Protection of foreign investment in context: Nigeria's investment laws, treaties and petroleum agreements
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Baden-Baden
Nomos
2007
|
| Edition: | 1. Aufl. |
| Series: | Nomos Universitätsschriften Recht
496 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 355 S. |
| ISBN: | 9783832922337 3832922334 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Table of Contents
Abbreviations 17
Preface 23
Methodology 25
Aims of Study 26
Scope and Structure of the Study 27
Chapter One
Property Guarantee under the 1999 Constitution 30
1.1. Introduction 30
1.2. Property Guarantee Provisions under the 1999 Constitution 31
1.2.1. Right to Acquire and Own Immovable Property 32
1.2.2. Constitutional Concept of Property 33
1.2.3. Compulsory Acquisition or Possession 35
1.2.4. Public Purpose Requirement 40
1.2.5. Applicable Standard of Compensation 44
1.3. Conclusion 46
Chapter Two
The Right of Property under International Law 48
2.1 Introduction 48
2.2 Concept of Property 48
2.3. The Right to Own Property 49
2.4. Property Guarantee under the African Charter 51
2.5. Right of Access to Court and the African Charter 55
9
2.6. Conclusion 58
Chapter Three
The Taking of the Property of Foreign Investors 60
3.1 Introduction 60
3.2 Expropriation and Nationalization 61
3.3 Indirect Taking 62
3.3.1. Creeping Expropriation 62
3.3.2. Indirect Taking of Contractual Rights 64
3.3.3. Annulment of Contract 65
3.3.4. Deprivation of Managerial Control 67
3.3.5. Forced Sale and Involuntary Transaction 69
3.4. Attributability 71
3.5. Regulatory Taking and Lawful Regulation 76
3.5.1. Taxation 77
3.5.2. Currency Regulation 78
3.5.3. Cancellation of Licences or Permits 79
3.5.4. Environmental Regulation 80
3.6. Conclusion 85
Chapter Four
The Legal Conditions for Taking the Property of Foreign Investors 87
4.1. Introduction 87
4.2. Public Purpose 87
4.3. Non discrimination 89
4.4. Compensation 90
4.4.1 Discrete Expropriation 91
4.4.2 Nationalization 95
4.5. State Practice regarding Compensation 99
4.5.1. Resolutions of the U.N. General Assembly 99
4.5.2. The Effect of Bilateral Investment Treaties 102
4.5.3. Lump sum Agreement 103
10
4.5.4. Compensation Settlement Agreement 104
4.6. Conclusion 105
Chapter Five
Investment Protection under Bilateral Investment Treaties 107
5.1. Introduction 107
5.2. The Emergence and Growth of Investment Treaties 108
5.3. The Preamble of Bilateral Investment Treaties 110
5.4. Scope and Application of Bilateral Investment Treaties 111
5.4.1. Material Scope 111
5.4.2. Personal Scope 114
5.4.3. Definition of Corporate Investor 115
5.4.4. Temporal Scope 117
5.4.5. Territorial Scope 119
5.5. Admission and Approval of Investment 120
5.6. General Standard Fair and Equitable Treatment and Full
Protection and Constant Security 122
5.7. Basic Standards on Equality and Non discrimination 134
5.7.1. Most favoured nation Treatment 136
5.7.2. National Treatment 138
5.7.3. Exceptions and Limitations to the MFN and NT Standards 143
5.8. Compensation for Losses caused by War or Civil Disturbances 144
5.9. Protection against Expropriation, Nationalization and Indirect
Taking 146
5.10. Monetary Transfer 148
5.11. Subrogation 149
5.12. Dispute Settlement Between the Contracting Parties 151
5.13. Conclusion 153
11
Chapter Six
Protection of Investment under the NIPC Act 154
6.1. Introduction 154
6.2. Historical Background of the NIPC Act 155
6.2.1. Colonial Era 155
6.2.2. Post Independence (1960 1971) 157
6.2.3. The Period from 1972 to 1978 158
6.2.4. The Period from 1979 to 1994 160
6.3. The Scope of the NIPC Act 162
6.4. Definition of Investment 164
6.5. The Relevance of Source of Investment 165
6.6. Admission Of Investment 166
6.7. Business Permits, Expatriate Quotas, Resident Permits and
other Services 170
6.8. Investment Guarantees 173
6.8.1. Guarantees against Expropriation and Nationalization 173
6.8.2. Expropriation and Nationalization 174
6.8.3. Public Purpose and National Interest 175
6.8.4. Compensation 177
6.9. Currency Transfer 178
6.10. Conclusion 180
Chapter Seven
Some Salient Issues on the Administration of Justice 182
7.1. Introduction 182
7.2. Right of Access to Court 183
7.3. The Right of a Foreign Corporation to sue in Nigeria 185
7.4. The Right to Make Claims in Foreign Currencies 186
7.5. Constitutionality of Pre action Notices 186
7.6. Defence of Rule of Law 189
12
7.7. Delays occasioned by Adjournments 191
7.8. Enforcement of Monetary Orders of Court against the Government 192
7.9. Administrative Justice 194
7.10 Conclusion 198
Chapter Eight
Protection of Foreign Investment in the Context of Petroleum Agreements 200
8.1. Introduction 200
8.2. State Ownership of Petroleum 201
8.3. Competent Authority 204
8.4. Meaning and Structure of a Stabilization Clause 205
8.4.1. Autonomy of the Will versus Permanent Sovereignty
over Natural Resources 208
8.4.2. Legal Consequence of the Violation of a Stabilization
Clause 211
8.5. Renegotiation 212
8.6. Relocalization of Nigerian Petroleum Agreements 214
8.7. Conclusion 218
Chapter Nine
The Consent to Arbitration and the ICSID Jurisidiction 220
9.1. Introduction 220
9.2. Effect of ICSID Arbitration Clause in a BIT 222
9.3. Consent to ICSID s Jurisdiction under Section 26(2) of NIPC Act 226
9.4. Jurisdictional Implication of Diplomatic Protection 230
9.5. The Requirement of Amicable Settlement 231
9.6. Personal Jurisdiction 233
9.6.1. Standing of Natural Claimants 233
9.6.2. Standing of Juridical Persons 234
13
9.7. Treatment of a Foreign Company as the National of another
Contracting State 236
9.8. Requirement of Foreign Control 238
9.9. Constituent Subdivision or Agency 239
9.10. Material Jurisdiction 241
9.11. Conclusion 242
Chapter Ten
Annulment, Recognition and Enforcement of ICSID Awards 244
10.1. Introduction 244
10.2. Grounds for Annulment 244
10.2.1. Does an ad hoc Committee Possess Appellate Power? 245
10.2.2. Can Abdication of Jurisdiction Constitute Manifest
Excess Power? 250
10.3. Recognition of ICSID Awards for Enforcement 251
10.4. Distinction between Recognition and Enforcement: The Plea of
Sovereignty 252
10.5. Immunity of Sovereign Assets from Execution 254
10.6. Conclusion 255
Chapter Eleven
The Effects of the Investment Laws and Agreements on Investment Inflows 257
11.1. Introduction 257
11.2. Investment Inflows 257
11.3. Selected Constraints on the Inflow of FDI 259
11.3.1. Political Instability, Civil Unrest and Religious Crisis 259
11.3.2. Corruption, the Syndrome of »419« and Armed Robbery 260
11.3.3. Inadequacy of Basic Social Amenities 264
11.3.4. Administrative Barriers and Capacity Building Problems 266
11.3.5. Monopoly 268
11.4. Conclusion 269
14
Chapter Twelve
The Failed Attempt to Conclude a Multilateral Agreement on Investment:
A Case Study 271
12.1. Introduction 271
12.2. The Case for MAI 272
12.2.1. Catching up with Global Economic Reality 272
12.2.2. Reducing the Complexity of the Current Regime 273
12.2.3. Multilateral Liberalization of the third Pillar of
Globalization 275
12.3. The Case against MAI 275
12.4. Open ended Definition of Investment 276
12.5. Definitional Approach 277
12.6. The Right of Establishment 279
12.7. Performance Requirements 281
12.8. Incentives 284
12.9. Fair and Equitable Treatment, Full Protection and Constant
Security 286
12.10. Taking and Compensation 286
12.11. Dispute Settlement 288
12.11.1. Appellate Review 289
12.11.2. Overlapping Jurisdiction 290
12.11.3. Judicial Restraint 291
12.12. General Exceptions 292
12.12.1. Health and Welfare 293
12.12.2. Environment 293
12.13. Temporary Safeguard Measures 294
12.14. After the OECD: Quo Vadis the MAI? 295
12.15. Conclusion 297
15
Chapter Thirteen
Final Conclusion 299
Table of Cases 307
Bibliography 313
Appendices 325
A Nigeria U.K. BIT of 11 December, 1990 325
B Nigeria Germany BIT of 28 March, 2000 332
C Excerpts from the NIPC Act, 1995 340
D Excerpts from the NIPC Amendment Act, 1998 343
E NIPC Data on FDI Inflows January 2001 to June 2002 345
F BPE Data on Proceeds from Privatization 2001 to 2002 355
16
|
| adam_txt |
Table of Contents
Abbreviations 17
Preface 23
Methodology 25
Aims of Study 26
Scope and Structure of the Study 27
Chapter One
Property Guarantee under the 1999 Constitution 30
1.1. Introduction 30
1.2. Property Guarantee Provisions under the 1999 Constitution 31
1.2.1. Right to Acquire and Own Immovable Property 32
1.2.2. Constitutional Concept of Property 33
1.2.3. Compulsory Acquisition or Possession 35
1.2.4. Public Purpose Requirement 40
1.2.5. Applicable Standard of Compensation 44
1.3. Conclusion 46
Chapter Two
The Right of Property under International Law 48
2.1 Introduction 48
2.2 Concept of Property 48
2.3. The Right to Own Property 49
2.4. Property Guarantee under the African Charter 51
2.5. Right of Access to Court and the African Charter 55
9
2.6. Conclusion 58
Chapter Three
The Taking of the Property of Foreign Investors 60
3.1 Introduction 60
3.2 Expropriation and Nationalization 61
3.3 Indirect Taking 62
3.3.1. Creeping Expropriation 62
3.3.2. Indirect Taking of Contractual Rights 64
3.3.3. Annulment of Contract 65
3.3.4. Deprivation of Managerial Control 67
3.3.5. Forced Sale and Involuntary Transaction 69
3.4. Attributability 71
3.5. Regulatory Taking and Lawful Regulation 76
3.5.1. Taxation 77
3.5.2. Currency Regulation 78
3.5.3. Cancellation of Licences or Permits 79
3.5.4. Environmental Regulation 80
3.6. Conclusion 85
Chapter Four
The Legal Conditions for Taking the Property of Foreign Investors 87
4.1. Introduction 87
4.2. Public Purpose 87
4.3. Non discrimination 89
4.4. Compensation 90
4.4.1 Discrete Expropriation 91
4.4.2 Nationalization 95
4.5. State Practice regarding Compensation 99
4.5.1. Resolutions of the U.N. General Assembly 99
4.5.2. The Effect of Bilateral Investment Treaties 102
4.5.3. Lump sum Agreement 103
10
4.5.4. Compensation Settlement Agreement 104
4.6. Conclusion 105
Chapter Five
Investment Protection under Bilateral Investment Treaties 107
5.1. Introduction 107
5.2. The Emergence and Growth of Investment Treaties 108
5.3. The Preamble of Bilateral Investment Treaties 110
5.4. Scope and Application of Bilateral Investment Treaties 111
5.4.1. Material Scope 111
5.4.2. Personal Scope 114
5.4.3. Definition of Corporate Investor 115
5.4.4. Temporal Scope 117
5.4.5. Territorial Scope 119
5.5. Admission and Approval of Investment 120
5.6. General Standard Fair and Equitable Treatment and Full
Protection and Constant Security 122
5.7. Basic Standards on Equality and Non discrimination 134
5.7.1. Most favoured nation Treatment 136
5.7.2. National Treatment 138
5.7.3. Exceptions and Limitations to the MFN and NT Standards 143
5.8. Compensation for Losses caused by War or Civil Disturbances 144
5.9. Protection against Expropriation, Nationalization and Indirect
Taking 146
5.10. Monetary Transfer 148
5.11. Subrogation 149
5.12. Dispute Settlement Between the Contracting Parties 151
5.13. Conclusion 153
11
Chapter Six
Protection of Investment under the NIPC Act 154
6.1. Introduction 154
6.2. Historical Background of the NIPC Act 155
6.2.1. Colonial Era 155
6.2.2. Post Independence (1960 1971) 157
6.2.3. The Period from 1972 to 1978 158
6.2.4. The Period from 1979 to 1994 160
6.3. The Scope of the NIPC Act 162
6.4. Definition of Investment 164
6.5. The Relevance of Source of Investment 165
6.6. Admission Of Investment 166
6.7. Business Permits, Expatriate Quotas, Resident Permits and
other Services 170
6.8. Investment Guarantees 173
6.8.1. Guarantees against Expropriation and Nationalization 173
6.8.2. Expropriation and Nationalization 174
6.8.3. Public Purpose and National Interest 175
6.8.4. Compensation 177
6.9. Currency Transfer 178
6.10. Conclusion 180
Chapter Seven
Some Salient Issues on the Administration of Justice 182
7.1. Introduction 182
7.2. Right of Access to Court 183
7.3. The Right of a Foreign Corporation to sue in Nigeria 185
7.4. The Right to Make Claims in Foreign Currencies 186
7.5. Constitutionality of Pre action Notices 186
7.6. Defence of Rule of Law 189
12
7.7. Delays occasioned by Adjournments 191
7.8. Enforcement of Monetary Orders of Court against the Government 192
7.9. Administrative Justice 194
7.10 Conclusion 198
Chapter Eight
Protection of Foreign Investment in the Context of Petroleum Agreements 200
8.1. Introduction 200
8.2. State Ownership of Petroleum 201
8.3. Competent Authority 204
8.4. Meaning and Structure of a Stabilization Clause 205
8.4.1. Autonomy of the Will versus Permanent Sovereignty
over Natural Resources 208
8.4.2. Legal Consequence of the Violation of a Stabilization
Clause 211
8.5. Renegotiation 212
8.6. Relocalization of Nigerian Petroleum Agreements 214
8.7. Conclusion 218
Chapter Nine
The Consent to Arbitration and the ICSID Jurisidiction 220
9.1. Introduction 220
9.2. Effect of ICSID Arbitration Clause in a BIT 222
9.3. Consent to ICSID's Jurisdiction under Section 26(2) of NIPC Act 226
9.4. Jurisdictional Implication of Diplomatic Protection 230
9.5. The Requirement of Amicable Settlement 231
9.6. Personal Jurisdiction 233
9.6.1. Standing of Natural Claimants 233
9.6.2. Standing of Juridical Persons 234
13
9.7. Treatment of a Foreign Company as the National of another
Contracting State 236
9.8. Requirement of Foreign Control 238
9.9. Constituent Subdivision or Agency 239
9.10. Material Jurisdiction 241
9.11. Conclusion 242
Chapter Ten
Annulment, Recognition and Enforcement of ICSID Awards 244
10.1. Introduction 244
10.2. Grounds for Annulment 244
10.2.1. Does an ad hoc Committee Possess Appellate Power? 245
10.2.2. Can Abdication of Jurisdiction Constitute Manifest
Excess Power? 250
10.3. Recognition of ICSID Awards for Enforcement 251
10.4. Distinction between Recognition and Enforcement: The Plea of
Sovereignty 252
10.5. Immunity of Sovereign Assets from Execution 254
10.6. Conclusion 255
Chapter Eleven
The Effects of the Investment Laws and Agreements on Investment Inflows 257
11.1. Introduction 257
11.2. Investment Inflows 257
11.3. Selected Constraints on the Inflow of FDI 259
11.3.1. Political Instability, Civil Unrest and Religious Crisis 259
11.3.2. Corruption, the Syndrome of »419« and Armed Robbery 260
11.3.3. Inadequacy of Basic Social Amenities 264
11.3.4. Administrative Barriers and Capacity Building Problems 266
11.3.5. Monopoly 268
11.4. Conclusion 269
14
Chapter Twelve
The Failed Attempt to Conclude a Multilateral Agreement on Investment:
A Case Study 271
12.1. Introduction 271
12.2. The Case for MAI 272
12.2.1. Catching up with Global Economic Reality 272
12.2.2. Reducing the Complexity of the Current Regime 273
12.2.3. Multilateral Liberalization of the third Pillar of
Globalization 275
12.3. The Case against MAI 275
12.4. Open ended Definition of Investment 276
12.5. Definitional Approach 277
12.6. The Right of Establishment 279
12.7. Performance Requirements 281
12.8. Incentives 284
12.9. Fair and Equitable Treatment, Full Protection and Constant
Security 286
12.10. Taking and Compensation 286
12.11. Dispute Settlement 288
12.11.1. Appellate Review 289
12.11.2. Overlapping Jurisdiction 290
12.11.3. Judicial Restraint 291
12.12. General Exceptions 292
12.12.1. Health and Welfare 293
12.12.2. Environment 293
12.13. Temporary Safeguard Measures 294
12.14. After the OECD: Quo Vadis the MAI? 295
12.15. Conclusion 297
15
Chapter Thirteen
Final Conclusion 299
Table of Cases 307
Bibliography 313
Appendices 325
A Nigeria U.K. BIT of 11 December, 1990 325
B Nigeria Germany BIT of 28 March, 2000 332
C Excerpts from the NIPC Act, 1995 340
D Excerpts from the NIPC Amendment Act, 1998 343
E NIPC Data on FDI Inflows January 2001 to June 2002 345
F BPE Data on Proceeds from Privatization 2001 to 2002 355
16 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Nigeria fes Nigeria (DE-588)4042300-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Nigeria |
| id | DE-604.BV022429054 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:28:31Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:57:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783832922337 3832922334 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015637270 |
| oclc_num | 154715075 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 DE-703 DE-Bo133 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-703 DE-Bo133 |
| physical | 355 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Nomos |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Nomos Universitätsschriften Recht |
| series2 | Nomos Universitätsschriften Recht |
| spelling | Ekwueme, Khrushchev Verfasser aut Protection of foreign investment in context Nigeria's investment laws, treaties and petroleum agreements Khrushchev Ekwueme 1. Aufl. Baden-Baden Nomos 2007 355 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Nomos Universitätsschriften Recht 496 Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 2004 Auslandsinvestition fes Öl fes Ölindustrie fes Recht Investments, Foreign Law and legislation Nigeria Petroleum industry and trade Nigeria Erdölindustrie (DE-588)4015186-4 gnd rswk-swf Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4052348-2 gnd rswk-swf Auslandsinvestition (DE-588)4003772-1 gnd rswk-swf Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag (DE-588)4063696-3 gnd rswk-swf Eigentumsschutz (DE-588)4013798-3 gnd rswk-swf Nigeria fes Nigeria (DE-588)4042300-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Nigeria (DE-588)4042300-1 g Auslandsinvestition (DE-588)4003772-1 s Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag (DE-588)4063696-3 s Eigentumsschutz (DE-588)4013798-3 s Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4052348-2 s Erdölindustrie (DE-588)4015186-4 s DE-604 Nomos Universitätsschriften Recht 496 (DE-604)BV002469191 496 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015637270&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ekwueme, Khrushchev Protection of foreign investment in context Nigeria's investment laws, treaties and petroleum agreements Nomos Universitätsschriften Recht Auslandsinvestition fes Öl fes Ölindustrie fes Recht Investments, Foreign Law and legislation Nigeria Petroleum industry and trade Nigeria Erdölindustrie (DE-588)4015186-4 gnd Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4052348-2 gnd Auslandsinvestition (DE-588)4003772-1 gnd Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag (DE-588)4063696-3 gnd Eigentumsschutz (DE-588)4013798-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4015186-4 (DE-588)4052348-2 (DE-588)4003772-1 (DE-588)4063696-3 (DE-588)4013798-3 (DE-588)4042300-1 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Protection of foreign investment in context Nigeria's investment laws, treaties and petroleum agreements |
| title_auth | Protection of foreign investment in context Nigeria's investment laws, treaties and petroleum agreements |
| title_exact_search | Protection of foreign investment in context Nigeria's investment laws, treaties and petroleum agreements |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Protection of foreign investment in context Nigeria's investment laws, treaties and petroleum agreements |
| title_full | Protection of foreign investment in context Nigeria's investment laws, treaties and petroleum agreements Khrushchev Ekwueme |
| title_fullStr | Protection of foreign investment in context Nigeria's investment laws, treaties and petroleum agreements Khrushchev Ekwueme |
| title_full_unstemmed | Protection of foreign investment in context Nigeria's investment laws, treaties and petroleum agreements Khrushchev Ekwueme |
| title_short | Protection of foreign investment in context |
| title_sort | protection of foreign investment in context nigeria s investment laws treaties and petroleum agreements |
| title_sub | Nigeria's investment laws, treaties and petroleum agreements |
| topic | Auslandsinvestition fes Öl fes Ölindustrie fes Recht Investments, Foreign Law and legislation Nigeria Petroleum industry and trade Nigeria Erdölindustrie (DE-588)4015186-4 gnd Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4052348-2 gnd Auslandsinvestition (DE-588)4003772-1 gnd Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag (DE-588)4063696-3 gnd Eigentumsschutz (DE-588)4013798-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Auslandsinvestition Öl Ölindustrie Recht Investments, Foreign Law and legislation Nigeria Petroleum industry and trade Nigeria Erdölindustrie Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag Eigentumsschutz Nigeria Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015637270&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV002469191 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ekwuemekhrushchev protectionofforeigninvestmentincontextnigeriasinvestmentlawstreatiesandpetroleumagreements |