Compulsory insurance and compensation for bunker oil pollution damage:
Saved in:
| Format: | Electronic eBook |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2007
|
| Series: | Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs
5 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | DE-473 DE-355 DE-739 Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 1 Online-Ressource |
| ISBN: | 9783540459033 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/978-3-540-45903-3 |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1829471441145298944 |
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| adam_text |
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS.XV
INTRODUCTION
.1
A.
THE AIM OF THE
RESEARCH.3
B.
THE SCOPE OF THE
RESEARCH.3
C.
METHODS USED FOR THE
RESEARCH.5
CHAPTER 1:
POLLUTION FROM SHIPS' BUNKERS AND THE ADVENT OF THE
BUNKERS
CONVENTION.7
A.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OIL SPILL CIVIL LIABILITY
SYSTEM.7
I.
TOVALOP AND
CRISTAL.8
II.
INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS.10
B.
THE NEED FOR THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.13
I.
THE SCOPE OF EARLIER CONVENTIONS
.13
II.
NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND THE BACKGROUND WORK ON THE
BUNKERS
CONVENTION.14
III.
RISK AND TECHNICAL
CONSIDERATIONS.18
IV.
THE BIRTH OF THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.20
C.
OVERVIEW OF THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.20
I.
CATEGORIES OF
SHIPS.20
1.
"SHIP".20
2.
DOES THE BUNKERS CONVENTION APPLY TO OIL
TANKERS?.20
3.
"WARSHIPS"
.21
II.
"OIL".22
III.
SCOPE OF
APPLICATION.23
IV.
LIABILITY ESTABLISHED BY THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.26
1.
LIABLE
PARTIES.26
2.
CHANNELLING OF
LIABILITY.27
3.
SHIPOWNERS' LIABILITY IS JOINT AND
SEVERAL.29
4.
THE BASIS OF LIABILITY AND EXONERATING
CIRCUMSTANCES.30
5.
LIMITATION OF
LIABILITY.32
V.
COMPULSORY INSURANCE AND DIRECT
RECOURSE.33
1.
THREE PREREQUISITE
FACTORS.34
A)
"REGISTERED OWNER OF A
SHIP".34
B)
"GROSS TONNAGE" - INSURANCE
THRESHOLD.35
CONTENTS
X
C)
"IN AN AMOUNT EQUAL TO THE LIMITS OF LIABILITYYY" -
AMOUNT OF
LIMITATION.38
2.
INSURANCE CERTIFICATE AND ITS
RECOGNITION.39
3.
DIRECT ACTION AGAINST THE
INSURER.40
4.
TIME LIMIT FOR BRINGING AN
ACTION.41
VI.
JURISDICTION, RECOGNITION AND
ENFORCEMENT.42
VII.
OTHER
MATTERS.44
VIII. ADOPTED RESOLUTIONS
.45
D.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS.47
CHAPTER 2:
THE BIRTH OF COMPULSORY INSURANCE FOR OIL POLLUTION
LIABILITY.49
A.
INTRODUCTION.49
B.
THE CONCEPT OF COMPULSORY
INSURANCE.50
I.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF COMPULSORY
INSURANCE.50
II.
THE SYSTEM OF
INSURANCE.52
1.
COMPULSORY INSURANCE AS DEFINED IN INTERNATIONAL CIVIL
LIABILITY CONVENTIONS
.52
2.
INSURANCE OR OTHER FINANCIAL
SECURITIES.53
III.
THE NEED FOR COMPULSORY INSURANCE FOR BUNKER-OIL POLLUTION
LIABILITY.53
C.
POSSIBLE
INSURERS.55
I.
THE TYPES OF MARINE INSURANCE AND THEIR
COVERAGE.55
1.
CARGO INSURANCE AND ITS
COVERAGE.56
2.
HULL INSURANCE AND ITS
COVERAGE.57
3.
FREIGHT INSURANCE AND ITS
COVERAGE.59
4.
PROTECTION AND INDEMNITY
INSURANCE.59
A)
BRIEF
INTRODUCTION.59
B)
THE MAIN RISKS COVERED BY THE P&I
CLUB.60
C)
INSURANCE CONTRACT BETWEEN THE SHIPOWNER AND THE
CLUB.62
D)
THE INTERNATIONAL GROUP OF P&I
CLUBS.64
II.
THE INSURERS OFFERING COVERAGE FOR OIL-POLLUTION
LIABILITY.65
1.
THE P&I
CLUBS.65
A)
POLLUTION LIABILITY
CLAUSE.66
B)
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
TERMS.67
C)
THE ROLE OF THE P&I CLUB WITH REGARD TO AN OIL
POLLUTION
INCIDENT.68
AA)
OIL-POLLUTION LIABILITY INSURER
.68
BB)
MEASURES FOR AN OIL-POLLUTION INCIDENT TAKEN BY
THE CLUBS
.69
(1) CLEAN-UP OR SALVAGE OPERATION.69
(2)
SOURCE OF
FUNDING.70
(3)
PROVIDING LEGAL ADVICE.70
D)
INTERACTION WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS.71
CONTENTS
XI
AA)
THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE IMO CONVENTIONS
.71
BB)
COOPERATION WITH THE IOPC FUND.72
CC)
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
FROM THE ITOPF.72
2.
OTHER INSURERS OFFERING OPA
INSURANCE.73
A)
FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY REQUIREMENT IN THE OPA 90.74
B)
THE CONCERNS OF THE P&I CLUBS TO BE THE GUARANTORS.76
C)
SOME ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF MEETING FINANCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
REQUIREMENTS.77
D.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS.79
CHAPTER 3:
STRICT LIABILITY AND
INSURANCE.81
A.
INTRODUCTION.81
B.
THE BASIS OF LIABILITY IN
THE BUNKERS CONVENTION.82
I.
THE DIFFICULTIES IN APPLYING
THE COMMON LAW OF TORTS.82
1.
TRESPASS.83
2.
NUISANCE.83
3.
NEGLIGENCE.84
II.
FAULT-BASED LIABILITY LEADS TO UNFAIR RESULTS FOR POLLUTION
VICTIMS.86
III.
STRICT LIABILITY AND
ITS
APPLICATION.88
C.
THE MAIN REASONS FOR INTRODUCING STRICT LIABILITY
.90
I.
ENSURING PROTECTION OF AND
COMPENSATION FOR VICTIMS.90
II.
THE IMPACT ON
THE
INDUSTRY.91
1.
THE INDUSTRY BEARS THE COST OF POLLUTION DAMAGE
.91
2.
INCENTIVE TO IMPROVE PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION
.92
D.
DISTRIBUTION OF LIABILITY AND EXCEPTIONS TO
LIABILITY.93
I.
WHO SHALL BE
LIABLE?.93
1.
PROVISIONS IN THE
CLCS.94
A)
LIABILITY OF THE CARGO
INTEREST.94
B)
LIABILITY OF THE
SHIP.95
C)
THE SECOND-TIER LIABILITY
OF THE CARGO-OWNER.96
2.
LIABILITY RULE UNDER THE
BUNKERS CONVENTION.97
II.
EXCEPTIONS TO
LIABILITY.97
1.
TYPES OF EXCEPTIONS IN GENERAL
.98
2.
EXCEPTIONS AVAILABLE TO THE SHIPOWNER IN THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.99
III.
CHANNELLING OF
LIABILITY.103
E.
IMPLEMENTATION OF LIABILITY: INSURANCE
.105
I.
PROPOSALS DURING THE PREPARATORY WORK OF THE
CONVENTION.105
II.
TWO ALTERNATIVE
MEANS.107
1.
SEPARATE INSURANCE
POLICIES.107
2.
CO-ASSURANCE UNDER ONE
POLICY.108
F.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS.109
CONTENTS
XII
CHAPTER 4:
INSURANCE AND THE QUEST FOR ADEQUATE COMPENSATION.111
A.
INTRODUCTION.111
B.
CERTIFICATION OF
INSURANCE.111
I.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS IN THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.111
II.
ADMINISTRATIVE BURDEN COROLLARY TO THE ISSUANCE OF THE
CERTIFICATE.112
1.
THE ADMINISTRATIVE BURDEN OF THE FLAG
STATES.113
2.
PORT STATE CONTROL REGARDING THE
CERTIFICATE.118
III.
ELECTRONIC MEANS FOR THE
CERTIFICATE.118
IV.
THE VALIDITY OF THE
CERTIFICATE.119
C.
AVAILABILITY AND CAPACITY OF INSURANCE FOR BUNKER-OIL SPILL
LIABILITY.121
D.
OTHER RELATED
ISSUES.123
I.
"POLLUTER PAYS"
PRINCIPLE.123
II.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ART. 7(8) AND FINANCIAL STANDING OF
PROVIDERS OF INSURANCE OR FINANCIAL
SECURITY.125
III.
MUTUALITY.128
1.
THE MEANING OF
MUTUALITY.128
2.
ROLE OF
MUTUALITY.129
A)
THE ABILITY TO ABSORB LARGE CLAIMS
.129
B)
POSSIBLE MOTIVATION FOR RISK
MINIMISATION.130
E.
LIABILITY INSURANCE AND COMPENSATION
FUND.131
F.
ADEQUACY AND OTHER TYPES OF
COMPENSATION.132
I.
THE WILLINGNESS OF P&I CLUBS TO INCREASE THEIR COVERAGE
LIMIT.133
II.
THE COMPENSATION PAID BY THE CARGO
INTERESTS.134
III.
COMPENSATION PAID BY OTHER JOINTLY LIABLE
PERSONS.136
1.
"JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY" RULE IN RELATION TO THE
COMPENSATION
PURPOSE.136
2.
BAREBOAT
CHARTERER.137
A)
"DEMISE CHARTERER" OR "BAREBOAT CHARTERER"?
.137
B)
THE INSURANCE OF THE BAREBOAT CHARTERER
.137
IV.
OPERATOR AND
MANAGER.139
V.
LIABILITY AS THE TIME OR VOYAGE
CHARTERER.140
1.
DEFINITIONS.140
2.
COMPENSATION PAID BY THE TIME OR VOYAGE CHARTERER.140
VI.
STATE LIABILITY AND
CONTRIBUTIONS.141
G.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS.143
CHAPTER 5:
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY AND THE LIMIT OF INSURANCE.145
A.
INTRODUCTION.145
B.
THE GLOBAL LIMITATION OF LIABILITY SYSTEM IN RELATION TO
SHIPS.146
I.
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY RULE IN
GENERAL.146
II.
THE 1957 CONVENTION, 1976 LLMC AND ITS 1996 PROTOCOL
RELATING TO TANKER-OIL POLLUTION
LIABILITY.150
CONTENTS
XIII
C.
LIMITATION RULES IN THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.152
I.
POLLUTION DAMAGE ELIGIBLE FOR
LIMITATION.153
1.
POLLUTION DAMAGE ARISING FROM A BUNKER-OIL
SPILL.153
2.
THE CLAIMS SUBJECT TO LIMITATION UNDER THE 1976 LLMC
AND ITS
PROTOCOL.154
II.
THE AMOUNT OF THE FUNDS AVAILABLE UNDER THE
LLMCS.157
III.
OTHER ASPECTS RELEVANT TO CLAIMS FOR BUNKER-OIL SPILL LIABILITY
UNDER THE 1976 LLMC AND ITS PROTOCOL
.159
1.
CONDUCT BARRING THE RIGHT TO
LIMIT.159
2.
CONSTITUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE LIMITATION
FUND.160
D.
THE RIGHT TO LIMIT
LIABILITY.161
I.
THE REASONS FOR MAINTAINING THE RIGHT TO
LIMIT.161
II.
UNSATISFACTORY OUTCOME OF THE LIMITATION
REGIME.162
E.
THE RELATION OF LIMITATION OF LIABILITY AND
INSURANCE.164
I.
THE INSURABILITY AND LIMITATION OF
LIABILITY.164
II.
THE POSSIBILITY TO HAVE A UNLIMITED
LIABILITY.166
F.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS.169
CHAPTER 6:
DIRECT ACTION AGAINST THE INSURER AND ITS LIMITED
EFFECT.171
A.
INTRODUCTION.171
B.
RIGHTS OF A THIRD PARTY TO CLAIM ON THE INSURANCE
POLICY.172
I.
ASSIGNMENT.172
II.
DIRECT-ACTION
STATUTES.174
1.
ENGLISH
LAW.175
2.
UNITED STATES
LEGISLATION.177
C.
THE LIMITED EFFECT OF DIRECT ACTION UNDER P&I INSURANCE
.178
I.
COVERAGE AND EXCLUSIONS OF P&I
INSURANCE.179
II.
P&I INSURANCE IS ONE OF
INDEMNITY.179
III.
"PAY TO BE PAID"
RULE.181
IV.
OTHER DEFENCES OF A CLUB AGAINST THE CLAIM FROM A THIRD
PARTY.182
D.
DIRECT-ACTION RIGHT UNDER THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.182
I.
"THE DEFENCES YY WHICH THE SHIPOWNER WOULD HAVE BEEN
ENTITLED TO
INVOKE".184
II.
MEANING OF THE PHRASE "WILFUL MISCONDUCT OF THE SHIPOWNER".185
1.
INTERPRETATION OF "WILFUL MISCONDUCT" IN RELATION TO
LIMITATION OF
LIABILITY.185
2.
INTERPRETATION OF "WILFUL MISCONDUCT" IN INSURANCE LAW.188
A)
THE DETERMINATION OF A COMPETENT
COURT.188
B)
"WILFUL MISCONDUCT" IN P&I
INSURANCE.188
3.
"WILFUL MISCONDUCT" IN ARTICLE
7(10).189
E.
SCOPE OF THE CLAIM: POLLUTION
DAMAGE.190
I.
THE UNCERTAIN NATURE OF LIABILITY FOR
POLLUTION.190
II.
"POLLUTION DAMAGE" IN TANKER-OIL SPILL
INCIDENTS.191
1.
CMI GUIDELINES ON OIL-POLLUTION
DAMAGE.192
CONTENTS
XIV
2.
THE POLICY ADOPTED BY THE IOPC
FUND.193
3.
VIEWPOINT OF THE P&I
CLUBS.195
III.
POLLUTION DAMAGE UNDER THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.195
F.
RECOURSE
ACTION.196
G.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS.198
CHAPTER 7:
OUTLOOK ON INSURANCE AND COMPENSATION FOR BUNKER
OIL POLLUTION LIABILITY
.199
A.
INTRODUCTION.199
B.
MAIN INTERESTS IN THE INSURANCE
SYSTEM.200
I.
VICTIMS: "LOSS OF COVER" AND FULL
COMPENSATION.200
1.
LOSS OF
COVER.200
2.
"SMALL SHIP" ISSUE
.201
3.
ADEQUATE
COMPENSATION.201
II.
THE P&I CLUBS: MAINTAINING THEIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.203
III.
SHIPOWNERS: THE CENTRAL
ACTOR.203
C.
THE COMPARISON OF THE INSURER'S EXPOSURE TO THE CLCS AND THE
CONVENTION.204
I.
THE TYPES OF SHIPS INVOLVED
.205
II.
THE NUMBER OF SHIPS
INVOLVED.205
III.
THE LIMITATION OF
LIABILITY.205
D.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS.206
SUMMARY OF
STUDY.209
A.
THE CONCEPT OF COMPULSORY INSURANCE AND ITS COMPENSATION
PURPOSE.211
B.
OTHER FEATURES OF THE BUNKERS CONVENTION AND THEIR INTERRELATIONS
WITH COMPULSORY
INSURANCE.213
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.215
LITERATURE
.215
DOCUMENTS.223
APPENDIX: TEXT OF THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.227
INDEX.239 |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS.XV
INTRODUCTION
.1
A.
THE AIM OF THE
RESEARCH.3
B.
THE SCOPE OF THE
RESEARCH.3
C.
METHODS USED FOR THE
RESEARCH.5
CHAPTER 1:
POLLUTION FROM SHIPS' BUNKERS AND THE ADVENT OF THE
BUNKERS
CONVENTION.7
A.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OIL SPILL CIVIL LIABILITY
SYSTEM.7
I.
TOVALOP AND
CRISTAL.8
II.
INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS.10
B.
THE NEED FOR THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.13
I.
THE SCOPE OF EARLIER CONVENTIONS
.13
II.
NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND THE BACKGROUND WORK ON THE
BUNKERS
CONVENTION.14
III.
RISK AND TECHNICAL
CONSIDERATIONS.18
IV.
THE BIRTH OF THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.20
C.
OVERVIEW OF THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.20
I.
CATEGORIES OF
SHIPS.20
1.
"SHIP".20
2.
DOES THE BUNKERS CONVENTION APPLY TO OIL
TANKERS?.20
3.
"WARSHIPS"
.21
II.
"OIL".22
III.
SCOPE OF
APPLICATION.23
IV.
LIABILITY ESTABLISHED BY THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.26
1.
LIABLE
PARTIES.26
2.
CHANNELLING OF
LIABILITY.27
3.
SHIPOWNERS' LIABILITY IS JOINT AND
SEVERAL.29
4.
THE BASIS OF LIABILITY AND EXONERATING
CIRCUMSTANCES.30
5.
LIMITATION OF
LIABILITY.32
V.
COMPULSORY INSURANCE AND DIRECT
RECOURSE.33
1.
THREE PREREQUISITE
FACTORS.34
A)
"REGISTERED OWNER OF A
SHIP".34
B)
"GROSS TONNAGE" - INSURANCE
THRESHOLD.35
CONTENTS
X
C)
"IN AN AMOUNT EQUAL TO THE LIMITS OF LIABILITYYY" -
AMOUNT OF
LIMITATION.38
2.
INSURANCE CERTIFICATE AND ITS
RECOGNITION.39
3.
DIRECT ACTION AGAINST THE
INSURER.40
4.
TIME LIMIT FOR BRINGING AN
ACTION.41
VI.
JURISDICTION, RECOGNITION AND
ENFORCEMENT.42
VII.
OTHER
MATTERS.44
VIII. ADOPTED RESOLUTIONS
.45
D.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS.47
CHAPTER 2:
THE BIRTH OF COMPULSORY INSURANCE FOR OIL POLLUTION
LIABILITY.49
A.
INTRODUCTION.49
B.
THE CONCEPT OF COMPULSORY
INSURANCE.50
I.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF COMPULSORY
INSURANCE.50
II.
THE SYSTEM OF
INSURANCE.52
1.
COMPULSORY INSURANCE AS DEFINED IN INTERNATIONAL CIVIL
LIABILITY CONVENTIONS
.52
2.
INSURANCE OR OTHER FINANCIAL
SECURITIES.53
III.
THE NEED FOR COMPULSORY INSURANCE FOR BUNKER-OIL POLLUTION
LIABILITY.53
C.
POSSIBLE
INSURERS.55
I.
THE TYPES OF MARINE INSURANCE AND THEIR
COVERAGE.55
1.
CARGO INSURANCE AND ITS
COVERAGE.56
2.
HULL INSURANCE AND ITS
COVERAGE.57
3.
FREIGHT INSURANCE AND ITS
COVERAGE.59
4.
PROTECTION AND INDEMNITY
INSURANCE.59
A)
BRIEF
INTRODUCTION.59
B)
THE MAIN RISKS COVERED BY THE P&I
CLUB.60
C)
INSURANCE CONTRACT BETWEEN THE SHIPOWNER AND THE
CLUB.62
D)
THE INTERNATIONAL GROUP OF P&I
CLUBS.64
II.
THE INSURERS OFFERING COVERAGE FOR OIL-POLLUTION
LIABILITY.65
1.
THE P&I
CLUBS.65
A)
POLLUTION LIABILITY
CLAUSE.66
B)
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
TERMS.67
C)
THE ROLE OF THE P&I CLUB WITH REGARD TO AN OIL
POLLUTION
INCIDENT.68
AA)
OIL-POLLUTION LIABILITY INSURER
.68
BB)
MEASURES FOR AN OIL-POLLUTION INCIDENT TAKEN BY
THE CLUBS
.69
(1) CLEAN-UP OR SALVAGE OPERATION.69
(2)
SOURCE OF
FUNDING.70
(3)
PROVIDING LEGAL ADVICE.70
D)
INTERACTION WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS.71
CONTENTS
XI
AA)
THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE IMO CONVENTIONS
.71
BB)
COOPERATION WITH THE IOPC FUND.72
CC)
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
FROM THE ITOPF.72
2.
OTHER INSURERS OFFERING OPA
INSURANCE.73
A)
FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY REQUIREMENT IN THE OPA 90.74
B)
THE CONCERNS OF THE P&I CLUBS TO BE THE GUARANTORS.76
C)
SOME ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF MEETING FINANCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
REQUIREMENTS.77
D.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS.79
CHAPTER 3:
STRICT LIABILITY AND
INSURANCE.81
A.
INTRODUCTION.81
B.
THE BASIS OF LIABILITY IN
THE BUNKERS CONVENTION.82
I.
THE DIFFICULTIES IN APPLYING
THE COMMON LAW OF TORTS.82
1.
TRESPASS.83
2.
NUISANCE.83
3.
NEGLIGENCE.84
II.
FAULT-BASED LIABILITY LEADS TO UNFAIR RESULTS FOR POLLUTION
VICTIMS.86
III.
STRICT LIABILITY AND
ITS
APPLICATION.88
C.
THE MAIN REASONS FOR INTRODUCING STRICT LIABILITY
.90
I.
ENSURING PROTECTION OF AND
COMPENSATION FOR VICTIMS.90
II.
THE IMPACT ON
THE
INDUSTRY.91
1.
THE INDUSTRY BEARS THE COST OF POLLUTION DAMAGE
.91
2.
INCENTIVE TO IMPROVE PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION
.92
D.
DISTRIBUTION OF LIABILITY AND EXCEPTIONS TO
LIABILITY.93
I.
WHO SHALL BE
LIABLE?.93
1.
PROVISIONS IN THE
CLCS.94
A)
LIABILITY OF THE CARGO
INTEREST.94
B)
LIABILITY OF THE
SHIP.95
C)
THE SECOND-TIER LIABILITY
OF THE CARGO-OWNER.96
2.
LIABILITY RULE UNDER THE
BUNKERS CONVENTION.97
II.
EXCEPTIONS TO
LIABILITY.97
1.
TYPES OF EXCEPTIONS IN GENERAL
.98
2.
EXCEPTIONS AVAILABLE TO THE SHIPOWNER IN THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.99
III.
CHANNELLING OF
LIABILITY.103
E.
IMPLEMENTATION OF LIABILITY: INSURANCE
.105
I.
PROPOSALS DURING THE PREPARATORY WORK OF THE
CONVENTION.105
II.
TWO ALTERNATIVE
MEANS.107
1.
SEPARATE INSURANCE
POLICIES.107
2.
CO-ASSURANCE UNDER ONE
POLICY.108
F.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS.109
CONTENTS
XII
CHAPTER 4:
INSURANCE AND THE QUEST FOR ADEQUATE COMPENSATION.111
A.
INTRODUCTION.111
B.
CERTIFICATION OF
INSURANCE.111
I.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS IN THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.111
II.
ADMINISTRATIVE BURDEN COROLLARY TO THE ISSUANCE OF THE
CERTIFICATE.112
1.
THE ADMINISTRATIVE BURDEN OF THE FLAG
STATES.113
2.
PORT STATE CONTROL REGARDING THE
CERTIFICATE.118
III.
ELECTRONIC MEANS FOR THE
CERTIFICATE.118
IV.
THE VALIDITY OF THE
CERTIFICATE.119
C.
AVAILABILITY AND CAPACITY OF INSURANCE FOR BUNKER-OIL SPILL
LIABILITY.121
D.
OTHER RELATED
ISSUES.123
I.
"POLLUTER PAYS"
PRINCIPLE.123
II.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ART. 7(8) AND FINANCIAL STANDING OF
PROVIDERS OF INSURANCE OR FINANCIAL
SECURITY.125
III.
MUTUALITY.128
1.
THE MEANING OF
MUTUALITY.128
2.
ROLE OF
MUTUALITY.129
A)
THE ABILITY TO ABSORB LARGE CLAIMS
.129
B)
POSSIBLE MOTIVATION FOR RISK
MINIMISATION.130
E.
LIABILITY INSURANCE AND COMPENSATION
FUND.131
F.
ADEQUACY AND OTHER TYPES OF
COMPENSATION.132
I.
THE WILLINGNESS OF P&I CLUBS TO INCREASE THEIR COVERAGE
LIMIT.133
II.
THE COMPENSATION PAID BY THE CARGO
INTERESTS.134
III.
COMPENSATION PAID BY OTHER JOINTLY LIABLE
PERSONS.136
1.
"JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY" RULE IN RELATION TO THE
COMPENSATION
PURPOSE.136
2.
BAREBOAT
CHARTERER.137
A)
"DEMISE CHARTERER" OR "BAREBOAT CHARTERER"?
.137
B)
THE INSURANCE OF THE BAREBOAT CHARTERER
.137
IV.
OPERATOR AND
MANAGER.139
V.
LIABILITY AS THE TIME OR VOYAGE
CHARTERER.140
1.
DEFINITIONS.140
2.
COMPENSATION PAID BY THE TIME OR VOYAGE CHARTERER.140
VI.
STATE LIABILITY AND
CONTRIBUTIONS.141
G.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS.143
CHAPTER 5:
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY AND THE LIMIT OF INSURANCE.145
A.
INTRODUCTION.145
B.
THE GLOBAL LIMITATION OF LIABILITY SYSTEM IN RELATION TO
SHIPS.146
I.
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY RULE IN
GENERAL.146
II.
THE 1957 CONVENTION, 1976 LLMC AND ITS 1996 PROTOCOL
RELATING TO TANKER-OIL POLLUTION
LIABILITY.150
CONTENTS
XIII
C.
LIMITATION RULES IN THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.152
I.
POLLUTION DAMAGE ELIGIBLE FOR
LIMITATION.153
1.
POLLUTION DAMAGE ARISING FROM A BUNKER-OIL
SPILL.153
2.
THE CLAIMS SUBJECT TO LIMITATION UNDER THE 1976 LLMC
AND ITS
PROTOCOL.154
II.
THE AMOUNT OF THE FUNDS AVAILABLE UNDER THE
LLMCS.157
III.
OTHER ASPECTS RELEVANT TO CLAIMS FOR BUNKER-OIL SPILL LIABILITY
UNDER THE 1976 LLMC AND ITS PROTOCOL
.159
1.
CONDUCT BARRING THE RIGHT TO
LIMIT.159
2.
CONSTITUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE LIMITATION
FUND.160
D.
THE RIGHT TO LIMIT
LIABILITY.161
I.
THE REASONS FOR MAINTAINING THE RIGHT TO
LIMIT.161
II.
UNSATISFACTORY OUTCOME OF THE LIMITATION
REGIME.162
E.
THE RELATION OF LIMITATION OF LIABILITY AND
INSURANCE.164
I.
THE INSURABILITY AND LIMITATION OF
LIABILITY.164
II.
THE POSSIBILITY TO HAVE A UNLIMITED
LIABILITY.166
F.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS.169
CHAPTER 6:
DIRECT ACTION AGAINST THE INSURER AND ITS LIMITED
EFFECT.171
A.
INTRODUCTION.171
B.
RIGHTS OF A THIRD PARTY TO CLAIM ON THE INSURANCE
POLICY.172
I.
ASSIGNMENT.172
II.
DIRECT-ACTION
STATUTES.174
1.
ENGLISH
LAW.175
2.
UNITED STATES
LEGISLATION.177
C.
THE LIMITED EFFECT OF DIRECT ACTION UNDER P&I INSURANCE
.178
I.
COVERAGE AND EXCLUSIONS OF P&I
INSURANCE.179
II.
P&I INSURANCE IS ONE OF
INDEMNITY.179
III.
"PAY TO BE PAID"
RULE.181
IV.
OTHER DEFENCES OF A CLUB AGAINST THE CLAIM FROM A THIRD
PARTY.182
D.
DIRECT-ACTION RIGHT UNDER THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.182
I.
"THE DEFENCES YY WHICH THE SHIPOWNER WOULD HAVE BEEN
ENTITLED TO
INVOKE".184
II.
MEANING OF THE PHRASE "WILFUL MISCONDUCT OF THE SHIPOWNER".185
1.
INTERPRETATION OF "WILFUL MISCONDUCT" IN RELATION TO
LIMITATION OF
LIABILITY.185
2.
INTERPRETATION OF "WILFUL MISCONDUCT" IN INSURANCE LAW.188
A)
THE DETERMINATION OF A COMPETENT
COURT.188
B)
"WILFUL MISCONDUCT" IN P&I
INSURANCE.188
3.
"WILFUL MISCONDUCT" IN ARTICLE
7(10).189
E.
SCOPE OF THE CLAIM: POLLUTION
DAMAGE.190
I.
THE UNCERTAIN NATURE OF LIABILITY FOR
POLLUTION.190
II.
"POLLUTION DAMAGE" IN TANKER-OIL SPILL
INCIDENTS.191
1.
CMI GUIDELINES ON OIL-POLLUTION
DAMAGE.192
CONTENTS
XIV
2.
THE POLICY ADOPTED BY THE IOPC
FUND.193
3.
VIEWPOINT OF THE P&I
CLUBS.195
III.
POLLUTION DAMAGE UNDER THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.195
F.
RECOURSE
ACTION.196
G.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS.198
CHAPTER 7:
OUTLOOK ON INSURANCE AND COMPENSATION FOR BUNKER
OIL POLLUTION LIABILITY
.199
A.
INTRODUCTION.199
B.
MAIN INTERESTS IN THE INSURANCE
SYSTEM.200
I.
VICTIMS: "LOSS OF COVER" AND FULL
COMPENSATION.200
1.
LOSS OF
COVER.200
2.
"SMALL SHIP" ISSUE
.201
3.
ADEQUATE
COMPENSATION.201
II.
THE P&I CLUBS: MAINTAINING THEIR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.203
III.
SHIPOWNERS: THE CENTRAL
ACTOR.203
C.
THE COMPARISON OF THE INSURER'S EXPOSURE TO THE CLCS AND THE
CONVENTION.204
I.
THE TYPES OF SHIPS INVOLVED
.205
II.
THE NUMBER OF SHIPS
INVOLVED.205
III.
THE LIMITATION OF
LIABILITY.205
D.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS.206
SUMMARY OF
STUDY.209
A.
THE CONCEPT OF COMPULSORY INSURANCE AND ITS COMPENSATION
PURPOSE.211
B.
OTHER FEATURES OF THE BUNKERS CONVENTION AND THEIR INTERRELATIONS
WITH COMPULSORY
INSURANCE.213
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.215
LITERATURE
.215
DOCUMENTS.223
APPENDIX: TEXT OF THE BUNKERS
CONVENTION.227
INDEX.239 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)132532883 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022423336 |
| classification_rvk | PR 2204 |
| collection | ZDB-2-SHU |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)700005751 (DE-599)BVBBV022423336 |
| dewey-full | 344.0463320261 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 344 - Labor, social, education & cultural law |
| dewey-raw | 344.0463320261 |
| dewey-search | 344.0463320261 |
| dewey-sort | 3344.0463320261 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/978-3-540-45903-3 |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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| id | DE-604.BV022423336 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:26:31Z |
| indexdate | 2025-04-15T12:25:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783540459033 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015631619 |
| oclc_num | 700005751 |
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| psigel | ZDB-2-SHU |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
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| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs |
| series2 | Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs |
| spelling | Compulsory insurance and compensation for bunker oil pollution damage Ling Zhu Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2007 1 Online-Ressource txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs 5 Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag (DE-588)4063696-3 gnd rswk-swf Umwelthaftung (DE-588)4236015-8 gnd rswk-swf Meeresverschmutzung (DE-588)4038331-3 gnd rswk-swf Seeschifffahrt (DE-588)4054184-8 gnd rswk-swf Ölunfall (DE-588)4139780-0 gnd rswk-swf Seeschifffahrt (DE-588)4054184-8 s Ölunfall (DE-588)4139780-0 s Meeresverschmutzung (DE-588)4038331-3 s Umwelthaftung (DE-588)4236015-8 s Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag (DE-588)4063696-3 s DE-604 Zhu, Ling Sonstige (DE-588)132532883 oth Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 3-540-45900-6 Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-3-540-45900-2 Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs 5 (DE-604)BV044369843 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45903-3 Verlag Volltext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015631619&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Compulsory insurance and compensation for bunker oil pollution damage Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag (DE-588)4063696-3 gnd Umwelthaftung (DE-588)4236015-8 gnd Meeresverschmutzung (DE-588)4038331-3 gnd Seeschifffahrt (DE-588)4054184-8 gnd Ölunfall (DE-588)4139780-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4063696-3 (DE-588)4236015-8 (DE-588)4038331-3 (DE-588)4054184-8 (DE-588)4139780-0 |
| title | Compulsory insurance and compensation for bunker oil pollution damage |
| title_auth | Compulsory insurance and compensation for bunker oil pollution damage |
| title_exact_search | Compulsory insurance and compensation for bunker oil pollution damage |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Compulsory insurance and compensation for bunker oil pollution damage |
| title_full | Compulsory insurance and compensation for bunker oil pollution damage Ling Zhu |
| title_fullStr | Compulsory insurance and compensation for bunker oil pollution damage Ling Zhu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Compulsory insurance and compensation for bunker oil pollution damage Ling Zhu |
| title_short | Compulsory insurance and compensation for bunker oil pollution damage |
| title_sort | compulsory insurance and compensation for bunker oil pollution damage |
| topic | Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag (DE-588)4063696-3 gnd Umwelthaftung (DE-588)4236015-8 gnd Meeresverschmutzung (DE-588)4038331-3 gnd Seeschifffahrt (DE-588)4054184-8 gnd Ölunfall (DE-588)4139780-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Völkerrechtlicher Vertrag Umwelthaftung Meeresverschmutzung Seeschifffahrt Ölunfall |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45903-3 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015631619&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV044369843 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zhuling compulsoryinsuranceandcompensationforbunkeroilpollutiondamage |