Boreal peatland ecosystems: with 22 tables
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| Format: | Electronic eBook |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2006
|
| Series: | Ecological Studies
188 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | UBR01 Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 1 Online-Ressource |
| ISBN: | 9783540319122 9783540319139 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/978-3-540-31913-9 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Boreal peatland ecosystems |b with 22 tables |c R. K. Wieder ... (eds.) |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | R.K.WIEDER D.H.VITT (EDS.)
BOREAL PEATLAN
D ECOSYSTEMS
WITH 73 FIGURES, 6 IN COLOR, AN
D 22 TABLES
4U SPRINGER
CONTENTS
1 PEATLANDS AND THE BOREAL FOREST
1
R.
KELMAN WIEDER
, DALE
H.
VITT
,
AND
BRIA
N
W.
BENSCOTER
2
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND INDICATORS
OF BOREAL PEATLANDS
9
DALE H. VITT
2.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 9
2.2 PEATLAN
D INITIATIO
N 10
2.3 CRITICAL FACTOR
S FOR PEATLAN
D DIVERSIFICATION 10
2.3.1 HYDROLOGY . . . 11
2.3.2 CLIMATE 11
2.3.3 VEGETATION AN
D FLORA 14
2.3.4 VEGETATION COMPARISON
S 15
2.3.5 FLORISTIC INDICATOR
S 16
2.3.6 SUBSTRATE 17
2.3.7 CHEMISTR
Y 17
2.4 THE FUNCTIONA
L GRADE
S OF BOREAL WETLANDS 19
2.4.1 THE WETLAND GRAD
E 19
2.4.2 THE PEATLAN
D GRAD
E 20
2.4.3 THE FEN GRADE 20
2.4.4 THE BOG GRAD
E 21
2.5 CONCLUSIONS 21
REFERENCES 22
3 THE POSTGLACIAL DEVELOPMENT OF BOREAL
AND SUBARCTIC PEATLANDS
25
PETE
R KUHRY
AND
JUKKA TURUNEN
3.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 25
3.2 STUDY AREA 26
3.3 METHOD
S 26
VIII CONTENTS
3.4 REGIONAL PATTERN
S IN PEATLAND DEVELOPMENT 28
3.4.1 PEAT INCEPTION AN
D CESSATION DATES 28
3.4.2 PEATLAND LATERAL EXPANSION RATES 29
3.5 DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS IN PEATLANDS 31
3.5.1 PRIMAR
Y PEATLAND FORMATION
, PALUDIFICATION,
AN
D TERRESTRIALIZATION 31
3.5.2 VEGETATION SUCCESSION AN
D PATTER
N DEVELOPMENT 32
3.6 THE EFFECTS OF FIRE AN
D PERMAFROST 34
3.6.1 PEAT FIRES 34
3.6.2 PERMAFROST DYNAMICS 35
3.7 PEAT ACCUMULATION RATES 37
3.7.1 CONCEPTS 37
3.7.2 REGIONAL PATTERN
S 38
3.8 CONCLUSIONS 40
REFERENCES 41
4 THE ROLE OF
SPHAGNUM
IN PEATLAND DEVELOPMENT
AND PERSISTENCE
47
HAKAN RYDIN, URBAN GUNNARSSON,
AND
SEBASTIAN SUNDBERG
4.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 47
4.2 MORPHOLOGY AN
D WATER RELATIONS 49
4.3
SPHAGNUM
CHEMISTRY
: NUTRITION
, ACIDIFICATION,
AN
D DECAY 50
4.4 INTERACTION
S BETWEEN
SPHAGNUM
AN
D VASCULAR PLANTS . . 51
4.5 DISPERSAL, COLONIZATION, AN
D EXPANSION 52
4.6 DYNAMICS AN
D PERSISTENCE IN
SPHAGNUM
ASSEMBLAGES . . 55
4.6.1 FINE-SCALE DYNAMICS OVER 1-10 YEARS 56
4.6.2 DYNAMICS OVER SEVERAL DECADES 57
4.6.3 LONG-TERM DYNAMICS AN
D COEXISTENCE
AMONG
SPHAGNUM
SPECIES 59
4.7 CONCLUSIONS 61
REFERENCES 61
5
PEATLAND FAUNA
67
ANDRE DESROCHERS
AND
GERT-JAN VAN DUINE
N
5.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 67
5.2 NOT ONE, BU
T MANY WILDLIFE HABITATS 69
5.3 SPECIES DIVERSITY AN
D DISTRIBUTIO
N 70
CONTENTS
5.3.1
5.3.1.1
5.3.1.2
5.3.1.3
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.3.1
5.3.3.2
5.3.3.3
5.3.4
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.4.5
5.5
REFERENCES
INVERTEBRATES . .
SPECIES RICHNESS
LATITUDINAL VARIATK
ENVIRONMENTAL FAC
AMPHIBIANS AND R
BIRDS
AVIAN DIVERSITY PAT
THEROLEOFVEGETAT
LANDSCAPE AND SPA
MAMMALS
CONSERVATION ISSUE
URBAN SPRAWL . . .
AGRICULTURE AND
FOJ
NUTRIENT ENRICHMEI
PEAT HARVEST . . .
PEATLAND RESTORATIO
CONCLUSIONS . . .
THE ROLE OF FUNGI II
MARKUS
N.
THORMA
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.1.1
6.2.1.2
6.2.1.3
6.2.2
6.2.2.1
6.2.2.2
6.2.3
INTRODUCTION . . .
DECOMPOSITION OF 0
ROLE OF FUNGI IN DEC
FUNGAL SPECIES RICH:
SAPROBES
MYCORRHIZAS AND OTL
LITTER QUALITY . . .
MICROFUNGAL COMRM
ENZYMATIC PROFILES O
PROCESS OF
SPHAGNUN
6.3 CONCLUSIONS . . .
REFERENCES
7.1
7.2
DECOMPOSITION IN B(
TIM MOORE
AND
NATI
INTRODUCTION . . . .
LITTER DECOMPOSITIOR
CONTENTS IX
5.3.1 INVERTEBRATES 71
5.3.1.1 SPECIES RICHNESS 71
5.3.1.2 LATITUDINAL VARIATION AN
D TEMPERATURE 72
5.3.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 73
5.3.2 AMPHIBIANS AN
D REPTILES 75
5.3.3 BIRDS 76
5.3.3.1 AVIAN DIVERSITY PATTERN
S 77
5.3.3.2 THE ROLE OF VEGETATION STRUCTUR
E 82
5.3.3.3 LANDSCAPE AN
D SPATIAL ISSUES 82
5.3.4 MAMMALS 84
5.4 CONSERVATION ISSUES 85
5.4.1 URBAN SPRAWL 86
5.4.2 AGRICULTURE AN
D FORESTR
Y 86
5.4.3 NUTRIEN
T ENRICHMEN
T 87
5.4.4 PEAT HARVES
T 89
5.4.5 PEATLAND RESTORATION 90
5.5 CONCLUSIONS 93
REFERENCES 94
6 THE ROLE OF FUNGI IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
101
MARKUS
N.
THORMANN
6.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 101
6.2 DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER 102
6.2.1 ROLE OF FUNGI IN DECOMPOSITION DYNAMICS 102
6.2.1.1 FUNGAL SPECIES RICHNESS IN PEATLANDS 102
6.2.1.2 SAPROBES 105
6.2.1.3 MYCORRHIZAS AN
D OTHER ROOT ENDOPHYTE
S 106
6.2.2 LITTER QUALITY 109
6.2.2.1 MICROFUNGAL COMMUNIT
Y ANALYSES 109
6.2.2.2 ENZYMATIC PROFILES OF MICROFUNGI 112
6.2.3 PROCESS OF
SPHAGNUM
DECOMPOSITION 114
6.3 CONCLUSIONS 116
REFERENCES 118
7
DECOMPOSITION IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
125
TIM MOORE
AND
NATE BASILIKO
7.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 125
7.2 LITTER DECOMPOSITION 125
X CONTENTS
7.2.1 CONTROLS ON LITTER DECOMPOSITION 128
7.2.2 PEAT DECOMPOSITION 132
7.3 CONCLUSIONS 139
REFERENCES 140
8 PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
145
R.
KELMAN WIEDE
R
8.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 145
8.2
SPHAGNUM
PRODUCTIO
N 146
8.2.1 NITROGEN 146
8.2.2 OTHER NUTRIEN
T EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIO
N 147
8.2.2.1 SULFUR 147
8.2.2.2 PHOSPHORU
S AN
D POTASSIUM 148
8.2.3 CARBON DIOXIDE 148
8.2.4 CLIMATE AN
D MOISTURE 149
8.3 TRUE MOSS PRODUCTIO
N 150
8.4 HERBACEOUS SPECIES AN
D FIELD LAYER PRODUCTIO
N 151
8.5 SHRUB PRODUCTIO
N 152
8.6 TREE PRODUCTIO
N 154
8.7 CONCLUSIONS 157
REFERENCES 159
9 CARBON IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
165
HARR
I VASANDER
AND
ANU KETTUNEN
9.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 165
9.2 CARBON CYCLE IN PEATLANDS 166
9.3 CARBON DIOXIDE UPTAKE AN
D RELEASE 169
9.4 THE METHANE CYCLE IN WET ECOSYSTEMS 173
9.4.1 SUBSTRATE SUPPLY 173
9.4.2 ACETATE AN
D HYDROGEN PATHWAYS 174
9.4.3 METHANE PRODUCTIO
N 175
9.4.4 METHANE OXIDATION 176
9.4.5 METHANE TRANSPOR
T 176
9.4.6 RELATIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTA
L FACTORS
AN
D METHANE FLUX 177
9.5 CONCLUSIONS 180
REFERENCES 181
CONTENTS
10
THE NITROGEN CYCLE
JUUL LLMPENS, MON
AND
FRANK BEREND
10.1 INTRODUCTION . . .
10.2
THE PEATLAND NITROJ
10.2.1 INPUTS
10.2.1.1 NITROGEN DEPOSITIO
10.2.1.2 NITROGEN FIXATION
10.2.1.3 NITROGEN INFLOW .
10.2.2 OUTPUTS
10.2.2.1 RUNOFF
10.2.2.2 DENITRIFICATION . .
10.2.2.3 VOLATILIZATION . . .
10.2.3 STORAGE
10.2.3.1 PEAT
10.2.3.2 PLANTS
10.2.3.3 MOSS
10.2.3.4 MICROBES
10.2.3.5 WATER
10.3 WITHIN-ECOSYSTEM 1
10.3.1 NITROGEN RETENTION
10.3.2 RETRANSLOCATION .
10.3.3 MINERALIZATION . .
10.4 DISCUSSION . . . .
10.4.1 NITROGEN BUDGETS OI
10.4.1.1 CONCEPTUAL NITROGE:
10.4.1.2 NITROGEN UPTAKE BY
10.4.1.3 NITROGEN UPTAKE BY
10.4.2 EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHE
10.4.2.1 NITROGEN AVAILABILIR
10.4.2.2 PRODUCTIVITY . . .
10.4.2.3 FEEDBACKS AND CARB
10.5 CONCLUSIONS . . .
REFERENCES
11 PHOSPHORUS IN BORE
MARK
R.
WALBRIDGI
11.1 INTRODUCTION . . .
11.2 METHODS
CONTENTS XI
10 THE NITROGEN CYCLE IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
195
JUUL LLMPENS, MONIQUE M.P.D
. HEIJMANS,
AND
FRANK BERENDS
E
10.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 195
10.2 THE PEATLAN
D NITROGE
N CYCLE 196
10.2.1 INPUT
S 196
10.2.1.1 NITROGE
N DEPOSITIO
N 196
10.2.1.2 NITROGE
N FIXATIO
N 199
10.2.1.3 NITROGE
N INFLOW 200
10.2.2 OUTPUT
S 200
10.2.2.1 RUNOFF 201
10.2.2.2 DENITRIFICATIO
N 202
10.2.2.3 VOLATILIZATION 202
10.2.3 STORAGE 203
10.2.3.1 PEAT 203
10.2.3.2 PLANTS 205
10.2.3.3 MOSS 206
10.2.3.4 MICROBES 206
10.2.3.5 WATER 206
10.3 WITHIN-ECOSYSTE
M NITROGE
N CYCLING 207
10.3.1 NITROGE
N RETENTIO
N IN
SPHAGNUM
207
10.3.2 RETRANSLOCATIO
N 212
10.3.3 MINERALIZATIO
N 213
10.4 DISCUSSION 215
10.4.1 NITROGE
N BUDGETS OF BOREAL PEATLAND
S 215
10.4.1.1 CONCEPTUA
L NITROGE
N BUDGET 215
10.4.1.2 NITROGE
N UPTAK
E BY
SPHAGNUM
216
10.4.1.3 NITROGEN UPTAK
E BY VASCULAR PLANT
S AN
D MINERALIZATIO
N . 217
10.4.2 EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERI
C NITROGE
N DEPOSITIO
N 217
10.4.2.1 NITROGEN AVAILABILITY 217
10.4.2.2 PRODUCTIVIT
Y 218
10.4.2.3 FEEDBACKS AN
D CARBO
N ACCUMULATIO
N 219
10.5 CONCLUSIONS 221
REFERENCES 221
11 PHOSPHORUS IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
231
MARK R.WALBRIDG
E
AND
JOH
N
A.
NAVARATNAM
11.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 231
11.2 METHOD
S 232
XII CONTENTS
11.3 PHOPHORU
S CYCLING AN
D AVAILABILITY IN BOREAL PEATLANDS -
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 233
11.3.1 WEATHERING, PEDOGENESIS, AN
D PRIMAR
Y SUCCESSION ...
. 233
11.4 PEATLAND DEVELOPMENT, N-
P BALANCE,
AN
D ANTHROPOGENI
C EFFECTS 235
11.5 BIOLOGICAL AN
D GEOCHEMICAL CONTROL
OF PHOSPHORU
S CYCLING IN BOREAL PEATLANDS 237
11.6 STOICHIOMETRIC ANALYSIS 238
11.6.1 PLANT TISSUES 238
11.6.2 SURFACE SOILS 248
11.6.3 SURFACE WATERS 251
11.7 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 254
11.8 CONCLUSIONS 255
REFERENCES 255
12 SULFUR CYCLING IN BOREAL PEATLANDS:
FROM ACID RAIN TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
259
MELANIE
A.
VILE
AND
MARTI
N NOVAK
12.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 259
12.2 SULFUR CYCLE: PEATLANDS FUNCTION AS A SOURCE, SINK,
AN
D TRANSFORMER OF SULFUR 262
12.3 THE ROLE OF SULFUR IN TH
E CARBON BALANCE OF PEATLANDS . . 264
12.3.1 SULFATE REDUCTION IN PEATLANDS 264
12.3.2 EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR DEPOSITION
ON PEATLAND CO
2
PRODUCTIO
N 266
12.3.3 EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR DEPOSITION
ON CH
4
CYCLING IN PEATLANDS 271
12.3.4 SUMMAR
Y AN
D FUTURE RESEARCH 272
12.4 THE FATE AN
D STABILITY OF PEATLAND SULFUR 273
12.5 THE ROLE OF SULFUR IN METHYLATING MERCURY
AN
D DIMETHYL SULFIDE FORMATIO
N 278
12.6 THE IMPORTANC
E OF VOLATILE SULFUR COMPOUND
S
FROM PEATLANDS 280
12.7 CONCLUSIONS 280
REFERENCES 281
CONTENTS
1
3
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.4
13.5
13.5.1
13.5.2
13.5.2.1
13.5.2.2
13.6
THE HYDROLOGY OF B
DONALD
I.
SIEGEL
AN
INTRODUCTIO
N . . .
BASIC PRINCIPLES
MODELING THE HYDRO
OF GROUNDWATER FLO
ANALYTICAL APPROACH
NUMERICAL APPROACH
TRANSIENT HYDRAULIC
GEOCHEMICAL METHOI
GEOCHEMICAL TRACERS
ISOTOPIC GEOCHEMCIA
THE STABLE ISOTOPES C
ISOTOPES RELATED TO R
CONCLUSIONS . . . .
REFERENCES
1
4
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
MODELING ECOSYSTEM
IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
ZLCHENG YU
INTRODUCTIO
N . . . .
MODEL OVERVIEW . .
LONG-TERM TRAJECTON
CAUSES OF CONVEX ACE
MODELING ECOSYSTEM
INTERMEDIATE MODELS
14.7 CONCLUSIONS . . . .
REFERENCES
15
15.1
15.2
15.2.1
15.2.2
15.2.3
FORESTR
Y AND BOREAL P
JUKKA LAINE
, RAIJA
L
AN
D
HARR
I VASANDER
INTRODUCTIO
N ...
.
EFFECTS OF WATER-LEVEL
O
N TH
E SOIL ENVIRONM
E
INCREAS
E IN AEROBIC LI)
INCREASE
D ACIDIT
Y . .
CHANGE
S IN SOIL PHYSIC
CONTENTS XIII
13
THE HYDROLOGY
OF
BOREAL PEATLANDS
289
DONALD
I.
SIEGEL
AND
PAUL GLASER
13.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 289
13.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES 290
13.3 MODELING TH
E HYDRODYNAMIC
S
OF GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEMS IN PEATLANDS 294
13.3.1 ANALYTICAL APPROACHES 294
13.3.2 NUMERICAL APPROACHE
S 297
13.4 TRANSIENT HYDRAULIC CONDITION
S 298
13.5 GEOCHEMICAL METHOD
S TO VERIFY GROUNDWATE
R MODELS . . 300
13.5.1 GEOCHEMICAL TRACERS 300
13.5.2 ISOTOPIC GEOCHEMCIAL METHOD
S 304
13.5.2.1 THE STABLE ISOTOPES OF WATER 305
13.5.2.2 ISOTOPES RELATED TO RADIOGENIC DECAY 305
13.6 CONCLUSIONS 307
REFERENCES 307
14 MODELING ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES AND PEAT ACCUMULATION
IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
313
ZLCHENG YU
14.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 31
3
14.2 MODE
L OVERVIE
W 314
14.3 LONG-TER
M TRAJECTOR
Y O
F PEA
T ACCUMULATIO
N 315
14.4 CAUSE
S O
F CONVE
X ACCUMULATIO
N PATTERN
S 319
14.5 MODELIN
G ECOSYSTE
M PROCESSE
S I
N PEATLAND
S 32
1
14.6 INTERMEDIAT
E MODEL
S AN
D PROJECTIN
G PEATLAN
D DYNAMIC
S 32
3
14.7 CONCLUSION
S 32
6
REFERENCES 327
15 FORESTR
Y AN
D BOREA
L PEATLAND
S
331
JUKKA LAINE
, RAIJ
A LAIHO
, KAR
I MINKKINEN
,
AN
D
HARR
I VASANDE
R
15.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 331
15.2 EFFECTS OF WATER-LEVE
L DRAWDOW
N
O
N TH
E SOIL ENVIRONMEN
T 332
15.2.1 INCREAS
E I
N AEROBI
C LIMI
T 332
15.2.2 INCREASE
D ACIDIT
Y 332
15.2.3 CHANGE
S I
N SOIL PHYSICA
L PROPERTIE
S 33
3
XIV CONTENTS
15.2.4 EFFECTS ON MICROBIAL ENVIRONMENT 334
15.2.5 NUTRIEN
T CONDITION
S 334
15.3 PLANT-MEDIATED ORGANIC MATTER DYNAMICS 336
15.3.1 PLANT BIOMASS PRODUCTIO
N 336
15.3.2 LITTER INPUT
S 339
15.3.3 DECOMPOSITION 340
15.4 EFFECT ON CARBON BALANCE AN
D GREENHOUSE GAS FLUXES . . 341
15.4.1 CARBON AN
D NITROGEN CYCLE IN PEATLANDS 341
15.4.2 CHANGES IN CARBON DIOXIDE FLUXES 341
15.4.3 LEACHING OF CARBON 342
15.4.4 DECREASE IN METHANE EMISSIONS 343
15.4.5 INCREASE IN NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS
IN NUTRIENT-RICH PEATLANDS 343
15.4.6 GREENHOUSE IMPACT OF DRAINAGE 344
15.5 RESTORATION OF PEATLANDS DRAINE
D FOR FORESTR
Y 345
15.5.1 NEEDS AN
D AIMS OF RESTORATION 345
15.5.2 RESTORING DRAINE
D PEATLANDS TO PROMOT
E LANDSCAPE
AN
D SPECIES DIVERSITY 346
15.5.3 CHANGES IN WATER QUALITY AFTER RESTORATION 347
15.5.4 CONCLUSIONS 348
REFERENCES 349
16 DISTURBANCE IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
359
MERRIT
T
R.
TURETSKY
AND
VINCENT
L.
ST. LOUIS
16.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 359
16.2 HERBIVORY/GRAZING 360
16.2.1 HERBIVORY 360
16.2.2 ANIMAL HUSBANDR
Y 361
16.3 BIOMASS BURNING 361
16.4 FLOODING/INUNDATIO
N 363
16.4.1 BEAVER DAMMIN
G 363
16.4.2 RESERVOIR CREATION 363
16.4.3 THERMOKARS
T 364
16.5 WATER TABLE DRAWDOWN 364
16.5.1 PEAT EXTRACTION 365
16.5.2 FORESTRY 366
16.5.3 AGRICULTURE 367
16.6 ACID RAIN 367
16.7 OTHER DISTURBANCE
S 368
16.7.1 ICE STORMS 369
CONTENTS
16.7.2
16.7.3
16.8
16.8.1
16.8.2
16.9
INSECT OUTBREAKS .
LINEAR DISTURBANCE;
FEEDBACKS
CUMULATIVE IMP ACTS
CLIMATE-DISTURBANC
CONCLUSIONS . . .
REFERENCES
1
7
RESTORATION OF DEGR
LINE ROCHEFORT
AM
17.1 INTRODUCTION . . .
17.1.1 GOALS OF PEATLANDR*
17.1.2 CONSERVATION . . .
17.1.3 TOPICS OF THIS CHAP
17.2 BACKGROUND ON HAB
17.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING
ON DEGRADED PEATLAI
17.3.1 GENERAL APPROACH
17.3.2 DISSEMINATION . .
17.3.3 MICROCLIMATE . . .
17.3.4 HYDROLOGY ...
.
17.3.5 PEAT STABILITY AND QI
17.3.5.1 EROSION
17.3.5.2 FROST HEAVING . .
17.3.6 SPECIES INTERACTIONS
17.3.7 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
17.4 OVERVIEW OF RESTORA
17.4.1 PLANNING
17.4.2 SURFACE PREPARATION
17.4.3 PLANT MATERIAL CHOIC
17.4.4 DIASPORE PROTECTION
17.4.5 FERTILIZATION . . .
17.4.6 BLOCKING DRAINAGE A:
17.4.7 POOL CREATION
17.4.8 TIME TO RECOVERY
17.5 THE FUTURE OF PEATLAI
17.5.1 CLIMATE INFLUENCE .
17.5.2 MANAGEMENT APPROA
17.5.3 RESTORATION OF FENS
17.5.4
SPHAGNUM
FARMING;
CONTENTS XV
16.7.2 INSECT OUTBREAK
S 369
16.7.3 LINEAR DISTURBANCE
S 369
16.8 FEEDBACKS 370
16.8.1 CUMULATIVE IMPACT
S 370
16.8.2 CLIMATE-DISTURBANC
E INTERACTION
S 371
16.9 CONCLUSIONS 371
REFERENCES 372
17 RESTORATION OF DEGRADED BOREAL PEATLANDS
381
LINE ROCHEFORT
AND
ELVE LODE
17.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 381
17.1.1 GOALS OF PEATLAND RESTORATION 382
17.1.2 CONSERVATION 383
17.1.3 TOPICS OF THIS CHAPTER 383
17.2 BACKGROUND ON HABITAT LOSS 384
17.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING PLANT ESTABLISHMENT
ON DEGRADED PEATLANDS 385
17.3.1 GENERAL APPROACH 385
17.3.2 DISSEMINATION 389
17.3.3 MICROCLIMATE 391
17.3.4 HYDROLOGY 394
17.3.5 PEAT STABILITY AN
D QUALITY 398
17.3.5.1 EROSION 398
17.3.5.2 FROST HEAVING 399
17.3.6 SPECIES INTERACTION
S 402
17.3.7 CLIMATIC CONDITION
S 404
17.4 OVERVIEW OF RESTORATION PRACTICES 404
17.4.1 PLANNIN
G 405
17.4.2 SURFACE PREPARATIO
N 406
17.4.3 PLANT MATERIAL CHOICE AN
D SPREADING 407
17.4.4 DIASPORE PROTECTION 410
17.4.5 FERTILIZATION 411
17.4.6 BLOCKING DRAINAGE AN
D REWETTING 411
17.4.7 POOL CREATION 412
17.4.8 TIME TO RECOVERY 412
17.5 THE FUTURE OF PEATLAND RESTORATION RESEARCH 415
17.5.1 CLIMATE INFLUENCE 415
17.5.2 MANAGEMENT APPROACH 415
17.5.3 RESTORATION OF FENS 415
17.5.4
SPHAGNUM
FARMIN
G AN
D NURSER
Y 416
XVI CONTENTS
17.5.5 CREATION OF SP/ZAGNWM-DOMINATED PEATLANDS 416
17.6 CONCLUSIONS 416
REFERENCES 417
CONTRIBUTORS
18 BOREAL PEATLAN
D ECOSYSTEMS: OUR CARBO
N HERITAG
E
DALE
H.
VITT
AND R.
KELMAN WIEDER
425
SUBJECT INDEX
431
62901, USA, E-MAIL: BBENSC01@
|
| adam_txt |
R.K.WIEDER D.H.VITT (EDS.)
BOREAL PEATLAN
D ECOSYSTEMS
WITH 73 FIGURES, 6 IN COLOR, AN
D 22 TABLES
4U SPRINGER
CONTENTS
1 PEATLANDS AND THE BOREAL FOREST
1
R.
KELMAN WIEDER
, DALE
H.
VITT
,
AND
BRIA
N
W.
BENSCOTER
2
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND INDICATORS
OF BOREAL PEATLANDS
9
DALE H. VITT
2.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 9
2.2 PEATLAN
D INITIATIO
N 10
2.3 CRITICAL FACTOR
S FOR PEATLAN
D DIVERSIFICATION 10
2.3.1 HYDROLOGY . . . 11
2.3.2 CLIMATE 11
2.3.3 VEGETATION AN
D FLORA 14
2.3.4 VEGETATION COMPARISON
S 15
2.3.5 FLORISTIC INDICATOR
S 16
2.3.6 SUBSTRATE 17
2.3.7 CHEMISTR
Y 17
2.4 THE FUNCTIONA
L GRADE
S OF BOREAL WETLANDS 19
2.4.1 THE WETLAND GRAD
E 19
2.4.2 THE PEATLAN
D GRAD
E 20
2.4.3 THE FEN GRADE 20
2.4.4 THE BOG GRAD
E 21
2.5 CONCLUSIONS 21
REFERENCES 22
3 THE POSTGLACIAL DEVELOPMENT OF BOREAL
AND SUBARCTIC PEATLANDS
25
PETE
R KUHRY
AND
JUKKA TURUNEN
3.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 25
3.2 STUDY AREA 26
3.3 METHOD
S 26
VIII CONTENTS
3.4 REGIONAL PATTERN
S IN PEATLAND DEVELOPMENT 28
3.4.1 PEAT INCEPTION AN
D CESSATION DATES 28
3.4.2 PEATLAND LATERAL EXPANSION RATES 29
3.5 DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS IN PEATLANDS 31
3.5.1 PRIMAR
Y PEATLAND FORMATION
, PALUDIFICATION,
AN
D TERRESTRIALIZATION 31
3.5.2 VEGETATION SUCCESSION AN
D PATTER
N DEVELOPMENT 32
3.6 THE EFFECTS OF FIRE AN
D PERMAFROST 34
3.6.1 PEAT FIRES 34
3.6.2 PERMAFROST DYNAMICS 35
3.7 PEAT ACCUMULATION RATES 37
3.7.1 CONCEPTS 37
3.7.2 REGIONAL PATTERN
S 38
3.8 CONCLUSIONS 40
REFERENCES 41
4 THE ROLE OF
SPHAGNUM
IN PEATLAND DEVELOPMENT
AND PERSISTENCE
47
HAKAN RYDIN, URBAN GUNNARSSON,
AND
SEBASTIAN SUNDBERG
4.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 47
4.2 MORPHOLOGY AN
D WATER RELATIONS 49
4.3
SPHAGNUM
CHEMISTRY
: NUTRITION
, ACIDIFICATION,
AN
D DECAY 50
4.4 INTERACTION
S BETWEEN
SPHAGNUM
AN
D VASCULAR PLANTS . . 51
4.5 DISPERSAL, COLONIZATION, AN
D EXPANSION 52
4.6 DYNAMICS AN
D PERSISTENCE IN
SPHAGNUM
ASSEMBLAGES . . 55
4.6.1 FINE-SCALE DYNAMICS OVER 1-10 YEARS 56
4.6.2 DYNAMICS OVER SEVERAL DECADES 57
4.6.3 LONG-TERM DYNAMICS AN
D COEXISTENCE
AMONG
SPHAGNUM
SPECIES 59
4.7 CONCLUSIONS 61
REFERENCES 61
5
PEATLAND FAUNA
67
ANDRE DESROCHERS
AND
GERT-JAN VAN DUINE
N
5.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 67
5.2 NOT ONE, BU
T MANY WILDLIFE HABITATS 69
5.3 SPECIES DIVERSITY AN
D DISTRIBUTIO
N 70
CONTENTS
5.3.1
5.3.1.1
5.3.1.2
5.3.1.3
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.3.1
5.3.3.2
5.3.3.3
5.3.4
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.4.5
5.5
REFERENCES
INVERTEBRATES . .
SPECIES RICHNESS
LATITUDINAL VARIATK
ENVIRONMENTAL FAC
AMPHIBIANS AND R
BIRDS
AVIAN DIVERSITY PAT
THEROLEOFVEGETAT
LANDSCAPE AND SPA
MAMMALS
CONSERVATION ISSUE
URBAN SPRAWL . . .
AGRICULTURE AND
FOJ
NUTRIENT ENRICHMEI
PEAT HARVEST . . .
PEATLAND RESTORATIO
CONCLUSIONS . . .
THE ROLE OF FUNGI II
MARKUS
N.
THORMA
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.1.1
6.2.1.2
6.2.1.3
6.2.2
6.2.2.1
6.2.2.2
6.2.3
INTRODUCTION . . .
DECOMPOSITION OF 0
ROLE OF FUNGI IN DEC
FUNGAL SPECIES RICH:
SAPROBES
MYCORRHIZAS AND OTL
LITTER QUALITY . . .
MICROFUNGAL COMRM
ENZYMATIC PROFILES O
PROCESS OF
SPHAGNUN
6.3 CONCLUSIONS . . .
REFERENCES
7.1
7.2
DECOMPOSITION IN B(
TIM MOORE
AND
NATI
INTRODUCTION . . . .
LITTER DECOMPOSITIOR
CONTENTS IX
5.3.1 INVERTEBRATES 71
5.3.1.1 SPECIES RICHNESS 71
5.3.1.2 LATITUDINAL VARIATION AN
D TEMPERATURE 72
5.3.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 73
5.3.2 AMPHIBIANS AN
D REPTILES 75
5.3.3 BIRDS 76
5.3.3.1 AVIAN DIVERSITY PATTERN
S 77
5.3.3.2 THE ROLE OF VEGETATION STRUCTUR
E 82
5.3.3.3 LANDSCAPE AN
D SPATIAL ISSUES 82
5.3.4 MAMMALS 84
5.4 CONSERVATION ISSUES 85
5.4.1 URBAN SPRAWL 86
5.4.2 AGRICULTURE AN
D FORESTR
Y 86
5.4.3 NUTRIEN
T ENRICHMEN
T 87
5.4.4 PEAT HARVES
T 89
5.4.5 PEATLAND RESTORATION 90
5.5 CONCLUSIONS 93
REFERENCES 94
6 THE ROLE OF FUNGI IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
101
MARKUS
N.
THORMANN
6.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 101
6.2 DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER 102
6.2.1 ROLE OF FUNGI IN DECOMPOSITION DYNAMICS 102
6.2.1.1 FUNGAL SPECIES RICHNESS IN PEATLANDS 102
6.2.1.2 SAPROBES 105
6.2.1.3 MYCORRHIZAS AN
D OTHER ROOT ENDOPHYTE
S 106
6.2.2 LITTER QUALITY 109
6.2.2.1 MICROFUNGAL COMMUNIT
Y ANALYSES 109
6.2.2.2 ENZYMATIC PROFILES OF MICROFUNGI 112
6.2.3 PROCESS OF
SPHAGNUM
DECOMPOSITION 114
6.3 CONCLUSIONS 116
REFERENCES 118
7
DECOMPOSITION IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
125
TIM MOORE
AND
NATE BASILIKO
7.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 125
7.2 LITTER DECOMPOSITION 125
X CONTENTS
7.2.1 CONTROLS ON LITTER DECOMPOSITION 128
7.2.2 PEAT DECOMPOSITION 132
7.3 CONCLUSIONS 139
REFERENCES 140
8 PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
145
R.
KELMAN WIEDE
R
8.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 145
8.2
SPHAGNUM
PRODUCTIO
N 146
8.2.1 NITROGEN 146
8.2.2 OTHER NUTRIEN
T EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIO
N 147
8.2.2.1 SULFUR 147
8.2.2.2 PHOSPHORU
S AN
D POTASSIUM 148
8.2.3 CARBON DIOXIDE 148
8.2.4 CLIMATE AN
D MOISTURE 149
8.3 TRUE MOSS PRODUCTIO
N 150
8.4 HERBACEOUS SPECIES AN
D FIELD LAYER PRODUCTIO
N 151
8.5 SHRUB PRODUCTIO
N 152
8.6 TREE PRODUCTIO
N 154
8.7 CONCLUSIONS 157
REFERENCES 159
9 CARBON IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
165
HARR
I VASANDER
AND
ANU KETTUNEN
9.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 165
9.2 CARBON CYCLE IN PEATLANDS 166
9.3 CARBON DIOXIDE UPTAKE AN
D RELEASE 169
9.4 THE METHANE CYCLE IN WET ECOSYSTEMS 173
9.4.1 SUBSTRATE SUPPLY 173
9.4.2 ACETATE AN
D HYDROGEN PATHWAYS 174
9.4.3 METHANE PRODUCTIO
N 175
9.4.4 METHANE OXIDATION 176
9.4.5 METHANE TRANSPOR
T 176
9.4.6 RELATIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTA
L FACTORS
AN
D METHANE FLUX 177
9.5 CONCLUSIONS 180
REFERENCES 181
CONTENTS
10
THE NITROGEN CYCLE
JUUL LLMPENS, MON
AND
FRANK BEREND
10.1 INTRODUCTION . . .
10.2
THE PEATLAND NITROJ
10.2.1 INPUTS
10.2.1.1 NITROGEN DEPOSITIO
10.2.1.2 NITROGEN FIXATION
10.2.1.3 NITROGEN INFLOW .
10.2.2 OUTPUTS
10.2.2.1 RUNOFF
10.2.2.2 DENITRIFICATION . .
10.2.2.3 VOLATILIZATION . . .
10.2.3 STORAGE
10.2.3.1 PEAT
10.2.3.2 PLANTS
10.2.3.3 MOSS
10.2.3.4 MICROBES
10.2.3.5 WATER
10.3 WITHIN-ECOSYSTEM 1
10.3.1 NITROGEN RETENTION
10.3.2 RETRANSLOCATION .
10.3.3 MINERALIZATION . .
10.4 DISCUSSION . . . .
10.4.1 NITROGEN BUDGETS OI
10.4.1.1 CONCEPTUAL NITROGE:
10.4.1.2 NITROGEN UPTAKE BY
10.4.1.3 NITROGEN UPTAKE BY
10.4.2 EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHE
10.4.2.1 NITROGEN AVAILABILIR
10.4.2.2 PRODUCTIVITY . . .
10.4.2.3 FEEDBACKS AND CARB
10.5 CONCLUSIONS . . .
REFERENCES
11 PHOSPHORUS IN BORE
MARK
R.
WALBRIDGI
11.1 INTRODUCTION . . .
11.2 METHODS
CONTENTS XI
10 THE NITROGEN CYCLE IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
195
JUUL LLMPENS, MONIQUE M.P.D
. HEIJMANS,
AND
FRANK BERENDS
E
10.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 195
10.2 THE PEATLAN
D NITROGE
N CYCLE 196
10.2.1 INPUT
S 196
10.2.1.1 NITROGE
N DEPOSITIO
N 196
10.2.1.2 NITROGE
N FIXATIO
N 199
10.2.1.3 NITROGE
N INFLOW 200
10.2.2 OUTPUT
S 200
10.2.2.1 RUNOFF 201
10.2.2.2 DENITRIFICATIO
N 202
10.2.2.3 VOLATILIZATION 202
10.2.3 STORAGE 203
10.2.3.1 PEAT 203
10.2.3.2 PLANTS 205
10.2.3.3 MOSS 206
10.2.3.4 MICROBES 206
10.2.3.5 WATER 206
10.3 WITHIN-ECOSYSTE
M NITROGE
N CYCLING 207
10.3.1 NITROGE
N RETENTIO
N IN
SPHAGNUM
207
10.3.2 RETRANSLOCATIO
N 212
10.3.3 MINERALIZATIO
N 213
10.4 DISCUSSION 215
10.4.1 NITROGE
N BUDGETS OF BOREAL PEATLAND
S 215
10.4.1.1 CONCEPTUA
L NITROGE
N BUDGET 215
10.4.1.2 NITROGE
N UPTAK
E BY
SPHAGNUM
216
10.4.1.3 NITROGEN UPTAK
E BY VASCULAR PLANT
S AN
D MINERALIZATIO
N . 217
10.4.2 EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERI
C NITROGE
N DEPOSITIO
N 217
10.4.2.1 NITROGEN AVAILABILITY 217
10.4.2.2 PRODUCTIVIT
Y 218
10.4.2.3 FEEDBACKS AN
D CARBO
N ACCUMULATIO
N 219
10.5 CONCLUSIONS 221
REFERENCES 221
11 PHOSPHORUS IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
231
MARK R.WALBRIDG
E
AND
JOH
N
A.
NAVARATNAM
11.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 231
11.2 METHOD
S 232
XII CONTENTS
11.3 PHOPHORU
S CYCLING AN
D AVAILABILITY IN BOREAL PEATLANDS -
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 233
11.3.1 WEATHERING, PEDOGENESIS, AN
D PRIMAR
Y SUCCESSION .
. 233
11.4 PEATLAND DEVELOPMENT, N-
P BALANCE,
AN
D ANTHROPOGENI
C EFFECTS 235
11.5 BIOLOGICAL AN
D GEOCHEMICAL CONTROL
OF PHOSPHORU
S CYCLING IN BOREAL PEATLANDS 237
11.6 STOICHIOMETRIC ANALYSIS 238
11.6.1 PLANT TISSUES 238
11.6.2 SURFACE SOILS 248
11.6.3 SURFACE WATERS 251
11.7 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 254
11.8 CONCLUSIONS 255
REFERENCES 255
12 SULFUR CYCLING IN BOREAL PEATLANDS:
FROM ACID RAIN TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
259
MELANIE
A.
VILE
AND
MARTI
N NOVAK
12.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 259
12.2 SULFUR CYCLE: PEATLANDS FUNCTION AS A SOURCE, SINK,
AN
D TRANSFORMER OF SULFUR 262
12.3 THE ROLE OF SULFUR IN TH
E CARBON BALANCE OF PEATLANDS . . 264
12.3.1 SULFATE REDUCTION IN PEATLANDS 264
12.3.2 EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR DEPOSITION
ON PEATLAND CO
2
PRODUCTIO
N 266
12.3.3 EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR DEPOSITION
ON CH
4
CYCLING IN PEATLANDS 271
12.3.4 SUMMAR
Y AN
D FUTURE RESEARCH 272
12.4 THE FATE AN
D STABILITY OF PEATLAND SULFUR 273
12.5 THE ROLE OF SULFUR IN METHYLATING MERCURY
AN
D DIMETHYL SULFIDE FORMATIO
N 278
12.6 THE IMPORTANC
E OF VOLATILE SULFUR COMPOUND
S
FROM PEATLANDS 280
12.7 CONCLUSIONS 280
REFERENCES 281
CONTENTS
1
3
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.4
13.5
13.5.1
13.5.2
13.5.2.1
13.5.2.2
13.6
THE HYDROLOGY OF B
DONALD
I.
SIEGEL
AN
INTRODUCTIO
N . . .
BASIC PRINCIPLES
MODELING THE HYDRO
OF GROUNDWATER FLO\
ANALYTICAL APPROACH
NUMERICAL APPROACH
TRANSIENT HYDRAULIC
GEOCHEMICAL METHOI
GEOCHEMICAL TRACERS
ISOTOPIC GEOCHEMCIA
THE STABLE ISOTOPES C
ISOTOPES RELATED TO R
CONCLUSIONS . . . .
REFERENCES
1
4
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
MODELING ECOSYSTEM
IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
ZLCHENG YU
INTRODUCTIO
N . . . .
MODEL OVERVIEW . .
LONG-TERM TRAJECTON
CAUSES OF CONVEX ACE
MODELING ECOSYSTEM
INTERMEDIATE MODELS
14.7 CONCLUSIONS . . . .
REFERENCES
15
15.1
15.2
15.2.1
15.2.2
15.2.3
FORESTR
Y AND BOREAL P
JUKKA LAINE
, RAIJA
L
AN
D
HARR
I VASANDER
INTRODUCTIO
N .
.
EFFECTS OF WATER-LEVEL
O
N TH
E SOIL ENVIRONM
E
INCREAS
E IN AEROBIC LI)
INCREASE
D ACIDIT
Y . .
CHANGE
S IN SOIL PHYSIC
CONTENTS XIII
13
THE HYDROLOGY
OF
BOREAL PEATLANDS
289
DONALD
I.
SIEGEL
AND
PAUL GLASER
13.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 289
13.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES 290
13.3 MODELING TH
E HYDRODYNAMIC
S
OF GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEMS IN PEATLANDS 294
13.3.1 ANALYTICAL APPROACHES 294
13.3.2 NUMERICAL APPROACHE
S 297
13.4 TRANSIENT HYDRAULIC CONDITION
S 298
13.5 GEOCHEMICAL METHOD
S TO VERIFY GROUNDWATE
R MODELS . . 300
13.5.1 GEOCHEMICAL TRACERS 300
13.5.2 ISOTOPIC GEOCHEMCIAL METHOD
S 304
13.5.2.1 THE STABLE ISOTOPES OF WATER 305
13.5.2.2 ISOTOPES RELATED TO RADIOGENIC DECAY 305
13.6 CONCLUSIONS 307
REFERENCES 307
14 MODELING ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES AND PEAT ACCUMULATION
IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
313
ZLCHENG YU
14.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 31
3
14.2 MODE
L OVERVIE
W 314
14.3 LONG-TER
M TRAJECTOR
Y O
F PEA
T ACCUMULATIO
N 315
14.4 CAUSE
S O
F CONVE
X ACCUMULATIO
N PATTERN
S 319
14.5 MODELIN
G ECOSYSTE
M PROCESSE
S I
N PEATLAND
S 32
1
14.6 INTERMEDIAT
E MODEL
S AN
D PROJECTIN
G PEATLAN
D DYNAMIC
S 32
3
14.7 CONCLUSION
S 32
6
REFERENCES 327
15 FORESTR
Y AN
D BOREA
L PEATLAND
S
331
JUKKA LAINE
, RAIJ
A LAIHO
, KAR
I MINKKINEN
,
AN
D
HARR
I VASANDE
R
15.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 331
15.2 EFFECTS OF WATER-LEVE
L DRAWDOW
N
O
N TH
E SOIL ENVIRONMEN
T 332
15.2.1 INCREAS
E I
N AEROBI
C LIMI
T 332
15.2.2 INCREASE
D ACIDIT
Y 332
15.2.3 CHANGE
S I
N SOIL PHYSICA
L PROPERTIE
S 33
3
XIV CONTENTS
15.2.4 EFFECTS ON MICROBIAL ENVIRONMENT 334
15.2.5 NUTRIEN
T CONDITION
S 334
15.3 PLANT-MEDIATED ORGANIC MATTER DYNAMICS 336
15.3.1 PLANT BIOMASS PRODUCTIO
N 336
15.3.2 LITTER INPUT
S 339
15.3.3 DECOMPOSITION 340
15.4 EFFECT ON CARBON BALANCE AN
D GREENHOUSE GAS FLUXES . . 341
15.4.1 CARBON AN
D NITROGEN CYCLE IN PEATLANDS 341
15.4.2 CHANGES IN CARBON DIOXIDE FLUXES 341
15.4.3 LEACHING OF CARBON 342
15.4.4 DECREASE IN METHANE EMISSIONS 343
15.4.5 INCREASE IN NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS
IN NUTRIENT-RICH PEATLANDS 343
15.4.6 GREENHOUSE IMPACT OF DRAINAGE 344
15.5 RESTORATION OF PEATLANDS DRAINE
D FOR FORESTR
Y 345
15.5.1 NEEDS AN
D AIMS OF RESTORATION 345
15.5.2 RESTORING DRAINE
D PEATLANDS TO PROMOT
E LANDSCAPE
AN
D SPECIES DIVERSITY 346
15.5.3 CHANGES IN WATER QUALITY AFTER RESTORATION 347
15.5.4 CONCLUSIONS 348
REFERENCES 349
16 DISTURBANCE IN BOREAL PEATLANDS
359
MERRIT
T
R.
TURETSKY
AND
VINCENT
L.
ST. LOUIS
16.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 359
16.2 HERBIVORY/GRAZING 360
16.2.1 HERBIVORY 360
16.2.2 ANIMAL HUSBANDR
Y 361
16.3 BIOMASS BURNING 361
16.4 FLOODING/INUNDATIO
N 363
16.4.1 BEAVER DAMMIN
G 363
16.4.2 RESERVOIR CREATION 363
16.4.3 THERMOKARS
T 364
16.5 WATER TABLE DRAWDOWN 364
16.5.1 PEAT EXTRACTION 365
16.5.2 FORESTRY 366
16.5.3 AGRICULTURE 367
16.6 ACID RAIN 367
16.7 OTHER DISTURBANCE
S 368
16.7.1 ICE STORMS 369
CONTENTS
16.7.2
16.7.3
16.8
16.8.1
16.8.2
16.9
INSECT OUTBREAKS .
LINEAR DISTURBANCE;
FEEDBACKS
CUMULATIVE IMP ACTS
CLIMATE-DISTURBANC
CONCLUSIONS . . .
REFERENCES
1
7
RESTORATION OF DEGR
LINE ROCHEFORT
AM
17.1 INTRODUCTION . . .
17.1.1 GOALS OF PEATLANDR*
17.1.2 CONSERVATION . . .
17.1.3 TOPICS OF THIS CHAP
17.2 BACKGROUND ON HAB
17.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING
ON DEGRADED PEATLAI
17.3.1 GENERAL APPROACH
17.3.2 DISSEMINATION . .
17.3.3 MICROCLIMATE . . .
17.3.4 HYDROLOGY .
.
17.3.5 PEAT STABILITY AND QI
17.3.5.1 EROSION
17.3.5.2 FROST HEAVING . .
17.3.6 SPECIES INTERACTIONS
17.3.7 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
17.4 OVERVIEW OF RESTORA
17.4.1 PLANNING
17.4.2 SURFACE PREPARATION
17.4.3 PLANT MATERIAL CHOIC
17.4.4 DIASPORE PROTECTION
17.4.5 FERTILIZATION . . .
17.4.6 BLOCKING DRAINAGE A:
17.4.7 POOL CREATION
17.4.8 TIME TO "RECOVERY"
17.5 THE FUTURE OF PEATLAI
17.5.1 CLIMATE INFLUENCE .
17.5.2 MANAGEMENT APPROA
17.5.3 RESTORATION OF FENS
17.5.4
SPHAGNUM
FARMING;
CONTENTS XV
16.7.2 INSECT OUTBREAK
S 369
16.7.3 LINEAR DISTURBANCE
S 369
16.8 FEEDBACKS 370
16.8.1 CUMULATIVE IMPACT
S 370
16.8.2 CLIMATE-DISTURBANC
E INTERACTION
S 371
16.9 CONCLUSIONS 371
REFERENCES 372
17 RESTORATION OF DEGRADED BOREAL PEATLANDS
381
LINE ROCHEFORT
AND
ELVE LODE
17.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 381
17.1.1 GOALS OF PEATLAND RESTORATION 382
17.1.2 CONSERVATION 383
17.1.3 TOPICS OF THIS CHAPTER 383
17.2 BACKGROUND ON HABITAT LOSS 384
17.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING PLANT ESTABLISHMENT
ON DEGRADED PEATLANDS 385
17.3.1 GENERAL APPROACH 385
17.3.2 DISSEMINATION 389
17.3.3 MICROCLIMATE 391
17.3.4 HYDROLOGY 394
17.3.5 PEAT STABILITY AN
D QUALITY 398
17.3.5.1 EROSION 398
17.3.5.2 FROST HEAVING 399
17.3.6 SPECIES INTERACTION
S 402
17.3.7 CLIMATIC CONDITION
S 404
17.4 OVERVIEW OF RESTORATION PRACTICES 404
17.4.1 PLANNIN
G 405
17.4.2 SURFACE PREPARATIO
N 406
17.4.3 PLANT MATERIAL CHOICE AN
D SPREADING 407
17.4.4 DIASPORE PROTECTION 410
17.4.5 FERTILIZATION 411
17.4.6 BLOCKING DRAINAGE AN
D REWETTING 411
17.4.7 POOL CREATION 412
17.4.8 TIME TO "RECOVERY" 412
17.5 THE FUTURE OF PEATLAND RESTORATION RESEARCH 415
17.5.1 CLIMATE INFLUENCE 415
17.5.2 MANAGEMENT APPROACH 415
17.5.3 RESTORATION OF FENS 415
17.5.4
SPHAGNUM
FARMIN
G AN
D NURSER
Y 416
XVI CONTENTS
17.5.5 CREATION OF SP/ZAGNWM-DOMINATED PEATLANDS 416
17.6 CONCLUSIONS 416
REFERENCES 417
CONTRIBUTORS
18 BOREAL PEATLAN
D ECOSYSTEMS: OUR CARBO
N HERITAG
E
DALE
H.
VITT
AND R.
KELMAN WIEDER
425
SUBJECT INDEX
431
62901, USA, E-MAIL: BBENSC01@ |
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| discipline | Biologie Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie Geographie |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/978-3-540-31913-9 |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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| geographic | Boreale Region (DE-588)4080470-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Boreale Region |
| id | DE-604.BV022373046 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:08:00Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:56:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783540319122 9783540319139 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015582181 |
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| publishDate | 2006 |
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| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Ecological Studies |
| series2 | Ecological Studies |
| spelling | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables R. K. Wieder ... (eds.) Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2006 1 Online-Ressource txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Ecological Studies 188 Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd rswk-swf Moor (DE-588)4040195-9 gnd rswk-swf Moorlandschaft (DE-588)4356439-2 gnd rswk-swf Boreale Region (DE-588)4080470-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Boreale Region (DE-588)4080470-7 g Moorlandschaft (DE-588)4356439-2 s Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 s DE-604 Moor (DE-588)4040195-9 s b DE-604 Wieder, R. K. Sonstige oth Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Hardcover 3-540-31912-3 Ecological Studies 188 (DE-604)BV000004586 188 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31913-9 Verlag Volltext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015582181&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables Ecological Studies Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Moor (DE-588)4040195-9 gnd Moorlandschaft (DE-588)4356439-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4040195-9 (DE-588)4356439-2 (DE-588)4080470-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables |
| title_auth | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables |
| title_exact_search | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables |
| title_full | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables R. K. Wieder ... (eds.) |
| title_fullStr | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables R. K. Wieder ... (eds.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables R. K. Wieder ... (eds.) |
| title_short | Boreal peatland ecosystems |
| title_sort | boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables |
| title_sub | with 22 tables |
| topic | Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Moor (DE-588)4040195-9 gnd Moorlandschaft (DE-588)4356439-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ökosystem Moor Moorlandschaft Boreale Region Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31913-9 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015582181&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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