The applied genetics of humans, animals, plants and fungi:
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London
Imperial College Press
2007
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| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 619 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Tab. |
| ISBN: | 9781860946103 1860946100 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Lamb, Bernard C. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The applied genetics of humans, animals, plants and fungi |c Bernard C. Lamb |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b Imperial College Press |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 619 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Tab. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Génétique | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Genetic engineering | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Genetics | |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015610426 | ||
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| _version_ | 1804136463731785728 |
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| adam_text | S E C O N D E D I T I O N THE APPLIED GENETICS OF HUMANS, ANIMALS,
PLANTS AND FUNGI B E R N A R D C L A M B IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON, LONDON
IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS CONTENTS PREFACE VII 1 INTRODUCTION; AIMS OF
APPLIED GENETICS; REVISION OF BASIC GENETIC CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 THE AIMS OF APPLIED GENETICS IN HUMANS, ANIMALS,
PLANTS AND FUNGI; THE USE OF GENETIC VARIATION; IMPROVING THE HARVEST
INDEX 8 1.3 REVISION OF BASIC GENETIC CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS
14 1.3.1 ALLELES, GENES, LOCI, WILD-TYPES AND MUTANTS . . 14 1.3.2
PLOIDY 17 1.3.3 GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE; HOMOZYGOTES AND HETEROZYGOTES;
HEMIZYGOTES; THE TIME OF GENE EXPRESSION 18 1.3.4 DOMINANCE AND
RECESSIVENESS; INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE AND ADDITIVE ACTION; PRIMES;
OVERDOMINANCE; CO-DOMINANCE; PURE BREEDING 19 1.3.5 ADDITIVE AND
MULTIPLICATIVE GENE ACTION ... 22 1.3.6 PLEIOTROPY 22 1.3.7 MUTATION 23
1.3.8 RECOMBINATION; LINKAGE; SYNTENIC AND NON-SYRITENIC LOCI; COUPLING
AND REPULSION ARRANGEMENTS 24 1.3.9 ALLELISM AND THE CIS/TRANS TEST 26
IX APPLIED GENETICS OF HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI 1.3.10
HERITABILITY 29 1.3.11 SELECTION: NATURAL, SEXUAL, ARTIFICIAL AND
COMMERCIAL 30 1.3.12 POPULATIONS 31 1.3.13 POLYMORPHISM 33 1.3.14 RANDOM
MATING 34 SUGGESTED READING 35 THE INHERITANCE AND ANALYSIS OF
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS 37 2.1 SINGLE-LOCUS QUALITATIVE
CHARACTERS: AUTOSOMAL LOCI WITH COMPLETE DOMINANCE, PARTIAL DOMINANCE,
ADDITIVE ACTION, OVERDOMINANCE; X-LINKED AND HOLANDRIC LOCI 37 2.1.1
QUALITATIVE CHARACTERS 37 2.1.2 AUTOSOMAL LOCI: COMPLETE DOMINANCE 38
2.1.3 AUTOSOMAL LOCI WITH PARTIAL DOMINANCE, ADDITIVE ACTION OR
OVERDOMINANCE 38 2.1.4 X-LINKED AND HOLANDRIC LOCI 40 2.2 MULTIPLE-LOCI
QUALITATIVE CHARACTERS: DIHYBRID RATIOS AND GENE INTERACTIONS SUCH AS
EPISTASIS CAUSING MODIFIED RATIOS 42 2.2.1 STANDARD DIHYBRID RATIOS 42
2.2.2 GENE INTERACTIONS SUCH AS EPISTASIS CAUSING MODIFIED DIHYBRID
RATIOS 45 2.3 QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI AND
POLYGENES; MODIFIERS; THRESHOLD CHARACTERS 49 2.4 THRESHOLD CHARACTERS
62 SUGGESTED READING 64 REGRESSION, TRANSGRESSION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
AND HERITABILITY; CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CHARACTERS; GENOTYPE, PHENOTYPE
AND BREEDING VALUES 65 3.1 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF
REGRESSION AND TRANSGRESSION 65 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON PHENOTYPES
70 3.2.1 SEX-LIMITED CHARACTERS 70 CONTENTS XI 3.2.2 PHENOCOPIES,
CONDITIONAL MUTANTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 70 3.2.3 PHENOTYPE
PLASTICITY 71 3.2.4 VARIABLE EXPRESSIVITY 72 3.2.5 INCOMPLETE PENETRANCE
72 3.3 NARROW AND BROAD SENSE HERITABILITIES; EQUATIONS, ESTIMATION AND
USE; USE OF TWINS; REALISED HERITABILITIES; CORRELATIONS BETWEEN
CHARACTERS 74 3.4 GENOTYPE VALUE, PHENOTYPE VALUE AND BREEDING VALUE .
80 3.5 ESTIMATED BREEDING VALUES (EBV) AND BEST LINEAR UNBIASED
PREDICTIONS (BLUP) 83 SUGGESTED READING 84 4 POPULATION GENETICS: ALLELE
FREQUENCIES, GENETIC EQUILIBRIA, POPULATION MIXING, GENETIC DRIFT AND
GENE FLOW 86 I 4.1 INTRODUCTION 86 4.2 THE HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
FOR ONE LOCUS AND TWO LOCI; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM, AND POPULATION
MIXING . . 87 4.2.1 ONE LOCUS, TWO ALLELES 87 4.2.2 ONE LOCUS, MORE THAN
TWO ALLELES 89 4.2.3 ALLELE SEGREGATION AT TWO LOCI AND THE IMPORTANCE
OF RECOMBINATION FREQUENCIES ... 89 4.2.4 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN TWO
PURE-BREEDING BUT DIFFERENT POPULATIONS MIX? 91 4.3 GENETIC DRIFT,
FIXATION AND EFFECTS OF POPULATION SIZE . . 97 4.4 GENE FLOW AND
POPULATION STRUCTURE 100 4.5 EFFECTS ON ALLELE FREQUENCIES OF SELECTION,
MUTATION, MIGRATION AND GENE CONVERSION; FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION;
EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN FORCES IN POPULATIONS ... 105 4.5.1 SELECTION 105
4.5.2 MIGRATION 109 4.5.3 MUTATION 110 SUGGESTED READING 112 XII APPLIED
GENETICS OF HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI 5 TYPES AND USES OF
SELECTION 114 5.1 NATURAL, ARTIFICIAL AND SEXUAL SELECTION 114 5.2
STABILISING SELECTION, TOWARDS UNIFORMITY 116 5.3 DIRECTIONAL SELECTION,
FAVOURING ONE EXTREME 118 5.4 CYCLIC SELECTION, ALTERNATIVELY FAVOURING
DIFFERENT EXTREMES 119 5.5 DISRUPTIVE SELECTION, SELECTING AGAINST THE
AVERAGE TYPE 120 5.6 PEDIGREE SELECTION; BREED RECORDS, PREPOTENT STUD
MALES AND GRADING-UP 121 5.7 PROGENY TESTING 123 5.8 HALF-SIB AND FAMILY
SELECTION 125 5.9 SELECTING FOR CORRELATED CHARACTERS 126 5.10 SELECTION
FOR MORE THAN ONE CHARACTER: TANDEM SELECTION, INDEPENDENT CULLING
LEVELS AND INDEX SELECTION 126 5.10.1 TANDEM SELECTION 127 5.10.2
INDEPENDENT CULLING LEVELS 127 5.10.3 INDEX SELECTION, INCLUDING PTA,
PIN AND PLI 128 5.11 SELECTION INTENSITIES AND RATES OF RESPONSE TO
SELECTION; A KEY EQUATION FOR SELECTION RESPONSES 132 5.12 IN VITRO
SELECTION 134 5.13 SELECTION AT THE HAPLOID STAGE 135 5.14 SELECTION FOR
MEAT CHARACTERISTICS 135 SUGGESTED READING 138 6 DEPARTURES FROM RANDOM
MATING * 140 6.1 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASSORTATIVE MATING 140 6.2
INBREEDING AND OUTBREEDING AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES; INBREEDING DEPRESSION
AND OUTBREEDING DEPRESSION . . . 143 6.3 WHY BREEDERS OFTEN USE
INBREEDING 149 6.4 WRIGHT S INBREEDING COEFFICIENT, F; WRIGHT S
EQUILIBRIUM FOR GENOTYPE FREQUENCIES UNDER INBREEDING; CALCULATION OF F
FROM PEDIGREES 151 SUGGESTED READING 160 CONTENTS XIII 7 MUTATION AND
ITS USES 161 7.1 MOLECULAR TYPES OF MUTATION AND THEIR REVERTIBILITY;
MUTATION FREQUENCIES 161 7.1.1 REVERTIBILITY 161 7.1.2 GERM-LINE AND
SOMATIC MUTATIONS 162 7.1.3 BASE SUBSTITUTIONS 163 7.1.4 FRAME SHIFTS
164 7.1.5 LARGE DELETIONS 164 7.1.6 UNSTABLE LENGTH MUTATIONS 165 7.2
SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED MUTATION; MUTAGENIC AGENTS . 166 7.2.1
SPONTANEOUS MUTATIONS; MUTATION MECHANISMS; VARIETIES OR BREEDS THEY
HAVE PRODUCED .... 167 7.2.2 INDUCED MUTATIONS 170 7.3 MUTATION CONTROL
AND REPAIR SYSTEMS 174 7.3.1 MUTAGEN ACCESS 174 7.3.2 REPAIR SYSTEMS 174
7.3.3 SUPPRESSOR MUTATIONS 175 7.3.4 OPTIMUM MUTATION RATES 176 7.4 HOW
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUTATION CAN COMPLICATE POPULATION GENETICS
CALCULATIONS 176 7.5 USING INDUCED MUTATIONS 177 SUGGESTED READING 180 8
RECOMBINATION, MAPPING AND GENOMICS 181 8.1 RECOMBINATION, GENETIC
DISTANCES AND THE NUMBERS OF PROGENY NEEDED TO GET PARTICULAR
RECOMBINANTS . . . . 181 8.2 TYPES OF RECOMBINATION AND THEIR EFFECTS;
MEIOTIC AND MITOTIC CROSSOVERS; INTERFERENCE AND MAP FUNCTIONS . . . 183
8.3 NUMBERS OF TYPES OF GAMETE, AND OF OFFSPRING GENOTYPES AND
PHENOTYPES, FOR DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF SEGREGATING LOCI , 187 8.4
CALCULATION OF THE FREQUENCIES OF PARTICULAR GENOTYPES AND PHENOTYPES
188 8.5 MAPPING, INCLUDING PHYSICAL MAPPING 188 XIV APPLIED GENETICS OF
HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI 8.6 LOCATING GENES ON PARTICULAR
CHROMOSOMES, INCLUDING THE USE OF PSEUDODOMINANCE, PARASEXUAL METHODS
AND HYBRIDISATION PROBES 192 8.6.1 PSEUDODOMINANCE 192 8.6.2 PARASEXUAL
METHODS 194 8.6.3 HYBRIDISATION PROBES 195 8.7 PRACTICAL USES OF
MOLECULAR MARKERS IN AGRICULTURE . . . 196 8.8 GENOMICS 198 8.9 HUMAN
GENE SEQUENCING, INCLUDING THE HAPMAP PROJECT 201 SUGGESTED READING 202
9 STRUCTURAL CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS: THEIR ORIGINS, PROPERTIES AND USES
205 9.1 INTRODUCTION 205 9.2 DELETIONS 207 9.3 INVERSIONS, PARACENTRIC
AND PERICENTRIC; THEIR EFFECTS ON FERTILITY 210 9.4 DUPLICATIONS AND THE
ORIGIN OF NEW GENES 213 9.5 TRANSLOCATIONS, SINGLE AND MULTIPLE 215
SUGGESTED READING , 219 10 CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME NUMBER: THEIR EFFECTS
AND USES 220 10.1 BACKGROUND . 220 10.2 CHANGES IN PLOIDY 222 10.3
MONOPLOIDS AND ANTHER CULTURE 224 10.4 DIPLOIDS 228 10.5 TRIPLOIDS 228
10.6 TETRAPLOIDS 228 10.7 HIGHER POLYPLOIDS 232 10.8 LOSS OR GAIN OF
SINGLE CHROMOSOMES: ANEUPLOIDS, MONOSOMICS AND TRISOMICS 232 10.9
CHROMOSOME MANIPULATIONS AND SUBSTITUTIONS .... 233 SUGGESTED READING
236 CONTENTS XV 11 SUPERNUMERARY ( B ) CHROMOSOMES 238 11.1 DEFINITION,
ORIGINS, NUMBERS, SIZE AND FUNCTIONS . . . . 238 11.1.1 ORIGINS 238
11.1.2 NUMBERS, OCCURRENCE AND TRANSMISSION . . . 238 11.1.3 SIZE,
SEQUENCES AND FUNCTION 240 11.2 EFFECTS ON PHENOTYPE AND FERTILITY 240
SUGGESTED READING 242 12 HUMAN AND MEDICAL GENETICS 244 12.1
INTRODUCTION 244 12.2 FINDING OUT HOW OR WHETHER CHARACTERS ARE
INHERITED: PEDIGREE STUDIES; TWIN STUDIES; HARDY-WEINBERG ANALYSIS;
FAMILIAL INCIDENCE 246 12.2.1 PEDIGREE STUDIES 246 12.2.2 TWIN STUDIES
248 12.2.3 HARDY-WEINBERG ANALYSIS OF POPULATIONS . . 253 12.2.4
FAMILIAL INCIDENCE 253 12.3 SINGLE GENE CHARACTERS AND DISORDERS, AND
THEIR TREATMENTS 255 12.3.1 AUTOSOMAL GENES 256 12.3.2 X-LINKED GENES
265 12.4 POLYGENIC AND MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDERS 266 12.5 X-INACTIVATION
AND BARR BODIES 268 12.6 SEX DIFFERENCES IN DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 271
12.6.1 X-LINKED DISEASES 271 12.6.2 NON-X-LINKED DISEASES 273 12.7
CAUSES OF HUMAN MUTATION; CANCER 274 12.7.1 UV LIGHT 277 12.7.2
CHEMICALS 277 12.7.3 IONISING RADIATIONS 280 12.7.4 TEMPERATURE 281
12.7.5 INFECTION 282 12.7.6 CANCER GENES 282 12.8 CHROMOSOME NUMBER
ABNORMALITIES AND CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS 283 12.8.1 HUMAN CHROMOSOME
METHODS 283 XVI APPLIED GENETICS OF HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI
12.8.2 AUTOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES 289 12.8.3 SEX CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
296 12.9 SELECTION BEFORE AND AFTER BIRTH 297 12.10 BLOOD GROUPS,
ESPECIALLY ABO AND RHESUS 299 12.10.1 BLOOD GROUPS AND TRANSFUSIONS 299
12.10.2 THE ABO BLOOD GROUP 302 12.10.3 THE RHESUS BLOOD GROUP 303
12.10.4 BLOOD GROUPS IN FARM ANIMALS 305 12.11 THE MAJOR
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX 305 12.12 PRENATAL, NEONATAL AND ADULT
SCREENING 307 12.12.1 AMNIOCENTESIS 307 12.12.2 EARLY AMNIOCENTESIS 308
12.12.3 CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING 308 12.12.4 ULTRASOUND SCREENING . 309
12.12.5 MATERNAL BLOOD SAMPLING 309 12.12.6 PRE-IMPLANTATION GENETIC
DIAGNOSIS 310 12.12.7 FOETAL DNA SCREENING 311 12.12.8 NEONATAL
SCREENING (BIRTH TO ONE MONTH OF AGE) 312 12.12.9 ADULT OR ADOLESCENT
SCREENING 313 12.13 EFFECTS OF HUMAN INBREEDING 315 12.14 GENETIC
COUNSELLING 319 12.15 TWINS AND OTHER MULTIPLE BIRTHS 327 12.16 MOSAICS,
CHIMERAS AND HERMAPHRODITES 334 12.17 GENE THERAPY 338 12.17.1
INTRODUCTION 338 12.17.2 METHODS FOR SOMATIC GENE THERAPY 339 12.17.3
PROGRESS 342 12.18 STEM CELL THERAPY, INCLUDING THE USE OF CORD BLOOD .
. 345 SUGGESTED READING 348 13 PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING METHODS AND
EXAMPLES 353 13.1 USING HYBRID VIGOUR 353 13.1.1 DEFINITION OF HYBRID
VIGOUR (HETEROSIS) . . . 353 13.1.2 EXPLANATIONS OF HYBRID VIGOUR 354
13.1.3 TYPICAL FL HYBRID BREEDING PROGRAMMES . . 355 13.1.4 HYBRID MAIZE
PRODUCTION 358 CONTENTS XVII 13.1.5 HYBRID SPROUT PRODUCTION 361 13.1.6
HYBRID RICE PRODUCTION 362 13.1.7 HYBRID ANIMALS 362 13.2 SELECTION
METHODS FOR INBREEDERS 363 13.2.1 SINGLE LINE SELECTION 363 13.2.2 USING
A MIXTURE OF LINES, WITH AGRICULTURAL MASS SELECTION 364 13.2.3 BULK
POPULATION BREEDING 364 13.2.4 PEDIGREE BREEDING 365 13.3 SELECTION
METHODS IN OUTBREEDERS OR RANDOM-MATERS . 365 13.4 RECURRENT
BACKCROSSING FOR GENE TRANSFER 368 13.5 INTERSPECIFIC AND INTERGENERIC
HYBRIDS 369 13.5.1 INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS 369 13.5.2 INTERGENERIC HYBRIDS
374 13.6 MAKING POLYPLOIDS 376 13.7 EXAMPLES OF PLANT AND ANIMAL
BREEDING PROGRAMMES . 377 13.7.1 SEMI-DWARF WHEATS AND RICE * THE GREEN
REVOLUTION 377 13.7.2 BROAD BEANS 379 13.7.3 SEMI-LEAFLESS COMBINING
PEA 379 13.7.4 COCA PLANTS FOR COCAINE 380 13.7.5 POTATO BREEDING AND
DISEASE-RESISTANCE . . . 380 13.7.6 LIME-TOLERANT RHODODENDRONS 384
13.7.7 SUGARCANE 385 13.7.8 HOPS IN BRITAIN * DWARF HEDGEROW HOPS .
386 13.7.9 SHEEP, INCLUDING CROSS-BREDS AND BORDER LEICESTERS 387
13.7.10 CATTLE, INCLUDING AYRSHIRES (DAIRY) AND ABERDEEN-ANGUS (BEEF)
389 13.7.11 PERUVIAN GUINEA PIGS 396 13.7.12 CHINESE CROCODILES 397
13.7.13 PIG BREEDING TO MEET THE BUYER S SPECIFICA- TIONS; MEAT QUALITY
FACTORS 397 13.8 BREEDING FOR SHOWS; BREEDS AND VARIETIES 399 XVIII
APPLIED GENETICS OF HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI 13.9 BREEDING
PROGRAMMES FROM CROSSES TO SELECTION, TO LOCAL AND NATIONAL TRIALS,
POSSIBLE COMMERCIAL RELEASE, AND APPROVED LISTS 402 13.10 SELECTION IN
FERAL ANIMALS; FERAL AND FARMED ANIMALS . 405 13.11 DNA FINGERPRINTING
407 SUGGESTED READING 408 14 GENETIC ENGINEERING IN PLANTS, ANIMALS AND
MICRO-ORGANISMS 411 14.1 INTRODUCTION 411 14.2 RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES
AND LIGASES 412 14.3 VECTORS 414 14.4 GETTING A PARTICULAR PIECE OF DNA
INTO A VECTOR, AND RECOGNISING A CLONE CONTAINING IT 416 14.5
SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS 418 14.6 GENE TARGETING; COSUPPRESSION; RNA
INTERFERENCE IN HUMANS, ANIMALS AND PLANTS 419 14.7 GENETIC ENGINEERING
IN PLANTS 423 14.8 GENETIC ENGINEERING IN ANIMALS 428 14.9 GENETIC
ENGINEERING IN MICRO-ORGANISMS 433 14.10 SOME DANGERS OF GENETIC
ENGINEERING; THE AMOUNT OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CROPS GROWN 434
SUGGESTED READING 439 15 GENETIC VARIATION IN WILD AND AGRICULTURAL
POPULATIONS; GENETIC CONSERVATION 442 15.1 THE FORCES CONTROLLING THE
AMOUNTS OF VARIATION IN A POPULATION 442 15.1.1 THE FORCES OR PROCESSES
WHICH INCREASE OR MAINTAIN GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN A POPULATION 442
15.1.2 THE FORCES OR PROCESSES WHICH REDUCE GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN A
POPULATION 445 15.1.3 THE INTERACTIONS OF FORCES OR PROCESSES AFFECTING
THE AMOUNT OF VARIATION WITHIN A POPULATION 445 CONTENTS XIX 15.2 USING
A KNOWLEDGE OF THE ORIGINS OF GENETIC VARIATION TO SOLVE A PRACTICAL
PROBLEM 446 15.3 THE MAINTENANCE OF POLYMORPHISM IN POPULATIONS . . 447
15.4 THE NEED FOR GENETIC CONSERVATION; METHODS OF CONSERVATION 450
15.4.1 THE NEED FOR GENETIC CONSERVATION AND THE VALUE OF SOME OLD
VARIETIES 450 15.4.2 CONSERVATION PROGRAMMES AND METHODS OF GENETIC
CONSERVATION 452 SUGGESTED READING 460 16 GENETIC METHODS OF INSECT PEST
CONTROL 462 16.1 INTRODUCTION 462 16.2 THE RELEASE OF STERILE INSECTS,
OR OF FERTILE INSECTS GIVING INVIABLE PROGENY 463 16.3 THE BREEDING OF
INSECT-RESISTANT VARIETIES 466 SUGGESTED READING 469 17 REPRODUCTIVE
PHYSIOLOGY IN PLANTS, ANIMALS AND HUMANS; CROSSING METHODS 470 17.1
PLANTS 470 17.1.1 PLANT SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 470 17.1.2 INCOMPATIBILITY
IN HIGHER PLANTS AND WAYS OF OVERCOMING IT 477 17.1.3 CROSSING METHODS
481 17.1.4 GETTING UNIFORM FRUIT, SEED OR BUD RIPENING . 483 17.1.5
SOMACLONAL VARIATION AND VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION; GRAFTING AND ROOTSTOCKS
.... 484 17.1.6 PLANT PROTOPLAST FUSION 494 17.1.7 GENE EXPRESSION AND
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL SELECTION AT THE HAPLOID STAGE 495 17.2 ANIMALS
496 17.2.1 SEX RATIOS 496 17.2.2 FLOW CYTOMETRY FOR SEXING SPERM 497
17.2.3 ANATOMY, PROGENY PER PREGNANCY, AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS 499 XX
APPLIED GENETICS OF HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI 17.2.4 BREEDING
SEASONS AND OESTROUS CYCLES . . . . 501 17.2.5 SPERM; NATURAL AND
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION . 505 17.2.6 EGG TRANSPLANTATION AND EMBRYO
FREEZING . . 510 17.2.7 ANIMAL CLONING 511 17.3 HUMANS 513 SUGGESTED
READING 516 18 APPLIED FUNGAL GENETICS 519 18.1 GENERAL FUNGAL GENETICS:
LIFE CYCLES; WILD-TYPES AND MUTANTS; SPORE TYPES; CONTROL OF SEXUAL AND
VEGETATIVE FUSIONS; GENOMICS 519 18.1.1 LIFE CYCLES 519 18.1.2
WILD-TYPES AND MUTANTS 522 18.1.3 SPORES 523 18.1.4 THE CONTROL OF
VEGETATIVE AND SEXUAL FUSIONS 524 18.1.5 FUNGAL GENOMICS: NUCLEAR,
MITOCHONDRIAL AND PLASMID 525 18.2 THE COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
527 18.3 RECOMBINATION AND SEXUAL MAPPING 528 18.4 THE PARASEXUAL CYCLE
AND PARASEXUAL MAPPING . . . . 534 18.5 THE INDUCTION AND ISOLATION OF
MUTANTS, INCLUDING AUXOTROPHS 541 18.6 OBTAINING IMPROVED STRAINS FOR
INDUSTRY 544 18.6.1 AIMS AND METHODS 544 18.6.2 DIFFERENT AIMS IN
DIFFERENT YEASTS 547 18.6.3 IMPROVING BAKER S YEAST 550 18.6.4 IMPROVING
ENZYMES IN INDUSTRIAL FUNGI ... 554 18.6.5 PENICILLIN PRODUCTION 557
SUGGESTED READING 559 19 THE ECONOMICS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND
BREEDING PROGRAMMES 562 19.1 BASIC ECONOMICS: ECONOMIC SYSTEMS; PRICE
THEORY; FACTORS AFFECTING SUPPLY AND DEMAND; PERFECT AND IMPERFECT
COMPETITION; MONOPOLIES; INFLATION 562 CONTENTS XXI 19.1.1 FACTORS OF
PRODUCTION; TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEM 562 19.1.2 PRICE THEORY 564 19.1.3
TYPES OF COMPETITION 570 19.1.4 INFLATION 574 19.2 ECONOMICS APPLIED TO
AGRICULTURE 575 19.2.1 GLUTS AND SHORTAGES; HOW GOVERNMENTS INTERVENE IN
AGRICULTURE; EUROPEAN UNION POLICIES 575 19.2.2 SEASONAL AND PERISHABLE
PRODUCE 581 19.2.3 THE VALUE OF RARITIES 582 19.2.4 HEALTH FOODS AND
ORGANIC PRODUCTS ... 585 19.2.5 DISCOUNTED CASHFLOW ASSESSMENT OF
BREEDING PROGRAMMES 588 19.2.6 BREEDERS RIGHTS 590 19.2.7 BREEDING OR
USING FOR NICHE MARKETS . . . . 592 19.2.8 WHO DOES THE BREEDING? 593
SUGGESTED READING 594 INDEX 595
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| adam_txt |
S E C O N D E D I T I O N THE APPLIED GENETICS OF HUMANS, ANIMALS,
PLANTS AND FUNGI B E R N A R D C L A M B IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON, LONDON
IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS CONTENTS PREFACE VII 1 INTRODUCTION; AIMS OF
APPLIED GENETICS; REVISION OF BASIC GENETIC CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 THE AIMS OF APPLIED GENETICS IN HUMANS, ANIMALS,
PLANTS AND FUNGI; THE USE OF GENETIC VARIATION; IMPROVING THE HARVEST
INDEX 8 1.3 REVISION OF BASIC GENETIC CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS
14 1.3.1 ALLELES, GENES, LOCI, WILD-TYPES AND MUTANTS . . 14 1.3.2
PLOIDY 17 1.3.3 GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE; HOMOZYGOTES AND HETEROZYGOTES;
HEMIZYGOTES; THE TIME OF GENE EXPRESSION 18 1.3.4 DOMINANCE AND
RECESSIVENESS; INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE AND ADDITIVE ACTION; PRIMES;
OVERDOMINANCE; CO-DOMINANCE; PURE BREEDING 19 1.3.5 ADDITIVE AND
MULTIPLICATIVE GENE ACTION . 22 1.3.6 PLEIOTROPY 22 1.3.7 MUTATION 23
1.3.8 RECOMBINATION; LINKAGE; SYNTENIC AND NON-SYRITENIC LOCI; COUPLING
AND REPULSION ARRANGEMENTS 24 1.3.9 ALLELISM AND THE CIS/TRANS TEST 26
IX APPLIED GENETICS OF HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI 1.3.10
HERITABILITY 29 1.3.11 SELECTION: NATURAL, SEXUAL, ARTIFICIAL AND
COMMERCIAL 30 1.3.12 POPULATIONS 31 1.3.13 POLYMORPHISM 33 1.3.14 RANDOM
MATING 34 SUGGESTED READING 35 THE INHERITANCE AND ANALYSIS OF
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS 37 2.1 SINGLE-LOCUS QUALITATIVE
CHARACTERS: AUTOSOMAL LOCI WITH COMPLETE DOMINANCE, PARTIAL DOMINANCE,
ADDITIVE ACTION, OVERDOMINANCE; X-LINKED AND HOLANDRIC LOCI 37 2.1.1
QUALITATIVE CHARACTERS 37 2.1.2 AUTOSOMAL LOCI: COMPLETE DOMINANCE 38
2.1.3 AUTOSOMAL LOCI WITH PARTIAL DOMINANCE, ADDITIVE ACTION OR
OVERDOMINANCE 38 2.1.4 X-LINKED AND HOLANDRIC LOCI 40 2.2 MULTIPLE-LOCI
QUALITATIVE CHARACTERS: DIHYBRID RATIOS AND GENE INTERACTIONS SUCH AS
EPISTASIS CAUSING MODIFIED RATIOS 42 2.2.1 STANDARD DIHYBRID RATIOS 42
2.2.2 GENE INTERACTIONS SUCH AS EPISTASIS CAUSING MODIFIED DIHYBRID
RATIOS 45 2.3 QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI AND
POLYGENES; MODIFIERS; THRESHOLD CHARACTERS 49 2.4 THRESHOLD CHARACTERS
62 SUGGESTED READING 64 REGRESSION, TRANSGRESSION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
AND HERITABILITY; CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CHARACTERS; GENOTYPE, PHENOTYPE
AND BREEDING VALUES 65 3.1 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF
REGRESSION AND TRANSGRESSION 65 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON PHENOTYPES
70 3.2.1 SEX-LIMITED CHARACTERS 70 CONTENTS XI 3.2.2 PHENOCOPIES,
CONDITIONAL MUTANTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 70 3.2.3 PHENOTYPE
PLASTICITY 71 3.2.4 VARIABLE EXPRESSIVITY 72 3.2.5 INCOMPLETE PENETRANCE
72 3.3 NARROW AND BROAD SENSE HERITABILITIES; EQUATIONS, ESTIMATION AND
USE; USE OF TWINS; REALISED HERITABILITIES; CORRELATIONS BETWEEN
CHARACTERS 74 3.4 GENOTYPE VALUE, PHENOTYPE VALUE AND BREEDING VALUE .
80 3.5 ESTIMATED BREEDING VALUES (EBV) AND BEST LINEAR UNBIASED
PREDICTIONS (BLUP) 83 SUGGESTED READING 84 4 POPULATION GENETICS: ALLELE
FREQUENCIES, GENETIC EQUILIBRIA, POPULATION MIXING, GENETIC DRIFT AND
GENE FLOW 86 I 4.1 INTRODUCTION 86 4.2 THE HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
FOR ONE LOCUS AND TWO LOCI; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM, AND POPULATION
MIXING . . 87 4.2.1 ONE LOCUS, TWO ALLELES 87 4.2.2 ONE LOCUS, MORE THAN
TWO ALLELES 89 4.2.3 ALLELE SEGREGATION AT TWO LOCI AND THE IMPORTANCE
OF RECOMBINATION FREQUENCIES . 89 4.2.4 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN TWO
PURE-BREEDING BUT DIFFERENT POPULATIONS MIX? 91 4.3 GENETIC DRIFT,
FIXATION AND EFFECTS OF POPULATION SIZE . . 97 4.4 GENE FLOW AND
POPULATION STRUCTURE 100 4.5 EFFECTS ON ALLELE FREQUENCIES OF SELECTION,
MUTATION, MIGRATION AND GENE CONVERSION; FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION;
EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN FORCES IN POPULATIONS . 105 4.5.1 SELECTION 105
4.5.2 MIGRATION 109 4.5.3 MUTATION 110 SUGGESTED READING 112 XII APPLIED
GENETICS OF HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI 5 TYPES AND USES OF
SELECTION 114 5.1 NATURAL, ARTIFICIAL AND SEXUAL SELECTION 114 5.2
STABILISING SELECTION, TOWARDS UNIFORMITY 116 5.3 DIRECTIONAL SELECTION,
FAVOURING ONE EXTREME 118 5.4 CYCLIC SELECTION, ALTERNATIVELY FAVOURING
DIFFERENT EXTREMES 119 5.5 DISRUPTIVE SELECTION, SELECTING AGAINST THE
AVERAGE TYPE 120 5.6 PEDIGREE SELECTION; BREED RECORDS, PREPOTENT STUD
MALES AND GRADING-UP 121 5.7 PROGENY TESTING 123 5.8 HALF-SIB AND FAMILY
SELECTION 125 5.9 SELECTING FOR CORRELATED CHARACTERS 126 5.10 SELECTION
FOR MORE THAN ONE CHARACTER: TANDEM SELECTION, INDEPENDENT CULLING
LEVELS AND INDEX SELECTION 126 5.10.1 TANDEM SELECTION 127 5.10.2
INDEPENDENT CULLING LEVELS 127 5.10.3 INDEX SELECTION, INCLUDING PTA,
PIN AND PLI 128 5.11 SELECTION INTENSITIES AND RATES OF RESPONSE TO
SELECTION; A KEY EQUATION FOR SELECTION RESPONSES 132 5.12 IN VITRO
SELECTION 134 5.13 SELECTION AT THE HAPLOID STAGE 135 5.14 SELECTION FOR
MEAT CHARACTERISTICS 135 SUGGESTED READING 138 6 DEPARTURES FROM RANDOM
MATING * 140 6.1 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASSORTATIVE MATING 140 6.2
INBREEDING AND OUTBREEDING AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES; INBREEDING DEPRESSION
AND OUTBREEDING DEPRESSION . . . 143 6.3 WHY BREEDERS OFTEN USE
INBREEDING 149 6.4 WRIGHT'S INBREEDING COEFFICIENT, F; WRIGHT'S
EQUILIBRIUM FOR GENOTYPE FREQUENCIES UNDER INBREEDING; CALCULATION OF F
FROM PEDIGREES 151 SUGGESTED READING 160 CONTENTS XIII 7 MUTATION AND
ITS USES 161 7.1 MOLECULAR TYPES OF MUTATION AND THEIR REVERTIBILITY;
MUTATION FREQUENCIES 161 7.1.1 REVERTIBILITY 161 7.1.2 GERM-LINE AND
SOMATIC MUTATIONS 162 7.1.3 BASE SUBSTITUTIONS 163 7.1.4 FRAME SHIFTS
164 7.1.5 LARGE DELETIONS 164 7.1.6 UNSTABLE LENGTH MUTATIONS 165 7.2
SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED MUTATION; MUTAGENIC AGENTS . 166 7.2.1
SPONTANEOUS MUTATIONS; MUTATION MECHANISMS; VARIETIES OR BREEDS THEY
HAVE PRODUCED . 167 7.2.2 INDUCED MUTATIONS 170 7.3 MUTATION CONTROL
AND REPAIR SYSTEMS 174 7.3.1 MUTAGEN ACCESS 174 7.3.2 REPAIR SYSTEMS 174
7.3.3 SUPPRESSOR MUTATIONS 175 7.3.4 OPTIMUM MUTATION RATES 176 7.4 HOW
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUTATION CAN COMPLICATE POPULATION GENETICS
CALCULATIONS 176 7.5 USING INDUCED MUTATIONS 177 SUGGESTED READING 180 8
RECOMBINATION, MAPPING AND GENOMICS 181 8.1 RECOMBINATION, GENETIC
DISTANCES AND THE NUMBERS OF PROGENY NEEDED TO GET PARTICULAR
RECOMBINANTS . . . \ . 181 8.2 TYPES OF RECOMBINATION AND THEIR EFFECTS;
MEIOTIC AND MITOTIC CROSSOVERS; INTERFERENCE AND MAP FUNCTIONS . . . 183
8.3 NUMBERS OF TYPES OF GAMETE, AND OF OFFSPRING GENOTYPES AND
PHENOTYPES, FOR DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF SEGREGATING LOCI , 187 8.4
CALCULATION OF THE FREQUENCIES OF PARTICULAR GENOTYPES AND PHENOTYPES
188 8.5 MAPPING, INCLUDING PHYSICAL MAPPING 188 XIV APPLIED GENETICS OF
HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI 8.6 LOCATING GENES ON PARTICULAR
CHROMOSOMES, INCLUDING THE USE OF PSEUDODOMINANCE, PARASEXUAL METHODS
AND HYBRIDISATION PROBES 192 8.6.1 PSEUDODOMINANCE 192 8.6.2 PARASEXUAL
METHODS 194 8.6.3 HYBRIDISATION PROBES 195 8.7 PRACTICAL USES OF
MOLECULAR MARKERS IN AGRICULTURE . . . 196 8.8 GENOMICS 198 8.9 HUMAN
GENE SEQUENCING, INCLUDING THE HAPMAP PROJECT 201 SUGGESTED READING 202
9 STRUCTURAL CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS: THEIR ORIGINS, PROPERTIES AND USES
205 9.1 INTRODUCTION 205 9.2 DELETIONS 207 9.3 INVERSIONS, PARACENTRIC
AND PERICENTRIC; THEIR EFFECTS ON FERTILITY 210 9.4 DUPLICATIONS AND THE
ORIGIN OF NEW GENES 213 9.5 TRANSLOCATIONS, SINGLE AND MULTIPLE 215
SUGGESTED READING , 219 10 CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME NUMBER: THEIR EFFECTS
AND USES 220 10.1 BACKGROUND . 220 10.2 CHANGES IN PLOIDY 222 10.3
MONOPLOIDS AND ANTHER CULTURE 224 10.4 DIPLOIDS 228 10.5 TRIPLOIDS 228
10.6 TETRAPLOIDS 228 10.7 HIGHER POLYPLOIDS 232 10.8 LOSS OR GAIN OF
SINGLE CHROMOSOMES: ANEUPLOIDS, MONOSOMICS AND TRISOMICS 232 10.9
CHROMOSOME MANIPULATIONS AND SUBSTITUTIONS . 233 SUGGESTED READING
236 CONTENTS XV 11 SUPERNUMERARY ("B") CHROMOSOMES 238 11.1 DEFINITION,
ORIGINS, NUMBERS, SIZE AND FUNCTIONS . . . . 238 11.1.1 ORIGINS 238
11.1.2 NUMBERS, OCCURRENCE AND TRANSMISSION . . . 238 11.1.3 SIZE,
SEQUENCES AND FUNCTION 240 11.2 EFFECTS ON PHENOTYPE AND FERTILITY 240
SUGGESTED READING 242 12 HUMAN AND MEDICAL GENETICS 244 12.1
INTRODUCTION 244 12.2 FINDING OUT HOW OR WHETHER CHARACTERS ARE
INHERITED: PEDIGREE STUDIES; TWIN STUDIES; HARDY-WEINBERG ANALYSIS;
FAMILIAL INCIDENCE 246 12.2.1 PEDIGREE STUDIES 246 12.2.2 TWIN STUDIES
248 12.2.3 HARDY-WEINBERG ANALYSIS OF POPULATIONS . . 253 12.2.4
FAMILIAL INCIDENCE 253 12.3 SINGLE GENE CHARACTERS AND DISORDERS, AND
THEIR TREATMENTS 255 12.3.1 AUTOSOMAL GENES 256 12.3.2 X-LINKED GENES
265 12.4 POLYGENIC AND MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDERS 266 12.5 X-INACTIVATION
AND BARR BODIES 268 12.6 SEX DIFFERENCES IN DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 271
12.6.1 X-LINKED DISEASES 271 12.6.2 NON-X-LINKED DISEASES 273 12.7
CAUSES OF HUMAN MUTATION; CANCER 274 12.7.1 UV LIGHT 277 12.7.2
CHEMICALS 277 12.7.3 IONISING RADIATIONS 280 12.7.4 TEMPERATURE 281
12.7.5 INFECTION 282 12.7.6 CANCER GENES 282 12.8 CHROMOSOME NUMBER
ABNORMALITIES AND CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS 283 12.8.1 HUMAN CHROMOSOME
METHODS 283 XVI APPLIED GENETICS OF HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI
12.8.2 AUTOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES 289 12.8.3 SEX CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
296 12.9 SELECTION BEFORE AND AFTER BIRTH 297 12.10 BLOOD GROUPS,
ESPECIALLY ABO AND RHESUS 299 12.10.1 BLOOD GROUPS AND TRANSFUSIONS 299
12.10.2 THE ABO BLOOD GROUP 302 12.10.3 THE RHESUS BLOOD GROUP 303
12.10.4 BLOOD GROUPS IN FARM ANIMALS 305 12.11 THE MAJOR
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX 305 12.12 PRENATAL, NEONATAL AND ADULT
SCREENING 307 12.12.1 AMNIOCENTESIS 307 12.12.2 EARLY AMNIOCENTESIS 308
12.12.3 CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING 308 12.12.4 ULTRASOUND SCREENING . 309
12.12.5 MATERNAL BLOOD SAMPLING 309 12.12.6 PRE-IMPLANTATION GENETIC
DIAGNOSIS 310 12.12.7 FOETAL DNA SCREENING 311 12.12.8 NEONATAL
SCREENING (BIRTH TO ONE MONTH OF AGE) 312 12.12.9 ADULT OR ADOLESCENT
SCREENING 313 12.13 EFFECTS OF HUMAN INBREEDING 315 12.14 GENETIC
COUNSELLING 319 12.15 TWINS AND OTHER MULTIPLE BIRTHS 327 12.16 MOSAICS,
CHIMERAS AND HERMAPHRODITES 334 12.17 GENE THERAPY 338 12.17.1
INTRODUCTION 338 12.17.2 METHODS FOR SOMATIC GENE THERAPY 339 12.17.3
PROGRESS 342 12.18 STEM CELL THERAPY, INCLUDING THE USE OF CORD BLOOD .
. 345 SUGGESTED READING 348 13 PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING METHODS AND
EXAMPLES 353 13.1 USING HYBRID VIGOUR 353 13.1.1 DEFINITION OF HYBRID
VIGOUR (HETEROSIS) . . . 353 13.1.2 EXPLANATIONS OF HYBRID VIGOUR 354
13.1.3 TYPICAL FL HYBRID BREEDING PROGRAMMES . . 355 13.1.4 HYBRID MAIZE
PRODUCTION 358 CONTENTS XVII 13.1.5 HYBRID SPROUT PRODUCTION 361 13.1.6
HYBRID RICE PRODUCTION 362 13.1.7 HYBRID ANIMALS 362 13.2 SELECTION
METHODS FOR INBREEDERS 363 13.2.1 SINGLE LINE SELECTION 363 13.2.2 USING
A MIXTURE OF LINES, WITH AGRICULTURAL MASS SELECTION 364 13.2.3 BULK
POPULATION BREEDING 364 13.2.4 PEDIGREE BREEDING 365 13.3 SELECTION
METHODS IN OUTBREEDERS OR RANDOM-MATERS . 365 13.4 RECURRENT
BACKCROSSING FOR GENE TRANSFER 368 13.5 INTERSPECIFIC AND INTERGENERIC
HYBRIDS 369 13.5.1 INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS 369 13.5.2 INTERGENERIC HYBRIDS
374 13.6 MAKING POLYPLOIDS 376 13.7 EXAMPLES OF PLANT AND ANIMAL
BREEDING PROGRAMMES . 377 13.7.1 SEMI-DWARF WHEATS AND RICE * THE "GREEN
REVOLUTION" 377 13.7.2 BROAD BEANS 379 13.7.3 SEMI-LEAFLESS COMBINING
PEA 379 13.7.4 COCA PLANTS FOR COCAINE 380 13.7.5 POTATO BREEDING AND
DISEASE-RESISTANCE . . . 380 13.7.6 LIME-TOLERANT RHODODENDRONS 384
13.7.7 SUGARCANE 385 13.7.8 HOPS IN BRITAIN * DWARF "HEDGEROW" HOPS .
386 13.7.9 SHEEP, INCLUDING CROSS-BREDS AND BORDER LEICESTERS 387
13.7.10 CATTLE, INCLUDING AYRSHIRES (DAIRY) AND ABERDEEN-ANGUS (BEEF)
389 13.7.11 PERUVIAN GUINEA PIGS 396 13.7.12 CHINESE CROCODILES 397
13.7.13 PIG BREEDING TO MEET THE BUYER'S SPECIFICA- TIONS; MEAT QUALITY
FACTORS 397 13.8 BREEDING FOR SHOWS; BREEDS AND VARIETIES 399 XVIII
APPLIED GENETICS OF HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI 13.9 BREEDING
PROGRAMMES FROM CROSSES TO SELECTION, TO LOCAL AND NATIONAL TRIALS,
POSSIBLE COMMERCIAL RELEASE, AND APPROVED LISTS 402 13.10 SELECTION IN
FERAL ANIMALS; FERAL AND FARMED ANIMALS . 405 13.11 DNA FINGERPRINTING
407 SUGGESTED READING 408 14 GENETIC ENGINEERING IN PLANTS, ANIMALS AND
MICRO-ORGANISMS 411 14.1 INTRODUCTION 411 14.2 RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES
AND LIGASES 412 14.3 VECTORS 414 14.4 GETTING A PARTICULAR PIECE OF DNA
INTO A VECTOR, AND RECOGNISING A CLONE CONTAINING IT 416 14.5
SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS 418 14.6 GENE TARGETING; COSUPPRESSION; RNA
INTERFERENCE IN HUMANS, ANIMALS AND PLANTS 419 14.7 GENETIC ENGINEERING
IN PLANTS 423 14.8 GENETIC ENGINEERING IN ANIMALS 428 14.9 GENETIC
ENGINEERING IN MICRO-ORGANISMS 433 14.10 SOME DANGERS OF GENETIC
ENGINEERING; THE AMOUNT OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CROPS GROWN 434
SUGGESTED READING 439 15 GENETIC VARIATION IN WILD AND AGRICULTURAL
POPULATIONS; GENETIC CONSERVATION 442 15.1 THE FORCES CONTROLLING THE
AMOUNTS OF VARIATION IN A POPULATION 442 15.1.1 THE FORCES OR PROCESSES
WHICH INCREASE OR MAINTAIN GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN A POPULATION 442
15.1.2 THE FORCES OR PROCESSES WHICH REDUCE GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN A
POPULATION 445 15.1.3 THE INTERACTIONS OF FORCES OR PROCESSES AFFECTING
THE AMOUNT OF VARIATION WITHIN A POPULATION 445 CONTENTS XIX 15.2 USING
A KNOWLEDGE OF THE ORIGINS OF GENETIC VARIATION TO SOLVE A PRACTICAL
PROBLEM 446 15.3 THE MAINTENANCE OF POLYMORPHISM IN POPULATIONS . . 447
15.4 THE NEED FOR GENETIC CONSERVATION; METHODS OF CONSERVATION 450
15.4.1 THE NEED FOR GENETIC CONSERVATION AND THE VALUE OF SOME OLD
VARIETIES 450 15.4.2 CONSERVATION PROGRAMMES AND METHODS OF GENETIC
CONSERVATION 452 SUGGESTED READING 460 16 GENETIC METHODS OF INSECT PEST
CONTROL 462 16.1 INTRODUCTION 462 16.2 THE RELEASE OF STERILE INSECTS,
OR OF FERTILE INSECTS GIVING INVIABLE PROGENY 463 16.3 THE BREEDING OF
INSECT-RESISTANT VARIETIES 466 SUGGESTED READING 469 17 REPRODUCTIVE
PHYSIOLOGY IN PLANTS, ANIMALS AND HUMANS; CROSSING METHODS 470 17.1
PLANTS 470 17.1.1 PLANT SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 470 17.1.2 INCOMPATIBILITY
IN HIGHER PLANTS AND WAYS OF OVERCOMING IT 477 17.1.3 CROSSING METHODS
481 17.1.4 GETTING UNIFORM FRUIT, SEED OR BUD RIPENING . 483 17.1.5
SOMACLONAL VARIATION AND VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION; GRAFTING AND ROOTSTOCKS
. 484 17.1.6 PLANT PROTOPLAST FUSION 494 17.1.7 GENE EXPRESSION AND
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL SELECTION AT THE HAPLOID STAGE 495 17.2 ANIMALS
496 17.2.1 SEX RATIOS 496 17.2.2 FLOW CYTOMETRY FOR SEXING SPERM 497
17.2.3 ANATOMY, PROGENY PER PREGNANCY, AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS 499 XX
APPLIED GENETICS OF HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI 17.2.4 BREEDING
SEASONS AND OESTROUS CYCLES . . . . 501 17.2.5 SPERM; NATURAL AND
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION . 505 17.2.6 EGG TRANSPLANTATION AND EMBRYO
FREEZING . . 510 17.2.7 ANIMAL CLONING 511 17.3 HUMANS 513 SUGGESTED
READING 516 18 APPLIED FUNGAL GENETICS 519 18.1 GENERAL FUNGAL GENETICS:
LIFE CYCLES; WILD-TYPES AND MUTANTS; SPORE TYPES; CONTROL OF SEXUAL AND
VEGETATIVE FUSIONS; GENOMICS 519 18.1.1 LIFE CYCLES 519 18.1.2
WILD-TYPES AND MUTANTS 522 18.1.3 SPORES 523 18.1.4 THE CONTROL OF
VEGETATIVE AND SEXUAL FUSIONS 524 18.1.5 FUNGAL GENOMICS: NUCLEAR,
MITOCHONDRIAL AND PLASMID 525 18.2 THE COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
527 18.3 RECOMBINATION AND SEXUAL MAPPING 528 18.4 THE PARASEXUAL CYCLE
AND PARASEXUAL MAPPING . . . . 534 18.5 THE INDUCTION AND ISOLATION OF
MUTANTS, INCLUDING AUXOTROPHS 541 18.6 OBTAINING IMPROVED STRAINS FOR
INDUSTRY 544 18.6.1 AIMS AND METHODS 544 18.6.2 DIFFERENT AIMS IN
DIFFERENT YEASTS 547 18.6.3 IMPROVING BAKER'S YEAST 550 18.6.4 IMPROVING
ENZYMES IN INDUSTRIAL FUNGI . 554 18.6.5 PENICILLIN PRODUCTION 557
SUGGESTED READING 559 19 THE ECONOMICS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND
BREEDING PROGRAMMES 562 19.1 BASIC ECONOMICS: ECONOMIC SYSTEMS; PRICE
THEORY; FACTORS AFFECTING SUPPLY AND DEMAND; PERFECT AND IMPERFECT
COMPETITION; MONOPOLIES; INFLATION 562 CONTENTS XXI 19.1.1 FACTORS OF
PRODUCTION; TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEM 562 19.1.2 PRICE THEORY 564 19.1.3
TYPES OF COMPETITION 570 19.1.4 INFLATION 574 19.2 ECONOMICS APPLIED TO
AGRICULTURE 575 19.2.1 GLUTS AND SHORTAGES; HOW GOVERNMENTS INTERVENE IN
AGRICULTURE; EUROPEAN UNION POLICIES 575 19.2.2 SEASONAL AND PERISHABLE
PRODUCE 581 19.2.3 THE VALUE OF RARITIES 582 19.2.4 "HEALTH FOODS" AND
"ORGANIC" PRODUCTS . 585 19.2.5 DISCOUNTED CASHFLOW ASSESSMENT OF
BREEDING PROGRAMMES 588 19.2.6 BREEDERS'RIGHTS 590 19.2.7 BREEDING OR
USING FOR NICHE MARKETS . . . . 592 19.2.8 WHO DOES THE BREEDING? 593
SUGGESTED READING 594 INDEX 595 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Lamb, Bernard C. |
| author_facet | Lamb, Bernard C. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lamb, Bernard C. |
| author_variant | b c l bc bcl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022401797 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QH430 |
| callnumber-raw | QH430 |
| callnumber-search | QH430 |
| callnumber-sort | QH 3430 |
| callnumber-subject | QH - Natural History and Biology |
| classification_rvk | WG 9000 |
| classification_tum | BIO 450f BIO 180f BIO 750f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)122939560 (DE-599)BVBBV022401797 |
| dewey-full | 576.5 660.6/5 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 576 - Genetics and evolution 660 - Chemical engineering |
| dewey-raw | 576.5 660.6/5 |
| dewey-search | 576.5 660.6/5 |
| dewey-sort | 3576.5 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Biologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Chemie / Pharmazie Biologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV022401797 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:18:38Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:56:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781860946103 1860946100 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015610426 |
| oclc_num | 122939560 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-188 |
| physical | XXI, 619 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Tab. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Imperial College Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Lamb, Bernard C. Verfasser aut The applied genetics of humans, animals, plants and fungi Bernard C. Lamb 2. ed. London Imperial College Press 2007 XXI, 619 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Tab. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Génétique Genetic engineering Genetics Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 gnd rswk-swf Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015610426&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lamb, Bernard C. The applied genetics of humans, animals, plants and fungi Génétique Genetic engineering Genetics Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071711-2 |
| title | The applied genetics of humans, animals, plants and fungi |
| title_auth | The applied genetics of humans, animals, plants and fungi |
| title_exact_search | The applied genetics of humans, animals, plants and fungi |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The applied genetics of humans, animals, plants and fungi |
| title_full | The applied genetics of humans, animals, plants and fungi Bernard C. Lamb |
| title_fullStr | The applied genetics of humans, animals, plants and fungi Bernard C. Lamb |
| title_full_unstemmed | The applied genetics of humans, animals, plants and fungi Bernard C. Lamb |
| title_short | The applied genetics of humans, animals, plants and fungi |
| title_sort | the applied genetics of humans animals plants and fungi |
| topic | Génétique Genetic engineering Genetics Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Génétique Genetic engineering Genetics Genetik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015610426&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lambbernardc theappliedgeneticsofhumansanimalsplantsandfungi |