Assessment of the fate and effects of toxic agents on water resources: [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advanced Modeling Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis and Assessment of CBRN Agents Effects on Water Resources, Istanbul, Turkey, 4 - 16 December 2005]
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
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Dordrecht
Springer
2007
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| Series: | NATO Security through Science series : series C, Environmental security
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVII, 405 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781402055263 1402055269 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Assessment of the fate and effects of toxic agents on water resources |b [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advanced Modeling Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis and Assessment of CBRN Agents Effects on Water Resources, Istanbul, Turkey, 4 - 16 December 2005] |c ed. by I. Ethem Gonenc ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Dordrecht |b Springer |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 405 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a NATO Security through Science series : series C, Environmental security | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Armes chimiques - Aspect de l'environnement - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Armes de destruction massive - Aspect de l'environnement - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Eau - Qualité - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Risques écotoxicologiques - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mathematisches Modell | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chemical weapons |x Environmental aspects |x Mathematical models |v Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ecological risk assessment |x Mathematical models |v Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Water quality |x Mathematical models |v Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Weapons of mass destruction |x Environmental aspects |x Mathematical models |v Congresses | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)1071861417 |a Konferenzschrift |2 gnd-content | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gonenc, I. Ethem |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015616167&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015616167 | ||
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804136471656923136 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Preface v
Acknowledgements vii
PART 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1. Introduction 3
/. Ethem Gonenc and Biymyrza Toktomliev
PART 2. DECISION MAKING IN RAPID ASSESSMENT
AND DIAGNOSIS OF CBRN EFFECTS ON
COASTAL LAGOONS 9
2. Decision Making in Rapid Assessment and Diagnosis of
CBRN Effects on Coastal Lagoons 11
John P. Wolflin, Karen Terwilliger and Rosemarie C. Russo
2.1. Introduction 11
2.2. Decision Making in Rapid Assessment and Response 12
2.2.1. Inventory Information, Processes, and Infrastructures 12
2.2.2. Decision-Making Tools 13
2.2.2.1. Modeling 14
2.2.2.2. Graphical User Interfaces 15
2.2.2.3. Monitoring 16
2.2.2.4. Indicators 16
2.2.3. Assessment Tools 17
2.2.3.1. Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) 17
2.2.3.2. Social Impact Assessment (SIA) 25
2.2.3.3. Environmental Assessment (EA) 26
2.2.3.4. SEA Toolkit 28
2.2.4. Decision-Making Approach (Model) 33
2.2.4.1. Classical Rational Decision-Making Model 33
2.2.4.2. Organizational Process Model 33
2.2.4.3. Bureaucratic Politic Model 34
2.2.4.4. Decision-Making Process for
Rapid Assessment 34
IX
CONTENTS
2.2.5. Development and Implementation of a Response
Plan (RP) 36
2.2.5.1. Steps in the Response Planning Process 38
2.2.5.2. Roles and Responsibilities 40
2.2.5.3. Case Studies 43
2.3. Preparation of a Continuity of Operations Plan 47
2.4. Conclusion 52
PART 3. PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND MODELING 53
3. Physical Processes in Lagoons 55
Irina Chubarenko
3.1. Introduction 55
3.2. Part I: External Conditions 56
3.2.1. System of Coordinates: The Rotating Earth 56
3.2.2. Main External Forcing 59
3.2.2.1. Gravity 59
3.2.2.2. Winds 61
3.2.2.3. Radiation 63
3.2.3. Water Properties 65
3.2.3.1. Structure of Water Molecule 65
3.2.3.2. Water Density 66
3.3. Part II: Internal Structure and Water Dynamics 67
3.3.1. Stratification 68
3.3.1.1. Seasonal Cycle of Water Stratification 68
3.3.2. Wind-Induced Motions 71
3.3.3. Water Exchange with the Sea, Tides, River Inflows 76
3.3.4. Gravity Currents 77
3.3.5. Coupling Physics and Other Processes 78
3.4. Conclusions 79
3.4.1. Important Conclusions of External Condition 79
3.4.2. Important Conclusions of Internal Structure and
Water Dynamics 79
3.4.3. Concluding Remarks 79
4. Hydrodynamic Equations 83
Georg Umgiesser
4.1. Introduction 83
4.2. The Eulerian and the Lagrangian View 83
4.3. Conservation Laws 86
4.3.1. Conservation of Mass 86
CONTENTS xi
4.3.2. Conservation of Momentum 88
4.3.2.1. The Euler Equations 88
4.3.2.2. The Euler Equations in a Rotating Frame
of Reference 89
4.3.2.3. The Navier-Stokes Equations 90
4.3.3. Conservation of Energy 93
4.3.4. Conservation of Salt 93
4.3.5. Equation of State 94
4.4. Simplifications and Scale Analysis 94
4.4.1. Incompressibility 95
4.4.2. The Hydrostatic Approximation 95
4.4.3. The Coriolis Force 96
4.4.4. The Reynolds Equations 97
4.4.5. The Primitive Equations 99
4.5. The Shallow Water Equations 100
4.6. Boundary Processes 103
4.6.1. Initial Conditions 104
4.6.2. Material Boundary Conditions 105
4.6.3. Open Boundaries Conditions 105
4.6.4. Conditions on the Sea Surface and the Bottom 106
5. Monitoring Physical Processes 109
Boris V. Chubarenko
5.1. Introduction 109
5.2. Definition and Objectives of Environmental Monitoring 110
5.3. Multi-Purposefulness of Monitoring Activity 112
5.4. Types of Monitoring 114
5.5. Baseline and Targeted Monitoring From a View of System
Approach 115
5.6. Monitoring Parameters 116
5.7. Spatial Schemes of Monitoring 119
5.8. Types of Monitoring Measurements 121
5.9. Temporal Schedule of Monitoring 122
5.10. Monitoring and Short-Term Data Collection Dedicated
to Modelling 123
6. Time Series Analysis of Lagoon Variables 127
Vladimir G. Kontitonsky
6.1. Introduction 127
6.2. Lagoon Time Series 127
6.3. Time Series Preprocessing 128
6.4. Time Domain Analysis 129
xii CONTENTS
6.5. Filters 133
6.6. Frequency Domain Analysis 134
6.6.1. Spectral Analysis 134
6.6.2. Harmonic Analysis 139
6.7. Summary 142
7. Discretization Techniques 143
Georg Umgiesser
7.1. Introduction 143
7.2. The Basics 143
7.2.1. Discretization 143
7.2.2. Requirements 144
7.3. The Decay Equation—A Simple Example 145
7.3.1. Basic Discretization Formulas 146
7.3.2. Accuracy 147
7.3.3. Stability 148
7.4. Inertial Motion—A System of Equations 151
7.4.1. Matrices and Eigenvalues 152
7.4.2. Various Schemes 153
7.5. The Diffusion Equation—The Spatial Dimension 154
7.5.1. First and Second Spatial Derivative 154
7.5.2. Explicit and Implicit Schemes 155
7.5.3. Stability 156
7.5.4. The Von Neuman Stability Analysis 157
7.6. The Transport Equation 158
7.6.1. The FTCS Scheme 159
7.6.2. The Forward and Backward Scheme 160
7.6.3. The Propagation Cone 162
7.6.4. The Leap-Frog Scheme 164
7.6.5. Final Thoughts 165
7.7. Gravity Waves 166
7.7.1. Staggered Schemes 166
7.7.2. Stability of Schemes 167
7.7.3. The Shallow Water Equations 168
7.8. Conclusions 169
8. Numerical Models as Decision Support Tools in Coastal
Areas 171
Ramiro Neves
8.1. Decision Support Tools 171
8.2. Brief History of Modelling Tools 172
CONTENTS xiii
.3. MOHID 174
.4. MOHID: A Modular System 175
8.4.1. Model Module 175
8.4.1.1. Introduction 175
8.4.1.2. Single Model 175
8.4.1.3. Nested Models 176
8.4.2. Bathymetry Module 176
8.4.3. Geometry Module 177
8.4.3.1. Finite Volume 178
8.4.3.2. Vertical Coordinates 178
8.4.4. Hydrodynamic Module 179
8.4.4.1. Open Boundary Conditions 180
8.4.4.2. Moving Boundaries 181
8.4.5. Lagrangian Module 182
8.4.5.1. Tracer Concept 182
8.4.5.2. Tracer Movement 184
8.4.5.3. Turbulent Diffusion 184
8.4.5.4. Monitoring Boxes 185
8.4.6. Oil Module 186
8.4.6.1. Implementation 186
8.4.6.2. Oil-Beaching 187
8.4.6.3. Removal Techniques 187
8.4.7. Water Properties Module 187
8.4.8. Water Quality Module 187
8.4.9. Surface Module 188
8.4.9.1. Wind 189
8.4.9.2. Heat Fluxes 189
8.4.9.3. Solar Radiation 189
8.4.10. Bottom Module 189
8.4.11. Free Vertical Movement Module 190
8.4.12. Hydrodynamic File Module 190
PART 4. EFFECTS OF CBRN AGENTS ON AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEM 197
9. The Ecosystem Approach Applied to the Management
of the Coastal Socio-Ecological Systems 199
Angheluta Vadineami
9.1. Introduction 199
9.2. Processes and Functions 207
xiv CONTENTS
9.3. Functional Values and
Socio-Economic Valuation 209
9.4. Lower Danube Wetlands System Case study 211
9.5. Conclusions 220
10. Developing the D-P-S-I-R Framework of Indicators for
Management of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems:
Baltic Sea Example 225
Eugenhisz Andndewicz
10.1. Introduction 225
10.2. The Conceptual Frameworks of Environmental Quality
Indicators and Indices 226
10.3. Examples of P-S-R Indicators for the Main
Environmental Concerns 229
10.3.1. Eutrophication 229
10.3.2. Overfishing 230
10.3.3. Contamination by Harmful Substances 231
10.3.4. Oil Pollution/Marine Transport 232
10.3.5. Invasion of Non-Indigenous Species 234
10.3.6. Sanitary Pollution 234
10.3.7. Dredge Spoils Dumping 234
10.3.8. Extraction of Sand and Gravel 235
10.3.9. Offshore Oil and Gas Production 235
10.3.10. Artificial Radionuclides 236
10.3.11. Coastal Degradation 237
10.3.12. Loss of Biodiversity and Habitat Destruction 238
10.4. Illustrative Examples of D-Type Indicators 239
10.5. Summary and Conclusions 240
11. Phytoplankton Ecological Processes for Ecosystem
Modeling: Some Basic Concepts 245
Javier Gilabert
11.1. Introduction 245
11.2. Phytoplankton Systematic and Functional Diversity 245
11.3. Environmental Factors Controlling Phytoplankton Biomass 249
11.4. Size as an Alternative State Variable 254
12. Modeling Possible Impacts of Terrorist Attacks in Coastal
Lagoon Ecosystems with Stella 259
Sofia Gamito
12.1. Ecosystem Organization 259
12.1.1. Food Webs 259
CONTENTS xv
12.1.2. Keystone Species and Reproductive Strategies 260
12.1.3. Mature Ecosystems Vs. Developmental Stages 261
12.2. Ecosystem Succession 261
12.3. Pollutants and BioampHfication 262
12.4. Coastal Lagoons and Water Renewal Rate 263
12.5. Terrorist Attack Consequences in The Lagoon Ecosystem 263
12.6. Outlines for Modeling 265
12.7. Ecological Modeling with Stella 265
12.8. Model Development 266
12.8.1. Exponential Growth Model 266
12.8.2. Logistic Growth Model 267
12.8.3. Competition Model 268
12.8.4. Predation Model 271
12.9. Simulation of Different Scenarios 274
12.10. Remarks 278
13. Trophic Network Models and Prediction of Toxic
Substances Accumulation in Food Webs 279
Arturas Razinkovas
13.1. Introduction 279
13.2. Bioaccumulation of Toxic Substances in Food Webs 280
13.3. Bioaccumulation Web Models 282
13.4. ECOPATH 283
13.5. ECOSIM 284
13.6. ECOTRACE 285
14. Assessment of Lake Ecosystem Response to Toxic Events
with the AQUATOX Model 291
Brenda Rashleigh
14.1. Introduction 291
14.2. The AQUATOX Model 292
14.3. General AQUATOX Model Results: Factors Determining
the Aquatic Ecosystem Response 293
14.3.1. Characteristics of Fish Species 293
14.3.2. Timing and Amount of the Chemical 293
14.4. Coralville Reservoir Example 294
14.5. Summary 296
15. Chemical Weapons Dumped in the Baltic Sea 299
Eugenitisz Andrulewicz
15.1. Introduction 299
15.1.1. Short History of Use of Chemical Weapons 299
xvi CONTENTS
15.1.2. Classification and Properties of Chemical Warfare
Agents 301
15.1.3. Chemical Warfare Agents in the Marine
Environment 301
15.2. Chemical Ammunition 304
15.2.1. Classification of Chemical Ammunition 304
15.2.2. Dumping the Chemical Weapon in the World
Ocean 304
15.2.3. Chemical Weapon Dumped in the Baltic Sea 304
15.2.4. Immediate Effects After Dumping 308
15.3. Selected Cases of Contacts with Chemical Munitions
in The Baltic Sea Area 311
15.3.1. Injuries of Children, 1955 311
15.3.2. Injuries of Fishermen, 1997 311
15.4. Research on Dumped Chemical Weapon in The Baltic Sea 311
15.4.1. Results of German Studies, 1994-1996 312
15.4.2. Results of Russian Research, 2001 312
15.4.3. Results of Studies in Other Countries 313
15.4.4. New/Ongoing Research Projects 314
15.5. Lessons Learned from Unintentional Human Contact
with Dumped Chemical Munitions 314
15.6. Designing Research on Dumped Chemical Weapons 315
15.7. Conclusions and Comments 317
16. Monitoring After Attack 321
Natalia N. Kazantseva
16.1. Introduction 321
16.2. Critical Points 322
16.3. Chemical and Biological Monitoring and Detection 324
PART 5. DECISION MAKING IN RAPID ASSESSMENT
AND DIAGNOSIS OF CBRN EFFECTS ON COASTAL
LAGOONS 327
17. Case Study: Dieldrin Attack in Dalyan Lagoon 329
AH Erturk, Robert B. Ambrose, Jr., RE., and Brenda Rashleigh
17.1. Background 329
17.1.1. Attack Scenario 329
17.1.2. Description of Dalyan Lagoon 329
17.1.3. Organization of Teams 334
CONTENTS xvii
17.2. Tools and Techniques 336
17.2.1. The WASP7 Surface Water Body Model 337
17.2.2. The AQUATOX Surface Water Ecology Model 338
17.2.3. The Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code, EFDC 339
17.3. Results and Discussion 339
17.3.1. WASP7 Simulation Results 340
17.3.2. AQUATOX Simulation Results 356
17.3.3. Results from Emergency Response Team 358
17.4. Conclusions and Recommendations 366
17.4.1. Conclusions from Student Teams 366
17.4.2. Post-Mortem Analysis of Exercise 369
17.4.3. Final Remarks 378
Appendix 1: The WASP7 Surface Water Body Model 387
Appendix 2: Properties of Dieldrin 395
List of Participants 399
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
Preface v
Acknowledgements vii
PART 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1. Introduction 3
/. Ethem Gonenc and Biymyrza Toktomliev
PART 2. DECISION MAKING IN RAPID ASSESSMENT
AND DIAGNOSIS OF CBRN EFFECTS ON
COASTAL LAGOONS 9
2. Decision Making in Rapid Assessment and Diagnosis of
CBRN Effects on Coastal Lagoons 11
John P. Wolflin, Karen Terwilliger and Rosemarie C. Russo
2.1. Introduction 11
2.2. Decision Making in Rapid Assessment and Response 12
2.2.1. Inventory Information, Processes, and Infrastructures 12
2.2.2. Decision-Making Tools 13
2.2.2.1. Modeling 14
2.2.2.2. Graphical User Interfaces 15
2.2.2.3. Monitoring 16
2.2.2.4. Indicators 16
2.2.3. Assessment Tools 17
2.2.3.1. Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) 17
2.2.3.2. Social Impact Assessment (SIA) 25
2.2.3.3. Environmental Assessment (EA) 26
2.2.3.4. SEA Toolkit 28
2.2.4. Decision-Making Approach (Model) 33
2.2.4.1. Classical Rational Decision-Making Model 33
2.2.4.2. Organizational Process Model 33
2.2.4.3. Bureaucratic Politic Model 34
2.2.4.4. Decision-Making Process for
Rapid Assessment 34
IX
CONTENTS
2.2.5. Development and Implementation of a Response
Plan (RP) 36
2.2.5.1. Steps in the Response Planning Process 38
2.2.5.2. Roles and Responsibilities 40
2.2.5.3. Case Studies 43
2.3. Preparation of a Continuity of Operations Plan 47
2.4. Conclusion 52
PART 3. PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND MODELING 53
3. Physical Processes in Lagoons 55
Irina Chubarenko
3.1. Introduction 55
3.2. Part I: External Conditions 56
3.2.1. System of Coordinates: The Rotating Earth 56
3.2.2. Main External Forcing 59
3.2.2.1. Gravity 59
3.2.2.2. Winds 61
3.2.2.3. Radiation 63
3.2.3. Water Properties 65
3.2.3.1. Structure of Water Molecule 65
3.2.3.2. Water Density 66
3.3. Part II: Internal Structure and Water Dynamics 67
3.3.1. Stratification 68
3.3.1.1. Seasonal Cycle of Water Stratification 68
3.3.2. Wind-Induced Motions 71
3.3.3. Water Exchange with the Sea, Tides, River Inflows 76
3.3.4. Gravity Currents 77
3.3.5. Coupling Physics and Other Processes 78
3.4. Conclusions 79
3.4.1. Important Conclusions of External Condition 79
3.4.2. Important Conclusions of Internal Structure and
Water Dynamics 79
3.4.3. Concluding Remarks 79
4. Hydrodynamic Equations 83
Georg Umgiesser
4.1. Introduction 83
4.2. The Eulerian and the Lagrangian View 83
4.3. Conservation Laws 86
4.3.1. Conservation of Mass 86
CONTENTS xi
4.3.2. Conservation of Momentum 88
4.3.2.1. The Euler Equations 88
4.3.2.2. The Euler Equations in a Rotating Frame
of Reference 89
4.3.2.3. The Navier-Stokes Equations 90
4.3.3. Conservation of Energy 93
4.3.4. Conservation of Salt 93
4.3.5. Equation of State 94
4.4. Simplifications and Scale Analysis 94
4.4.1. Incompressibility 95
4.4.2. The Hydrostatic Approximation 95
4.4.3. The Coriolis Force 96
4.4.4. The Reynolds Equations 97
4.4.5. The Primitive Equations 99
4.5. The Shallow Water Equations 100
4.6. Boundary Processes 103
4.6.1. Initial Conditions 104
4.6.2. Material Boundary Conditions 105
4.6.3. Open Boundaries Conditions 105
4.6.4. Conditions on the Sea Surface and the Bottom 106
5. Monitoring Physical Processes 109
Boris V. Chubarenko
5.1. Introduction 109
5.2. Definition and Objectives of Environmental Monitoring 110
5.3. Multi-Purposefulness of Monitoring Activity 112
5.4. Types of Monitoring 114
5.5. Baseline and Targeted Monitoring From a View of System
Approach 115
5.6. Monitoring Parameters 116
5.7. Spatial Schemes of Monitoring 119
5.8. Types of Monitoring Measurements 121
5.9. Temporal Schedule of Monitoring 122
5.10. Monitoring and Short-Term Data Collection Dedicated
to Modelling 123
6. Time Series Analysis of Lagoon Variables 127
Vladimir G. Kontitonsky
6.1. Introduction 127
6.2. Lagoon Time Series 127
6.3. Time Series Preprocessing 128
6.4. Time Domain Analysis 129
xii CONTENTS
6.5. Filters 133
6.6. Frequency Domain Analysis 134
6.6.1. Spectral Analysis 134
6.6.2. Harmonic Analysis 139
6.7. Summary 142
7. Discretization Techniques 143
Georg Umgiesser
7.1. Introduction 143
7.2. The Basics 143
7.2.1. Discretization 143
7.2.2. Requirements 144
7.3. The Decay Equation—A Simple Example 145
7.3.1. Basic Discretization Formulas 146
7.3.2. Accuracy 147
7.3.3. Stability 148
7.4. Inertial Motion—A System of Equations 151
7.4.1. Matrices and Eigenvalues 152
7.4.2. Various Schemes 153
7.5. The Diffusion Equation—The Spatial Dimension 154
7.5.1. First and Second Spatial Derivative 154
7.5.2. Explicit and Implicit Schemes 155
7.5.3. Stability 156
7.5.4. The Von Neuman Stability Analysis 157
7.6. The Transport Equation 158
7.6.1. The FTCS Scheme 159
7.6.2. The Forward and Backward Scheme 160
7.6.3. The Propagation Cone 162
7.6.4. The Leap-Frog Scheme 164
7.6.5. Final Thoughts 165
7.7. Gravity Waves 166
7.7.1. Staggered Schemes 166
7.7.2. Stability of Schemes 167
7.7.3. The Shallow Water Equations 168
7.8. Conclusions 169
8. Numerical Models as Decision Support Tools in Coastal
Areas 171
Ramiro Neves
8.1. Decision Support Tools 171
8.2. Brief History of Modelling Tools 172
CONTENTS xiii
.3. MOHID 174
.4. MOHID: A Modular System 175
8.4.1. Model Module 175
8.4.1.1. Introduction 175
8.4.1.2. Single Model 175
8.4.1.3. Nested Models 176
8.4.2. Bathymetry Module 176
8.4.3. Geometry Module 177
8.4.3.1. Finite Volume 178
8.4.3.2. Vertical Coordinates 178
8.4.4. Hydrodynamic Module 179
8.4.4.1. Open Boundary Conditions 180
8.4.4.2. Moving Boundaries 181
8.4.5. Lagrangian Module 182
8.4.5.1. Tracer Concept 182
8.4.5.2. Tracer Movement 184
8.4.5.3. Turbulent Diffusion 184
8.4.5.4. Monitoring Boxes 185
8.4.6. Oil Module 186
8.4.6.1. Implementation 186
8.4.6.2. Oil-Beaching 187
8.4.6.3. Removal Techniques 187
8.4.7. Water Properties Module 187
8.4.8. Water Quality Module 187
8.4.9. Surface Module 188
8.4.9.1. Wind 189
8.4.9.2. Heat Fluxes 189
8.4.9.3. Solar Radiation 189
8.4.10. Bottom Module 189
8.4.11. Free Vertical Movement Module 190
8.4.12. Hydrodynamic File Module 190
PART 4. EFFECTS OF CBRN AGENTS ON AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEM 197
9. The Ecosystem Approach Applied to the Management
of the Coastal Socio-Ecological Systems 199
Angheluta Vadineami
9.1. Introduction 199
9.2. Processes and Functions 207
xiv CONTENTS
9.3. Functional Values and
Socio-Economic Valuation 209
9.4. Lower Danube Wetlands System Case study 211
9.5. Conclusions 220
10. Developing the D-P-S-I-R Framework of Indicators for
Management of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems:
Baltic Sea Example 225
Eugenhisz Andndewicz
10.1. Introduction 225
10.2. The Conceptual Frameworks of Environmental Quality
Indicators and Indices 226
10.3. Examples of P-S-R Indicators for the Main
Environmental Concerns 229
10.3.1. Eutrophication 229
10.3.2. Overfishing 230
10.3.3. Contamination by Harmful Substances 231
10.3.4. Oil Pollution/Marine Transport 232
10.3.5. Invasion of Non-Indigenous Species 234
10.3.6. Sanitary Pollution 234
10.3.7. Dredge Spoils Dumping 234
10.3.8. Extraction of Sand and Gravel 235
10.3.9. Offshore Oil and Gas Production 235
10.3.10. Artificial Radionuclides 236
10.3.11. Coastal Degradation 237
10.3.12. Loss of Biodiversity and Habitat Destruction 238
10.4. Illustrative Examples of D-Type Indicators 239
10.5. Summary and Conclusions 240
11. Phytoplankton Ecological Processes for Ecosystem
Modeling: Some Basic Concepts 245
Javier Gilabert
11.1. Introduction 245
11.2. Phytoplankton Systematic and Functional Diversity 245
11.3. Environmental Factors Controlling Phytoplankton Biomass 249
11.4. Size as an Alternative State Variable 254
12. Modeling Possible Impacts of Terrorist Attacks in Coastal
Lagoon Ecosystems with Stella 259
Sofia Gamito
12.1. Ecosystem Organization 259
12.1.1. Food Webs 259
CONTENTS xv
12.1.2. Keystone Species and Reproductive Strategies 260
12.1.3. Mature Ecosystems Vs. Developmental Stages 261
12.2. Ecosystem Succession 261
12.3. Pollutants and BioampHfication 262
12.4. Coastal Lagoons and Water Renewal Rate 263
12.5. Terrorist Attack Consequences in The Lagoon Ecosystem 263
12.6. Outlines for Modeling 265
12.7. Ecological Modeling with Stella 265
12.8. Model Development 266
12.8.1. Exponential Growth Model 266
12.8.2. Logistic Growth Model 267
12.8.3. Competition Model 268
12.8.4. Predation Model 271
12.9. Simulation of Different Scenarios 274
12.10. Remarks 278
13. Trophic Network Models and Prediction of Toxic
Substances Accumulation in Food Webs 279
Arturas Razinkovas
13.1. Introduction 279
13.2. Bioaccumulation of Toxic Substances in Food Webs 280
13.3. Bioaccumulation Web Models 282
13.4. ECOPATH 283
13.5. ECOSIM 284
13.6. ECOTRACE 285
14. Assessment of Lake Ecosystem Response to Toxic Events
with the AQUATOX Model 291
Brenda Rashleigh
14.1. Introduction 291
14.2. The AQUATOX Model 292
14.3. General AQUATOX Model Results: Factors Determining
the Aquatic Ecosystem Response 293
14.3.1. Characteristics of Fish Species 293
14.3.2. Timing and Amount of the Chemical 293
14.4. Coralville Reservoir Example 294
14.5. Summary 296
15. Chemical Weapons Dumped in the Baltic Sea 299
Eugenitisz Andrulewicz
15.1. Introduction 299
15.1.1. Short History of Use of Chemical Weapons 299
xvi CONTENTS
15.1.2. Classification and Properties of Chemical Warfare
Agents 301
15.1.3. Chemical Warfare Agents in the Marine
Environment 301
15.2. Chemical Ammunition 304
15.2.1. Classification of Chemical Ammunition 304
15.2.2. Dumping the Chemical Weapon in the World
Ocean 304
15.2.3. Chemical Weapon Dumped in the Baltic Sea 304
15.2.4. Immediate Effects After Dumping 308
15.3. Selected Cases of Contacts with Chemical Munitions
in The Baltic Sea Area 311
15.3.1. Injuries of Children, 1955 311
15.3.2. Injuries of Fishermen, 1997 311
15.4. Research on Dumped Chemical Weapon in The Baltic Sea 311
15.4.1. Results of German Studies, 1994-1996 312
15.4.2. Results of Russian Research, 2001 312
15.4.3. Results of Studies in Other Countries 313
15.4.4. New/Ongoing Research Projects 314
15.5. Lessons Learned from Unintentional Human Contact
with Dumped Chemical Munitions 314
15.6. Designing Research on Dumped Chemical Weapons 315
15.7. Conclusions and Comments 317
16. Monitoring After Attack 321
Natalia N. Kazantseva
16.1. Introduction 321
16.2. Critical Points 322
16.3. Chemical and Biological Monitoring and Detection 324
PART 5. DECISION MAKING IN RAPID ASSESSMENT
AND DIAGNOSIS OF CBRN EFFECTS ON COASTAL
LAGOONS 327
17. Case Study: Dieldrin Attack in Dalyan Lagoon 329
AH Erturk, Robert B. Ambrose, Jr., RE., and Brenda Rashleigh
17.1. Background 329
17.1.1. Attack Scenario 329
17.1.2. Description of Dalyan Lagoon 329
17.1.3. Organization of Teams 334
CONTENTS xvii
17.2. Tools and Techniques 336
17.2.1. The WASP7 Surface Water Body Model 337
17.2.2. The AQUATOX Surface Water Ecology Model 338
17.2.3. The Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code, EFDC 339
17.3. Results and Discussion 339
17.3.1. WASP7 Simulation Results 340
17.3.2. AQUATOX Simulation Results 356
17.3.3. Results from Emergency Response Team 358
17.4. Conclusions and Recommendations 366
17.4.1. Conclusions from Student Teams 366
17.4.2. Post-Mortem Analysis of Exercise 369
17.4.3. Final Remarks 378
Appendix 1: The WASP7 Surface Water Body Model 387
Appendix 2: Properties of Dieldrin 395
List of Participants 399 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:20:45Z |
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| spelling | Assessment of the fate and effects of toxic agents on water resources [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advanced Modeling Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis and Assessment of CBRN Agents Effects on Water Resources, Istanbul, Turkey, 4 - 16 December 2005] ed. by I. Ethem Gonenc ... Dordrecht Springer 2007 XVII, 405 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier NATO Security through Science series : series C, Environmental security Armes chimiques - Aspect de l'environnement - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Armes de destruction massive - Aspect de l'environnement - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Eau - Qualité - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Risques écotoxicologiques - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Mathematisches Modell Umwelt Chemical weapons Environmental aspects Mathematical models Congresses Ecological risk assessment Mathematical models Congresses Water quality Mathematical models Congresses Weapons of mass destruction Environmental aspects Mathematical models Congresses (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content Gonenc, I. Ethem Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015616167&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Assessment of the fate and effects of toxic agents on water resources [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advanced Modeling Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis and Assessment of CBRN Agents Effects on Water Resources, Istanbul, Turkey, 4 - 16 December 2005] Armes chimiques - Aspect de l'environnement - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Armes de destruction massive - Aspect de l'environnement - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Eau - Qualité - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Risques écotoxicologiques - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Mathematisches Modell Umwelt Chemical weapons Environmental aspects Mathematical models Congresses Ecological risk assessment Mathematical models Congresses Water quality Mathematical models Congresses Weapons of mass destruction Environmental aspects Mathematical models Congresses |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Assessment of the fate and effects of toxic agents on water resources [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advanced Modeling Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis and Assessment of CBRN Agents Effects on Water Resources, Istanbul, Turkey, 4 - 16 December 2005] |
| title_auth | Assessment of the fate and effects of toxic agents on water resources [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advanced Modeling Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis and Assessment of CBRN Agents Effects on Water Resources, Istanbul, Turkey, 4 - 16 December 2005] |
| title_exact_search | Assessment of the fate and effects of toxic agents on water resources [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advanced Modeling Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis and Assessment of CBRN Agents Effects on Water Resources, Istanbul, Turkey, 4 - 16 December 2005] |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Assessment of the fate and effects of toxic agents on water resources [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advanced Modeling Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis and Assessment of CBRN Agents Effects on Water Resources, Istanbul, Turkey, 4 - 16 December 2005] |
| title_full | Assessment of the fate and effects of toxic agents on water resources [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advanced Modeling Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis and Assessment of CBRN Agents Effects on Water Resources, Istanbul, Turkey, 4 - 16 December 2005] ed. by I. Ethem Gonenc ... |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of the fate and effects of toxic agents on water resources [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advanced Modeling Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis and Assessment of CBRN Agents Effects on Water Resources, Istanbul, Turkey, 4 - 16 December 2005] ed. by I. Ethem Gonenc ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of the fate and effects of toxic agents on water resources [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advanced Modeling Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis and Assessment of CBRN Agents Effects on Water Resources, Istanbul, Turkey, 4 - 16 December 2005] ed. by I. Ethem Gonenc ... |
| title_short | Assessment of the fate and effects of toxic agents on water resources |
| title_sort | assessment of the fate and effects of toxic agents on water resources proceedings of the nato advanced study institute on advanced modeling techniques for rapid diagnosis and assessment of cbrn agents effects on water resources istanbul turkey 4 16 december 2005 |
| title_sub | [proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advanced Modeling Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis and Assessment of CBRN Agents Effects on Water Resources, Istanbul, Turkey, 4 - 16 December 2005] |
| topic | Armes chimiques - Aspect de l'environnement - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Armes de destruction massive - Aspect de l'environnement - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Eau - Qualité - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Risques écotoxicologiques - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Mathematisches Modell Umwelt Chemical weapons Environmental aspects Mathematical models Congresses Ecological risk assessment Mathematical models Congresses Water quality Mathematical models Congresses Weapons of mass destruction Environmental aspects Mathematical models Congresses |
| topic_facet | Armes chimiques - Aspect de l'environnement - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Armes de destruction massive - Aspect de l'environnement - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Eau - Qualité - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Risques écotoxicologiques - Modèles mathématiques - Congrès Mathematisches Modell Umwelt Chemical weapons Environmental aspects Mathematical models Congresses Ecological risk assessment Mathematical models Congresses Water quality Mathematical models Congresses Weapons of mass destruction Environmental aspects Mathematical models Congresses Konferenzschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015616167&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gonenciethem assessmentofthefateandeffectsoftoxicagentsonwaterresourcesproceedingsofthenatoadvancedstudyinstituteonadvancedmodelingtechniquesforrapiddiagnosisandassessmentofcbrnagentseffectsonwaterresourcesistanbulturkey416december2005 |