EU law: text, cases, and materials
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2008
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| Edition: | 4. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | CLIII, 1148 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780199273898 |
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Record in the Search Index
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OUTLINE TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 The Development of European Integration 1
2 The Institutions 38
3 Instruments and Competence 82
4 Legislation and Policy-making 108
5 New Forms of Governance 144
6 EU International Relations Law 167
7 The Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice 229
8 The Nature and Effect of EC Law: Direct Effect And Beyond 268
9 The Application of EC Law: Remedies in National Courts 305
10 The Relationship between EC Law and National Law: Supremacy 344
11 Human Rights in the EU 379
12 Enforcement Actions against Member States 428
13 Preliminary Rulings 460
14 Review of Legality: Access 502
15 Review of Legality: Grounds of Review 538
16 Damages Actions and Money Claims 576
17 The Single Market 604
18 Free Movement of Goods: Duties, Charges, and Taxes 637
19 Free Movement of Goods: Quantitative Restrictions 666
20 Free Movement of Capital and Economic and Monetary Union 723
21 Free Movement of Workers 743
22 Freedom of Establishment and to Provide Services 791
23 Citizenship of the European Union 847
24 Equal Treatment of Women and Men 874
25 Competition Law: Article 81 950
26 Competition Law: Article 82 1005
27 Competition Law: Mergers 1042
28 The State and the Common Market 1070
DETAILED CONTENTS
Abbreviations xli
Acknowledgements xlv
Table of Cases xlix
Table of Treaties, Instruments, and Legislation cxxvii
Table of Equivalences cxlvii
1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 1
1. Introduction 1
2. Theories of Integration: A Brief Overview 1
3. European Integration: The Background 3
4. The EEC and Euratom Treaties 6
5. The EEC Treaty to the Single European Act 7
(a) The Geographical Reach of the Community: Enlargement 7
(b) Community Decision-making: Intergovernmentalism and
Supranationalism 8
(i) The Luxembourg Accords 8
(ii) The Emergence of the EPC, European Council, and Comitology 9
(iii) Countervailing Trends: EP Direct Elections, Resources, Budgets,
and the ECJ 10
(iv) The Road to the SEA 11
6. The Single European Act 12
(a) Institutional Changes 12
(b) Substantive Changes 13
(c) Reaction and Assessment 13
7. The Maastricht Treaty: The Birth of the European Union 14
(a) The Rationale For the Three-Pillar Structure 15
(b) Tide I: The Common Provisions 15
(c) Tides II-IV: Changes to the Community Treaties 16
(i) Institutional Changes 16
(ii) Substantive Changes 16
(d) Tide V, Pillar Two: Common Foreign and Security Policy 17
(e) Title VI, Pillar Three: Justice and Home Affairs 18
(f) Reaction and Assessment 18
(g) Further Enlargement 19
8. The Treaty of Amsterdam 20
(a) Title I: Common Provisions 20
(b) Pillar One: The Community Pillar 21
(c) Title V, Pillar Two: Common Foreign and Security Policy 22
(d) Title VI, Pillar Three: Police and Judicial Co-operation in
Criminal Matters (PJCC) 23
(e) Title VII: Closer Co-operation 24
(f) Title VIII: Final Provisions 24
(g) Reaction and Assessment 25
9. Amsterdam to Nice 25
(a) Amsterdam to Nice: The IGC 25
(b) Amsterdam to Nice: The Charter of Rights 26
10. The Nice Treaty 26
(a) Title I: Common Provisions 27
(b) Pillar One: The Community Pillar 27
(c) Title V, Pillar Two: CFSP 28
(d) Title VI, Pillar Three: PJCC 29
(e) Title VII: Enhanced Co-operation 29
(f) Enlargement 30
(g) Reaction and Assessment 30
11. The Constitutional Treaty 31
(a) From Nice to Laeken 31
(b) The Convention on the Future of Europe 32
(c) The IGC 33
(d) CT (Non-)Ratification and the Reform Treaty 34
(e) Reaction and Assessment 34
12. Further Reading 36
2 THE INSTITUTIONS 38
1. Central Issues 38
2. The Commission 38
(a) The College of Commissioners: Appointment and Removal 38
(b) The College of Commissioners: Composition 39
(c) The College of Commissioners: Decision-making 40
(d) The Presidency of the Commission 40
(e) The Commission Bureaucracy 41
(f) Powers of the Commission 43
(i) Legislative Power 43
(ii) Administrative Power 44
(iii) Executive Power 44
(iv) Judicial Power 45
(g) The Downfall oftheSanter Commission and Subsequent Reform 45
(h) The Impact of the CT 46
(i) Role of the Commission: Conclusion 47
3. The Council 48
(a) Composition 48
(b) Presidency of the Council 49
(c) The Committee of Permanent Representatives 50
(d) The Council Secretariat 51
(e) Powers of the Council 51
(f) The Impact of the CT 53
(g) Role of the Council: Conclusion 53
4. The European Council 55
(a) Composition 55
(b) Rationale 55
(c) Role 56
(d) The Impact of the CT 57
(e) Role of the European Council: Conclusion 57
5. The European Parliament 58
(a) Composition and Functioning 59
(b) Powers 61
(i) Legislative Power 61
(ii) Dismissal and Appointment Power 62
(iii) Supervisory Power 63
(iv) Budgetary Power 64
(c) The Impact of the CT 64
(d) Role of the European Parliament: Conclusion 65
6. Courts 66
(a) European Court of Justice 66
(b) The Court of First Instance 68
(c) Judicial Panels 69
(d) Reform of the Court System 69
(e) The Advocate General 70
(f) Procedure before the Court 71
(g) Style of the Court's Judgments 71
(h) The Impact of the CT 72
(i) Role of the Court: Conclusion 72
7. The Court of Auditors 76
8. Other Community Institutions 77
(a) Economic and Social Committee 77
(b) Committee of the Regions 78
(c) Agencies 79
9. Conclusion 80
10. Further Reading 80
3 INSTRUMENTS AND COMPETENCE 82
1. Introduction 82
2. Central Issues 82
3. Instruments 83
(a) Regulations 83
(b) Directives 85
(c) Decisions 86
(d) Recommendations and Opinions 86
(e) Other Methods for Developing Policy 86
(f) The Duty to Give Reasons 87
(g) The Impact of the Constitutional Treaty 88
4. Internal Community Competence 88
(a) The Ambit of a Treaty Article 89
(b) Shared and Complementary Competence 89
(c) Implied Powers 90
(d) Article 308 93
(e) Competence and the Three Pillars 95
5. External Community Competence 95
(a) Legal Personality, Legal Capacity, and the Making of the Agreement 95
(b) Express External Competence 96
(c) Implied External Competence and Exclusivity 96
(i) The Early Case Law 96
(ii) The M-TOCase, External Competence, and the Limits of
Exclusive Competence 97
(iii) The Open Skies and Lugano Cases, the ERTA Ruling, and
Exclusive External Competence 98
(d) Shared Competence, Mixed Agreements,
and Co-operation 99
6. The Principle of Subsidiarity 100
(a) The Community Must Act within the Limits of its Powers 101
(b) The Exclusive Competence of the Community 101
(c) The Subsidiarity Calculus 103
(d) The Role of the Court 104
7. The Impact of the Constitutional Treaty 105
8. Conclusion 107
9. Further Reading 107
4 LEGISLATION AND POLICY-MAKING 108
1. Central Issues 108
2. The Community Pillar: Initiating Legislation 108
3. The Community Pillar: Legislative Procedures 109
(a) Commission Acting Alone 110
(b) Council and Commission Acting Alone 110
(c) Council, Commission, and Consultation with the
European Parliament 110
(d) Council, Commission, and the Co-operation Procedure with
the European Parliament 111
(e) Council, Commission, and the European Parliament:
The Co-decision Procedure 113
(i) The Stages within Article 251 114
(ii) The Practical Operation of Article 251 115
(iii) The Power Dynamics within Article 251 115
(iv) The Normative Foundations of Article 251 116
(f) Council, Commission, and the European Parliament: Assent 117
(g) Summary 117
4. The Community Pillar: Delegated Legislative Power 118
(a) Comitology: Rationale 118
(b) Comitology: Procedures 119
(c) Comitology: Evaluation 122
5. The Community Pillar: The Council Voting Requirements 123
6. Decision-making Under Pillars Two and Three 125
(a) Pillar Two: Common Foreign and Security Policy 125
(b) Pillar Three: Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal
Matters (PJCC) 126
7. The Reality of Community Decision-making 126
(a) The Temporal Dimension 126
(b) The Inter-institutional Dimension 128
(i) Planning the Legislative Agenda 128
(ii) Inter-institutional Agreements 129
(iii) The Making of Particular Policies 129
8. The EU, Democracy, and Decision-making 133
(a) The Nature of the Argument 133
(b) Evaluation: The Empirical Frame of Reference 134
(i) The Comparison with National Polities 135
(ii) The Locus of Decision-making if There Were no EU 135
(c) Evaluation: The Normative Frame of Reference 136
9. The Constitutional Treaty, Democracy, and Decision-making 138
(a) Legislative Power: Primary Legislation 139
(b) Legislative Power: Delegated Regulations 139
(c) Legislative Power: Subsidiarity and National Parliaments 140
(d) The Locus of Executive Power 141
(e) The Constitutional Treaty and Democracy 142
10. Conclusion I42
11. Further Reading 143
5 NEW FORMS OF GOVERNANCE 144
1. Central Issues 144
2. Introduction 144
3. The New Approach to (Technical) Harmonization 148
4. The Lisbon Agenda and the Open Method of Co-ordination 150
5. General EU Governance Reform Initiatives 154
(a) Subsidiarity and Proportionality 155
(b) Better Regulation and the Commission's White Paper
on Governance 157
6. Appraising the Move Towards New Forms of Governance 162
7. Conclusions 165
8. Further Reading 166
6 EU INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS LAW 167
1. Central Issues 167
2. Introduction: The EU as an International Actor 168
3. External Capacity and Community Competence 169
(a) International Legal Personality 169
(b) The Need for a Legal Basis and the Limits of External
Community Competence 171
(c) Express and Implied Competence 173
(d) Exclusive Community Competence 176
(e) Shared Competence 181
(f) Conclusion 182
4. Areas of External Action Under the EC Treaty 182
(a) The Common Commercial Policy (CCP) 182
(b) Association, Partnership, and Co-operation 186
(c) Development Policy, Technical Co-operation, and Humanitarian Aid 186
(d) External Environmental Action 187
(e) External Dimensions of Internal Policies 188
5. External Powers Under the EU Treaty 189
(a) The Second Pillar: The Scope of the Common Foreign and
Security Policy 189
(b) The Second Pillar: The Constitutional Nature of the CFSP 191
(c) The Third Pillar: The External Dimension of Police and Judicial
Co-operation in Criminal Matters 192
(d) Cross-pillar Interactions and the Economic Dimensions
of Security 193
6. The Conclusion of International Agreements by the EU and
other Forms of EU International Practice 195
(a) Procedures for Concluding Agreements under the EC and EU Treaties 195
(b) Mixed Agreements 197
(c) The Role of the European Parliament 199
(d) The Member States'Duty of Sincere Co-operation 200
(e) Co-operation within International Organizations 201
7. The EU and International Law 202
(a) International Agreements Concluded by the Community are
Binding upon It and are Part of EC Law 202
(b) The Community Legal System is an Autonomous Legal Order 202
(c) The Effect of Other Rules of International Law and of
International Agreements to Which the Member States are Party 204
8. The Legal Effect of International Agreements in the EC Legal Order 206
9. The Role of the ECJ in EU International Relations 213
(a) Pre-Emptive Jurisdiction: The Advisory Opinion Procedure
of Article 300(6) 213
(b) Jurisdiction of the ECJ over International Agreements under
other EC Treaty Procedures 215
(c) The ECJ and Mixed Agreements 216
(d) The ECJ and the CFSP 218
10. Coherence, Consistency, and Co-operation in the Governance
of EU International Relations 220
(a) International Representation and the EU 220
(b) The Requirement of Coherence Across Pillars and Policies 221
(c) Co-ordination Between the Member States and the EU:
Co-operation and Compliance 222
(d) The Making of an Integrated Foreign Policy: European
Neighbourhood Policy •"•'
11. International Relations in the Constitutional Treaty 225
12. Conclusions 228
13. Further Reading 228
7 THE AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY, AND JUSTICE 229
1. Central Issues 229
2. A Brief Overview 230
3. Rationales 232
4. Treaty Provisions 237
(a) Title VITEU: Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters 237
(b) Title IV EC: Visas, Asylum, Immigration, and Other Policies
Related to Free Movement of Persons 240
5. Decision-making 242
(a) The European Council 242
(b) The Council 245
(c) The Commission 246
(d) The European Parliament 248
(e) Agencies 248
(f) Decision-making Across Pillars 250
6. Legal Doctrine, Judicial Teleology, and its Limits 250
(a) Title VI TEU and Legal Doctrine 250
(b) Title VI TEU and Legality Review 253
(c) Title VI TEU: The Limits of Judicial Creativity 254
(d) Title IV EC: The Limits to Preliminary Rulings 255
7. Asylum, Rights, and the AFSJ 255
(a) Treaty Provisions 256
(b) The Asylum Legislation 257
(c) Conclusion 259
8. Policing, Security, Rights, and the AFSJ 260
(a) Treaty Provisions 260
(b) Police and Customs Operations by National Authorities 261
(c) EU Bodies 262
(d) Information, Policing, and Security 263
(e) Conclusion 264
9. The Impact of the Constitutional Treaty 265
10. Conclusion 266
11. Further Reading 266
8 THE NATURE AND EFFECT OF EC LAW: DIRECT EFFECT
AND BEYOND 268
1. Central Issues 268
2. The Ambiguous Concept of Direct Effect: A Guide 269
3. The Direct Effect of Treaty Provisions 272
(a) Foundations: Van Gend en Loos 272
(b) The Conditions for Direct Effect: Broadening the Conditions 275
4. The Legal Effects of Regulations and Decisions 277
(a) Regulations 278
(b) Decisions 279
5. The Legal Effects of Directives 279
(a) Direct Effect of Directives 279
(i) The Foundations: Van Duyn and Ratti 279
(ii) Subsequent Application: Sufficiently Clear and Precise
Provisions of a Directive 281
(iii) Direct Effect: Time Limits for Implementation 282
(b) The Vertical/Horizontal Distinction 282
(c) Expanding Vertical Direct Effect: A Broad Concept of
the State 284
(d) 'Indirect Effect': Development of the Principle of Harmonious
Interpretation 287
(i) The Principle of Harmonious Interpretation: The Obligation
to Interpret National Law in Conformity with Directives 287
(ii) The Obligation applies even in a 'Horizontal' Case
between Private Parties 288
(iii) The Obligation applies to all National Law, and not only to
Legislation Implementing a Directive 289
(iv) The Obligation of Interpretation is Strong, but does not
require a Contra Legem Interpretation of National Law 289
(v) The Positive Obligation of Harmonious Interpretation
applies only after the Time Limit for Implementation of
the Directive has Expired 291
(vi) The Obligation of Harmonious Interpretation and
Criminal Liability 292
(vii) The Obligation of Harmonious Interpretation and
Non-criminal Liability 292
(e) Incidental Horizontal Effects 296
(f) State Liability in Damages for Non-implementation
of a Directive 30°
6. Directives and the Effect of Community Law: An Evaluation 300
(a) Legal Certainty, Horizontal Direct Effect, and Indirect Effect 301
(b) Primacy, Exclusion, and Substitution 302
7. General Conclusions 303
8. Further Reading 303
9 THE APPLICATION OF EC LAW: REMEDIES IN
NATIONAL COURTS 305
1. Central Issues 305
2. The Principle of National Procedural Autonomy 306
(a) Where no Relevant Rules of EC Law Exist, the National Legal
System Determines the Primary Conditions under which
Rights Granted by EC Law are to be Protected 306
(b) There is No Obligation to 'Create New Remedies'? 307
3. Further Requirements of Community Law: Proportionality,
Adequacy, and Effective Protection 309
(a) Proportionality, Adequacy, and Effectiveness of
National Responses 309
(b) Effective Protection versus'No New Remedies': Early Tensions 311
4. Development of the 'Effectiveness' Requirement 313
(a) Phase 1: A Strong Initial Requirement 313
(b) Phase 2: A Partial Judicial Retreat 316
(c) Phase 3: A Robust Requirement that Certain Remedies Must be
Made Available 319
(d) The Balance between Effective Judicial Protection of EC Rights
and National Procedural Autonomy and Responsibility 320
(e) Can the Plaintiff's Conduct Affect the Right to an Effective Remedy? 324
5. Development of the 'Equivalence' Principle 325
6. National Remedies and EC Law: Summary 328
7. The Principle of (State) Liability for Breach of EC Law 328
(a) Origins of the Principle 328
(b) Clarifying and Extending the Principle 330
(c) The Conditions for State Liability 334
(d) State Liability and the National Remedial Framework 338
(e) State Liability as a Residual Remedy? 340
8. Conclusions 341
9. Further Reading 342
10 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EC LAW AND
NATIONAL LAW: SUPREMACY 344
1. Central Issues 344
2. The First Dimension: Supremacy from the ECJ's Perspective 344
(a) The Foundations: Costa 344
(b) The Ambit: Internationale Handeslgesellschaft and Simmenthal 346
(c) The National Bodies that Must apply the Supremacy Doctrine:
Simmenthal, Larsy, CIF 348
(d) Impact on National Law: Simmenthal and Kapferer 350
(e) Supremacy: The Second and Third Pillars 351
(f) Conclusion 352
3. The Second Dimension: Supremacy from the Perspective of the
Member States 353
(a) France 354
(i) Case Law and Doctrine 354
(ii) Summary 357
(b) Germany 357
(i) Case Law and Doctrine 357
(ii) Summary 362
(c) Italy 363
(i) Case Law and Doctrine 363
(ii) Summary 365
(d) The United Kingdom 365
(i) Case Law and Doctrine 365
(ii) Summary 371
(e) Poland 371
(i) Case Law and Doctrine 371
(ii) Summary 373
(f) Central and East European States 373
4. The Constitutional Treaty 374
5. Constitutional Pluralism 375
6. Conclusions 377
7. Further Reading 377
11 HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EU 379
1. Central Issues 379
2. Background 380
3. Foundations: The EC Bound by 'General Principles of Law'
Including Human Rights 38'
4. The Rights Protected within EU Law: Sources 383
(a) International Instruments 383
(b) International Human Rights Treaties: Floor or Ceiling? 385
(c) National Constitutional Traditions 386
(d) National Constitutional Traditions and the 'Maximum
Standard' Problem 388
5. Challenges to EU Action: Adjudication of Rights Claims 389
(a) Challenges to Legislation 390
(b) Challenges to Administrative Acts 391
(i) Staff Cases 391
(ii) Competition Proceedings 391
(c) Summary 394
6. Challenges to Member State Action: Fundamental Rights 395
(a) Applying Provisions of EC Legislation based on Protection for
Human Rights 395
(b) Member States as'Agents' 395
(c) Member States Derogating from Measures of EC Law 396
(d) Member States and Situations Outside the Scope of Community Law 400
(e) The Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Member States 401
7. EU Human Rights Policy: Political and Institutional Developments 402
(a) Political Approval of the ECJ 402
(b) Human Rights Amendments to the Treaties 403
(c) New Human Rights Instruments and Institutions 404
(d) Fundamental Rights as a Source of Policy Competence 405
(i) Limited EC Treaty Powers 405
(ii) Externally Focused Human Rights Policies 407
(iii) Internally Focused Human Rights Policies: Anti-discrimination 408
8. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights 412
(a) Introduction 412
(b) Content 413
(c) The'Horizontal'Clauses 414
(d) Current Status 417
9. The EU and the ECHR 418
(a) Accession by the EC/EU to the ECHR 418
(b) Indirect Review of EC/EU Acts by the ECtHR 420
(c) Mutual Influence of the ECJ and the ECtHR in the Absence
of Accession 425
10. Conclusions 426
11. Further Reading 427
12 ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS AGAINST MEMBER STATES 428
1. Central Issues 428
2. The Function and Operation of the Infringement Procedure 429
(a) Nature and Function of the Procedure 429
(b) Operation of the Procedure 432
3. The Relationship between the 'Public' and the 'Private'
Enforcement Mechanisms 433
4. The Commission's Discretion 434
5. The Reasoned Opinion 438
(a) Function 438
(b) Form and Content 438
(c) Confidentiality of the Reasoned Opinion 440
6. Why is an Enforcement Action Admissible after the Breach
is Remedied? 442
7. Types of Breach by Member States of Community Law 443
(a) Breach of the Obligation of Co-operation under Article 10 EC 443
(b) Inadequate Implementation of Community Law 444
(c) Breach of a Positive Obligation to Ensure the Effectiveness
of Community Law 447
(d) General and Persistent Breaches 447
(e) Action by the Courts of a Member State 448
8. State Defences in Enforcement Proceedings 448
(a) Force Majeure 449
(b) Lack of Intentional Wrongdoing by the State 449
(c) The Community Measure on which the Infringement
Proceedings Are Based is Illegal 450
(d) Other Member States are also in Breach 451
9. Article 227 451
10. Article 228: The Pecuniary Penalty 452
11. Interim Measures 457
12. Conclusions 457
13. Further Reading 458
13 PRELIMINARY RULINGS 460
1. Introduction 460
2. Central Issues 461
3. Foundations 461
(a) Types of Preliminary Ruling Procedure 461
(b) Provisions which Can be Referred 462
(c) Courts or Tribunals which Can Refer 464
(d) Courts or Tribunals which Must Refer 465
(e) The National Court Raising Community Law of its Own Volition 466
4. The Existence of a Question 466
(a) The Development of Precedent 467
(i) Prior ECJ Rulings and National Law in Breach of EC Law 467
(ii) Prior ECJ Rulings and the Validity of Community Legislation 469
(iii) Prior Rulings and Legal Certainty 472
(iv) Conclusion 473
(b) The 'ActeClair' Doctrine 474
(c) Precedent, Acte Clair, Sectoral Delegation, and the Development
of a Community Judicial System 477
(i) Precedent 477
(ii) ActeClair 478
(iii) Sectoral Delegation 479
(d) Summary 479
5. The Decision to Refer: The National Court's Perspective 480
6. Acceptance of the Reference: The ECJ's Perspective 482
(a) The Initial Approach, Come One, Come All 482
(b) The ECJ Asserts Authority Over Cases Referred 484
(c) Cases Where the ECJ has Declined Jurisdiction 488
(d) Limits of the Power to Decline a Case 492
(e) Summary 492
7. The Decision on the Reference: Interpretation versus
Application 493
8. Reform 494
(a) Limiting the National Courts Empowered to Make a Reference 495
(b) A Filtering Mechanism Based on the Novelty, Complexity, or
Importance of the Question 496
(c) The National Court Proposes an Answer to the Question 497
(d) Towards an Appellate System 497
(e) Creation of Decentralized Judicial Bodies 498
(f) The CFI to have Jurisdiction to give Preliminary Rulings:
The Nice Treaty 499
9. Conclusion 500
10. Further Reading 500
14 REVIEW OF LEGALITY: ACCESS 502
1. Introduction 502
2. Central Issues 503
3. Reviewable Acts 503
(a) The Community Pillar 503
(b) The Community Pillar, the Second Pillar, and the United Nations 506
(c) The Third Pillar 507
4. Article 230(2): Standing for Privileged Applicants 508
5. Article 230(4): Standing for Non-privileged Applicants 509
(a) Direct Concern 509
(b) Individual Concern: Challenge to Decisions Addressed to
Another Person 511
(i) The Plaumann Test: Pragmatic and Conceptual Difficulties 512
(ii) Open and Closed Categories: Pragmatic and Conceptual
Difficulties 512
(iii) The Restrictive Impact of the Plaumann Test 513
(c) Individual Concern: Challenges to Regulations 515
(i) The Abstract Terminology Test 515
(ii) The Promise of Codorniu 516
(iii) The Limits of Codorniu 517
(d) Individual Concern: Anti-Dumping, Competition, and State Aids 518
(e) Individual Concern: The AG, the ECJ, and the UPA Case 521
(f) A Complete System of Legal Protection? 525
(g) The Constitutional Treaty and the Charter of Rights 527
(h) Summary 528
6. Article 234: Indirect Challenge to the Legality of Community Acts 528
(a) The Rationale for Using Article 234 528
(b) The Acts that can be Challenged Under Article 234 529
7. Article 232: Failure to Act 530
(a) Reviewable Omissions 531
(b) Procedure 532
(c) Standing 533
8. Article 241: The Plea of Illegality 533
(a) The Acts that can be Challenged 533
(b) The Proceedings in which Article 241 can be Raised 535
(c) The Parties Who Can Use Article 241 536
9. Conclusion 536
10. Further Reading 537
15 REVIEW OF LEGALITY: GROUNDS OF REVIEW 538
1. Introduction: The Grounds of Review 538
2. Central Issues 538
3. Lack of Competence 539
4. Infringement of an Essential Procedural Requirement 539
(a) Right to be Heard and Related Rights 539
(b) Consultation and Participation 540
(c) Duty to give Reasons 541
5. Infringement of the Treaty or any Rule of Law Relating to
its Application 543
(a) The Scope of this Head of Review 543
(b) General Principles of Law: Proportionality 544
(i) Meaning 544
(ii) Challenge to Community Action: Proportionality and Rights 546
(iii) Challenge to Community Action: Proportionality and Penalties 547
(iv) Challenge to Community Action: Proportionality and
Discretionary Policy Choices 548
(v) Challenge to Member State Action 549
(c) General Principles of Law: Legal Certainty and Legitimate
Expectations 551
(i) Actual Retroactivity 551
(ii) Legal Certainty, Legitimate Expectations, and Apparent
Retroactivity 554
fd) General Principles of Law: Non-discrimination 558
(i) Treaty Foundations 558
(ii) Non-discrimination as a'General'Principle of EC Law 559
(iii) Justifying Discrimination 560
(e) General Principles of Law: Transparency 562
(i) Introduction 562
(ii) Treaty Provisions 562
(iii) Transparency and the Community Courts 563
(iv) Transparency, Regulation 1049/2001, and the Community Courts 564
(v) Conclusion 567
(0 General Principles of Law: Precautionary Principle 567
6. Misuse of Power 568
7. The Intensity of Review 569
8. The Consequences of Illegality and Invalidity 571
9. Conclusion 574
10. Further Reading 575
16 DAMAGES ACTIONS AND MONEY CLAIMS 576
1. Introduction 576
2. Central Issues 576
3. Liability for Legislative and Non-legislative Discretionary Acts 577
(a) The General Test 577
(b) Legislative and Non-legislative Discretionary Acts 578
(c) The Meaning of Superior Rule of Law 578
(d) The Meaning of Flagrant Violation: The Early Case Law 581
(e) The Meaning of Flagrant Violation/Serious Breach: The Current Law 583
(f) The Present Law: Summary 584
(g) The Present Law: An Assessment 585
4. Liability for Non-discretionary Acts 586
(a) The General Principle: Illegality, Causation, Damage 586
(b) Application of the General Principle 586
(c) The Meaning of Illegality 587
(d) Present Law: Summary 589
5. Liability for Official Acts of Community Servants 589
6. Liability for Valid Legislative Acts 591
(a) The Nature of the Problem 591
(b) The Case Law 592
7. Causation and Damage 593
(a) Causation 593
(b) Damage 594
8. Joint Liability of the Community and Member States 596
(a) Procedural Issues 596
(b) Substantive Issues 597
9. Liability in Contract 600
10. Liability to Make Restitution 601
11. Conclusion 602
12. Further Reading 603
17 THE SINGLE MARKET 604
1. Central Issues 604
2. Forms and Techniques of Economic Integration 604
(a) Forms of Economic Integration 604
(b) Techniques of Economic Integration 605
3. Limits of Integration Prior to 1986 606
4. The Single European Act 1986: The Economics and Politics
of Integration 607
(a) The Economic Dimension: The Commission's White Paper 607
(b) The Political Dimension: The Politics of Integration 609
5. The Internal Market: Legislative Reform and the SEA 612
(a) Article 14: The Obligation Stated 612
(b) Article 15: The Obligation Qualified 614
(c) Article 95(1): Facilitating the Passage of Harmonization
Measures 615
(i) Article 95: A Residual Provision 615
(ii) Article 95: The Limits 616
(d) Article 95(2)-( 10): Qualifications to Article 95(1) 617
6. The Internal Market: The New Approach to Harmonization 620
(a) The Rationale for the New Approach 620
(b) The New Approach to Harmonization 620
(c) The New Approach to Harmonization: Legislative Format 624
(d) The New Approach to Harmonization: Reform Initiatives 626
7. The Internal Market: Tensions and Concerns 627
(a) Consumer Interests and Commercial Power 627
(b) The Single Market, Market Freedom, and Structural Balance 628
(c) The Challenge to Positive Integration 629
(d) Politics, Economics, and the Single Market Enterprise 630
8. The Reconceptualization of the Internal Market 631
9. Conclusion 634
10. Further Reading 635
18 FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS: DUTIES, CHARGES, AND TAXES 637
1. The Structure of the Provisions Concerning Free
Movement of Goods 637
2. Central Issues 638
3. Articles 23-25: Duties and Charges 638
(a) Duties and Charges: Effect, not Purpose 639
(b) Charges Having an Equivalent Effect: General Principles 641
(c) Charges Having an Equivalent Effect: Inspections and the
'Exchange Exception' 642
(d) Charges Having an Equivalent Effect: Inspections and Fulfilment of
Mandatory Legal Requirements 645
(e) Recovery of Unlawful Charges 646
(f) The Customs Union: the Broader Perspective 647
4. Articles 90-93: Discriminatory Tax Provisions 648
(a) The Purpose of Article 90 648
(b) Article 90(1): Direct Discrimination 649
(c) Article 90( 1): Indirect Discrimination 649
(d) Article 90: National Autonomy and Fiscal Choices 651
(e) The Relationship between Article 90(1) and 90(2) 653
(f) Article 90(1) and (2): The Determination of Similarity 654
(g) Article 90(2): The Determination of Protective Effect 656
(h) Taxation: The Broader Legal Perspective 659
(i) Taxation: The Broader Political Perspective 659
5. The Boundary Between Articles 23-25 and 90-93 660
6. Conclusion 664
7. Further Reading 665
19 FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS: QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS 666
1. Central Issues 666
2. Introduction 667
3. Directive 70/50 and Dassonvilk 668
4. Discriminatory Barriers to Trade 669
(a) Import and Export Restrictions 670
(b) Promotion or Favouring of Domestic Products 670
(c) Price Fixing 674
(d) Measures which make Imports more Difficult or Costly 674
(e) National Measures versus Private Action 675
(f) Summary 676
5. Indistinctly Applicable Rules: Cassis de Dijon 677
(a) Foundations: Cassis de Dijon 677
(b) Application: The Post- Cassis Jurisprudence 679
(c) Indistinctly Applicable Rules: Article 29 680
(d) Indistinctly Applicable Rules: The Limits of Article 28 681
6. Indistinctly and Distinctly Applicable Rules: Keck and
Selling Arrangements 684
(a) Keck Selling Arrangements 684
(b) Keck Static and Dynamic Selling Arrangements 686
(c) Keck and Selling Arrangments: Two Judicial Qualifications 687
(d) Judicial and Academic Opinion Concerning Keck Equality
and Market Access 690
(i) Judicial Concern 691
(ii) Academic Concern 692
(e) Keck, Article 28, and Market Access: Meaning and Application 694
(f) Summary and Choices 695
7. Defences to Discriminatory Measures: Article 30 696
(a) Public Morality 696
(b) Public Policy 698
(c) Public Security 699
(d) Protection of Health and Life of Humans, Animals, or Plants 701
(e) Other Grounds for Validating Discriminatory Measures? 703
(f) The Relationship between Harmonization and Article 30 704
8. Defences to Indistinctly Applicable Rules: The Mandatory
Requirements 705
(a) The Rationale for the Mandatory Requirements 705
(b) The Relationship between the Mandatory Requirements
and Article 30 706
(c) The Mandatory Requirements: Consumer Protection 707
(d) The Mandatory Requirements: Fairness of Commercial Transactions 709
(e) The Mandatory Requirements: Public Health 709
(f) Other Mandatory Requirements 711
(g) Mandatory Requirements and Harmonization 713
(h) Summary 714
9. Free Movement of Goods and Cassis: The Broader Perspective 714
(a) The Commission Response to Cassis 714
(b) Problems with Realizing the Cassis Strategy 716
(c) Problems Flowing from the Cassis Strategy 717
10. Conclusion 720
11. Further Reading 720
20 FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL AND ECONOMIC
AND MONETARY UNION 723
1. Central Issues 723
2. Free Movement of Capital 723
(a) The Original Treaty Provisions 723
(b) The Current Provisions: the Basic Principle 724
(c) The Current Provisions: the Exceptions 726
3. Early Attempts at EMU and the European Monetary System 728
4. Economic and Monetary Union: The Three Stages 729
(a) Stage One and the Delors Report 729
(b) Stage Two and the Treaty on European Union 729
(c) Stage Three: The Basic Legal Framework 731
(d) Legal Consequences of Moving to Stage Three 732
(e) The Transition to EMU 733
5. Economic Governance: Co-ordination of Economic Policy 734
6. Understanding EMU: The Economic Foundations 736
(a) The Case For EMU 736
(b) The Case Against EMU 737
(c) EMU: Economics, Politics, and Law 738
7. Understanding EMU: Central Bank Independence 738
8. Conclusion 740
9. Further Reading 741
21 FREE MOVEMENT OF WORKERS 743
1. Central Issues 743
2. The Effect of Article 39 744
3. Who is Protected by Article 39? 746
(a) Definition of'Worker': A Community Concept 747
(b) Definition of'Worker': Are There Minimum-income and
Working-time Requirements? 748
(c) Definition of'Worker': Is The Purpose of the Employment Relevant? 752
(d) Definition of'Worker': Where does the Job-seeker Fit? 756
4. Discrimination, Market Access, and Justification 758
(a) Direct Discrimination 758
(b) Indirect Discrimination 758
(c) Obstacles to Access to the Employment Market 760
(d) Internal Situations 762
(e) Objective Justification 763
5. The Public Service Exception 764
(a) The Meaning of the Public Service Exception is Determined by
the Court, not the Member States 764
(b) The ECJ's Test for Public Service 765
(c) Application of the ECJ's test 766
(d) Discriminatory Conditions of Employment within the Public
Service are Prohibited 769
6. The Right of Entry and Residence of Workers and Their Families:
Directive 2004/38 770
(a) Formal Requirements for Workers 770
(b) Job-seekers and the Unemployed 772
(c) The Right of Permanent Residence 773
(d) Conditions under Which the Right of Residence for Workers
And Their Families is Enjoyed 774
7. Substantive Rights and Social Advantages: Regulation 1612/68 774
(a) Regulation 1612/68 774
(b) Article 7(2) of Regulation 1612/68 776
(c) Article 7(3) of Regulation 1612/68 and Educational Rights for Workers 778
(d) Article 12 of Regulation 1612/68: Educational Rights for Children 779
(e) Rights of Families as Parasitic on the Worker's Rights 780
(f) Family Members in an Internal Situation 782
8. Public Policy, Security, and Health Restrictions on the Right
of Entry and Residence: Directive 2004/38 783
9. The Transitional Regime on Free Movement of Workers after the
2004 and 2007 Enlargements 788
10. Conclusion 789
11. Further Reading 790
22 FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT AND TO PROVIDE SERVICES 791
1. Central Issues 791
2. Differences and Commonalities between the Free Movement
of Persons, Services, and Establishment 792
(a) Comparing the Treaty Chapters 792
(b) Are the Freedoms Horizontally Applicable? 794
(c) The'Official Authority'Exception 795
(d) The Public Policy, Security, and Health Exceptions 796
(e) Legislation Governing Entry, Residence, and Expulsion 796
3. The Right of Establishment 797
(a) The Effect of Article 43 798
(b) The Scope of Article 43 801
(i) Non-discriminatory Restrictions 801
(ii) Reverse Discrimination and Wholly Internal Situations: When
can Nationals Rely on Article 43 in their own Member State? 803
(iii) Are Restrictions on Social Benefits Contrary to Article 43? 805
(c) Establishment of Companies 806
(i) When is a Company'Established'in a Member State? 806
(ii) Court-led Liberalization in the Absence of EU Harmonization 807
(iii) Direct Taxation Rules as Restrictions on the Freedom of
Establishment of Companies 811
(d) Summary 812
4. Free Movement of Services 813
(a) The Effect of Article 49 815
(b) The Scope of Article 49 817
(i) The Need for an Inter-state Element 817
(ii) The Freedom to Receive Services 818
(iii) The Commercial Nature of the Services 818
(iv) Can Illegal Activities Constitute Services within Articles 49-50? 823
(v) Are Restrictions on Social Benefits Contrary to Article 49? 825
(c) Justifying Restrictions on the Free Movement of Services 826
(d) Are Non-discriminatory Restrictions Covered by Article 49? 831
5. General Legislation to Facilitate Establishment and Services:
Recognition of Professional Qualifications 834
(a) The Initial Sectoral Harmonization/Co-ordination Approach 834
(b) Introduction of the Mutual Recognition Approach 835
(c) The Mutual Recognition Approach and its Expansion 836
(d) Directive 2005/36 on the Recognition of Professional
Qualifications 837
(e) Situations Not Covered by the Legislation 840
6. General Legislation to Facilitate Establishment and Services:
The Services Directive 841
7. Conclusions 845
8. Further Reading 846
23 CITIZENSHIP OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 847
1. Central Issues 847
2. Introduction 847
3. The Rights of Free Movement and Residence of EU Citizens 849
(a) Does Article 18 Create a New and Directly Effective Right? 850
(b) Do Articles 17 and 18 Change What can be Considered as a
'Wholly Internal Situation'? 855
(c) Do Articles 17 and 18 Create New Substantive Rights for EU
Nationals, in Particular for those Who are Neither Economically
Active nor Economically Self-sufficient? 858
(i) Non-workers 858
(ii) Students 862
(iii) Job-seekers 866
(iv) Freedom from Other Discriminatory or Restrictive
National Measures ODO
4. Political Rights of Citizenship 869
5. Directive 2004/38 on the Rights of Free Movement and Residence
for EU Citizens and their Families 870
6. Conclusions 872
7. Further Reading 873
24 EQUAL TREATMENT OF WOMEN AND MEN 874
1. Central Issues 874
2. The Legal Framework for EU Gender Equality 875
(a) The Remit of EU Social Policy 875
(b) The Legal Basis for EU Gender Equality Legislation 876
(c) Soft Law and Supplementary Measures Promoting Gender Equality 876
(d) The'General Principle'of Equal Treatment on Grounds of Sex 877
(e) The Limits of Gender Equality 877
(f) Article 141: The Social and Economic Underpinnings of
Gender Equality 878
(g) The 'Recast' Equal Treatment Directive 2006/54 881
(h) Directive 2004/113 on Equal Treatment in Access to and Supply
of Goods and Services 882
3. Equal Pay 883
(a) The Legislative Framework 883
(b) Indirect Discrimination in Pay and Objective Justification 886
(i) Indirect Discrimination 886
(ii) Objective Justification 894
(c) Can Direct Pay Discrimination be Justified? 896
(d) The Breadth of Article 141: What can Constitute Pay? 897
(i) Social Security Benefits are not Pay 897
(ii) Widening the Definition of Pay 898
(iii) Bilka and Barber. Occupational Pensions May Constitute Pay 900
(iv) The Post-Barter Case Law 904
(v) Other Kinds of Pension 905
(vi) A Limited Retreat from Barber 906
(vii) Remedying Discrimination in Occupational Pensions 907
4. Equal Treatment 908
(a) Equal Treatment as a General Principle 908
(b) Equal Treatment under Directive 2006/54 909
(i) General Schema 909
(ii) The Occupational Qualification Provision 910
(iii) Protection for Maternity 912
(iv) The Positive Action Provision 913
(v) Other Exceptions 918
(c) The Distinction between Conditions of Work, Pay, and Social Security 919
(d) The Equal Treatment Directive and Pregnancy 922
(e) The Pregnancy Directive 927
(f) Directive 86/613 on the Self-employed 930
(g) Parental Leave 931
5. Social Security 932
(a) Directive 79/7 932
(i) Direct Effect of Directive 79/7 933
(ii) Personal Scope 934
(iii) Material Scope 936
(iv) The Exceptions in Article 7 939
(v) Indirect Discrimination in Social Security 942
(b) Occupational Social Security 944
6. Remedies 945
7. Conclusions 947
8. Further Reading 948
25 COMPETITION LAW: ARTICLE 8l 950
1. Central Issues 950
2. Competition Law: Objectives 950
3. Article 81: The Treaty Text 952
4. Article 81(1): Undertakings 952
5. Article 81(1): Agreements, Decisions, and Concerted Practices 953
(a) Agreements 953
(b) Concerted Practice 957
6. Article 81(1): The Object or Effect of Preventing, Restricting, or
Distorting Competition 963
(a) The Nature of the Problem 963
(b) Experience in the United States 964
(c) The Academic Debate in the EC 964
(d) The Case Law 966
(e) Summary 974
7. Article 81(1): The Effect on Trade between Member States 975
8. Article 81(1): The De Minimis Doctrine 976
9. Article 81(3): Exemptions 976
(a) Individual Exemption 977
(b) Block Exemption 979
10. Article 81: Competition and Non-competition Considerations 980
(a) Article 81(1) 980
(b) Article 81(3) 981
11. Article 81: Vertical Restraints 982
(a) The Economic Debate 982
(i) The First View 982
(ii) The Second View 984
(b) The Commission and Vertical Restraints 985
(i) The Critique of the Commission 985
(ii) The Commission's Green Paper 986
(c) Exclusive Distribution 987
(d) Selective Distribution 988
(i) First Condition: The Nature of the Product 989
(ii) Second Condition: Qualitative Criteria 989
(iii) Third Condition: Non-elimination of Competition through
Multiple SDAs 991
(iv) Fourth Condition: No Absolute Territorial Protection 992
(e) Franchising 993
(f) Exclusive Purchasing 993
(g) The Block Exemption 995
(i) The New-style Block Exemption 995
(ii) Article 1: Definitions 995
(iii) Article 2: The Core of the Block Exemption 996
(iv) Article 3: The Market Share Cap 996
(v) Article 4: The Black List 997
(vi) Article 5: Obligations that Do Not Benefit from the Exemption 998
(vii) Articles 6-8: Withdrawing the Benefit of the Regulation 998
(h) Summary 998
12. Competition Law: Enforcement 999
(a) The Traditional Approach and the Modernization White Paper 999
(b) The New Regime 999
(c) Judicial Review 1001
(d) Damages Actions 1002
13. Conclusion 1003
14. Further Reading 1003
26 COMPETITION LAW: ARTICLE 82 1005
1. Introduction 1005
2. Central Issues 1005
3. Dominant Position: Denning the Relevant Market 1006
(a) The Product Market 1006
(b) The Geographic Market 1009
(c) The Temporal Factor 1010
(d) The Commission Notice on Market Definition 1011
4. Dominant Position: Market Power 1012
(a) Single Firm Dominance 1012
(i) Market Share 1013
(ii) Other Factors Indicating Dominance: Barriers to Entry 1013
(b) Joint Dominance 1016
5. Abuse: Three Problems of Interpretation 1019
(a) Who is Article 82 Designed to Protect? 1019
(b) What Kinds of Behaviour are Abusive? 1020
(c) Abuse of which Market? 1020
6. Abuse: Particular Examples 1021
(a) Abuse and Mergers 1021
(b) Abuse and Refusal to Supply 1023
(i) Refusal to Supply: The Basic Principles 1023
(ii) Refusal to Supply: The Essential Facilities Doctrine 1026
(c) Abuse and Price Discrimination 1029
(i) Price Discrimination: Economic Foundations 1029
(ii) Price Discrimination: The Case Law 1031
(d) Abuse and Predatory Pricing 1034
(e) Abuse and Selective Pricing 1036
7. Defences: Objective Justification, Proportionality, and Efficiency 1037
8. Reform of Article 82 1037
9. Conclusion 1039
10. Further Reading 1039
27 COMPETITION LAW: MERGERS 1042
1. Introduction 1042
2. Central Issues 1042
3. Merger Control: The Policy Rationale 1043
(a) Arguments Against Mergers 1043
(b) Arguments in Favour of Mergers 1044
4. Regulation 139/2004: Jurisdictional Issues 1045
(a) Concentration: General 1045
(b) Concentration: Joint Ventures 1046
(c) Concentrations with a Community Dimension 1049
(d) The Relation between Community and National Merger Control 1050
(i) The General Principle: 'One-Stop Shop' 1050
(ii) Protection of National 'Legitimate' Interests: Article 21(4) 1050
(iii) Referral to the Competent Authorities of the Member States
by the Commission: Article 4(4) 1050
(iv) Referral to the Competent Authorities of the Member States
by the Commission: Article 9 1051
(v) Referral to Commission at Request of Undertakings: Article 4(5) 1051
(vi) Referral to Commission at Request of Member States: Article 22 1052
(e) A Residual Role for Articles 81 and 82 EC 1052
5. Regulation 139/2004: Procedural Issues 1052
(a) Prior Notification 1052
(b) Suspension Pending Investigation 1053
(c) Investigation 1053
(d) Investigation and Enforcement 1054
6. Regulation 139/2004: The Substantive Criteria 1054
(a) Market Definition 1054
(b) The Test 1055
(c) Application of the Test: Non-co-ordinated Effects 1057
(d) Application of the Test: Co-ordinated Effects and
Collective Dominance 1062
(e) Concentration and Efficiencies 1065
(f) Concentrations and Failing Firms 1066
(g) The Relevance of Non-competition Considerations 1066
(h) Remedies 1067
7. Judicial Review 1067
8. Conclusion 1068
9. Further Reading 1068
28 THE STATE AND THE COMMON MARKET 1070
1. Central Issues 1070
2. The State and The Market: General Principles 1071
(a) The General Principle: The Competition Ethos 1071
(b) The Qualification: Services of General (Economic) Interest 1071
3. Public Undertakings and Article 86 1073
(a) Article 86(1) 1073
(i) Public Undertaking and Undertakings Accorded Special
or Exclusive Rights 1073
(ii) The Obligation Flowing from Article 86(1) 1074
(iii) The ECJ's Expansive Case Law 1075
(iv) The ECJ's Current Approach 1078
(b) Article 86(2) 1079
(i) The First Step 1079
(ii) The Second Step 1080
(iii) The Third Step 1081
(c) Article 86(3) 1081
(d) Article 86 and National Courts 1082
(e) Summary 1083
4. The State, Articles 10,81,82, and 28 1083
5. State Aids: The Substantive Rules and Article 87 1084
(a) The Commission and the Development of Policy 1084
(b) Article 87(1) 1086
(i) The Definition of State Aid: An Advantage Conferred
on the Recipient 1087
(ii) Definition of State Aid: 'Member State or through
State Resources' 1090
(iii) Definition of State Aid: 'Distorts or Threatens to
Distort Competition' 1092
(iv) Definition of State Aid: Effect on Inter-state Trade 1092
(c) Article 87(2) 1092
(d) Article 87(3) 1093
(i) Article 87(3)(a) 1093
(ii) Article 87(3)(b) 1094
(iii) Article 87(3)(c) 1095
(iv) Article 87(3)(d) and (e) 1098
6. State Aids: The Procedural Rules and Articles 88 and 89 1098
(a) Review of Existing State Aids 1099
(b) The Procedure for New State Aids: Notification and
Preliminary Review 1099
(c) The Procedure for State Aids: Detailed Investigation
and Enforcement 1100
(d) Exceptional Circumstances: Article 88(2), Paragraphs 3 and 4 1101
(e) Article 89: Implementing Regulations 1102
(f) Challenge to Commission Decisions 1102
(g) Aid that Has Not been Notified 1103
(i) Non-notification and the Commission 1104
(ii) Non-notification and National Courts 1104
(h) Recovery of Unlawful Aid 1105
7. State Aids, Market Integration, and Regional Policy 1107
(a) The Relationship between Article 28 and Articles 87-89 1107
(b) The Relationship between National Regional Policy and
Community Regional Policy 1109
8. State Aids and Reform 1109
9. Conclusion 1110
10. Further Reading 1111 |
| adam_txt |
OUTLINE TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 The Development of European Integration 1
2 The Institutions 38
3 Instruments and Competence 82
4 Legislation and Policy-making 108
5 New Forms of Governance 144
6 EU International Relations Law 167
7 The Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice 229
8 The Nature and Effect of EC Law: Direct Effect And Beyond 268
9 The Application of EC Law: Remedies in National Courts 305
10 The Relationship between EC Law and National Law: Supremacy 344
11 Human Rights in the EU 379
12 Enforcement Actions against Member States 428
13 Preliminary Rulings 460
14 Review of Legality: Access 502
15 Review of Legality: Grounds of Review 538
16 Damages Actions and Money Claims 576
17 The Single Market 604
18 Free Movement of Goods: Duties, Charges, and Taxes 637
19 Free Movement of Goods: Quantitative Restrictions 666
20 Free Movement of Capital and Economic and Monetary Union 723
21 Free Movement of Workers 743
22 Freedom of Establishment and to Provide Services 791
23 Citizenship of the European Union 847
24 Equal Treatment of Women and Men 874
25 Competition Law: Article 81 950
26 Competition Law: Article 82 1005
27 Competition Law: Mergers 1042
28 The State and the Common Market 1070
DETAILED CONTENTS
Abbreviations xli
Acknowledgements xlv
Table of Cases xlix
Table of Treaties, Instruments, and Legislation cxxvii
Table of Equivalences cxlvii
1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 1
1. Introduction 1
2. Theories of Integration: A Brief Overview 1
3. European Integration: The Background 3
4. The EEC and Euratom Treaties 6
5. The EEC Treaty to the Single European Act 7
(a) The Geographical Reach of the Community: Enlargement 7
(b) Community Decision-making: Intergovernmentalism and
Supranationalism 8
(i) The Luxembourg Accords 8
(ii) The Emergence of the EPC, European Council, and Comitology 9
(iii) Countervailing Trends: EP Direct Elections, Resources, Budgets,
and the ECJ 10
(iv) The Road to the SEA 11
6. The Single European Act 12
(a) Institutional Changes 12
(b) Substantive Changes 13
(c) Reaction and Assessment 13
7. The Maastricht Treaty: The Birth of the European Union 14
(a) The Rationale For the Three-Pillar Structure 15
(b) Tide I: The Common Provisions 15
(c) Tides II-IV: Changes to the Community Treaties 16
(i) Institutional Changes 16
(ii) Substantive Changes 16
(d) Tide V, Pillar Two: Common Foreign and Security Policy 17
(e) Title VI, Pillar Three: Justice and Home Affairs 18
(f) Reaction and Assessment 18
(g) Further Enlargement 19
8. The Treaty of Amsterdam 20
(a) Title I: Common Provisions 20
(b) Pillar One: The Community Pillar 21
(c) Title V, Pillar Two: Common Foreign and Security Policy 22
(d) Title VI, Pillar Three: Police and Judicial Co-operation in
Criminal Matters (PJCC) 23
(e) Title VII: Closer Co-operation 24
(f) Title VIII: Final Provisions 24
(g) Reaction and Assessment 25
9. Amsterdam to Nice 25
(a) Amsterdam to Nice: The IGC 25
(b) Amsterdam to Nice: The Charter of Rights 26
10. The Nice Treaty 26
(a) Title I: Common Provisions 27
(b) Pillar One: The Community Pillar 27
(c) Title V, Pillar Two: CFSP 28
(d) Title VI, Pillar Three: PJCC 29
(e) Title VII: Enhanced Co-operation 29
(f) Enlargement 30
(g) Reaction and Assessment 30
11. The Constitutional Treaty 31
(a) From Nice to Laeken 31
(b) The Convention on the Future of Europe 32
(c) The IGC 33
(d) CT (Non-)Ratification and the Reform Treaty 34
(e) Reaction and Assessment 34
12. Further Reading 36
2 THE INSTITUTIONS 38
1. Central Issues 38
2. The Commission 38
(a) The College of Commissioners: Appointment and Removal 38
(b) The College of Commissioners: Composition 39
(c) The College of Commissioners: Decision-making 40
(d) The Presidency of the Commission 40
(e) The Commission Bureaucracy 41
(f) Powers of the Commission 43
(i) Legislative Power 43
(ii) Administrative Power 44
(iii) Executive Power 44
(iv) Judicial Power 45
(g) The Downfall oftheSanter Commission and Subsequent Reform 45
(h) The Impact of the CT 46
(i) Role of the Commission: Conclusion 47
3. The Council 48
(a) Composition 48
(b) Presidency of the Council 49
(c) The Committee of Permanent Representatives 50
(d) The Council Secretariat 51
(e) Powers of the Council 51
(f) The Impact of the CT 53
(g) Role of the Council: Conclusion 53
4. The European Council 55
(a) Composition 55
(b) Rationale 55
(c) Role 56
(d) The Impact of the CT 57
(e) Role of the European Council: Conclusion 57
5. The European Parliament 58
(a) Composition and Functioning 59
(b) Powers 61
(i) Legislative Power 61
(ii) Dismissal and Appointment Power 62
(iii) Supervisory Power 63
(iv) Budgetary Power 64
(c) The Impact of the CT 64
(d) Role of the European Parliament: Conclusion 65
6. Courts 66
(a) European Court of Justice 66
(b) The Court of First Instance 68
(c) Judicial Panels 69
(d) Reform of the Court System 69
(e) The Advocate General 70
(f) Procedure before the Court 71
(g) Style of the Court's Judgments 71
(h) The Impact of the CT 72
(i) Role of the Court: Conclusion 72
7. The Court of Auditors 76
8. Other Community Institutions 77
(a) Economic and Social Committee 77
(b) Committee of the Regions 78
(c) Agencies 79
9. Conclusion 80
10. Further Reading 80
3 INSTRUMENTS AND COMPETENCE 82
1. Introduction 82
2. Central Issues 82
3. Instruments 83
(a) Regulations 83
(b) Directives 85
(c) Decisions 86
(d) Recommendations and Opinions 86
(e) Other Methods for Developing Policy 86
(f) The Duty to Give Reasons 87
(g) The Impact of the Constitutional Treaty 88
4. Internal Community Competence 88
(a) The Ambit of a Treaty Article 89
(b) Shared and Complementary Competence 89
(c) Implied Powers 90
(d) Article 308 93
(e) Competence and the Three Pillars 95
5. External Community Competence 95
(a) Legal Personality, Legal Capacity, and the Making of the Agreement 95
(b) Express External Competence 96
(c) Implied External Competence and Exclusivity 96
(i) The Early Case Law 96
(ii) The M-TOCase, External Competence, and the Limits of
Exclusive Competence 97
(iii) The Open Skies and Lugano Cases, the ERTA Ruling, and
Exclusive External Competence 98
(d) Shared Competence, Mixed Agreements,
and Co-operation 99
6. The Principle of Subsidiarity 100
(a) The Community Must Act within the Limits of its Powers 101
(b) The Exclusive Competence of the Community 101
(c) The Subsidiarity Calculus 103
(d) The Role of the Court 104
7. The Impact of the Constitutional Treaty 105
8. Conclusion 107
9. Further Reading 107
4 LEGISLATION AND POLICY-MAKING 108
1. Central Issues 108
2. The Community Pillar: Initiating Legislation 108
3. The Community Pillar: Legislative Procedures 109
(a) Commission Acting Alone 110
(b) Council and Commission Acting Alone 110
(c) Council, Commission, and Consultation with the
European Parliament 110
(d) Council, Commission, and the Co-operation Procedure with
the European Parliament 111
(e) Council, Commission, and the European Parliament:
The Co-decision Procedure 113
(i) The Stages within Article 251 114
(ii) The Practical Operation of Article 251 115
(iii) The Power Dynamics within Article 251 115
(iv) The Normative Foundations of Article 251 116
(f) Council, Commission, and the European Parliament: Assent 117
(g) Summary 117
4. The Community Pillar: Delegated Legislative Power 118
(a) Comitology: Rationale 118
(b) Comitology: Procedures 119
(c) Comitology: Evaluation 122
5. The Community Pillar: The Council Voting Requirements 123
6. Decision-making Under Pillars Two and Three 125
(a) Pillar Two: Common Foreign and Security Policy 125
(b) Pillar Three: Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal
Matters (PJCC) 126
7. The Reality of Community Decision-making 126
(a) The Temporal Dimension 126
(b) The Inter-institutional Dimension 128
(i) Planning the Legislative Agenda 128
(ii) Inter-institutional Agreements 129
(iii) The Making of Particular Policies 129
8. The EU, Democracy, and Decision-making 133
(a) The Nature of the Argument 133
(b) Evaluation: The Empirical Frame of Reference 134
(i) The Comparison with National Polities 135
(ii) The Locus of Decision-making if There Were no EU 135
(c) Evaluation: The Normative Frame of Reference 136
9. The Constitutional Treaty, Democracy, and Decision-making 138
(a) Legislative Power: Primary Legislation 139
(b) Legislative Power: Delegated Regulations 139
(c) Legislative Power: Subsidiarity and National Parliaments 140
(d) The Locus of Executive Power 141
(e) The Constitutional Treaty and Democracy 142
10. Conclusion I42
11. Further Reading 143
5 NEW FORMS OF GOVERNANCE 144
1. Central Issues 144
2. Introduction 144
3. The New Approach to (Technical) Harmonization 148
4. The Lisbon Agenda and the Open Method of Co-ordination 150
5. General EU Governance Reform Initiatives 154
(a) Subsidiarity and Proportionality 155
(b) Better Regulation and the Commission's White Paper
on Governance 157
6. Appraising the Move Towards New Forms of Governance 162
7. Conclusions 165
8. Further Reading 166
6 EU INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS LAW 167
1. Central Issues 167
2. Introduction: The EU as an International Actor 168
3. External Capacity and Community Competence 169
(a) International Legal Personality 169
(b) The Need for a Legal Basis and the Limits of External
Community Competence 171
(c) Express and Implied Competence 173
(d) Exclusive Community Competence 176
(e) Shared Competence 181
(f) Conclusion 182
4. Areas of External Action Under the EC Treaty 182
(a) The Common Commercial Policy (CCP) 182
(b) Association, Partnership, and Co-operation 186
(c) Development Policy, Technical Co-operation, and Humanitarian Aid 186
(d) External Environmental Action 187
(e) External Dimensions of Internal Policies 188
5. External Powers Under the EU Treaty 189
(a) The Second Pillar: The Scope of the Common Foreign and
Security Policy 189
(b) The Second Pillar: The Constitutional Nature of the CFSP 191
(c) The Third Pillar: The External Dimension of Police and Judicial
Co-operation in Criminal Matters 192
(d) Cross-pillar Interactions and the Economic Dimensions
of Security 193
6. The Conclusion of International Agreements by the EU and
other Forms of EU International Practice 195
(a) Procedures for Concluding Agreements under the EC and EU Treaties 195
(b) Mixed Agreements 197
(c) The Role of the European Parliament 199
(d) The Member States'Duty of Sincere Co-operation 200
(e) Co-operation within International Organizations 201
7. The EU and International Law 202
(a) International Agreements Concluded by the Community are
Binding upon It and are Part of EC Law 202
(b) The Community Legal System is an Autonomous Legal Order 202
(c) The Effect of Other Rules of International Law and of
International Agreements to Which the Member States are Party 204
8. The Legal Effect of International Agreements in the EC Legal Order 206
9. The Role of the ECJ in EU International Relations 213
(a) Pre-Emptive Jurisdiction: The Advisory Opinion Procedure
of Article 300(6) 213
(b) Jurisdiction of the ECJ over International Agreements under
other EC Treaty Procedures 215
(c) The ECJ and Mixed Agreements 216
(d) The ECJ and the CFSP 218
10. Coherence, Consistency, and Co-operation in the Governance
of EU International Relations 220
(a) International Representation and the EU 220
(b) The Requirement of Coherence Across Pillars and Policies 221
(c) Co-ordination Between the Member States and the EU:
Co-operation and Compliance 222
(d) The Making of an Integrated Foreign Policy: European
Neighbourhood Policy •"•'
11. International Relations in the Constitutional Treaty 225
12. Conclusions 228
13. Further Reading 228
7 THE AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY, AND JUSTICE 229
1. Central Issues 229
2. A Brief Overview 230
3. Rationales 232
4. Treaty Provisions 237
(a) Title VITEU: Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters 237
(b) Title IV EC: Visas, Asylum, Immigration, and Other Policies
Related to Free Movement of Persons 240
5. Decision-making 242
(a) The European Council 242
(b) The Council 245
(c) The Commission 246
(d) The European Parliament 248
(e) Agencies 248
(f) Decision-making Across Pillars 250
6. Legal Doctrine, Judicial Teleology, and its Limits 250
(a) Title VI TEU and Legal Doctrine 250
(b) Title VI TEU and Legality Review 253
(c) Title VI TEU: The Limits of Judicial Creativity 254
(d) Title IV EC: The Limits to Preliminary Rulings 255
7. Asylum, Rights, and the AFSJ 255
(a) Treaty Provisions 256
(b) The Asylum Legislation 257
(c) Conclusion 259
8. Policing, Security, Rights, and the AFSJ 260
(a) Treaty Provisions 260
(b) Police and Customs Operations by National Authorities 261
(c) EU Bodies 262
(d) Information, Policing, and Security 263
(e) Conclusion 264
9. The Impact of the Constitutional Treaty 265
10. Conclusion 266
11. Further Reading 266
8 THE NATURE AND EFFECT OF EC LAW: DIRECT EFFECT
AND BEYOND 268
1. Central Issues 268
2. The Ambiguous Concept of Direct Effect: A Guide 269
3. The Direct Effect of Treaty Provisions 272
(a) Foundations: Van Gend en Loos 272
(b) The Conditions for Direct Effect: Broadening the Conditions 275
4. The Legal Effects of Regulations and Decisions 277
(a) Regulations 278
(b) Decisions 279
5. The Legal Effects of Directives 279
(a) Direct Effect of Directives 279
(i) The Foundations: Van Duyn and Ratti 279
(ii) Subsequent Application: Sufficiently Clear and Precise
Provisions of a Directive 281
(iii) Direct Effect: Time Limits for Implementation 282
(b) The Vertical/Horizontal Distinction 282
(c) Expanding Vertical Direct Effect: A Broad Concept of
the State 284
(d) 'Indirect Effect': Development of the Principle of Harmonious
Interpretation 287
(i) The Principle of Harmonious Interpretation: The Obligation
to Interpret National Law in Conformity with Directives 287
(ii) The Obligation applies even in a 'Horizontal' Case
between Private Parties 288
(iii) The Obligation applies to all National Law, and not only to
Legislation Implementing a Directive 289
(iv) The Obligation of Interpretation is Strong, but does not
require a Contra Legem Interpretation of National Law 289
(v) The Positive Obligation of Harmonious Interpretation
applies only after the Time Limit for Implementation of
the Directive has Expired 291
(vi) The Obligation of Harmonious Interpretation and
Criminal Liability 292
(vii) The Obligation of Harmonious Interpretation and
Non-criminal Liability 292
(e) Incidental Horizontal Effects 296
(f) State Liability in Damages for Non-implementation
of a Directive 30°
6. Directives and the Effect of Community Law: An Evaluation 300
(a) Legal Certainty, Horizontal Direct Effect, and Indirect Effect 301
(b) Primacy, Exclusion, and Substitution 302
7. General Conclusions 303
8. Further Reading 303
9 THE APPLICATION OF EC LAW: REMEDIES IN
NATIONAL COURTS 305
1. Central Issues 305
2. The Principle of National Procedural Autonomy 306
(a) Where no Relevant Rules of EC Law Exist, the National Legal
System Determines the Primary Conditions under which
Rights Granted by EC Law are to be Protected 306
(b) There is No Obligation to 'Create New Remedies'? 307
3. Further Requirements of Community Law: Proportionality,
Adequacy, and Effective Protection 309
(a) Proportionality, Adequacy, and Effectiveness of
National Responses 309
(b) Effective Protection versus'No New Remedies': Early Tensions 311
4. Development of the 'Effectiveness' Requirement 313
(a) Phase 1: A Strong Initial Requirement 313
(b) Phase 2: A Partial Judicial Retreat 316
(c) Phase 3: A Robust Requirement that Certain Remedies Must be
Made Available 319
(d) The Balance between Effective Judicial Protection of EC Rights
and National Procedural Autonomy and Responsibility 320
(e) Can the Plaintiff's Conduct Affect the Right to an Effective Remedy? 324
5. Development of the 'Equivalence' Principle 325
6. National Remedies and EC Law: Summary 328
7. The Principle of (State) Liability for Breach of EC Law 328
(a) Origins of the Principle 328
(b) Clarifying and Extending the Principle 330
(c) The Conditions for State Liability 334
(d) State Liability and the National Remedial Framework 338
(e) State Liability as a Residual Remedy? 340
8. Conclusions 341
9. Further Reading 342
10 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EC LAW AND
NATIONAL LAW: SUPREMACY 344
1. Central Issues 344
2. The First Dimension: Supremacy from the ECJ's Perspective 344
(a) The Foundations: Costa 344
(b) The Ambit: Internationale Handeslgesellschaft and Simmenthal 346
(c) The National Bodies that Must apply the Supremacy Doctrine:
Simmenthal, Larsy, CIF 348
(d) Impact on National Law: Simmenthal and Kapferer 350
(e) Supremacy: The Second and Third Pillars 351
(f) Conclusion 352
3. The Second Dimension: Supremacy from the Perspective of the
Member States 353
(a) France 354
(i) Case Law and Doctrine 354
(ii) Summary 357
(b) Germany 357
(i) Case Law and Doctrine 357
(ii) Summary 362
(c) Italy 363
(i) Case Law and Doctrine 363
(ii) Summary 365
(d) The United Kingdom 365
(i) Case Law and Doctrine 365
(ii) Summary 371
(e) Poland 371
(i) Case Law and Doctrine 371
(ii) Summary 373
(f) Central and East European States 373
4. The Constitutional Treaty 374
5. Constitutional Pluralism 375
6. Conclusions 377
7. Further Reading 377
11 HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EU 379
1. Central Issues 379
2. Background 380
3. Foundations: The EC Bound by 'General Principles of Law'
Including Human Rights 38'
4. The Rights Protected within EU Law: Sources 383
(a) International Instruments 383
(b) International Human Rights Treaties: Floor or Ceiling? 385
(c) National Constitutional Traditions 386
(d) National Constitutional Traditions and the 'Maximum
Standard' Problem 388
5. Challenges to EU Action: Adjudication of Rights Claims 389
(a) Challenges to Legislation 390
(b) Challenges to Administrative Acts 391
(i) Staff Cases 391
(ii) Competition Proceedings 391
(c) Summary 394
6. Challenges to Member State Action: Fundamental Rights 395
(a) Applying Provisions of EC Legislation based on Protection for
Human Rights 395
(b) Member States as'Agents' 395
(c) Member States Derogating from Measures of EC Law 396
(d) Member States and Situations Outside the Scope of Community Law 400
(e) The Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Member States 401
7. EU Human Rights Policy: Political and Institutional Developments 402
(a) Political Approval of the ECJ 402
(b) Human Rights Amendments to the Treaties 403
(c) New Human Rights Instruments and Institutions 404
(d) Fundamental Rights as a Source of Policy Competence 405
(i) Limited EC Treaty Powers 405
(ii) Externally Focused Human Rights Policies 407
(iii) Internally Focused Human Rights Policies: Anti-discrimination 408
8. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights 412
(a) Introduction 412
(b) Content 413
(c) The'Horizontal'Clauses 414
(d) Current Status 417
9. The EU and the ECHR 418
(a) Accession by the EC/EU to the ECHR 418
(b) Indirect Review of EC/EU Acts by the ECtHR 420
(c) Mutual Influence of the ECJ and the ECtHR in the Absence
of Accession 425
10. Conclusions 426
11. Further Reading 427
12 ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS AGAINST MEMBER STATES 428
1. Central Issues 428
2. The Function and Operation of the Infringement Procedure 429
(a) Nature and Function of the Procedure 429
(b) Operation of the Procedure 432
3. The Relationship between the 'Public' and the 'Private'
Enforcement Mechanisms 433
4. The Commission's Discretion 434
5. The Reasoned Opinion 438
(a) Function 438
(b) Form and Content 438
(c) Confidentiality of the Reasoned Opinion 440
6. Why is an Enforcement Action Admissible after the Breach
is Remedied? 442
7. Types of Breach by Member States of Community Law 443
(a) Breach of the Obligation of Co-operation under Article 10 EC 443
(b) Inadequate Implementation of Community Law 444
(c) Breach of a Positive Obligation to Ensure the Effectiveness
of Community Law 447
(d) General and Persistent Breaches 447
(e) Action by the Courts of a Member State 448
8. State Defences in Enforcement Proceedings 448
(a) Force Majeure 449
(b) Lack of Intentional Wrongdoing by the State 449
(c) The Community Measure on which the Infringement
Proceedings Are Based is Illegal 450
(d) Other Member States are also in Breach 451
9. Article 227 451
10. Article 228: The Pecuniary Penalty 452
11. Interim Measures 457
12. Conclusions 457
13. Further Reading 458
13 PRELIMINARY RULINGS 460
1. Introduction 460
2. Central Issues 461
3. Foundations 461
(a) Types of Preliminary Ruling Procedure 461
(b) Provisions which Can be Referred 462
(c) Courts or Tribunals which Can Refer 464
(d) Courts or Tribunals which Must Refer 465
(e) The National Court Raising Community Law of its Own Volition 466
4. The Existence of a Question 466
(a) The Development of Precedent 467
(i) Prior ECJ Rulings and National Law in Breach of EC Law 467
(ii) Prior ECJ Rulings and the Validity of Community Legislation 469
(iii) Prior Rulings and Legal Certainty 472
(iv) Conclusion 473
(b) The 'ActeClair' Doctrine 474
(c) Precedent, Acte Clair, Sectoral Delegation, and the Development
of a Community Judicial System 477
(i) Precedent 477
(ii) ActeClair 478
(iii) Sectoral Delegation 479
(d) Summary 479
5. The Decision to Refer: The National Court's Perspective 480
6. Acceptance of the Reference: The ECJ's Perspective 482
(a) The Initial Approach, Come One, Come All 482
(b) The ECJ Asserts Authority Over Cases Referred 484
(c) Cases Where the ECJ has Declined Jurisdiction 488
(d) Limits of the Power to Decline a Case 492
(e) Summary 492
7. The Decision on the Reference: Interpretation versus
Application 493
8. Reform 494
(a) Limiting the National Courts Empowered to Make a Reference 495
(b) A Filtering Mechanism Based on the Novelty, Complexity, or
Importance of the Question 496
(c) The National Court Proposes an Answer to the Question 497
(d) Towards an Appellate System 497
(e) Creation of Decentralized Judicial Bodies 498
(f) The CFI to have Jurisdiction to give Preliminary Rulings:
The Nice Treaty 499
9. Conclusion 500
10. Further Reading 500
14 REVIEW OF LEGALITY: ACCESS 502
1. Introduction 502
2. Central Issues 503
3. Reviewable Acts 503
(a) The Community Pillar 503
(b) The Community Pillar, the Second Pillar, and the United Nations 506
(c) The Third Pillar 507
4. Article 230(2): Standing for Privileged Applicants 508
5. Article 230(4): Standing for Non-privileged Applicants 509
(a) Direct Concern 509
(b) Individual Concern: Challenge to Decisions Addressed to
Another Person 511
(i) The Plaumann Test: Pragmatic and Conceptual Difficulties 512
(ii) Open and Closed Categories: Pragmatic and Conceptual
Difficulties 512
(iii) The Restrictive Impact of the Plaumann Test 513
(c) Individual Concern: Challenges to Regulations 515
(i) The Abstract Terminology Test 515
(ii) The Promise of Codorniu 516
(iii) The Limits of Codorniu 517
(d) Individual Concern: Anti-Dumping, Competition, and State Aids 518
(e) Individual Concern: The AG, the ECJ, and the UPA Case 521
(f) A Complete System of Legal Protection? 525
(g) The Constitutional Treaty and the Charter of Rights 527
(h) Summary 528
6. Article 234: Indirect Challenge to the Legality of Community Acts 528
(a) The Rationale for Using Article 234 528
(b) The Acts that can be Challenged Under Article 234 529
7. Article 232: Failure to Act 530
(a) Reviewable Omissions 531
(b) Procedure 532
(c) Standing 533
8. Article 241: The Plea of Illegality 533
(a) The Acts that can be Challenged 533
(b) The Proceedings in which Article 241 can be Raised 535
(c) The Parties Who Can Use Article 241 536
9. Conclusion 536
10. Further Reading 537
15 REVIEW OF LEGALITY: GROUNDS OF REVIEW 538
1. Introduction: The Grounds of Review 538
2. Central Issues 538
3. Lack of Competence 539
4. Infringement of an Essential Procedural Requirement 539
(a) Right to be Heard and Related Rights 539
(b) Consultation and Participation 540
(c) Duty to give Reasons 541
5. Infringement of the Treaty or any Rule of Law Relating to
its Application 543
(a) The Scope of this Head of Review 543
(b) General Principles of Law: Proportionality 544
(i) Meaning 544
(ii) Challenge to Community Action: Proportionality and Rights 546
(iii) Challenge to Community Action: Proportionality and Penalties 547
(iv) Challenge to Community Action: Proportionality and
Discretionary Policy Choices 548
(v) Challenge to Member State Action 549
(c) General Principles of Law: Legal Certainty and Legitimate
Expectations 551
(i) Actual Retroactivity 551
(ii) Legal Certainty, Legitimate Expectations, and Apparent
Retroactivity 554
fd) General Principles of Law: Non-discrimination 558
(i) Treaty Foundations 558
(ii) Non-discrimination as a'General'Principle of EC Law 559
(iii) Justifying Discrimination 560
(e) General Principles of Law: Transparency 562
(i) Introduction 562
(ii) Treaty Provisions 562
(iii) Transparency and the Community Courts 563
(iv) Transparency, Regulation 1049/2001, and the Community Courts 564
(v) Conclusion 567
(0 General Principles of Law: Precautionary Principle 567
6. Misuse of Power 568
7. The Intensity of Review 569
8. The Consequences of Illegality and Invalidity 571
9. Conclusion 574
10. Further Reading 575
16 DAMAGES ACTIONS AND MONEY CLAIMS 576
1. Introduction 576
2. Central Issues 576
3. Liability for Legislative and Non-legislative Discretionary Acts 577
(a) The General Test 577
(b) Legislative and Non-legislative Discretionary Acts 578
(c) The Meaning of Superior Rule of Law 578
(d) The Meaning of Flagrant Violation: The Early Case Law 581
(e) The Meaning of Flagrant Violation/Serious Breach: The Current Law 583
(f) The Present Law: Summary 584
(g) The Present Law: An Assessment 585
4. Liability for Non-discretionary Acts 586
(a) The General Principle: Illegality, Causation, Damage 586
(b) Application of the General Principle 586
(c) The Meaning of Illegality 587
(d) Present Law: Summary 589
5. Liability for Official Acts of Community Servants 589
6. Liability for Valid Legislative Acts 591
(a) The Nature of the Problem 591
(b) The Case Law 592
7. Causation and Damage 593
(a) Causation 593
(b) Damage 594
8. Joint Liability of the Community and Member States 596
(a) Procedural Issues 596
(b) Substantive Issues 597
9. Liability in Contract 600
10. Liability to Make Restitution 601
11. Conclusion 602
12. Further Reading 603
17 THE SINGLE MARKET 604
1. Central Issues 604
2. Forms and Techniques of Economic Integration 604
(a) Forms of Economic Integration 604
(b) Techniques of Economic Integration 605
3. Limits of Integration Prior to 1986 606
4. The Single European Act 1986: The Economics and Politics
of Integration 607
(a) The Economic Dimension: The Commission's White Paper 607
(b) The Political Dimension: The Politics of Integration 609
5. The Internal Market: Legislative Reform and the SEA 612
(a) Article 14: The Obligation Stated 612
(b) Article 15: The Obligation Qualified 614
(c) Article 95(1): Facilitating the Passage of Harmonization
Measures 615
(i) Article 95: A Residual Provision 615
(ii) Article 95: The Limits 616
(d) Article 95(2)-( 10): Qualifications to Article 95(1) 617
6. The Internal Market: The New Approach to Harmonization 620
(a) The Rationale for the New Approach 620
(b) The New Approach to Harmonization 620
(c) The New Approach to Harmonization: Legislative Format 624
(d) The New Approach to Harmonization: Reform Initiatives 626
7. The Internal Market: Tensions and Concerns 627
(a) Consumer Interests and Commercial Power 627
(b) The Single Market, Market Freedom, and Structural Balance 628
(c) The Challenge to Positive Integration 629
(d) Politics, Economics, and the Single Market Enterprise 630
8. The Reconceptualization of the Internal Market 631
9. Conclusion 634
10. Further Reading 635
18 FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS: DUTIES, CHARGES, AND TAXES 637
1. The Structure of the Provisions Concerning Free
Movement of Goods 637
2. Central Issues 638
3. Articles 23-25: Duties and Charges 638
(a) Duties and Charges: Effect, not Purpose 639
(b) Charges Having an Equivalent Effect: General Principles 641
(c) Charges Having an Equivalent Effect: Inspections and the
'Exchange Exception' 642
(d) Charges Having an Equivalent Effect: Inspections and Fulfilment of
Mandatory Legal Requirements 645
(e) Recovery of Unlawful Charges 646
(f) The Customs Union: the Broader Perspective 647
4. Articles 90-93: Discriminatory Tax Provisions 648
(a) The Purpose of Article 90 648
(b) Article 90(1): Direct Discrimination 649
(c) Article 90( 1): Indirect Discrimination 649
(d) Article 90: National Autonomy and Fiscal Choices 651
(e) The Relationship between Article 90(1) and 90(2) 653
(f) Article 90(1) and (2): The Determination of Similarity 654
(g) Article 90(2): The Determination of Protective Effect 656
(h) Taxation: The Broader Legal Perspective 659
(i) Taxation: The Broader Political Perspective 659
5. The Boundary Between Articles 23-25 and 90-93 660
6. Conclusion 664
7. Further Reading 665
19 FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS: QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS 666
1. Central Issues 666
2. Introduction 667
3. Directive 70/50 and Dassonvilk 668
4. Discriminatory Barriers to Trade 669
(a) Import and Export Restrictions 670
(b) Promotion or Favouring of Domestic Products 670
(c) Price Fixing 674
(d) Measures which make Imports more Difficult or Costly 674
(e) National Measures versus Private Action 675
(f) Summary 676
5. Indistinctly Applicable Rules: Cassis de Dijon 677
(a) Foundations: Cassis de Dijon 677
(b) Application: The Post- Cassis Jurisprudence 679
(c) Indistinctly Applicable Rules: Article 29 680
(d) Indistinctly Applicable Rules: The Limits of Article 28 681
6. Indistinctly and Distinctly Applicable Rules: Keck and
Selling Arrangements 684
(a) Keck Selling Arrangements 684
(b) Keck Static and Dynamic Selling Arrangements 686
(c) Keck and Selling Arrangments: Two Judicial Qualifications 687
(d) Judicial and Academic Opinion Concerning Keck Equality
and Market Access 690
(i) Judicial Concern 691
(ii) Academic Concern 692
(e) Keck, Article 28, and Market Access: Meaning and Application 694
(f) Summary and Choices 695
7. Defences to Discriminatory Measures: Article 30 696
(a) Public Morality 696
(b) Public Policy 698
(c) Public Security 699
(d) Protection of Health and Life of Humans, Animals, or Plants 701
(e) Other Grounds for Validating Discriminatory Measures? 703
(f) The Relationship between Harmonization and Article 30 704
8. Defences to Indistinctly Applicable Rules: The Mandatory
Requirements 705
(a) The Rationale for the Mandatory Requirements 705
(b) The Relationship between the Mandatory Requirements
and Article 30 706
(c) The Mandatory Requirements: Consumer Protection 707
(d) The Mandatory Requirements: Fairness of Commercial Transactions 709
(e) The Mandatory Requirements: Public Health 709
(f) Other Mandatory Requirements 711
(g) Mandatory Requirements and Harmonization 713
(h) Summary 714
9. Free Movement of Goods and Cassis: The Broader Perspective 714
(a) The Commission Response to Cassis 714
(b) Problems with Realizing the Cassis Strategy 716
(c) Problems Flowing from the Cassis Strategy 717
10. Conclusion 720
11. Further Reading 720
20 FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL AND ECONOMIC
AND MONETARY UNION 723
1. Central Issues 723
2. Free Movement of Capital 723
(a) The Original Treaty Provisions 723
(b) The Current Provisions: the Basic Principle 724
(c) The Current Provisions: the Exceptions 726
3. Early Attempts at EMU and the European Monetary System 728
4. Economic and Monetary Union: The Three Stages 729
(a) Stage One and the Delors Report 729
(b) Stage Two and the Treaty on European Union 729
(c) Stage Three: The Basic Legal Framework 731
(d) Legal Consequences of Moving to Stage Three 732
(e) The Transition to EMU 733
5. Economic Governance: Co-ordination of Economic Policy 734
6. Understanding EMU: The Economic Foundations 736
(a) The Case For EMU 736
(b) The Case Against EMU 737
(c) EMU: Economics, Politics, and Law 738
7. Understanding EMU: Central Bank Independence 738
8. Conclusion 740
9. Further Reading 741
21 FREE MOVEMENT OF WORKERS 743
1. Central Issues 743
2. The Effect of Article 39 744
3. Who is Protected by Article 39? 746
(a) Definition of'Worker': A Community Concept 747
(b) Definition of'Worker': Are There Minimum-income and
Working-time Requirements? 748
(c) Definition of'Worker': Is The Purpose of the Employment Relevant? 752
(d) Definition of'Worker': Where does the Job-seeker Fit? 756
4. Discrimination, Market Access, and Justification 758
(a) Direct Discrimination 758
(b) Indirect Discrimination 758
(c) Obstacles to Access to the Employment Market 760
(d) Internal Situations 762
(e) Objective Justification 763
5. The Public Service Exception 764
(a) The Meaning of the Public Service Exception is Determined by
the Court, not the Member States 764
(b) The ECJ's Test for Public Service 765
(c) Application of the ECJ's test 766
(d) Discriminatory Conditions of Employment within the Public
Service are Prohibited 769
6. The Right of Entry and Residence of Workers and Their Families:
Directive 2004/38 770
(a) Formal Requirements for Workers 770
(b) Job-seekers and the Unemployed 772
(c) The Right of Permanent Residence 773
(d) Conditions under Which the Right of Residence for Workers
And Their Families is Enjoyed 774
7. Substantive Rights and Social Advantages: Regulation 1612/68 774
(a) Regulation 1612/68 774
(b) Article 7(2) of Regulation 1612/68 776
(c) Article 7(3) of Regulation 1612/68 and Educational Rights for Workers 778
(d) Article 12 of Regulation 1612/68: Educational Rights for Children 779
(e) Rights of Families as Parasitic on the Worker's Rights 780
(f) Family Members in an Internal Situation 782
8. Public Policy, Security, and Health Restrictions on the Right
of Entry and Residence: Directive 2004/38 783
9. The Transitional Regime on Free Movement of Workers after the
2004 and 2007 Enlargements 788
10. Conclusion 789
11. Further Reading 790
22 FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT AND TO PROVIDE SERVICES 791
1. Central Issues 791
2. Differences and Commonalities between the Free Movement
of Persons, Services, and Establishment 792
(a) Comparing the Treaty Chapters 792
(b) Are the Freedoms Horizontally Applicable? 794
(c) The'Official Authority'Exception 795
(d) The Public Policy, Security, and Health Exceptions 796
(e) Legislation Governing Entry, Residence, and Expulsion 796
3. The Right of Establishment 797
(a) The Effect of Article 43 798
(b) The Scope of Article 43 801
(i) Non-discriminatory Restrictions 801
(ii) Reverse Discrimination and Wholly Internal Situations: When
can Nationals Rely on Article 43 in their own Member State? 803
(iii) Are Restrictions on Social Benefits Contrary to Article 43? 805
(c) Establishment of Companies 806
(i) When is a Company'Established'in a Member State? 806
(ii) Court-led Liberalization in the Absence of EU Harmonization 807
(iii) Direct Taxation Rules as Restrictions on the Freedom of
Establishment of Companies 811
(d) Summary 812
4. Free Movement of Services 813
(a) The Effect of Article 49 815
(b) The Scope of Article 49 817
(i) The Need for an Inter-state Element 817
(ii) The Freedom to Receive Services 818
(iii) The Commercial Nature of the Services 818
(iv) Can Illegal Activities Constitute Services within Articles 49-50? 823
(v) Are Restrictions on Social Benefits Contrary to Article 49? 825
(c) Justifying Restrictions on the Free Movement of Services 826
(d) Are Non-discriminatory Restrictions Covered by Article 49? 831
5. General Legislation to Facilitate Establishment and Services:
Recognition of Professional Qualifications 834
(a) The Initial Sectoral Harmonization/Co-ordination Approach 834
(b) Introduction of the Mutual Recognition Approach 835
(c) The Mutual Recognition Approach and its Expansion 836
(d) Directive 2005/36 on the Recognition of Professional
Qualifications 837
(e) Situations Not Covered by the Legislation 840
6. General Legislation to Facilitate Establishment and Services:
The Services Directive 841
7. Conclusions 845
8. Further Reading 846
23 CITIZENSHIP OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 847
1. Central Issues 847
2. Introduction 847
3. The Rights of Free Movement and Residence of EU Citizens 849
(a) Does Article 18 Create a New and Directly Effective Right? 850
(b) Do Articles 17 and 18 Change What can be Considered as a
'Wholly Internal Situation'? 855
(c) Do Articles 17 and 18 Create New Substantive Rights for EU
Nationals, in Particular for those Who are Neither Economically
Active nor Economically Self-sufficient? 858
(i) Non-workers 858
(ii) Students 862
(iii) Job-seekers 866
(iv) Freedom from Other Discriminatory or Restrictive
National Measures ODO
4. Political Rights of Citizenship 869
5. Directive 2004/38 on the Rights of Free Movement and Residence
for EU Citizens and their Families 870
6. Conclusions 872
7. Further Reading 873
24 EQUAL TREATMENT OF WOMEN AND MEN 874
1. Central Issues 874
2. The Legal Framework for EU Gender Equality 875
(a) The Remit of EU Social Policy 875
(b) The Legal Basis for EU Gender Equality Legislation 876
(c) Soft Law and Supplementary Measures Promoting Gender Equality 876
(d) The'General Principle'of Equal Treatment on Grounds of Sex 877
(e) The Limits of Gender Equality 877
(f) Article 141: The Social and Economic Underpinnings of
Gender Equality 878
(g) The 'Recast' Equal Treatment Directive 2006/54 881
(h) Directive 2004/113 on Equal Treatment in Access to and Supply
of Goods and Services 882
3. Equal Pay 883
(a) The Legislative Framework 883
(b) Indirect Discrimination in Pay and Objective Justification 886
(i) Indirect Discrimination 886
(ii) Objective Justification 894
(c) Can Direct Pay Discrimination be Justified? 896
(d) The Breadth of Article 141: What can Constitute Pay? 897
(i) Social Security Benefits are not Pay 897
(ii) Widening the Definition of Pay 898
(iii) Bilka and Barber. Occupational Pensions May Constitute Pay 900
(iv) The Post-Barter Case Law 904
(v) Other Kinds of Pension 905
(vi) A Limited Retreat from Barber 906
(vii) Remedying Discrimination in Occupational Pensions 907
4. Equal Treatment 908
(a) Equal Treatment as a General Principle 908
(b) Equal Treatment under Directive 2006/54 909
(i) General Schema 909
(ii) The Occupational Qualification Provision 910
(iii) Protection for Maternity 912
(iv) The Positive Action Provision 913
(v) Other Exceptions 918
(c) The Distinction between Conditions of Work, Pay, and Social Security 919
(d) The Equal Treatment Directive and Pregnancy 922
(e) The Pregnancy Directive 927
(f) Directive 86/613 on the Self-employed 930
(g) Parental Leave 931
5. Social Security 932
(a) Directive 79/7 932
(i) Direct Effect of Directive 79/7 933
(ii) Personal Scope 934
(iii) Material Scope 936
(iv) The Exceptions in Article 7 939
(v) Indirect Discrimination in Social Security 942
(b) Occupational Social Security 944
6. Remedies 945
7. Conclusions 947
8. Further Reading 948
25 COMPETITION LAW: ARTICLE 8l 950
1. Central Issues 950
2. Competition Law: Objectives 950
3. Article 81: The Treaty Text 952
4. Article 81(1): Undertakings 952
5. Article 81(1): Agreements, Decisions, and Concerted Practices 953
(a) Agreements 953
(b) Concerted Practice 957
6. Article 81(1): The Object or Effect of Preventing, Restricting, or
Distorting Competition 963
(a) The Nature of the Problem 963
(b) Experience in the United States 964
(c) The Academic Debate in the EC 964
(d) The Case Law 966
(e) Summary 974
7. Article 81(1): The Effect on Trade between Member States 975
8. Article 81(1): The De Minimis Doctrine 976
9. Article 81(3): Exemptions 976
(a) Individual Exemption 977
(b) Block Exemption 979
10. Article 81: Competition and Non-competition Considerations 980
(a) Article 81(1) 980
(b) Article 81(3) 981
11. Article 81: Vertical Restraints 982
(a) The Economic Debate 982
(i) The First View 982
(ii) The Second View 984
(b) The Commission and Vertical Restraints 985
(i) The Critique of the Commission 985
(ii) The Commission's Green Paper 986
(c) Exclusive Distribution 987
(d) Selective Distribution 988
(i) First Condition: The Nature of the Product 989
(ii) Second Condition: Qualitative Criteria 989
(iii) Third Condition: Non-elimination of Competition through
Multiple SDAs 991
(iv) Fourth Condition: No Absolute Territorial Protection 992
(e) Franchising 993
(f) Exclusive Purchasing 993
(g) The Block Exemption 995
(i) The New-style Block Exemption 995
(ii) Article 1: Definitions 995
(iii) Article 2: The Core of the Block Exemption 996
(iv) Article 3: The Market Share Cap 996
(v) Article 4: The Black List 997
(vi) Article 5: Obligations that Do Not Benefit from the Exemption 998
(vii) Articles 6-8: Withdrawing the Benefit of the Regulation 998
(h) Summary 998
12. Competition Law: Enforcement 999
(a) The Traditional Approach and the Modernization White Paper 999
(b) The New Regime 999
(c) Judicial Review 1001
(d) Damages Actions 1002
13. Conclusion 1003
14. Further Reading 1003
26 COMPETITION LAW: ARTICLE 82 1005
1. Introduction 1005
2. Central Issues 1005
3. Dominant Position: Denning the Relevant Market 1006
(a) The Product Market 1006
(b) The Geographic Market 1009
(c) The Temporal Factor 1010
(d) The Commission Notice on Market Definition 1011
4. Dominant Position: Market Power 1012
(a) Single Firm Dominance 1012
(i) Market Share 1013
(ii) Other Factors Indicating Dominance: Barriers to Entry 1013
(b) Joint Dominance 1016
5. Abuse: Three Problems of Interpretation 1019
(a) Who is Article 82 Designed to Protect? 1019
(b) What Kinds of Behaviour are Abusive? 1020
(c) Abuse of which Market? 1020
6. Abuse: Particular Examples 1021
(a) Abuse and Mergers 1021
(b) Abuse and Refusal to Supply 1023
(i) Refusal to Supply: The Basic Principles 1023
(ii) Refusal to Supply: The Essential Facilities Doctrine 1026
(c) Abuse and Price Discrimination 1029
(i) Price Discrimination: Economic Foundations 1029
(ii) Price Discrimination: The Case Law 1031
(d) Abuse and Predatory Pricing 1034
(e) Abuse and Selective Pricing 1036
7. Defences: Objective Justification, Proportionality, and Efficiency 1037
8. Reform of Article 82 1037
9. Conclusion 1039
10. Further Reading 1039
27 COMPETITION LAW: MERGERS 1042
1. Introduction 1042
2. Central Issues 1042
3. Merger Control: The Policy Rationale 1043
(a) Arguments Against Mergers 1043
(b) Arguments in Favour of Mergers 1044
4. Regulation 139/2004: Jurisdictional Issues 1045
(a) Concentration: General 1045
(b) Concentration: Joint Ventures 1046
(c) Concentrations with a Community Dimension 1049
(d) The Relation between Community and National Merger Control 1050
(i) The General Principle: 'One-Stop Shop' 1050
(ii) Protection of National 'Legitimate' Interests: Article 21(4) 1050
(iii) Referral to the Competent Authorities of the Member States
by the Commission: Article 4(4) 1050
(iv) Referral to the Competent Authorities of the Member States
by the Commission: Article 9 1051
(v) Referral to Commission at Request of Undertakings: Article 4(5) 1051
(vi) Referral to Commission at Request of Member States: Article 22 1052
(e) A Residual Role for Articles 81 and 82 EC 1052
5. Regulation 139/2004: Procedural Issues 1052
(a) Prior Notification 1052
(b) Suspension Pending Investigation 1053
(c) Investigation 1053
(d) Investigation and Enforcement 1054
6. Regulation 139/2004: The Substantive Criteria 1054
(a) Market Definition 1054
(b) The Test 1055
(c) Application of the Test: Non-co-ordinated Effects 1057
(d) Application of the Test: Co-ordinated Effects and
Collective Dominance 1062
(e) Concentration and Efficiencies 1065
(f) Concentrations and Failing Firms 1066
(g) The Relevance of Non-competition Considerations 1066
(h) Remedies 1067
7. Judicial Review 1067
8. Conclusion 1068
9. Further Reading 1068
28 THE STATE AND THE COMMON MARKET 1070
1. Central Issues 1070
2. The State and The Market: General Principles 1071
(a) The General Principle: The Competition Ethos 1071
(b) The Qualification: Services of General (Economic) Interest 1071
3. Public Undertakings and Article 86 1073
(a) Article 86(1) 1073
(i) Public Undertaking and Undertakings Accorded Special
or Exclusive Rights 1073
(ii) The Obligation Flowing from Article 86(1) 1074
(iii) The ECJ's Expansive Case Law 1075
(iv) The ECJ's Current Approach 1078
(b) Article 86(2) 1079
(i) The First Step 1079
(ii) The Second Step 1080
(iii) The Third Step 1081
(c) Article 86(3) 1081
(d) Article 86 and National Courts 1082
(e) Summary 1083
4. The State, Articles 10,81,82, and 28 1083
5. State Aids: The Substantive Rules and Article 87 1084
(a) The Commission and the Development of Policy 1084
(b) Article 87(1) 1086
(i) The Definition of State Aid: An Advantage Conferred
on the Recipient 1087
(ii) Definition of State Aid: 'Member State or through
State Resources' 1090
(iii) Definition of State Aid: 'Distorts or Threatens to
Distort Competition' 1092
(iv) Definition of State Aid: Effect on Inter-state Trade 1092
(c) Article 87(2) 1092
(d) Article 87(3) 1093
(i) Article 87(3)(a) 1093
(ii) Article 87(3)(b) 1094
(iii) Article 87(3)(c) 1095
(iv) Article 87(3)(d) and (e) 1098
6. State Aids: The Procedural Rules and Articles 88 and 89 1098
(a) Review of Existing State Aids 1099
(b) The Procedure for New State Aids: Notification and
Preliminary Review 1099
(c) The Procedure for State Aids: Detailed Investigation
and Enforcement 1100
(d) Exceptional Circumstances: Article 88(2), Paragraphs 3 and 4 1101
(e) Article 89: Implementing Regulations 1102
(f) Challenge to Commission Decisions 1102
(g) Aid that Has Not been Notified 1103
(i) Non-notification and the Commission 1104
(ii) Non-notification and National Courts 1104
(h) Recovery of Unlawful Aid 1105
7. State Aids, Market Integration, and Regional Policy 1107
(a) The Relationship between Article 28 and Articles 87-89 1107
(b) The Relationship between National Regional Policy and
Community Regional Policy 1109
8. State Aids and Reform 1109
9. Conclusion 1110
10. Further Reading 1111 |
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| author | Craig, Paul P. 1951- De Búrca, Gráinne 1966- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)129477389 (DE-588)129295086 |
| author_facet | Craig, Paul P. 1951- De Búrca, Gráinne 1966- |
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| classification_rvk | PS 2500 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)255896973 (DE-599)BVBBV022408605 |
| dewey-full | 341.2422 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 341 - Law of nations |
| dewey-raw | 341.2422 |
| dewey-search | 341.2422 |
| dewey-sort | 3341.2422 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 4. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| geographic | Europäische Union - Recht Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| geographic_facet | Europäische Union - Recht Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| id | DE-604.BV022408605 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:21:15Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:17:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199273898 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2003265474 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015617147 |
| oclc_num | 255896973 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 DE-703 DE-N2 DE-945 DE-M382 DE-521 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-526 DE-11 DE-20 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 DE-703 DE-N2 DE-945 DE-M382 DE-521 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-526 DE-11 DE-20 DE-188 |
| physical | CLIII, 1148 S. Kt. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Craig, Paul P. 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)129477389 aut EU law text, cases, and materials Paul Craig and Gráinne de Búrca 4. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2008 CLIII, 1148 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Union européenne rero Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Europäischer Gerichtshof (DE-588)5103273-9 gnd rswk-swf Europäisches Gericht Erster Instanz (DE-588)4367154-8 gnd rswk-swf Recht Law European Union countries Law European Union countries Cases Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd rswk-swf Rechtsprechung (DE-588)4115710-2 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union - Recht Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 s DE-188 Europäischer Gerichtshof (DE-588)5103273-9 b Europäisches Gericht Erster Instanz (DE-588)4367154-8 b Rechtsprechung (DE-588)4115710-2 s De Búrca, Gráinne 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)129295086 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015617147&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Craig, Paul P. 1951- De Búrca, Gráinne 1966- EU law text, cases, and materials Union européenne rero Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Europäischer Gerichtshof (DE-588)5103273-9 gnd Europäisches Gericht Erster Instanz (DE-588)4367154-8 gnd Recht Law European Union countries Law European Union countries Cases Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd Rechtsprechung (DE-588)4115710-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)5103273-9 (DE-588)4367154-8 (DE-588)4048737-4 (DE-588)4115710-2 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | EU law text, cases, and materials |
| title_auth | EU law text, cases, and materials |
| title_exact_search | EU law text, cases, and materials |
| title_exact_search_txtP | EU law text, cases, and materials |
| title_full | EU law text, cases, and materials Paul Craig and Gráinne de Búrca |
| title_fullStr | EU law text, cases, and materials Paul Craig and Gráinne de Búrca |
| title_full_unstemmed | EU law text, cases, and materials Paul Craig and Gráinne de Búrca |
| title_short | EU law |
| title_sort | eu law text cases and materials |
| title_sub | text, cases, and materials |
| topic | Union européenne rero Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Europäischer Gerichtshof (DE-588)5103273-9 gnd Europäisches Gericht Erster Instanz (DE-588)4367154-8 gnd Recht Law European Union countries Law European Union countries Cases Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd Rechtsprechung (DE-588)4115710-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Union européenne Europäische Union Europäischer Gerichtshof Europäisches Gericht Erster Instanz Recht Law European Union countries Law European Union countries Cases Rechtsprechung Europäische Union - Recht Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015617147&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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