17.51 (1) PARALLEL
STANDARDS IN BOTH TREATIES 17.51 (A) REPRODUCTION RIGHT 17.52 (I)
BACKGROUND 17.52 (II) CONTENTS OF THE RIGHT 17.56 (B) DISTRIBUTION RIGHT
17.59 (I) GENERAL REMARKS AND CONTENTS OF RIGHT 17.59 (II)
IMPLEMENTATION INTO NATIONAL LAW 17.61 (III) EXHAUSTION OF THE
DISTRIBUTION RIGHT 17.62 CONTENTS (C) RENTAL RIGHT (I) GENERAL
PRINCIPLE: THE TRIPS MODEL (II) CLARIFICATIONS AS COMPARED TO TRIPS (D)
THE RIGHT OF MAKING AVAILABLE (I) GENERAL REMARKS AND BACKGROUND (II)
CONTENTS OF THE RIGHT (III) RELATION TO THE COMMUNICATION RIGHT (IV)
AGREED STATEMENT (E) LIMITATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS (I) WCT (II) WPPT (F)
OBLIGATIONS CONCERNING TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES AND RIGHTS MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION (I) TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES (II) RIGHTS MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION (2) STANDARDS ONLY UNDER THE WCT (A) SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS
OF THE BERNE CONVENTION (B) COMPUTER PROGRAMS (C) DATABASES (D) RIGHT OF
COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC (E) DURATION OF PROTECTION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC
WORKS (3) STANDARDS ONLY UNDER THE WPPT (A) MORAL RIGHTS OF PERFORMERS
(I) IMPORTANCE AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROVISION (II) SCOPE OF
APPLICATION (III) RIGHT OF PERFORMERSHIP (IV) RIGHT OF INTEGRITY (V)
ARTICLE 5(2) AND (3) OF THE WPPT (B) RIGHTS OF PERFORMERS IN UNFIXED
PERFORMANCES (C) REMUNERATION RIGHT FOR BROADCASTING AND COMMUNICATION
TO THE PUBLIC (I) MAIN FEATURES (II) AGREED STATEMENTS (III)
RESERVATIONS TO THE RIGHTS (D) TERM OF PROTECTION (E) DEFINITIONS (I)
PERFORMERS (II) PHONOGRAM (III) PRODUCER OF A PHONOGRAM (IV) FIXATION
(V) PUBLICATION (VI) BROADCASTING (VII) COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC
17.67 17.67 17.69 17.72 17.72 17.73 17.79 17.81 17.83 17.84 17.88 17.91
17.93 17.99 17.102 17.102 17.103 17.105 17.107 17.111 17.115 17.115
17.115 17.118 17.119 17.121 17.123 17.125 17.126 17.126 17.128 17.130
17.131 17.132 17.133 17.134 17.136 17.138 17.139 17.140 17.143 CONTENTS
E. ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS E PROPOSALS THAT WERE NOT ADOPTED (1) THE
ABOLITION OF NON-VOLUNTARY LICENCES (A) BACKGROUND (B) MECHANICAL
RECORDING (C) BROADCASTING AND COMMUNICATION (2) DEFINITION OF RENTAL
(3) ONLINE 'PUBLICATION' (4) MODIFICATION RIGHT FOR PERFORMERS AND
PHONOGRAM PRODUCERS (5) SUI GENERIS PROTECTION OF DATABASES G. FRAMEWORK
PROVISIONS OF BOTH TREATIES (1) RELATION TO OTHER TREATIES (A) WCT (B)
WPPT (2) APPLICATION IN TIME H. ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINAL CLAUSES OF BOTH
TREATIES 17.144 17.146 17.146 17.146 17.148 17.149 17.150 17.151 17.153
17.155 17.158 17.158 17.158 17.162 17.164 17.165 I. ASSESSMENT OF THE
WIPO TREATIES AS COMPARED TO THE BERNE AND ROME CONVENTIONS AND THE
TRIPS AGREEMENT 17.167 (1) PROGRESS OF THE WCT AS COMPARED TO THE BERNE
CONVENTION (1971) 17.170 (2) PROGRESS OF THE WPPT AS COMPARED TO THE
ROME CONVENTION 17.172 (3) PROGRESS OF THE WCT AND WPPT AS COMPARED TO
THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 17.177 (4) RESUME 17.180 18. THE PROTECTION OF
AUDIOVISUAL PERFORMANCES A. THE WIPO DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE OF 1996 18.02
(1) DIFFERENT PROPOSALS 18.02 (2) BACKGROUND TO DIFFERENT POSITIONS
18.05 (3) OUTCOME OF THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 1996 18.07 B. ACTIVITIES
BETWEEN 1996 AND 2000 18.08 C. THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 2000 18.09 (1)
THE LEAST CONTROVERSIAL PROVISIONS 18.10 (2) THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL
ISSUES 18.13 (A) DEFINITION OF AUDIOVISUAL FIXATIONS 18.14 (B) MORAL
RIGHTS 18.15 (C) BROADCASTING AND COMMUNICATION RIGHTS AND NATIONAL
TREATMENT 18.16 (D) APPLICATION IN TIME 18.18 (E) TRANSFER OF RIGHTS
18.19 (3) THE OUTCOME OF THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 18.21 D. DEVELOPMENTS
AFTER 2000 18.22 CONTENTS 19. THE PROJECT OF A TREATY ON THE PROTECTION
OF BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS A. THE LAUNCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
DISCUSSIONS ON THE PROTECTION OF BROADCASTING ORGANIZATIONS IN WIPO
19.01 (1) INITIAL ACTIVITIES 19.01 (A) THE LACK OF BROADCASTING
ORGANIZATIONS IN THE WPPT 19.01 (B) NEW INITIATIVES 19.02 (2)
DEVELOPMENT OF WORK IN THE STANDING COMMITTEE OF WIPO 19.04 (A) INITIAL
SESSIONS 19.04 (B) PROPOSAL ON WEBCASTERS 19.05 (C) SCOPE OF PROTECTION
19.06 (D) THE WAY TOWARDS AN ENVISAGED DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE 19.07 B.
OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN ISSUES DISCUSSED AS POSSIBLE CONTENTS OF A
BROADCASTERS'TREATY 19.12 (1) PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION 19.13 (2) RIGHT
OWNERS AND OBJECTS OF PROTECTION 19.15 (A) OVERVIEW 19.15 (B)
SIMULCASTING AND WEBCASTING 19.16 (C) TRADITIONAL BROADCASTING AND
CABLE-CASTING 19.20 (I) WIRELESS BROADCASTS 19.20 (II) PRE-BROADCAST
SIGNALS 19.21 (III) CABLE-CASTS 19.22 (IV) DEFINITIONS OF BROADCASTING
AND CABLE-CASTING ORGANIZATIONS 19.24 (V) SIGNAL VERSUS CONTENT
PROTECTION 19.25 (3) MINIMUM RIGHTS 19.29 (4) LIMITATIONS AND OTHER
RESTRICTIONS OF PROTECTION 19.31 (5) OTHER MINIMUM STANDARDS 19.33 (6)
FRAMEWORK PROVISIONS 19.35 C. RESUME 19.36 20. PROTECTION OF FOLKLORE A.
INTRODUCTION: THE ISSUES AT STAKE 20.01 B. THE EXISTING POSSIBILITIES
FOR PROTECTING FOLKLORE 20.07 (1) DIRECT PROTECTION OF FOLKLORE 20.07
(2) INDIRECT PROTECTION OF FOLKLORE 20.11 (A) COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING
RIGHTS 20.11 (B) OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 20.14 (C) PROTECTION
OUTSIDE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 20.21 (D) RESUME 20.24 CONTENTS C. PAST
ATTEMPTS TO ACHIEVE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF FOLKLORE 20.27 (1) THE
BERNE CONVENTION 20.27 (2) WIPO MODEL PROVISIONS 20.30 (3) DRAFT TREATY
20.32 (4) THE RECENT RELAUNCH OF DEBATES IN WIPO 20.33 D. THE
INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITTEE OF WIPO 20.36 (1) OVERVIEW OF THE COMMITTEES
WORK ON FOLKLORE 20.36 (2) THE LATEST PROPOSALS 20.39 E. OUTLOOK 20.41
21. THE WIPO DEVELOPMENT AGENDA A. BACKGROUND 21.01 B. SUBSEQUENT
ACTIVITIES 21.03 C. MAIN CONTENTS OF PROPOSALS 21.06 D. OUTLOOK 21.11
22. ADDITIONAL ISSUES DISCUSSED IN WIPO AFTER 1996 A. SUIGENERIS
PROTECTION OF DATABASES 22.01 B. OTHER TOPICS 22.05 (1) THE SEARCH FOR
NEW TOPICS 22.05 (2) WORK ON NEW TOPICS 22.08 (A) LIABILITY OF INTERNET
SERVICE PROVIDERS 22.08 (B) PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 22.09 (C) ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE OF COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS 22.11 (D) COLLECTIVE RIGHTS
MANAGEMENT, REGISTRATION, AND OTHER NEW TOPICS 22.12 (E) IMPLEMENTATION
OFTHEWCT AND THE WPPT 22.14 (F) EXCEPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 22.15 (G)
ENFORCEMENT 22.17 C. OUTLOOK 22.18 PART IV OVERALL RESUME AND OUTLOOK
23. COMPARATIVE TABLES OF THE CONTENTS OF THE MAIN INTERNATIONAL
COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS TREATIES A. COPYRIGHT 561 B.
NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS 566 CONTENTS 24. THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIFFERENT
TREATIES A. INTRODUCTION 24.01 B. RELATION BETWEEN TREATIES 24.02 (1)
THE RELEVANT RULES 24.02 (A) SPECIFIC RULES 24.02 (B) GENERAL RULES
24.03 (2) SPECIFIC EXAMPLES 24.07 (A) UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION
(UCC) 24.07 (B) RELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT ACTS OF THE BERNE CONVENTION
24.08 (C) RELATION BETWEEN THE BERNE CONVENTION AND THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
OR WCT 24.09 (I) NON-DEROGATION CLAUSES 24.09 (II) 'SPECIAL AGREEMENTS'
24.10 (D) RELATION BETWEEN THE TRIPS AGREEMENT AND THE WCT 24.12 (E)
RELATIONS BETWEEN TREATIES IN THE FIELD OF RELATED RIGHTS 24.13 (I)
NON-DEROGATION CLAUSES 24.13 (II) 'SPECIAL AGREEMENTS' 24.14 (F)
RELATION OF BILATERAL AND REGIONAL TRADE TREATIES WITH OTHER TREATIES
24.16 C. JURISDICTION 24.20 D. RESUME 24.24 25. OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF
THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS
PROTECTION A. INTRODUCTION 25.01 B. SELECTED ASPECTS 25.02 (1) THE
CHALLENGING AND DYNAMIC LIFE OF THE BERNE CONVENTION 25-02 (A)
FRAGMENTATION AMONG MEMBER COUNTRIES 25.02 (B) POTENTIAL LOSS OF A MAJOR
MEMBER AND SLOW-DOWN AT THE BRUSSELS CONFERENCE 25.03 (C) POTENTIAL
DILUTION BY NON-CREATIVE SUBJECT MATTER 25.04 (D) POTENTIAL SPLIT
BETWEEN TREATIES IN THE AMERICAS AND THE BERNE UNION 25.05 (E) THE
NORTH-SOUTH CONFLICT AS A PROBLEM FOR REVISIONS BY UNANIMITY 25-06 (F)
'COMPETITION THROUGH TRADE FORA 25-07 (2) THE INCLUSION OF COPYRIGHT AND
NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS INTO THE TRADE FRAMEWORK 25-13 (3) MAIN PLAYERS
25-20 (A) THE USA 25-21 (B) THE EC 25-22 (C) DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 25-23
CONTENTS (4) THE USER MOVEMENT 25.27 (5) TECHNICAL PROGRESS 25.33 C.
RESUME 25.34 26. OUTLOOK: PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL
COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS LAW A. ANOTHER CRISIS? 26.01 B. THE
WAY AHEAD 26.06 (1) CONSOLIDATION 26.06 (2) BALANCING AGAINST OTHER
ASPECTS 26.09 C. COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS IN THE MIRROR OF
GENERAL DEVELOPMENTS 26.12 INDEX 605 |
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| author | Lewinski, Silke von |
| author_GND | (DE-588)112454496 |
| author_facet | Lewinski, Silke von |
| author_role | aut |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022431936 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | K1420 |
| callnumber-raw | K1420.5 |
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| classification_rvk | PU 1547 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)173498588 (DE-599)BVBBV022431936 |
| dewey-full | 346.0482 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 346 - Private law |
| dewey-raw | 346.0482 |
| dewey-search | 346.0482 |
| dewey-sort | 3346.0482 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:29:39Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:57:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199207206 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Lewinski, Silke von Verfasser (DE-588)112454496 aut International copyright law and policy Silke von Lewinski 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2008 LX, 618 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Droit d'auteur international Internationaal auteursrecht gtt Copyright, International Internationales Urheberrecht (DE-588)4114050-3 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Urheberrecht (DE-588)4114050-3 s DE-604 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015640104&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lewinski, Silke von International copyright law and policy Droit d'auteur international Internationaal auteursrecht gtt Copyright, International Internationales Urheberrecht (DE-588)4114050-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4114050-3 |
| title | International copyright law and policy |
| title_auth | International copyright law and policy |
| title_exact_search | International copyright law and policy |
| title_exact_search_txtP | International copyright law and policy |
| title_full | International copyright law and policy Silke von Lewinski |
| title_fullStr | International copyright law and policy Silke von Lewinski |
| title_full_unstemmed | International copyright law and policy Silke von Lewinski |
| title_short | International copyright law and policy |
| title_sort | international copyright law and policy |
| topic | Droit d'auteur international Internationaal auteursrecht gtt Copyright, International Internationales Urheberrecht (DE-588)4114050-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Droit d'auteur international Internationaal auteursrecht Copyright, International Internationales Urheberrecht |
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