Plant solute transport:
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Blackwell
2007
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references Erscheint: Mai 2007 |
| Physical Description: | XV, 405 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1405139951 9781405139953 |
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MARC
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| 020 | |a 1405139951 |c hardback : alk. paper |9 1-4051-3995-1 | ||
| 020 | |a 9781405139953 |9 978-1-4051-3995-3 | ||
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| 084 | |a BIO 485f |2 stub | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plant solute transport |c edited by Anthony Yeo ... |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Blackwell |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 405 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references | ||
| 500 | |a Erscheint: Mai 2007 | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Plantes - Translocation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plant translocation | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Pflanzen |0 (DE-588)4045539-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Stoffübertragung |0 (DE-588)4057696-6 |D s |
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| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Stoffübertragung |0 (DE-588)4057696-6 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Yeo, Anthony R. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0620/2006027577.html |3 Table of contents only | |
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| _version_ | 1804136480086425600 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS PREFACE XIII CONTRIBUTORS XVII 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
ANTHONYYEO 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 SYNOPSIS 3 1.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS 14
REFERENCE 14 2 SOLUTES: WHAT ARE THEY, WHERE ARE THEY AND WHAT DO THEY
DO? 15 TIMFLOWERS 2.1 SOLUTES: INORGANIC AND ORGANIC 15 2.2 ANALYSIS OF
INORGANIC ELEMENTS 15 2.2.1 OBTAINING MATERIAL FOR ANALYSIS 15 2.2.2
OPTICAL METHODS 16 2.2.3 MASS SPECTROMETRY 16 2.2.4 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE
17 2.2.5 ION-SPECIFIC ELECTRODES 17 2.2.6 ION CHROMATOGRAPHY 17 2.3
SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS 17 2.4 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 18 2.5 RANGE OF SOLUTES
FOUND IN PLANTS 19 2.6 LOCALISATION 19 2.6.1 STEREOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 19
2.6.2 INORGANIC ELEMENTS AND E1ECTRON MICROSCOPY 20 2.6.3 ION-SPECIFIC
MICROELECTRODES 21 2.6.4 DIRECT SAMPLING 22 2.6.5 USE OF FLUORESCENT
DYES 22 2.6.6 FLUX ANALYSIS 23 2.6.7 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 25 2.7 WHAT DO
THEY DO? 25 2.7.1 VACUOLES 25 2.7.2 ORGANELLES AND THE CYTOPLASM 26
2.7.3 CELL WALLS 26 2.7.4 CONCLUSIONS 26 REFERENCES 27 3 THE DRIVING
FORCES FOR WATER AND SOLUTE MOVEMENT 29 TIM FLOWERS AND ANTHONY YEO 3.1
INTRODUCTION 29 3.2 WATER 29 3.3 FREE ENERGY AND THE PROPERTIES OF
SOLUTIONS 31 3.3.1 FREE ENERGY AND CHEMICAL POTENTIAL 31 3.3.2 WATER
POTENTIAL AND WATER POTENTIAL GRADIENTS 32 3.3.3 OSMOSIS AND COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES 33 3.4 CELL WATER RELATIONS 34 3.5 WATER MOVEMENT 35 3.5.1
WATER MOVEMENT THROUGH THE SOIL 38 3.5.2 WATER IN CELL WALLS 39 3.5.3
WATER MOVEMENT ACROSS A ROOT (OR LEAF) 39 3.5.4 WATER MOVEMENT THROUGH
THE XYLEM AND PHLOEM 40 3.6 SOLUTE MOVEMENT 40 3.6.1 CHEMICAL,
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIALS AND GRADIENTS 41 3.6.2
DIFFUSION - FICK S FIRST LAW 41 3.6.3 DIFFUSION POTENTIAL 42 3.6.4
NERNST POTENTIAL 43 3.6.5 DONNAN SYSTEMS 43 3.6.6 GOLDMANN EQUATION 44
3.7 COUPLING OF WATER AND SOLUTE FTUXES 44 REFERENCES 45 IV CONTENTS 4
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND THE STUDY OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT ACROSS PLANT
MEMBRANES 47 MATTHEW GILLIHAM 4.1 INTRODUCTION 47 4.2 PLANT MEMBRANES 47
4.2.] PLANT MEMBRANE COMPOSITION 47 4.2.2 PLANT MEMBRANE STRUCTURE 50
4.3 STUDYING SOLUTE TRANSPORT ACROSS PLANT MEMBRANES 51 4.4 TRANSPORT
TECHNIQUES USING INTACT OR SEMI-INTACT PLANT TISSUE 52 4.4.1 PLANT
GROWTH 52 4.4.1.1 SOLUTION DESIGN 52 4.4.1.2 USING INHIBITORS 53 4.4.2
ACCUMULATION AND NET UPTAKE 53 4.4.3 RADIOACTIVE TRACERS 54 4.4.4
FLUORESCENT SOLUTE PROBES 55 4.4.5 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY 57 4.4.5.1
VOLTAGE-BASED MEASUREMENTS (MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND ION CONCENTRATION) 58
4.4.5.2 VOLTAGE CLAMPING 60 4.5 USING ISOLATED MEMBRANES FOR TRANSPORT
STUDIES 60 CONTENTS V 4.5.1 ISOLATING MEMBRANES 60 4.5.2 ASSAYING
TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES OF PROTOPLASTS AND MEMBRANE VESICLES 61 4.6 USING
MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES TO INFORM TRANSPORT STUDIES 63 4.6.1 REVEALING THE
MOLECULAR IDENTITY OF TRANSPORTERS AND TESTING GENE FUNCTION 63 4.6.2
LOCATION OF TRANSPORT PROTEINS 64 4.6.3 HETEROLOGOUS EXPRESSION 65 4.7
COMBINING TECHNIQUES (AN EXAMPLE OF INCREASING RESOLUTION AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTEXT) 66 4.8 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 66 4.9 CONCLUSIONS 67
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 67 REFERENCES 67 5 TRANSPORT ACROSS PLANT MEMBRANES 75
FRANS J. MAATHUIS 5.1 INTRODUCTION 75 5.1.1 PLANT SOLUTES 76 5.1.2
DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY 76 5.1.3 SOME FORMALISMS 79 5.2 PASSIVE
TRANSPORT 81 5.2.1 DIFFUSION THROUGH MEMBRANES 81 5.2.2 FACILITATED
DIFFUSION THROUGH CARRIERS 82 5.2.3 TRANSPORT THROUGH ION CHANNELS 83
5.2.3.1 POTASSIUM CHANNELS 84 5.2.3.2 CALCIUM CHANNELS 85 5.2.3.3
NON-SELECTIVE ION CHANNELS 85 5.2.3.4 CHLORIDE CHANNELS 85 5.2.4
TRANSPORT THROUGH WATER CHANNELS 85 5.3 PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT 87
5.3.1 PRIMARY PROTON PUMPS 87 5.3.1.1 P-TYPE ATPASES 88 5.3.1.2 V-TYPE
ATPASES 89 5.3.1.3 THE PYROPHOSPHATASE 90 5.3.2 PRIMARY PUMPS INVOLVED
IN METAL TRANSPORT 90 5.3.2.1 P-TYPE CA 2+ PUMPS 90 5.3.2.2 HEAVY META1
ATPASES 91 5.3.3 ABC TRANSPORTERS 92 5.4 SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT 92
5.4.1 POTASSIUM UPTAKE 93 5.4.2 NITRATE TRANSPORT 94 5.4.3 SODIUM EFFLUX
95 5.4.4 NON H+-COUPLED SECONDARY TRANSPORT 95 6 REGULATION OF ION
TRANSPORTERS ANNA AMTMANN AND MICHAEL R. BLATT 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2
PHYSIOLOGICAL SITUATIONS REQUIRING THE REGULATION OF ION TRANSPORT 6.2.1
CHANGE OF CELL VOLUME 6.2.2 NUTRIENT ACQUISITION 6.2.3 STRESS RESPONSES
6.3 MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF REGULATION 6.3.1 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION
6.3.2 POST-TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION 6.3.2.1 AUTOINHIBITION 6.3.2.2
14-3-3 PROTEINS 6.3.2.3 CALMODULIN 6.3.2.4 CYC1IC NUC1EOTIDES 6.3.2.5
HETEROMERISATION 6.4 TRAFFIC OF ION TRANSPORTERS 6.5 CONC1USIONS AND
OUT1OOK REFERENCES VI 5.5 CONC1UDING REMARKS REFERENCES CONTENTS 96 96
99 99 99 99 102 106 107 108 109 109 111 113 114 116 117 120 120 7
INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT: SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN CHLOROPLASTS, MITOCHONDRIA,
PEROXISOMES AND VACUOLES, AND BETWEEN ORGANELLES 133 KATRIN PHILIPPAR
AND JUERGEN SOLL 7.1 INTRODUCTION 133 7.1.1 RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY SOLUTE
TRANSPORT PROTEINS IN PLANT ORGANELLES 133 7.1.1.1 BENEFITS OF A MODEL
PLANT: ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 134 7.2 CHLOROPLASTS 136 7.2.1 THE FUNCTION
OF PLASTIDS 137 7.2.2 TRANSPORT ACROSS THE OUTER ENVELOPE: GENERAL
DIFFUSION OR REGULATED CHANNELS? 137 7.2.2.1 APORIN IN THE OUTER
ENVELOPE OF PLASTIDS? 138 7.2.2.2 OEPS, A FAMILY OF CHANNELS WITH
SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY 138 7.2.2.3 OUTER MEMBRANE CHANNELS AND PORINS:
EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS IN CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA 142 7.2.3
TRANSPORT ACROSS THE INNER ENVELOPE: PHOSPHATE TRANSLOCATORS, MAJOR
FACILITATORS AND CARRIERS 142 7.2.3.1 THE PHOSPHATE TRANSLOCATOR FAMILY
142 CONTENTS VLL 7.2.3.2 MAJOR-FACILITATOR-RNEDIATED TRANSPORT 144
7.2.3.3 CARRIERS IN THE INNER ENVELOPE OFPLASTIDS 146 7.2.4 TRANSPORT
ACROSS THE INNER ENVELOPE: ABC TRANSPORTERS AND ION TRANSPORT 147
7.2.4.1 ABC TRANSPORTERS 147 7.2.4.2 ION TRANSPORT 149 7.2.4.3 TRANSPORT
OF METAL IONS 150 7.3 MITOCHONDRIA 153 7.3.1 THE FUNCTION OFPLANT
MITOCHONDRIA 153 7.3.2 TRANSPORT ACROSS THE OUTER MEMBRANE: THE PORIN
VDAC 154 7.3.3 TRANSPORT ACROSS THE INNER MEMBRANE: CARRIERS 156 7.3.3.1
TRANSPORTERS INVOLVED IN ATP PRODUCTION 156 7.3.3.2 CARRIERS FOR
TRANSPORT OF TCA CYCLE INTERMEDIATES 158 7.3.3.3 AMINO ACID TRANSPORT
ACROSS MITOCHONDRIAL LTIEMBRANES 159 7.3.3.4 CARRIERS INVOLVED IN SS
-OXIDATION 01 FATTY ACIDS 160 7.3.4 TRANSPORT ACROSS THE INNER MEMBRANE:
ABC TRANSPORTERS AND ION CHANNELS 160 7.3.4.1 ABC TRANSPORTERS 160
7.3.4.2 ION CHANNELS 161 7.4 PEROXISOMES 162 7.4.1 FUNCTION OF
PEROXISOMES IN PLANT METABOLISM 163 7.4.2 SOLUTE TRANSPORT ACROSS THE
PEROXISOMAL MEMBRANE 163 7.4.2.1 A PORIN IN THE PEROXISOMAL MEMBRANE 163
7.4.2.2 SPECIFIC TRANSPORT PROTEINS IN THE PEROXISOMAL MEMBRANE 165 7.5
PHOTORESPIRATION: TRANSPORT BETWEEN PLASTIDS, MITOCHONDRIA AND
PEROXISOMES 166 7.6 VACUOLES 167 7.6.1 GENERATING A PH GRADIENT ACROSS
THE TONOPLAST: H+-ATPASE AND H+ -PYROPHOSPHATASE 168 7.6.2 TRANSPORT OF
MALATE AND SUCROSE ACROSS THE TONOPLAST 170 7.6.2.1 MALATE 170 7.6.2.2
SUCROSE 171 7.6.3 AQUAPORINS AND ABC TRANSPORTER IN THE TONOPLAST 171
7.6.3.1 AQUAPORINS IN THE VACUOLE ARE TONOPLAST-INTRINSIC PROTEINS 171
7.6.3.2 ABC TRANSPORTERS IN THE TONOPLAST 172 7.6.4 ION TRANSPORT 173
7.6.4.1 ION CHANNELS 173 7.6.4.2 CALCIUM, SODIUM AND MAGNESIUM UPTAKE
INVOLVES ACTIVE TRANSPORT 175 7.6.4.3 TRANSPORT OF TRANSITION METALS 177
REFERENCES 178 VIII CONTENTS 8 ION UPTAKE BY PLANT ROOTS 193 ROMOLA 1.
DAVENPORT 8.1 INTRODUCTION 193 8.2 SOH COMPOSITION 193 8.3 ROOT
EXPLORATION OF THE SOIL 194 8.4 PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING ROOT UPTAKE:
DEP1ETION ZONES AND DONNAN POTENTIALS 196 8.5 RADIAL TRANSPORT OF
SOLUTES ACROSS THE OUTER PART OF THE ROOT 197 8.5.1 THE ROLE OF
APOPLASTIC BARRIERS 197 8.5.2 ROOT HAIRS AND CORTICAL CELLS 198 8.6
SOLUTE UPTAKE FROM DIFFERENT ROOT ZONES 201 8.7 TRANSPORT OF SOLUTES TO
THE XYLEM 203 8.8 THE KINETICS OF SOLUTE UPTAKE INTO ROOTS 204 8.8.1
RADIOISOTOPIC STUDIES 204 8.8.2 OTHER METHODS 207 8.8.3 KINETICS OF
UPTAKE IN RESPONSE TO SOLUTE AVAILABILITY 207 8.9 CONCLUSION 209
REFERENCES 209 9 TRANSPORT FROM ROOT TO SHOOT 214 SERGEY SHABALA 9.1
INTRODUCTION 214 9.2 TRANSPORT OF WATER 214 9.2.1 XYLEM STRUCTURE 214
9.2.2 PHYSICS OF WATER FLOW AND EVO1UTIONARY ASPECTS OF CONDUIT
DEVELOPMENT 216 9.2.3 WATER FLOW BETWEEN XYLEM ELEMENTS: SAFETY
MECHANISMS 217 9.2.4 HYDRAULICS OF THE SAP LIFT: GENERALOVERVIEW 219
9.2.5 DRIVING FORCE FOR WATER MOVEMENT IN THE XYLEM 221 9.2.6
CONTROVERSIES AND ADDITIONAL MECHANISMS 222 9.3 TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS
224 9.3.1 GENERAL FEATURES OF XYLEM ION LOADING 224 9.3.2 IONIC
MECHANISMS OF XYLEM LOADING 225 9.3.2.1 POTASSIUM 225 9.3.2.2 SODIUM 226
9.3.2.3 ANION CHANNELS 227 9.3.2.4 GATING FACTORS 227 9.3.3 XYLEM-SAP
COMPOSITION 228 9.3.4 FACTORS AFFECTING ION CONCENTRATION IN THE XYLEM
229 9.3.5 XYLEM UNLOADING IN LEAVES 230 REFERENCES 231 10 SOLUTE
TRANSPORT IN THE PHLOEM 235 JEREMY PRITCHARD 10.1 INTRODUCTION 235
CONTENTS IX 10.2 PHLOEM ANATOMY 236 10.2.1 SIEVE TUBES 236 10.2.1.1
SIEVE TUBES ARE ANUCLEATE 236 10.2.1.2 SIEVE PLATE BLOCKAGE 237 10.2.2
PLASMODESMATA 238 10.2.2.1 PLASMODESMATAL STRUCTURE 238 10.2.2.2
PLASMODESMATAL SELECTIVITY 238 10.3 PHLOEM COMPOSITION 240 10.3.1
CARBOHYDRATE 240 10.3.1.1 SUCROSE 240 10.3.1.2 OTHER CARBOHYDRATES 240
10.3.2 INORGANIC IONS 241 10.3.2.1 VARIATION IN SIEVE ELEMENT
COMPOSITION 241 10.3.2.2 K+/SUCROSE RECIPROCITY 242 10.3.3 NITROGEN 242
10.3.4 MRNA 243 10.3.4.1 PROTEIN METABOLISM MESSAGE 244 10.3.4.2
STRUCTURAL GENES AND CELL-WALL ENZYMES 244 10.3.4.3 INTERACTION WITH
DNA/RNA 245 10.3.4.4 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 245 10.3.4.5
REDOX-OXIDATIVE STRESS 245 10.3.4.6 AMINO ACID METABOLISM 245 10.3.4.7
TRANSPORT 245 10.3.4.8 INTERACTION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT 246 10.3.5
PROTEINS 246 10.3.5.1 OXIDATIVE STRESS 246 10.3.5.2 DEFENCE 247 10.3.5.3
CALCIUM AND SIEVE ELEMENT STRUCTURE 247 10.3.5.4 METABOLISM 247 10.3.6
MACRORNOLECULAR TRAFFICKING 248 10.4 SIEVE ELEMENT WATER RELATIONS 248
10.4.1 SIEVE ELEMENT WATER RELATIONS 249 10.4.1.1 SIEVE ELEMENT OSMOTIC
PRESSURE 249 10.4.1.2 SIEVE ELEMENT TURGOR PRESSURE 249 10.4.2 FLOW IN
THE PHLOEM 250 10.4.3 PHLOEM LOADING 251 10.4.3.1 SYMPLASTIC OR
APOPLASTIC LOADING? 251 10.4.3.2 TRANSPORTERS FACILITATING APOPLASTIC
LOADING 254 10.4.3.3 H+/ATPASE 255 10.4.4 PHLOEM UNLOADING 257 10.4.4.1
EVIDENCE FOR UNLOADING PATHWAY: ROOT TIPS 257 10.4.4.2 EVIDENCE FOR
UNLOADING PATHWAY: DEVELOPING FRUITS 259 10.4.4.3 EVIDENCE FOR UNLOADING
PATHWAY: SEED COATS 259 X CONTENTS 10.4.5 RESOUREE PARTITIONING THROUGH
THE PHLOEM 260 10.5 EXPLOITATION BY OTHER ORGANISMS 261 10.5.1
MICRO-ORGANISMS AND VIRUSES 261 10.5.2 SAP-FEEDING INSEETS 261 10.5.3
PLANTS 262 10.5.4 OTHER ORGANISMS 262 10.6 CONCLUSIONS 262 REFERENCES
263 11 FACTORS LIMITING THE RATE OF SUPPLY OF SOLUTES TO THE ROOT
SURFACE 275 ANTHONYYEO 11.1 INTRODUCTION 275 11.2 SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS TO
THE ROOT SURFAEE 276 11.2.1 ABSENCE OF THE NUTRIENT ELEMENT IN THE
GROWTH MEDIUM IN ANY FORM 276 11.2.2 BIOAVAILABILITY OF THE ELEMENT 276
11.2.3 MOVEMENT OF NUTRIENTS TOWARDS ROOTS 278 11.2.4 HOMOGENEITY OR
HETEROGENEITY (SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL) IN AVAILABILITY 279 11.2.5 LOSSES
279 11.3 ACQUISITION AND UPTAKE OF NUTRIENTS BY THE ROOT 280 11.3.1
AFFINITY AND CAPACITY OF TRANSPORT PRAEESSES IN THE ROOTS 280 11.3.2
EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF SOIL VOLUME BY ROOTS 282 11.4
ACQUISITION OF PHOSPHORUS 284 11.5 PROTEETED CROPPING SYSTEMS:
HYDROPONICS AS AN EXAMPLE OF IDEALLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS 286 11.6
CONCLUDING REMARKS 287 REFERENCES 287 12 MINERALDEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY
290 ANTHONYYEO 12.1 INTRODUCTION 290 12.1.1 TERMINOLOGY 291 12.2
DEFICIENCY AND EFFICIENCY: IRON IN ALKALI NE SOILS 293 12.2.1 STRATEGY
1 :REDUCTION-DEPENDENT IRON UPTAKE 295 12.2.2 STRATEGY II :
PHYTOSIDEROPHORES 296 12.3 PHOSPHATE UPTAKE IN SOILS THAT ARE LOW IN
PHOSPHATE 299 12.3.1 CLUSTER ROOTS AND ROOT EXUDATES 299 12.3.2
MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS 300 12.4 TOXICITY AND TOLERANCE-ALUMINIUM IN AEID
SOILS 301 12.5 TOXICITY AND TOLERANCE-ESSENTIAL AND NON-ESSENTIAL METALS
303 12.5.1 HYPERACEUMULATION 304 12.5.2 ION TRANSPORT IN
HYPERACCUMULATORS 305 12.5.3 PHYTOCHELATINS 306 12.5.4 FUNCTION OF
HYPERACCUMULATION 308 CONTENTS XI 12.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 308 REFERENCES
309 13 WATER-LIMITED CONDITIONS 314 ANTHONYYEO 13.1 INTRODUCTION 314
13.2 PLANT RESPONSES TO REDUCED WATER AVAI1ABILITY 315 13.3 MECHANISMS
TO REDUCE WATER LOSS: REGULATION 01 STOMATA AND REGULATION 01 1EAF AREA
318 13.3.1 STOMATALREGULATION 318 13.3.2 LEAF AREA REGULATION 320 13.3.3
CONSEQUENCES: INTERACTION WITH LEAF TEMPERATURE 321 13.4 MECHANISMS TO
MAINTAIN WATER POTENTIAL GRADIENTS: OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT 322 13.4.1 WATER
POTENTIAL 01 DRYING SOIL 322 13.4.2 OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT 323 13.4.3
COMPATIB1E SOLUTES/OSMO1YTES/OSMOPROTECTANTS 324 13.4.4 WATER MOVEMENT
FROM PROTOPLAST TO APOPLAST IN FREEZING INJURY 326 13.5 MECHANISMS TO
ACQUIRE MORE WATER: ROOT PROPERTIES 326 13.5.1 CONSTITUTIVE FORMATION
01 DEEP ROOTS 326 13.5.2 FACULTATIVE FORMATION 01 DEEP ROOTS 327 13.5.3
ROOT CONDUCTANCE 327 13.6 MECHANISMS TO INCREASE WATER-USE EFFICIENCY:
C4 ANCL CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM (CAM) 328 13.6.1 C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
329 13.6.2 CAM 331 13.7 GENE REGULATION 334 13.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS 335
REFERENCES 335 14 SALINITY 340 ANTI-LONY YEO 14.1 INTRODUCTION 340 14.2
EXTERNAL CONCENTRATION 01 SALT UP TO ABOUT 50 MM NACI 341 14.3 EXTERNAL
CONCENTRATION 01 SALT UP TO ABOUT 100-150 MM NACI 343 14.4 EXTERNAL
CONCENTRATION 01 SALT ABOVE ABOUT 150-200 MM 344 14.5
MOLECULAR TOLERANCE 345 14.6 CELLULAR TOLERANCE 346 14.7 MOVING ON TO A
CELL IN A PLANT 347 14.8 SALTGLANDS 347 14.9 SELECTIVITY AT THE ROOT 348
14.9.1 ROOT SELECTIVITY FOR CHLORIDE 353 14.10 TRANSPORT FROM ROOT TO
SHOOT 35 3 14.10.1 TRANSPORT 01 CHLORIDE TO THE XYLERN 356 INDEX 391 THE
COLOUR PLATE SEETION APPEARS AFTER PAGE 78 CONTENTS 14.11 TRANSPORT FROM
SHOOT TO ROOT 356 14.12 LEAF CELLS 357 14.13 PROSPECTS 361 14.14
CONCLUDING REMARKS 364 REFERENCES 365 15 DESICCATION TOLERANCE 371
ANTHONYYEO 15.1 INTRODUCTION 371 15.2 OCCURRENCE OF DESICCATION
TOLERANCE 372 15.3 DESICCATION TOLERANCE IN SEEDS 372 15.3.1
INTRACELLULAR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 374 15.3.2 INTRACELLULAR
DE-DIFFERENTIATION 374 15.3.3 SWITCHING-OFF METABOLISM 375 15.3.4
ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEMS 375 15.3.5 PROTECTIVE MOLEEULES 376 15.3.6
AMPHIPHILIC MOLEEULES 378 15.3.7 OLEOSINS 379 15.3.8 DAMAGE REPAIR 379
15.4 VEGETATIVE TISSUES 379 15.4.1 GENE EXPRESSION 382 15.4.2 PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS 382 15.4.3 METABOLISM AND ANTIOXIDANTS 383 15.4.4
LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT CARBOHYDRATES 383 15.4.5 HYDRINS 01 LEA PROTEINS
385 15.4.6 SIGNALS 385 15.4.7 CONSTRAINTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
DESICCATION TOLERANCE 386 15.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 388 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
388 REFERENCES 388 XII
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| adam_txt |
CONTENTS PREFACE XIII CONTRIBUTORS XVII 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
ANTHONYYEO 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 SYNOPSIS 3 1.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS 14
REFERENCE 14 2 SOLUTES: WHAT ARE THEY, WHERE ARE THEY AND WHAT DO THEY
DO? 15 TIMFLOWERS 2.1 SOLUTES: INORGANIC AND ORGANIC 15 2.2 ANALYSIS OF
INORGANIC ELEMENTS 15 2.2.1 OBTAINING MATERIAL FOR ANALYSIS 15 2.2.2
OPTICAL METHODS 16 2.2.3 MASS SPECTROMETRY 16 2.2.4 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE
17 2.2.5 ION-SPECIFIC ELECTRODES 17 2.2.6 ION CHROMATOGRAPHY 17 2.3
SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS 17 2.4 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 18 2.5 RANGE OF SOLUTES
FOUND IN PLANTS 19 2.6 LOCALISATION 19 2.6.1 STEREOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 19
2.6.2 INORGANIC ELEMENTS AND E1ECTRON MICROSCOPY 20 2.6.3 ION-SPECIFIC
MICROELECTRODES 21 2.6.4 DIRECT SAMPLING 22 2.6.5 USE OF FLUORESCENT
DYES 22 2.6.6 FLUX ANALYSIS 23 2.6.7 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 25 2.7 WHAT DO
THEY DO? 25 2.7.1 VACUOLES 25 2.7.2 ORGANELLES AND THE CYTOPLASM 26
2.7.3 CELL WALLS 26 2.7.4 CONCLUSIONS 26 REFERENCES 27 3 THE DRIVING
FORCES FOR WATER AND SOLUTE MOVEMENT 29 TIM FLOWERS AND ANTHONY YEO 3.1
INTRODUCTION 29 3.2 WATER 29 3.3 FREE ENERGY AND THE PROPERTIES OF
SOLUTIONS 31 3.3.1 FREE ENERGY AND CHEMICAL POTENTIAL 31 3.3.2 WATER
POTENTIAL AND WATER POTENTIAL GRADIENTS 32 3.3.3 OSMOSIS AND COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES 33 3.4 CELL WATER RELATIONS 34 3.5 WATER MOVEMENT 35 3.5.1
WATER MOVEMENT THROUGH THE SOIL 38 3.5.2 WATER IN CELL WALLS 39 3.5.3
WATER MOVEMENT ACROSS A ROOT (OR LEAF) 39 3.5.4 WATER MOVEMENT THROUGH
THE XYLEM AND PHLOEM 40 3.6 SOLUTE MOVEMENT 40 3.6.1 CHEMICAL,
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIALS AND GRADIENTS 41 3.6.2
DIFFUSION - FICK'S FIRST LAW 41 3.6.3 DIFFUSION POTENTIAL 42 3.6.4
NERNST POTENTIAL 43 3.6.5 DONNAN SYSTEMS 43 3.6.6 GOLDMANN EQUATION 44
3.7 COUPLING OF WATER AND SOLUTE FTUXES 44 REFERENCES 45 IV CONTENTS 4
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND THE STUDY OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT ACROSS PLANT
MEMBRANES 47 MATTHEW GILLIHAM 4.1 INTRODUCTION 47 4.2 PLANT MEMBRANES 47
4.2.] PLANT MEMBRANE COMPOSITION 47 4.2.2 PLANT MEMBRANE STRUCTURE 50
4.3 STUDYING SOLUTE TRANSPORT ACROSS PLANT MEMBRANES 51 4.4 TRANSPORT
TECHNIQUES USING INTACT OR SEMI-INTACT PLANT TISSUE 52 4.4.1 PLANT
GROWTH 52 4.4.1.1 SOLUTION DESIGN 52 4.4.1.2 USING INHIBITORS 53 4.4.2
ACCUMULATION AND NET UPTAKE 53 4.4.3 RADIOACTIVE TRACERS 54 4.4.4
FLUORESCENT SOLUTE PROBES 55 4.4.5 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY 57 4.4.5.1
VOLTAGE-BASED MEASUREMENTS (MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND ION CONCENTRATION) 58
4.4.5.2 VOLTAGE CLAMPING 60 4.5 USING ISOLATED MEMBRANES FOR TRANSPORT
STUDIES 60 CONTENTS V 4.5.1 ISOLATING MEMBRANES 60 4.5.2 ASSAYING
TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES OF PROTOPLASTS AND MEMBRANE VESICLES 61 4.6 USING
MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES TO INFORM TRANSPORT STUDIES 63 4.6.1 REVEALING THE
MOLECULAR IDENTITY OF TRANSPORTERS AND TESTING GENE FUNCTION 63 4.6.2
LOCATION OF TRANSPORT PROTEINS 64 4.6.3 HETEROLOGOUS EXPRESSION 65 4.7
COMBINING TECHNIQUES (AN EXAMPLE OF INCREASING RESOLUTION AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTEXT) 66 4.8 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 66 4.9 CONCLUSIONS 67
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 67 REFERENCES 67 5 TRANSPORT ACROSS PLANT MEMBRANES 75
FRANS J. MAATHUIS 5.1 INTRODUCTION 75 5.1.1 PLANT SOLUTES 76 5.1.2
DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY 76 5.1.3 SOME FORMALISMS 79 5.2 PASSIVE
TRANSPORT 81 5.2.1 DIFFUSION THROUGH MEMBRANES 81 5.2.2 FACILITATED
DIFFUSION THROUGH CARRIERS 82 5.2.3 TRANSPORT THROUGH ION CHANNELS 83
5.2.3.1 POTASSIUM CHANNELS 84 5.2.3.2 CALCIUM CHANNELS 85 5.2.3.3
NON-SELECTIVE ION CHANNELS 85 5.2.3.4 CHLORIDE CHANNELS 85 5.2.4
TRANSPORT THROUGH WATER CHANNELS 85 5.3 PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT 87
5.3.1 PRIMARY PROTON PUMPS 87 5.3.1.1 P-TYPE ATPASES 88 5.3.1.2 V-TYPE
ATPASES 89 5.3.1.3 THE PYROPHOSPHATASE 90 5.3.2 PRIMARY PUMPS INVOLVED
IN METAL TRANSPORT 90 5.3.2.1 P-TYPE CA 2+ PUMPS 90 5.3.2.2 HEAVY META1
ATPASES 91 5.3.3 ABC TRANSPORTERS 92 5.4 SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT 92
5.4.1 POTASSIUM UPTAKE 93 5.4.2 NITRATE TRANSPORT 94 5.4.3 SODIUM EFFLUX
95 5.4.4 NON H+-COUPLED SECONDARY TRANSPORT 95 6 REGULATION OF ION
TRANSPORTERS ANNA AMTMANN AND MICHAEL R. BLATT 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2
PHYSIOLOGICAL SITUATIONS REQUIRING THE REGULATION OF ION TRANSPORT 6.2.1
CHANGE OF CELL VOLUME 6.2.2 NUTRIENT ACQUISITION 6.2.3 STRESS RESPONSES
6.3 MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF REGULATION 6.3.1 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION
6.3.2 POST-TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION 6.3.2.1 AUTOINHIBITION 6.3.2.2
14-3-3 PROTEINS 6.3.2.3 CALMODULIN 6.3.2.4 CYC1IC NUC1EOTIDES 6.3.2.5
HETEROMERISATION 6.4 TRAFFIC OF ION TRANSPORTERS 6.5 CONC1USIONS AND
OUT1OOK REFERENCES VI 5.5 CONC1UDING REMARKS REFERENCES CONTENTS 96 96
99 99 99 99 102 106 107 108 109 109 111 113 114 116 117 120 120 7
INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT: SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN CHLOROPLASTS, MITOCHONDRIA,
PEROXISOMES AND VACUOLES, AND BETWEEN ORGANELLES 133 KATRIN PHILIPPAR
AND JUERGEN SOLL 7.1 INTRODUCTION 133 7.1.1 RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY SOLUTE
TRANSPORT PROTEINS IN PLANT ORGANELLES 133 7.1.1.1 BENEFITS OF A MODEL
PLANT: ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 134 7.2 CHLOROPLASTS 136 7.2.1 THE FUNCTION
OF PLASTIDS 137 7.2.2 TRANSPORT ACROSS THE OUTER ENVELOPE: GENERAL
DIFFUSION OR REGULATED CHANNELS? 137 7.2.2.1 APORIN IN THE OUTER
ENVELOPE OF PLASTIDS? 138 7.2.2.2 OEPS, A FAMILY OF CHANNELS WITH
SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY 138 7.2.2.3 OUTER MEMBRANE CHANNELS AND PORINS:
EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS IN CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA 142 7.2.3
TRANSPORT ACROSS THE INNER ENVELOPE: PHOSPHATE TRANSLOCATORS, MAJOR
FACILITATORS AND CARRIERS 142 7.2.3.1 THE PHOSPHATE TRANSLOCATOR FAMILY
142 CONTENTS VLL 7.2.3.2 MAJOR-FACILITATOR-RNEDIATED TRANSPORT 144
7.2.3.3 CARRIERS IN THE INNER ENVELOPE OFPLASTIDS 146 7.2.4 TRANSPORT
ACROSS THE INNER ENVELOPE: ABC TRANSPORTERS AND ION TRANSPORT 147
7.2.4.1 ABC TRANSPORTERS 147 7.2.4.2 ION TRANSPORT 149 7.2.4.3 TRANSPORT
OF METAL IONS 150 7.3 MITOCHONDRIA 153 7.3.1 THE FUNCTION OFPLANT
MITOCHONDRIA 153 7.3.2 TRANSPORT ACROSS THE OUTER MEMBRANE: THE PORIN
VDAC 154 7.3.3 TRANSPORT ACROSS THE INNER MEMBRANE: CARRIERS 156 7.3.3.1
TRANSPORTERS INVOLVED IN ATP PRODUCTION 156 7.3.3.2 CARRIERS FOR
TRANSPORT OF TCA CYCLE INTERMEDIATES 158 7.3.3.3 AMINO ACID TRANSPORT
ACROSS MITOCHONDRIAL LTIEMBRANES 159 7.3.3.4 CARRIERS INVOLVED IN SS
-OXIDATION 01'FATTY ACIDS 160 7.3.4 TRANSPORT ACROSS THE INNER MEMBRANE:
ABC TRANSPORTERS AND ION CHANNELS 160 7.3.4.1 ABC TRANSPORTERS 160
7.3.4.2 ION CHANNELS 161 7.4 PEROXISOMES 162 7.4.1 FUNCTION OF
PEROXISOMES IN PLANT METABOLISM 163 7.4.2 SOLUTE TRANSPORT ACROSS THE
PEROXISOMAL MEMBRANE 163 7.4.2.1 A PORIN IN THE PEROXISOMAL MEMBRANE 163
7.4.2.2 SPECIFIC TRANSPORT PROTEINS IN THE PEROXISOMAL MEMBRANE 165 7.5
PHOTORESPIRATION: TRANSPORT BETWEEN PLASTIDS, MITOCHONDRIA AND
PEROXISOMES 166 7.6 VACUOLES 167 7.6.1 GENERATING A PH GRADIENT ACROSS
THE TONOPLAST: H+-ATPASE AND H+ -PYROPHOSPHATASE 168 7.6.2 TRANSPORT OF
MALATE AND SUCROSE ACROSS THE TONOPLAST 170 7.6.2.1 MALATE 170 7.6.2.2
SUCROSE 171 7.6.3 AQUAPORINS AND ABC TRANSPORTER IN THE TONOPLAST 171
7.6.3.1 AQUAPORINS IN THE VACUOLE ARE TONOPLAST-INTRINSIC PROTEINS 171
7.6.3.2 ABC TRANSPORTERS IN THE TONOPLAST 172 7.6.4 ION TRANSPORT 173
7.6.4.1 ION CHANNELS 173 7.6.4.2 CALCIUM, SODIUM AND MAGNESIUM UPTAKE
INVOLVES ACTIVE TRANSPORT 175 7.6.4.3 TRANSPORT OF TRANSITION METALS 177
REFERENCES 178 VIII CONTENTS 8 ION UPTAKE BY PLANT ROOTS 193 ROMOLA 1.
DAVENPORT 8.1 INTRODUCTION 193 8.2 SOH COMPOSITION 193 8.3 ROOT
EXPLORATION OF THE SOIL 194 8.4 PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING ROOT UPTAKE:
DEP1ETION ZONES AND DONNAN POTENTIALS 196 8.5 RADIAL TRANSPORT OF
SOLUTES ACROSS THE OUTER PART OF THE ROOT 197 8.5.1 THE ROLE OF
APOPLASTIC BARRIERS 197 8.5.2 ROOT HAIRS AND CORTICAL CELLS 198 8.6
SOLUTE UPTAKE FROM DIFFERENT ROOT ZONES 201 8.7 TRANSPORT OF SOLUTES TO
THE XYLEM 203 8.8 THE KINETICS OF SOLUTE UPTAKE INTO ROOTS 204 8.8.1
RADIOISOTOPIC STUDIES 204 8.8.2 OTHER METHODS 207 8.8.3 KINETICS OF
UPTAKE IN RESPONSE TO SOLUTE AVAILABILITY 207 8.9 CONCLUSION 209
REFERENCES 209 9 TRANSPORT FROM ROOT TO SHOOT 214 SERGEY SHABALA 9.1
INTRODUCTION 214 9.2 TRANSPORT OF WATER 214 9.2.1 XYLEM STRUCTURE 214
9.2.2 PHYSICS OF WATER FLOW AND EVO1UTIONARY ASPECTS OF CONDUIT
DEVELOPMENT 216 9.2.3 WATER FLOW BETWEEN XYLEM ELEMENTS: SAFETY
MECHANISMS 217 9.2.4 HYDRAULICS OF THE SAP LIFT: GENERALOVERVIEW 219
9.2.5 DRIVING FORCE FOR WATER MOVEMENT IN THE XYLEM 221 9.2.6
CONTROVERSIES AND ADDITIONAL MECHANISMS 222 9.3 TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS
224 9.3.1 GENERAL FEATURES OF XYLEM ION LOADING 224 9.3.2 IONIC
MECHANISMS OF XYLEM LOADING 225 9.3.2.1 POTASSIUM 225 9.3.2.2 SODIUM 226
9.3.2.3 ANION CHANNELS 227 9.3.2.4 GATING FACTORS 227 9.3.3 XYLEM-SAP
COMPOSITION 228 9.3.4 FACTORS AFFECTING ION CONCENTRATION IN THE XYLEM
229 9.3.5 XYLEM UNLOADING IN LEAVES 230 REFERENCES 231 10 SOLUTE
TRANSPORT IN THE PHLOEM 235 JEREMY PRITCHARD 10.1 INTRODUCTION 235
CONTENTS IX 10.2 PHLOEM ANATOMY 236 10.2.1 SIEVE TUBES 236 10.2.1.1
SIEVE TUBES ARE ANUCLEATE 236 10.2.1.2 SIEVE PLATE BLOCKAGE 237 10.2.2
PLASMODESMATA 238 10.2.2.1 PLASMODESMATAL STRUCTURE 238 10.2.2.2
PLASMODESMATAL SELECTIVITY 238 10.3 PHLOEM COMPOSITION 240 10.3.1
CARBOHYDRATE 240 10.3.1.1 SUCROSE 240 10.3.1.2 OTHER CARBOHYDRATES 240
10.3.2 INORGANIC IONS 241 10.3.2.1 VARIATION IN SIEVE ELEMENT
COMPOSITION 241 10.3.2.2 K+/SUCROSE RECIPROCITY 242 10.3.3 NITROGEN 242
10.3.4 MRNA 243 10.3.4.1 PROTEIN METABOLISM MESSAGE 244 10.3.4.2
STRUCTURAL GENES AND CELL-WALL ENZYMES 244 10.3.4.3 INTERACTION WITH
DNA/RNA 245 10.3.4.4 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 245 10.3.4.5
REDOX-OXIDATIVE STRESS 245 10.3.4.6 AMINO ACID METABOLISM 245 10.3.4.7
TRANSPORT 245 10.3.4.8 INTERACTION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT 246 10.3.5
PROTEINS 246 10.3.5.1 OXIDATIVE STRESS 246 10.3.5.2 DEFENCE 247 10.3.5.3
CALCIUM AND SIEVE ELEMENT STRUCTURE 247 10.3.5.4 METABOLISM 247 10.3.6
MACRORNOLECULAR TRAFFICKING 248 10.4 SIEVE ELEMENT WATER RELATIONS 248
10.4.1 SIEVE ELEMENT WATER RELATIONS 249 10.4.1.1 SIEVE ELEMENT OSMOTIC
PRESSURE 249 10.4.1.2 SIEVE ELEMENT TURGOR PRESSURE 249 10.4.2 FLOW IN
THE PHLOEM 250 10.4.3 PHLOEM LOADING 251 10.4.3.1 SYMPLASTIC OR
APOPLASTIC LOADING? 251 10.4.3.2 TRANSPORTERS FACILITATING APOPLASTIC
LOADING 254 10.4.3.3 H+/ATPASE 255 10.4.4 PHLOEM UNLOADING 257 10.4.4.1
EVIDENCE FOR UNLOADING PATHWAY: ROOT TIPS 257 10.4.4.2 EVIDENCE FOR
UNLOADING PATHWAY: DEVELOPING FRUITS 259 10.4.4.3 EVIDENCE FOR UNLOADING
PATHWAY: SEED COATS 259 X CONTENTS 10.4.5 RESOUREE PARTITIONING THROUGH
THE PHLOEM 260 10.5 EXPLOITATION BY OTHER ORGANISMS 261 10.5.1
MICRO-ORGANISMS AND VIRUSES 261 10.5.2 SAP-FEEDING INSEETS 261 10.5.3
PLANTS 262 10.5.4 OTHER ORGANISMS 262 10.6 CONCLUSIONS 262 REFERENCES
263 11 FACTORS LIMITING THE RATE OF SUPPLY OF SOLUTES TO THE ROOT
SURFACE 275 ANTHONYYEO 11.1 INTRODUCTION 275 11.2 SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS TO
THE ROOT SURFAEE 276 11.2.1 ABSENCE OF THE NUTRIENT ELEMENT IN THE
GROWTH MEDIUM IN ANY FORM 276 11.2.2 BIOAVAILABILITY OF THE ELEMENT 276
11.2.3 MOVEMENT OF NUTRIENTS TOWARDS ROOTS 278 11.2.4 HOMOGENEITY OR
HETEROGENEITY (SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL) IN AVAILABILITY 279 11.2.5 LOSSES
279 11.3 ACQUISITION AND UPTAKE OF NUTRIENTS BY THE ROOT 280 11.3.1
AFFINITY AND CAPACITY OF TRANSPORT PRAEESSES IN THE ROOTS 280 11.3.2
EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF SOIL VOLUME BY ROOTS 282 11.4
ACQUISITION OF PHOSPHORUS 284 11.5 PROTEETED CROPPING SYSTEMS:
HYDROPONICS AS AN EXAMPLE OF 'IDEALLY'CONTROLLED CONDITIONS 286 11.6
CONCLUDING REMARKS 287 REFERENCES 287 12 MINERALDEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY
290 ANTHONYYEO 12.1 INTRODUCTION 290 12.1.1 TERMINOLOGY 291 12.2
DEFICIENCY AND EFFICIENCY: IRON IN ALKALI NE SOILS 293 12.2.1 'STRATEGY
1':REDUCTION-DEPENDENT IRON UPTAKE 295 12.2.2 'STRATEGY II':
PHYTOSIDEROPHORES 296 12.3 PHOSPHATE UPTAKE IN SOILS THAT ARE LOW IN
PHOSPHATE 299 12.3.1 CLUSTER ROOTS AND ROOT EXUDATES 299 12.3.2
MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS 300 12.4 TOXICITY AND TOLERANCE-ALUMINIUM IN AEID
SOILS 301 12.5 TOXICITY AND TOLERANCE-ESSENTIAL AND NON-ESSENTIAL METALS
303 12.5.1 HYPERACEUMULATION 304 12.5.2 ION TRANSPORT IN
HYPERACCUMULATORS 305 12.5.3 PHYTOCHELATINS 306 12.5.4 FUNCTION OF
HYPERACCUMULATION 308 CONTENTS XI 12.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 308 REFERENCES
309 13 WATER-LIMITED CONDITIONS 314 ANTHONYYEO 13.1 INTRODUCTION 314
13.2 PLANT RESPONSES TO REDUCED WATER AVAI1ABILITY 315 13.3 MECHANISMS
TO REDUCE WATER LOSS: REGULATION 01' STOMATA AND REGULATION 01'1EAF AREA
318 13.3.1 STOMATALREGULATION 318 13.3.2 LEAF AREA REGULATION 320 13.3.3
CONSEQUENCES: INTERACTION WITH LEAF TEMPERATURE 321 13.4 MECHANISMS TO
MAINTAIN WATER POTENTIAL GRADIENTS: OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT 322 13.4.1 WATER
POTENTIAL 01' DRYING SOIL 322 13.4.2 OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT 323 13.4.3
COMPATIB1E SOLUTES/OSMO1YTES/OSMOPROTECTANTS 324 13.4.4 WATER MOVEMENT
FROM PROTOPLAST TO APOPLAST IN FREEZING INJURY 326 13.5 MECHANISMS TO
ACQUIRE MORE WATER: ROOT PROPERTIES 326 13.5.1 CONSTITUTIVE FORMATION
01' DEEP ROOTS 326 13.5.2 FACULTATIVE FORMATION 01'DEEP ROOTS 327 13.5.3
ROOT CONDUCTANCE 327 13.6 MECHANISMS TO INCREASE WATER-USE EFFICIENCY:
C4 ANCL CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM (CAM) 328 13.6.1 C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
329 13.6.2 CAM 331 13.7 GENE REGULATION 334 13.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS 335
REFERENCES 335 14 SALINITY 340 ANTI-LONY YEO 14.1 INTRODUCTION 340 14.2
EXTERNAL CONCENTRATION 01' SALT UP TO ABOUT 50 MM NACI 341 14.3 EXTERNAL
CONCENTRATION 01' SALT UP TO ABOUT 100-150 MM NACI 343 14.4 EXTERNAL
CONCENTRATION 01' SALT ABOVE ABOUT 150-200 MM 344 14.5
'MOLECULAR'TOLERANCE 345 14.6 CELLULAR TOLERANCE 346 14.7 MOVING ON TO A
CELL IN A PLANT 347 14.8 SALTGLANDS 347 14.9 SELECTIVITY AT THE ROOT 348
14.9.1 ROOT SELECTIVITY FOR CHLORIDE 353 14.10 TRANSPORT FROM ROOT TO
SHOOT 35 3 14.10.1 TRANSPORT 01'CHLORIDE TO THE XYLERN 356 INDEX 391 THE
COLOUR PLATE SEETION APPEARS AFTER PAGE 78 CONTENTS 14.11 TRANSPORT FROM
SHOOT TO ROOT 356 14.12 LEAF CELLS 357 14.13 PROSPECTS 361 14.14
CONCLUDING REMARKS 364 REFERENCES 365 15 DESICCATION TOLERANCE 371
ANTHONYYEO 15.1 INTRODUCTION 371 15.2 OCCURRENCE OF DESICCATION
TOLERANCE 372 15.3 DESICCATION TOLERANCE IN SEEDS 372 15.3.1
INTRACELLULAR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 374 15.3.2 INTRACELLULAR
DE-DIFFERENTIATION 374 15.3.3 'SWITCHING-OFF'METABOLISM 375 15.3.4
ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEMS 375 15.3.5 PROTECTIVE MOLEEULES 376 15.3.6
AMPHIPHILIC MOLEEULES 378 15.3.7 OLEOSINS 379 15.3.8 DAMAGE REPAIR 379
15.4 VEGETATIVE TISSUES 379 15.4.1 GENE EXPRESSION 382 15.4.2 PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS 382 15.4.3 METABOLISM AND ANTIOXIDANTS 383 15.4.4
LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT CARBOHYDRATES 383 15.4.5 HYDRINS 01' LEA PROTEINS
385 15.4.6 SIGNALS 385 15.4.7 CONSTRAINTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
DESICCATION TOLERANCE 386 15.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 388 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
388 REFERENCES 388 XII |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)71266365 (DE-599)BVBBV022413790 |
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| id | DE-604.BV022413790 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:23:08Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:57:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1405139951 9781405139953 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2006027577 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015622231 |
| oclc_num | 71266365 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-20 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-20 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XV, 405 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Blackwell |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Plant solute transport edited by Anthony Yeo ... 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Blackwell 2007 XV, 405 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references Erscheint: Mai 2007 Plantes - Translocation Plant translocation Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzenzelle (DE-588)4115551-8 gnd rswk-swf Stoffübertragung (DE-588)4057696-6 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzenzelle (DE-588)4115551-8 s Stoffübertragung (DE-588)4057696-6 s DE-604 Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 s Yeo, Anthony R. Sonstige oth http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0620/2006027577.html Table of contents only OEBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015622231&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Plant solute transport Plantes - Translocation Plant translocation Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Pflanzenzelle (DE-588)4115551-8 gnd Stoffübertragung (DE-588)4057696-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045539-7 (DE-588)4115551-8 (DE-588)4057696-6 |
| title | Plant solute transport |
| title_auth | Plant solute transport |
| title_exact_search | Plant solute transport |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Plant solute transport |
| title_full | Plant solute transport edited by Anthony Yeo ... |
| title_fullStr | Plant solute transport edited by Anthony Yeo ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant solute transport edited by Anthony Yeo ... |
| title_short | Plant solute transport |
| title_sort | plant solute transport |
| topic | Plantes - Translocation Plant translocation Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Pflanzenzelle (DE-588)4115551-8 gnd Stoffübertragung (DE-588)4057696-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Plantes - Translocation Plant translocation Pflanzen Pflanzenzelle Stoffübertragung |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0620/2006027577.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015622231&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yeoanthonyr plantsolutetransport |