International economic law:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2008
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed., 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | International economic law series
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | LIII, 956 S. |
| ISBN: | 0199226946 9780199226948 0199226938 9780199226931 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a International economic law |c Andreas F. Lowenfeld |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136424049475584 |
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| adam_text | INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW SECOND EDITION ANDREAS F. LOWENFELD HERBERT
AND ROSE RUBIN PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL
OF LAW OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS TABLE OF CASES XXXV TABLE OF
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS XLVII TABLE OF STATUTES AND REGULATIONS LIII
PART I. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 1 1. ECONOMIC LAW AND THE LAWS OF
ECONOMICS 3 1.1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.2 A FIRST LOOK AT COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
4 1.3 SOME COMPLICATIONS 6 1.4 FROM ECONOMIC THEORY TO POLICY, POLITICS,
AND LAW 7 2. MONEY, EXCHANGE RATES, AND THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 9 2.1
INTRODUCTION 9 2.2 THREE APPROACHES TO EXCHANGE RATES AND THE ADJUSTMENT
PROCESS 10 (A) THE GOLD STANDARD 10 (B) FIXED EXCHANGE RATES AND THE
BRETTON WOODS SCHEME 12 (C) FLOATING EXCHANGE RATES 13 2.3 THE BALANCE
OF PAYMENTS 15 (A) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ACCOUNTING ILLUSTRATED 15 (B) THE
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND THE BRETTON WOODS SCHEME 18 2.4 SOME PRELIMINARY
OBSERVATIONS 18 PART II. THE GATT/WTO SYSTEM 21 3. THE GENERAL AGREEMENT
ON TARIFFS AND TRADE: ORIGINS AND OVERVIEW 23 3.1 THE ANTECEDENTS 23 3.2
THE BIRTH OF GATT: ALMOST BY ACCIDENT 25 3.3 AN OVERVIEW OF THE GATT 28
(A) THE ARCHITECTURE 28 (B) THE MAJOR PRINCIPLES 30 3.4 A FIRST LOOK AT
THE QUALIFICATIONS 33 (A) PRESERVATION OF EXISTING PREFERENCES 33 (B)
EXISTING LEGISLATION AND THE PROTOCOL OF PROVISIONAL APPLICATION 34
XVI CONTENTS (C) POLITICAL EXCLUSIONS (ART. XXXV) 35 (D) NATIONAL
SECURITY (ART. XXI) 36 (E) GENERAL EXCEPTIONS 38 (F) PERMISSIBLE
QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS 39 3.5 ROUNDING OUT THE OVERVIEW 40 (A) THE
ESCAPE CLAUSE 40 (B) CUSTOMS UNIONS AND FREE TRADE AREAS 42 (C) DUMPING
AND SUBSIDIES 42 (D) WAIVERS 43 (E) DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN GATT 45
SUMMARY 47 4. EVOLUTION OF THE GATT AND GATT LAW 48 4.1 INTRODUCTION 48
4.2 MFN, RECIPROCITY, AND THE NEGOTIATING ROUNDS 49 (A) THE FIRST FIVE
ROUNDS (1947-61) 49 (B) THE KENNEDY ROUND 52 4.3 THE TOKYO ROUND AND THE
SEPARATE CODES 57 (A) AN EXPANDED AGENDA 57 (B) SEPARATE CODES AND THE
QUESTION OF MFN 59 (C) ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES OF THE TOKYO ROUND 61
4.4 THE URUGUAY ROUND 64 (A) THE EXPLODING AGENDA 64 (B) THE UPS AND
DOWNS OF THE URUGUAY ROUND 66 (C) THE FINAL STAGE 70 SUMMARY 71 5. THE
GATT/WTO SYSTEM AFTER THE URUGUAY ROUND: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY 72 5.1 A
FIRST LOOK AT THE SYSTEM 73 5.2 THE TOKYO ROUND AGREEMENTS REVISED I:
THE UNFAIR TRADE REGIMES 76 (A) SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES
76 (B) DUMPING AND ANTI-DUMPING 77 5.3 THE TOKYO ROUND AGREEMENTS
REVISED II: THE LESSER AGREEMENTS 79 (A) CUSTOMS VALUATION 79 (B)
TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE 82 (C) IMPORT LICENSING PROCEDURES 86 (D)
GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT 88 5.4 THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS 91 (A)
BACKGROUND OF THE AGREEMENT 91 (B) THE BASIC COMMITMENTS 93 (C) THE
REQUIREMENT OF NOTIFICATION 96 CONTENTS XVII (D) THE QUESTION OF
SELECTIVITY 96 (E) ADJUSTMENT IN PLACE OF PROTECTION 97 (F) INCENTIVES
TO COMPLIANCE 98 (G) THE SAFEGUARDS AGREEMENT BEFORE THE DISPUTE
MECHANISM 98 5.5 THE AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE 100 (A) MARKET ACCESS 100
(B) EXPORT SUBSIDIES 101 (C) DOMESTIC SUPPORTS 101 5.6 TRADE-RELATED
INVESTMENT MEASURES 103 (A) BACKGROUND: THE CANADA-UNITED STATES DISPUTE
OVER THE FOREIGN INVESTMENT REVIEW ACT 103 (B) FROM THE FIRA CASE TO THE
TRIMS AGREEMENT 105 5.7 TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHTS 107 (A) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY BEFORE THE URUGUAY ROUND 107 (B)
INTRODUCING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION INTO THE GATT/WTO SYSTEM
109 (C) THE TRIPS AGREEMENT: AN OVERVIEW 110 (D) THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
WITHIN THE GATT/WTO SYSTEM 112 (E) TRIPS AND THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
112 (F) TRIPS AND COMPETITION LAW 114 SUMMARY 115 6. THE INTERNATIONAL
EXCHANGE OF SERVICES AND THE CREATION OF GATS 117 6.1 INTRODUCTION 118
(A) SERVICES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY 118 (B) SERVICES IN THE GATT/WTO
SYSTEM 119 6.2 APPROACHING THE BARRIERS TO TRADE IN SERVICES 120 6.3 THE
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES: AN OVERVIEW 122 (A) THE SCHEME
OF THE GATS 122 (B) GATT AND GATS COMPARED 124 6.4 THE GATS: A CLOSER
LOOK 125 (A) MOST-FAVOURED-NATION TREATMENT 125 (B) TRANSPARENCY AND
FAIR PROCEDURES 125 (C) MARKET ACCESS 126 (D) NATIONAL TREATMENT 127 6.5
IMPLEMENTING THE GATS 127 6.6 GATS AND FINANCIAL SERVICES 129 (A) THE
ANNEX ON FINANCIAL SERVICES 129 (B) THE COMMITMENTS: MARKET ACCESS AND
NATIONAL TREATMENT 129 XVIII CONTENTS (C) THE COMMITMENTS:
MOST-FAVOURED-NATION TREATMENT 130 (D) HORIZONTAL COMMITMENTS 131 (E)
THE UNDERSTANDING ON COMMITMENTS IN FINANCIAL SERVICES 131 6.7 GATS AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS 132 (A) THE REVOLUTION IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS 132 (B)
THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS ANNEXES 133 (C) THE CONDITIONS OF COMPETITION AND
THE REFERENCE PAPER 134 1. ACCOUNTING RATES 134 2. THE POTENTIAL FOR
DISCRIMINATION AND MFN 135 3. THE REFERENCE PAPER 135 (D) THE MEXICO *
TELECOMS CASE 137 6.8 THE SERVICES AGREEMENT BEFORE THE APPELLATE BODY:
THE US* GAMBLING CASE 138 SUMMARY 141 PART III. DISPUTE RESOLUTION 143
7. DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN THE GATT, 1948-94 145 7.1 INTRODUCTION:
RESOLUTION OF LEGAL DISPUTES BETWEEN STATES 145 (A) THE WORLD COURT 146
(B) INTERSTATE ARBITRATION 147 7.2 GATT AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: THE
ORIGINAL CONCEPTION 148 7.3 EVOLUTION OF THE GATT AS A FORUM FOR
DISPUTES: ADJUDICATION AND ITS ALTERNATIVES 150 (A) THE FIRST PHASE
(1948-60) 150 (B) A PAUSE IN THE PROCESS (1963-70) 153 (C) DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT REVIVED (1970-79) 153 7.4 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN THE 1980S AND
THE URUGUAY ROUND 156 (A) MORE LAW, MORE DISPUTES, MORE DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT 156 (B) DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN THE URUGUAY ROUND 158 8.
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN THE WTO 161 8.1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM 162 (A)
FROM COMPLAINT TO FINAL REPORT 162 (B) THE EFFECT OF A DECISION AND THE
ISSUE OF SOVEREIGNTY 165 1. FINDING IN FAVOUR OF RESPONDENT 165 2.
FINDING IN FAVOUR OF COMPLAINANT 166 CONTENTS XI X (C) THE QUESTION OF
COMPLIANCE 167 (D) COMPENSATION AND RETALIATION 169 (E) THE SYSTEM IN
CONTEXT 171 8.2 A CLOSER LOOK AT THE PANELS 173 (A) SELECTION OF
PANELISTS 173 (B) CONFLICTS OF INTEREST AND THE QUESTION OF BIAS 174 (C)
CONFIDENTIALITY 176 (D) INFORMATION FOR THE PANEL 176 (E) THE USE OF
EXPERTS 177 (F) THE SUGGESTION FOR PERMANENT PANELISTS 178 8.3 THE
APPELLATE BODY 178 (A) THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE APPELLATE BODY 179 (B)
FUNCTIONING OF THE APPELLATE BODY 180 (C) THE APPEAL PROCESS AND THE
SCOPE OF REVIEW 181 8.4 THE ROLE OF THE SECRETARIAT 184 8.5 EXPANDING
THE CONTROVERSY*COUNTERCLAIMS, THIRD PARTY PARTICIPANTS, AND AMID 185
(A) COUNTERCLAIMS 185 (B) PARTICIPATION BY THIRD PARTIES 186 (C) THE
AMICUS CURIAE ISSUE 187 8.6 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND THE DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES 189 8.7 NULLIFICATION AND IMPAIRMENT 191 (A) VIOLATION
COMPLAINTS 191 (B) NON-VIOLATION COMPLAINTS 192 8.8 THE UNDERSTANDING ON
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND UNILATERAL ACTION: HEREIN OF SECTION 301 AND THE
BANANAS SAGA 195 (A) THE URUGUAY ROUND BARGAIN 195 (B) SECTION 301 AFTER
THE URUGUAY ROUND 197 (C) SECTION 301 ON TRIAL 199 (D) THE BANANAS SAGA
204 SUMMARY: A DECADE OF THE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM 211 PART IV.
THE RULES OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN DETAIL 213 9. THE QUESTION OF
SUBSIDIES 215 9.1 INTRODUCTION 216 9.2 GATT AND THE SUBSIDIES QUESTION:
ARTICLE XVI 217 9.3 GATT AND THE SUBSIDIES QUESTION: ARTICLE VI 222 9.4
THE SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING DUTIES CODE OF 1979 225 (A) THE BASIC
COMPROMISE 225 XX CONTENTS (B) PROCEDURAL ASPECTS: COUNTERVAILING DUTIES
AND REQUIRED DETERMINATIONS 226 (C) THE QUESTION OF INJURY 228 (D)
REGULATION OF SUBSIDIES 231 (E) THE SECOND TRACK 231 (F) THE STEEL
SUBSIDIES CASES 232 SUMMARY 238 9.5 THE URUGUAY ROUND AGREEMENT ON
SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES 238 (A) INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
238 (B) DEFINING A SUBSIDY: CHARGE ON THE PUBLIC ACCOUNT OR BENEFIT TO
THE RECIPIENT 239 (C) THE QUESTION OF SPECIFICITY 243 (D) CHARACTERIZING
SUBSIDIES: THE TRAFFIC LIGHT APPROACH 244 1. RED AND GREEN LIGHT
SUBSIDIES 244 2. YELLOW LIGHT SUBSIDIES 246 3. PROHIBITED AND
ACTIONABLE CONTRASTED: THE KOREA * VESSELS CASE 246 (E) MEASURING A
SUBSIDY 248 (F) EXPORT CREDITS AND THE OECD ARRANGEMENT 249 1. THE OECD
EXPORT CREDIT ARRANGEMENT 249 2. EXPORT CREDITS AND THE WTO SUBSIDIES
AGREEMENT 252 (G) BENEFIT VERSUS PUBLIC CHARGE REVISITED: SUBSIDIES AND
PRIVATIZATION 255 9.6 SUBSIDIES AND THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 258 (A) IN
THE TOKYO ROUND 258 (B) IN THE URUGUAY ROUND 259 (C) IN THE DOHA ROUND
260 CONCLUSION 260 10. DUMPING AND ANTI-DUMPING 262 10.1 INTRODUCTION
AND OVERVIEW 263 10.2 ECONOMIC ARGUMENTS: PRO AND CON 265 10.3
LEGISLATING THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF DUMPING AND ANTI-DUMPING (1947-94)
268 10.4 ESTABLISHING THE FACT AND THE MARGIN OF DUMPING 271 (A) THE
EXPORT PRICE 271 (B) NORMAL VALUE 273 1. THE BASIC RULE 273 2.
INADEQUATE HOME MARKET SALES 273 3. SALES BELOW COST 274 4. CONSTRUCTED
VALUE 27J (C) AVERAGING 276 CONTENTS XXI (D) THE QUESTION OF EXCHANGE
RATES 278 (E) NON-MARKET ECONOMIES 280 10.5 DETERMINATION OF INJURY 284
(A) THE ELEMENTS OF INJURY 284 (B) THE LINK BETWEEN IMPORTS AND INJURY
287 (C) MARGIN OF DUMPING OR MARGIN OF INJURY 289 (D) CUMULATION 290 (E)
THREAT OF INJURY 292 (F) MATERIAL RETARDATION 295 10.6 ANTI-DUMPING,
ANTITRUST, AND PUBLIC INTEREST 296 (A) COULD ANTITRUST REPLACE
ANTI-DUMPING LAWS? 296 (B) ANTI-DUMPING, COMPETITION, AND THE PUBLIC
INTEREST 298 10.7 ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION MEASURES 300 10.8 THE ANTI-DUMPING
PROCEEDING 304 (A) STANDING 304 (B) PRELIMINARY INJURY FINDING 306 (C)
PROVISIONAL MEASURES 307 (D) ASSEMBLING THE FACTS 308 (E) TRANSPARENCY
AND THE RIGHT TO BE HEARD 310 (F) PRICE UNDERTAKINGS 310 (G) JUDICIAL
REVIEW 311 10.9 ACTION ON BEHALF OF THIRD COUNTRIES 312 10.10 REVIEW AND
SUNSET 313 10.11 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 314 CONCLUSION 317 11. AGRICULTURE
318 11.1 AGRICULTURE UNDER THE GATT 1947-94 318 11.2 THE AGREEMENT OF
AGRICULTURE 321 (A) MARKET ACCESS 321 (B) EXPORT SUBSIDIES 323 (C)
DOMESTIC SUPPORTS 325 11.3 DOMESTIC SUPPORT AND EXPORT SUBSIDIES: THE EC
SUGAR REGIME 329 SUMMARY 332 11.4 AGRICULTURE AND THE DOHA ROUND 332 12.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW AND THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM, BY ROCHELLE C
DREYFUSS 337 12.1 THE MAJOR CONVENTIONS, TRIPS, AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENTS 338 (A) THE PARIS AND BERNE CONVENTIONS 338 (B) THE
INTRODUCTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTO THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM 339
(C) FURTHER MULTILATERAL AND REGIONAL AGREEMENTS 340 XXII CONTENTS 12.2
PATENTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 341 (A) THE PARIS CONVENTION 341 (B) THE
PATENT COOPERATION TREATY 343 (C) THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 343 12.3
TRADEMARKS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 345 (A) THE PARIS CONVENTION 345 (B) THE
MADRID AGREEMENT AND PROTOCOL 346 (C) THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 346 12.4
COPYRIGHT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 347 (A) THE BERNE CONVENTION 347 (B) THE
TRIPS AGREEMENT 349 (C) THE WIPO COPYRIGHT TREATY 349 12.5 OTHER FORMS
OF PROTECTED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 350 (A) THE REACH OF THE TRIPS
AGREEMENT 350 (B) OTHER MULTILATERAL AGREEMENTS 351 12.6 THE TRIPS
AGREEMENT IN PRACTICE 351 (A) PATENT PROTECTION 352 (B) TRADEMARK
PROTECTION 355 (C) COPYRIGHTS 359 12.7 THE TRIPS AGREEMENT IN
PERSPECTIVE: LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING AHEAD 361 (A) TRIPS AND THE
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 361 (B) INNOVATION AND THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 364 (C)
ACQUIRING, ENFORCING, AND NEGOTIATING WORLDWIDE RIGHTS 365 SUMMARY 368
PART V. BEYOND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 369 13. THE ENVIRONMENT AND
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 371 13.1 INTRODUCTION 372 13.2 ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATION DEFINED 375 13.3 THE GROWTH OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 376
(A) THE ENVIRONMENT AS A POPULAR CAUSE 376 (B) THE STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE
(1972) 377 (C) A FLOOD OF TREATIES 378 (D) THE RIO CONFERENCE (1992) 378
13.4 TRANSLATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT INTO POSITIVE INTERNATIONAL
LAW: TWO ILLUSTRATIONS 381 (A) THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL 381 1. CFCS AND THE
OZONE LAYER: THE ROAD TO THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL 381 2. THE MONTREAL
PROTOCOL AND ITS AMENDMENTS 384 CONTENTS XXIII 3. THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL
AND GATT 384 (B) THE BASEL CONVENTION 386 1. BACKGROUND: THE PROBLEM OF
WASTE DISPOSAL 386 2. THE BASEL CONVENTION 387 3. THE BASEL CONVENTION
AND GATT 387 CONCLUSION 388 13.5 TRADE VERSUS ENVIRONMENT: THE
TUNA/DOLPHIN CASE 388 (A) THE FACTUAL BACKGROUND 389 (B) THE RESTRICTION
AND CHALLENGE 389 (C) THE PANEL FINDINGS 391 (D) AFTERMATH OF THE
TUNA/DOLPHIN CASE 391 13.6 FROM TUNA TO SHRIMP, FROM DOLPHINS TO TURTLES
392 (A) TUNA/DOLPHIN II 392 (B) THE SHRIMP/TURTLE CASE 393 13.7 THE
SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY AGREEMENT AND THE BEEF HORMONES CASE 399 (A)
THE SPS AGREEMENT 399 (B) THE BEEF HORMONES CASE: ROUND I 400 (C) THE
BEEF HORMONES CASE: ROUND II 401 (D) BURDEN OF PROOF 401 (E) THE
PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 402 (F) RISK ASSESSMENT 404 (G) DISCRIMINATION
406 (H) LESSONS FROM THE BEEF HORMONES CASE: SOME TENTATIVE CONCLUSIONS
408 13.8 SOME CLOSING THOUGHTS AND A LOOK AHEAD 409 (A) FURTHER THOUGHTS
ON THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 410 (B) BEYOND THE WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION? 412 14. COMPETITION LAW, BY ELEANOR M FOX 417 14.1
INTRODUCTION: THE PLACE OF COMPETITION LAW IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW
418 14.2 THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF ANTITRUST LAW IN THE UNITED STATES
419 14.3 THE ADOPTION OF COMPETITION LAW IN EUROPE AND JAPAN 421 14.4
THE REACH OF NATIONAL LAW AND THE EFFECTS DOCTRINE 423 (A) PROTECTING
COMPETITION IN DOMESTIC MARKETS 423 (B) OPENING FOREIGN MARKETS 428 (C)
REGULATING MULTIJURISDICTIONAL MERGERS 430 14.5 MODERN COMPETITION LAW:
SUBSTANTIVE RULES AND PRINCIPLES 431 (A) OVERVIEW 431 (B) CARTELS AND
BOYCOTTS 432 (C) MONOPOLIZATION AND ABUSE OF DOMINANCE 434 XXIV CONTENTS
(D) VERTICAL RESTRAINTS 437 1. VERTICAL RESTRAINTS IN GENERAL 437 2.
LICENCES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 439 (E) MERGERS 442 (F) JOINT VENTURES
AND ALLIANCES 445 (G) OTHER COLLABORATIONS AMONG COMPETITORS 446 (H)
GOVERNMENT ACTION DEFENCES 446 14.6 ENFORCEMENT OF COMPETITION LAW 448
(A) THE UNITED STATES 448 1. THE JUSTICE DEPARTMENT AND THE FEDERAL
TRADE COMMISSION 448 2. PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL LAW 450 3.
ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL LAW BY STATE ATTORNEYS GENERAL 451 (B) THE
EUROPEAN UNION 451 14.7 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND COMITY 453 (A)
IMPAIRMENT OF FOREIGN MARKET ACCESS 453 (B) INTERNATIONAL CODES 454 (C)
BILATERAL COOPERATION 456 (D) REGIONAL COOPERATION 459 (E) THE PROBLEM
OF EVIDENCE 460 14.8 COMPETITION POLICY AND WORLD ECONOMIC INTEGRATION*A
LOOK AHEAD 460 PART VI. INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT 465 INTRODUCTION 467
15. THE RESPONSIBILITY OF HOST STATES TO FOREIGN INVESTORS: CUSTOMARY
INTERNATIONAL LAW 469 15.1 BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR 469 15.2 BREAKDOWN
OF THE CONSENSUS 470 (A) THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND REPUDIATION OF
PRIVATE PROPERTY 470 (B) THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION, THE SOCIAL FUNCTION OF
PROPERTY, AND THE CALVO DOCTRINE 471 15.3 THE CLASSICAL WESTERN VIEW 473
(A) JUDICIAL SOURCES 473 (B) THE HULL FORMULA 475 15.4 THE DISCONNECT
BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE 481 (A) THE HAVANA CHARTER 482 (B) THE WAVE
OF EXPROPRIATIONS (1945-70) 483 15.5 THE UN S ATTEMPTS TO DECLARE
CUSTOMARY LAW 486 (A) PERMANENT SOVEREIGNTY OVER NATURAL RESOURCES
(1962) 486 CONTENTS XXV (B) FROM PERMANENT SOVEREIGNTY TO THE NEW
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER 489 SUMMARY 494 16. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND
INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT 495 16.1 INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL TRIBUNALS 496
(A) THE LIBYAN NATIONALIZATION CASES 496 (B) AMINOIL V KUWAIT 503 1.
BACKGROUND 503 2. THE ARBITRATION AND THE GOVERNING LAW 504 3. KUWAIT S
DEFENCES 505 4. THE STABILIZATION CLAUSE 506 5. COMPENSATION 509 SUMMARY
510 16.2 THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 511 (A) THE ANGLO-IRANIAN
CASE (1952) 512 (B) THE BARCELONA TRACTION CASE (1970) 512 (C) THE ELSI
CASE 515 16.3 INTERNATIONAL LAW IN NATIONAL COURTS 518 (A) LITIGATION
AROUND THE WORLD 518 1. THE CLASSIC ENGLISH VIEW 518 2. THE
ANGLO-IRANIAN CASES IN NATIONAL COURTS 519 3. THE INDONESIAN TOBACCO
CASES 521 (B) THE ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE IN THE UNITED STATES 524 1. THE
SABBATINO CASE 525 2. LIMITING THE ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE 528 SUMMARY 533
SUMMARY 533 17. EVOLVING STANDARDS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ON INTERNATIONAL
INVESTMENT 535 17.1 THE ICSID CONVENTION 536 (A) ORIGINS AND PURPOSE OF
THE CONVENTION 536 (B) THE SCHEME OF THE CONVENTION AND THE QUESTION OF
CONSENT 537 (C) THE CONVENTION AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 539 (D) GRADUAL
ACCEPTANCE OF THE CONVENTION 540 17.2 THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS
TRIBUNAL 541 (A) BACKGROUND 542 (B) CONSTITUTION AND MANDATE OF THE
TRIBUNAL 543 (C) THE CLAIMS TRIBUNAL AND THE EXPROPRIATION CASES 544 1.
ELIGIBLE CLAIMANTS 545 2. AVAILABILITY OF THE FORUM 545 3. WHAT IS A
TAKING? 546 4. STANDARD OF COMPENSATION 547 5. THE QUANTUM OF
COMPENSATION 550 XXVI CONTENTS (D) THE IRAN-US CLAIMS TRIBUNAL AND
INTERNATIONAL LAW 553 17.3 BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES 554 (A)
INTRODUCTION: THE SPREAD OF BITS 554 (B) THE CONTENT OF BITS 555 1.
ADMISSION OF THE INVESTMENT 555 2. FAIR AND EQUITABLE TREATMENT 556 3.
FULL PROTECTION AND SECURITY 558 4. EXPROPRIATION 559 5. COMPENSATION
564 6. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 570 (C) BITS AND JURISDICTION: THE MFN
QUESTION 572 (D) DEFENCES 577 1. MEASURES OF GENERAL APPLICATION 577 2.
THE DEFENCE OF NECESSITY 580 (E) BITS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 584 17.4 THE
MULTILATERAL INVESTMENT GUARANTEE AGENCY (MIGA) 586 (A) INTRODUCTION 586
(B) COVERED RISKS 587 (C) MIGA AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 588 SUMMARY 591
PART VII. THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM 593 INTRODUCTION 595 18. THE
BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM 597 18.1 BEFORE BRETTON WOODS: GOOD AND BAD
MEMORIES 598 18.2 THE BRETTON WOODS CONFERENCE 600 18.3 THE IMF AS AN
ORGANIZATION 601 18.4 THE FUND AGREEMENT AS A CODE OF CONDUCT 605 18.5
THE IMF AND EXCHANGE CONTROLS 606 (A) CURRENT TRANSACTIONS 606 (B)
CAPITAL TRANSACTIONS 60O (C) THE QUESTION OF DISCRIMINATION 609 18.6 THE
FUND AS A POOL OF RESOURCES 610 (A) MEMBER STATES QUOTAS 610 (B)
DRAWING ON THE FUND 610 (C) CONDITIONS FOR DRAWING 611 18.7 DRAWING
RIGHTS AND STAND-BY ARRANGEMENTS 613 (A) LIMITATIONS ON DRAWING RIGHTS
613 (B) THE ORIGINS OF STAND-BY ARRANGEMENTS 614 (C) STAND-BY
ARRANGEMENTS AND LETTERS OF INTENT 615 (D) THE LEGAL STATUS OF STAND-BY
ARRANGEMENTS 616 CONTENTS XXVII 18.8 CREATION OF RESERVES: SPECIAL
DRAWING RIGHTS IN THE IMF 618 (A) THE PROBLEM OF THE SUPPLY OF RESERVES
618 (B) CREATING RESERVES BY CONSCIOUS DECISION: THE FIRST AMENDMENT TO
THE IMF ARTICLES 618 (C) SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHTS, RECONSTITUTION, AND
LINKS TO DEVELOPMENT 619 (D) VALUATION OF SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHTS 620 (E)
INTEREST AND CHARGES 621 (F) SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL
MONETARY SYSTEM 622 18.9 THE FIXED EXCHANGE REGIME (1945-71) 622 (A) THE
PAR VALUE SYSTEM 622 (B) DEMISE OF THE PAR VALUE SYSTEM 624 (C) ATTEMPT
AT REPAIR: THE SMITHSONIAN AGREEMENT 625 19. THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY
FUND AS AMENDED 628 19.1 THE IMF IN TRANSITION 629 (A) THE OUTLINE OF
REFORM 630 (B) ACCEPTANCE OF FLOATING EXCHANGE RATES 631 (C) AMENDING
THE ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT 631 19.2 SCOPE OF THE AMENDMENTS 633 19.3 NEW
ARTICLE IV AND THE LAW OF EXCHANGE ARRANGEMENTS 634 (A) FREEDOM TO
CHOOSE 634 (B) OBLIGATIONS UNDER ARTICLE IV 635 (C) OVERSEEING THE
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM 636 19.4 SURVEILLANCE BY THE IMF 637 (A)
THE DECISION ON SURVEILLANCE 638 (B) THE REACH OF THE FUND S
JURISDICTION 639 (C) SURVEILLANCE IN PRACTICE 640 (D) SUMMARY 643 19.5
CONDITIONALITY UNDER THE AMENDED ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT 644 (A)
CONDITIONALITY CODIFIED 644 (B) CONDITIONALITY AND THE CHANGED CLIENTELE
OF THE IMF 645 (C) EVOLUTION OF THE GUIDELINES ON CONDITIONALITY 647 1.
THE FIRST VERSION (1979-2002) 647 2. THE GUIDELINES REVISED (2002-) 649
19.6 SPECIAL FACILITIES OF THE FUND: RESOURCES BEYOND THE FORMAL LIMITS
651 (A) THE EXTENDED FUND FACILITY 652 (B) THE COMPENSATORY FINANCING
FACILITY 652 XXVIII CONTENTS (C) THE OIL FACILITY 653 (D) OTHER
FACILITIES FOR UNFORESEEN CONTINGENCIES 653 (E) SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCING
AND RELATED FACILITIES 654 (F) THE POVERTY REDUCTION FACILITIES 655 19.7
BORROWING BY THE FUND 658 (A) THE GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS TO BORROW 658 (B)
THE NEW ARRANGEMENTS TO BORROW 661 (C) BORROWING FOR SPECIAL FACILITIES
662 19.8 ENFORCEMENT OF OBLIGATIONS TO THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
663 SUMMARY 665 20. THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM AND REGIONAL
CRISES 667 INTRODUCTION 668 A. LATIN AMERICA, 1982-95 20.1 ORIGINS OF
THE CRISIS 669 20.2 THE CRISIS ERUPTS: THE CASE OF MEXICO 671 20.3 THE
RESPONSE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM: THE MEXICAN CASE CONTINUED 673 (A)
THE FIRST QUICK FIX 673 (B) MANAGING THE MEDIUM TERM 674 20.4 PRECEDENT
BECOMES PATTERN: A BRIEFER LOOK AT THE BRAZILIAN CASE 677 (A) AGAIN A
FIRST QUICK FIX 678 (B) THE TAP TURNED OFF, AND ON AGAIN 679 20.5
RESCHEDULING, RESTRUCTURING, AND THE BAKER AND BRADY PLANS 681 (A) THE
FIRST ASSESSMENT (1982-85) 681 (B) THE BAKER INITIATIVE (1985-88) 682
(C) THE BRADY INITIATIVE (1989-) 683 20.6 A NEW MEXICAN CRISIS (1994-95)
688 (A) THE COLLAPSE OF THE PESO 688 (B) THE RESPONSE OF THE
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY 689 (C) LOOKING BACK AT THE CRISIS: SUCCESS OF
THE RESCUE 692 B. SOUTH-EAST ASIA, 1997-98 20.7 THE FALLING DOMINOES 694
20.8 THE RESPONSE OF THE IMF: INTRODUCING STRUCTURAL REFORM 696 20.9 AN
INTERIM APPRAISAL 698 C. RUSSIA, 1990-2000 20.10 THE COLLAPSE OF THE
SOVIET UNION 699 CONTENTS XXIX 20.11 INTEGRATING RUSSIA INTO THE SYSTEM
702 (A) THE FIRST STEPS 702 (B) ENTER THE IMF: PHASE I 703 20.12
CONDITIONALITY MAINTAINED 706 (A) CONDITIONALITY, RUSSIAN STYLE 706 (B)
CONDITIONALITY MODIFIED: THE SYSTEMIC TRANSFORMATION FACILITY 707 20.13
ECONOMICS AND POLITICS: BETTING ON YELTSIN (1996) 711 20.14
CONDITIONALITY, CRISIS, AND CORRUPTION (1997-2000) 713 (A) BUILDING
CONFIDENCE 713 (B) LOSING CONFIDENCE 714 (C) DEFAULT 716 (D) A FRESH
START? 717 SUMMARY 718 D. ARGENTINA, 1999-2005 20.15 ON THE BRINK AND
OVER 719 (A) BACKGROUND 720 (B) THE IMF AND ARGENTINA (2000-2001) 721
20.16 CRISIS 726 (A) DEFAULT 726 (B) THE GOVERNMENT S RESPONSE 726 20.17
A NEW REGIME IN ARGENTINA 729 (A) THE ELECTION OF NESTOR KIRCHNER 729
(B) DENOUEMENT: ARGENTINA PAYS OFF THE IMF 730 20.18 THE FUND IN
PERSPECTIVE OF THE ARGENTINE CRISIS 731 E. DEFAULTING STATES AND PRIVATE
CREDITORS 20.19 RESTRUCTURING DEFAULTED DEBT 733 (A) EMERGING MARKETS IN
THE 1990S 733 (B) THE SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING MECHANISM 735 (C) THE
NON-CONSENTING CREDITOR 736 (D) COLLECTIVE ACTION CLAUSES 739 20.20
ARGENTINA AND THE HOLDERS OF ITS BONDS 740 (A) THE HAIRCUT 740 (B)
ARGENTINA IN NATIONAL COURTS 741 1. LITIGATION IN GERMANY 742 2.
LITIGATION IN THE UNITED STATES 744 21. OTHER INSTITUTIONS OF THE
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM 749 21.1 THE WORLD BANK AND ITS AFFILIATES
749 (A) THE WORLD BANK 749 (B) THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION
752 (C) THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION 753 XXX CONTENTS 21.2 THE
BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS 754 (A) THE CENTRAL BANKS BANK 754
(B) A FORUM FOR REGULATORS 756 21.3 THE PARIS CLUB 756 21.4 THE GROUP OF
TEN 760 (A) THE RISE AND DECLINE OF THE GROUP OF TEN 760 (B) WORKING
PARTY THREE 762 21.5 THE GROUP OF SEVEN AND RELATED GROUPS 763 (A)
ORIGIN OF THE G-7 763 (B) THE G-7, THE G-5, AND ATTEMPTS TO MANAGE
EXCHANGE RATES 764 (C) THE GROUP OF SEVEN IN OTHER CONTEXTS 769 22. THE
EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM AND THE RISE OF THE EURO 771 22.1 THE EUROPEAN
MONETARY SYSTEM (1972-92) 772 (A) THE ORIGIN OF THE EMS 772 (B) THE
EXCHANGE RATE MECHANISM IN OPERATION (1979-92) 773 22.2 COLLAPSE OF THE
EMS: TWO CRISES 778 (A) SEPTEMBER 1992: THE POUND AND THE LIRA 778 (B)
JULY-AUGUST 1993: THE FRENCH FRANC 779 (C) SOME LESSONS FROM THE
EXPERIENCE OF THE EMS (1979-93) 780 22.3 ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION:
THE TREATY OF MAASTRICHT 781 (A) THE VISION OF ECONOMIC UNION 781 (B)
THE TREATY OF MAASTRICHT 782 (C) FROM MAASTRICHT TO E-DAY 786 22.4 THE
STABILITY AND GROWTH PACT 787 (A) THE GOAL OF PARALLEL ECONOMIC POLICIES
787 (B) THE STABILITY PACT PUT TO THE TEST 789 CONCLUSION 793 22.5 THE
EURO AND THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK 793 (A) THE MANDATE OF THE EMU 793
(B) THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK AND THE POLITICIANS 794 (C) THE EMU AND
MEMBER STATES 797 (D) THE OUTER RING: ERM II 798 (E) THE EMU AND THE
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM 799 1. THE EMU AND THE IMF 7 2. THE EMU
IN OTHER INSTITUTIONAL SETTINGS 801 3. THE EURO AND NON-EUROPEAN
CURRENCIES 801 SUMMARY 802 CONTENTS XXXI 23. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY LAW
AND PRIVATE ACTIVITY WITH PETER S SMEDRESMAN 804 23.1 EXCHANGE CONTROLS,
EXCHANGE CONTRACTS, ANC (A) (B) 1 ARTICLE VILL(2)(B) THE IMF AND
EXCHANGE CONTROLS EXCHANGE CONTRACTS AND THE FUND AGREEMENT 1. PUBLIC
POLICY 2. EXCHANGE CONTRACT 3. ... WHICH INVOLVE THE CURRENCY 4.
MAINTAINED OR IMPOSED CONSISTENTLY WITH THIS AGREEMENT 23.2 REGULATION
OF BANKS: INTERSECTION OF PUBLIC AND (A) (B) (C) SUMMARY 1 PRIVATE
INTERNATIONAL LAW THE BASEL CONCORDAT THE CONCORDAT REVISED ANOTHER
DISASTER, ANOTHER AGREEMENT: THE BCCI AFFAIR 23.3 MORE INTERNATIONAL
COORDINATION: CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BANKS INTRODUCTION (A) (B) (C)
(D) (E) SUMMARY THE SEARCH FOR CAPITAL ADEQUACY STANDARDS THE BASEL
CAPITAL ADEQUACY ACCORD OF 1988 (BASEL I) 1. DEFINING CAPITAL 2.
DEFINING ASSETS (I) BALANCE SHEET ITEMS (II) OFF-BALANCE SHEET ITEMS
(III) DIRECT CREDIT SUBSTITUTES FROM BASEL I TO BASEL II 1. NEW
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCE 2. EXPANDING CLASSES OF ASSETS
(I) SECURITIZED CREDIT INSTRUMENTS (II) DERIVATIVES 3. THE MARKET RISK
AMENDMENT 4. STRIVING FOR CONSENSUS BASEL II: AN OVERVIEW 1. THE THREE
PILLARS 2. ADOPTION OF BASEL II 3. THE HOME-HOST PROBLEM 4. THE IMF AND
BASELLL BEYOND BANKS 805 805 807 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 815 819 820
820 821 825 825 827 827 828 830 831 831 832 832 832 833 834 835 835 839
840 841 842 844 XXXII CONTENTS PART VIII. ECONOMIC CONTROLS FOR
POLITICAL ENDS 847 INTRODUCTION 849 24. UNITED NATIONS AND OTHER
COLLECTIVE SANCTIONS 853 A. UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS: THE LEGAL
FRAMEWORK 24.1 SANCTIONS BY ORDER OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL 854 24.2 THE
PREDICATE FOR MANDATORY SANCTIONS 857 24.3 THE SCOPE OF SANCTIONS 859
(A) WHAT SANCTIONS MAY BE ORDERED 859 (B) THE INCREASING USE OF
SANCTIONS 861 (C) THE PATTERN OF MANDATORY SANCTIONS 861 (D) THE
TERRITORIAL SCOPE OF SANCTIONS 862 (E) THE DURATION OF SANCTIONS 864
24.4 COMPLIANCE WITH SANCTIONS 865 24.5 ENFORCEMENT OF SANCTIONS 867
24.6 COMMON EXEMPTIONS FROM MANDATORY SANCTIONS 869 24.7 NON-BINDING
SANCTIONS UNDER UNITED NATIONS AUSPICES 869 B. IRAQ AND THE ROLE OF
SANCTIONS 24.8 THE INVASION OF KUWAIT AND THE SECURITY COUNCIL S
RESPONSE (1990-91) 871 (A) THE FIRST RESPONSE OF THE INTERNATIONAL 871
COMMUNITY 0/ 879 (B) EXPANDING THE SANCTIONS (C) LETTING SANCTIONS
WORK 872 24.9 THE UNITED NATIONS AND IRAQ (1991-2003) 873 (A) WAR AND
CEASEFIRE 873 (B) THE UPS AND DOWNS OF THE UN SANCTIONS PROGRAMME 8 / 1.
COMPREHENSIVE SANCTIONS 2. THE OIL-FOR-FOOD PROGRAMME 875 3. SMART
SANCTIONS 87 (C) THE END GAME AND THE ROAD TO WAR 876 C. ECONOMIC
SANCTIONS AND REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS: COLLECTIVE ACTION IN THE OAS 878
24.10 THE COMPROMISE AT SAN FRANCISCO 24.11 THE OAS CHARTER AND T 24.12
THE LEADING PRECEDENTS 24.11 THE OAS CHARTER AND THE RIO TREATY 879 (A)
SANCTIONS AGAINST DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (1960) (B) SANCTIONS AGAINST
CUBA (1962- ) 88 24.13 THE OAS, THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL, AND THE HAITI
CASE (1991-94) 88 ^ SUMMARY 88 CONTENTS XXXIII PS. A NEW CYCLE? (JULY
2007) 888 ZX XON 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 AMIC SANCTIONS WITHOUT
BENEHT OF LREATY INTRODUCTION THE RANGE OF NATIONAL SANCTIONS: THE
UNITED STATES AS MODEL (A) TOTAL EMBARGO (B) ASSETS FREEZE AND FINANCIAL
CONTROLS (C) IMPORT CONTROLS (D) EXPORT CONTROLS UNITED STATES EXPORT
CONTROLS: A CLOSER LOOK (A) THE SYSTEM OF LICENCES (B) COUNTRY GROUPS
(C) MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES OF EXPORT CONTROL (D) ENFORCEMENT AND THE
BLACKLIST ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND THE JURISDICTION OF STATES (A)
JURISDICTION TO PRESCRIBE AND JURISDICTION TO ENFORCE (B) INTERNATIONAL
LAW AND THE JURISDICTION OF STATES (C) BANK DEPOSITS AND THE FREEZING OF
ASSETS (D) LIMITS ON EXPORT CONTROLS (1) PATRIAN REGULATIONS IN TERTIAN
COURTS (2) THE SIBERIAN PIPELINE CASE (E) SUMMARY ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND
THE GATT (A) INTRODUCTION (B) THE SECURITY EXCEPTION ARTICLE (C)
CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND UNITED STATES SANCTIONS (1948, 1951) (D) THE
ARGENTINE CRISIS AND THE GATT DECISION (1982) (E) THE NICARAGUA QUESTION
(1983, 1985) (F) THE HELMS-BURTON ACT: EU VERSUS USA SUMMARY AFTERWORD
INDEX OF SUBJECTS INDEX OF PERSONS 890 891 892 892 893 894 895 896 896
897 898 899 900 900 901 906 909 909 910 915 915 915 916 918 919 921 923
925 927 929 953
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INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW SECOND EDITION ANDREAS F. LOWENFELD HERBERT
AND ROSE RUBIN PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL
OF LAW OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS TABLE OF CASES XXXV TABLE OF
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS XLVII TABLE OF STATUTES AND REGULATIONS LIII
PART I. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 1 1. ECONOMIC LAW AND THE LAWS OF
ECONOMICS 3 1.1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.2 A FIRST LOOK AT COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
4 1.3 SOME COMPLICATIONS 6 1.4 FROM ECONOMIC THEORY TO POLICY, POLITICS,
AND LAW 7 2. MONEY, EXCHANGE RATES, AND THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 9 2.1
INTRODUCTION 9 2.2 THREE APPROACHES TO EXCHANGE RATES AND THE ADJUSTMENT
PROCESS 10 (A) THE GOLD STANDARD 10 (B) FIXED EXCHANGE RATES AND THE
BRETTON WOODS SCHEME 12 (C) FLOATING EXCHANGE RATES 13 2.3 THE BALANCE
OF PAYMENTS 15 (A) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ACCOUNTING ILLUSTRATED 15 (B) THE
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND THE BRETTON WOODS SCHEME 18 2.4 SOME PRELIMINARY
OBSERVATIONS 18 PART II. THE GATT/WTO SYSTEM 21 3. THE GENERAL AGREEMENT
ON TARIFFS AND TRADE: ORIGINS AND OVERVIEW 23 3.1 THE ANTECEDENTS 23 3.2
THE BIRTH OF GATT: ALMOST BY ACCIDENT 25 3.3 AN OVERVIEW OF THE GATT 28
(A) THE ARCHITECTURE 28 (B) THE MAJOR PRINCIPLES 30 3.4 A FIRST LOOK AT
THE QUALIFICATIONS 33 (A) PRESERVATION OF EXISTING PREFERENCES 33 (B)
'EXISTING LEGISLATION' AND THE PROTOCOL OF PROVISIONAL APPLICATION 34
XVI CONTENTS (C) POLITICAL EXCLUSIONS (ART. XXXV) 35 (D) NATIONAL
SECURITY (ART. XXI) 36 (E) 'GENERAL EXCEPTIONS' 38 (F) PERMISSIBLE
QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS 39 3.5 ROUNDING OUT THE OVERVIEW 40 (A) THE
ESCAPE CLAUSE 40 (B) CUSTOMS UNIONS AND FREE TRADE AREAS 42 (C) DUMPING
AND SUBSIDIES 42 (D) WAIVERS 43 (E) DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN GATT 45
SUMMARY 47 4. EVOLUTION OF THE GATT AND GATT LAW 48 4.1 INTRODUCTION 48
4.2 MFN, RECIPROCITY, AND THE NEGOTIATING ROUNDS 49 (A) THE FIRST FIVE
ROUNDS (1947-61) 49 (B) THE KENNEDY ROUND 52 4.3 THE TOKYO ROUND AND THE
SEPARATE CODES 57 (A) AN EXPANDED AGENDA 57 (B) SEPARATE CODES AND THE
QUESTION OF MFN 59 (C) ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES OF THE TOKYO ROUND 61
4.4 THE URUGUAY ROUND 64 (A) THE EXPLODING AGENDA 64 (B) THE UPS AND
DOWNS OF THE URUGUAY ROUND 66 (C) THE FINAL STAGE 70 SUMMARY 71 5. THE
GATT/WTO SYSTEM AFTER THE URUGUAY ROUND: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY 72 5.1 A
FIRST LOOK AT THE SYSTEM 73 5.2 THE TOKYO ROUND AGREEMENTS REVISED I:
THE 'UNFAIR TRADE' REGIMES 76 (A) SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES
76 (B) DUMPING AND ANTI-DUMPING 77 5.3 THE TOKYO ROUND AGREEMENTS
REVISED II: THE LESSER AGREEMENTS 79 (A) CUSTOMS VALUATION 79 (B)
TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE 82 (C) IMPORT LICENSING PROCEDURES 86 (D)
GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT 88 5.4 THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS 91 (A)
BACKGROUND OF THE AGREEMENT 91 (B) THE BASIC COMMITMENTS 93 (C) THE
REQUIREMENT OF NOTIFICATION 96 CONTENTS XVII (D) THE QUESTION OF
SELECTIVITY 96 (E) ADJUSTMENT IN PLACE OF PROTECTION 97 (F) INCENTIVES
TO COMPLIANCE 98 (G) THE SAFEGUARDS AGREEMENT BEFORE THE DISPUTE
MECHANISM 98 5.5 THE AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE 100 (A) MARKET ACCESS 100
(B) EXPORT SUBSIDIES 101 (C) DOMESTIC SUPPORTS 101 5.6 TRADE-RELATED
INVESTMENT MEASURES 103 (A) BACKGROUND: THE CANADA-UNITED STATES DISPUTE
OVER THE FOREIGN INVESTMENT REVIEW ACT 103 (B) FROM THE FIRA CASE TO THE
TRIMS AGREEMENT 105 5.7 TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHTS 107 (A) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY BEFORE THE URUGUAY ROUND 107 (B)
INTRODUCING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION INTO THE GATT/WTO SYSTEM
109 (C) THE TRIPS AGREEMENT: AN OVERVIEW 110 (D) THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
WITHIN THE GATT/WTO SYSTEM 112 (E) TRIPS AND THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
112 (F) TRIPS AND COMPETITION LAW 114 SUMMARY 115 6. THE INTERNATIONAL
EXCHANGE OF SERVICES AND THE CREATION OF GATS 117 6.1 INTRODUCTION 118
(A) SERVICES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY 118 (B) SERVICES IN THE GATT/WTO
SYSTEM 119 6.2 APPROACHING THE BARRIERS TO TRADE IN SERVICES 120 6.3 THE
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES: AN OVERVIEW 122 (A) THE SCHEME
OF THE GATS 122 (B) GATT AND GATS COMPARED 124 6.4 THE GATS: A CLOSER
LOOK 125 (A) MOST-FAVOURED-NATION TREATMENT 125 (B) TRANSPARENCY AND
FAIR PROCEDURES 125 (C) MARKET ACCESS 126 (D) NATIONAL TREATMENT 127 6.5
IMPLEMENTING THE GATS 127 6.6 GATS AND FINANCIAL SERVICES 129 (A) THE
ANNEX ON FINANCIAL SERVICES 129 (B) THE COMMITMENTS: MARKET ACCESS AND
NATIONAL TREATMENT 129 XVIII CONTENTS (C) THE COMMITMENTS:
MOST-FAVOURED-NATION TREATMENT 130 (D) 'HORIZONTAL COMMITMENTS' 131 (E)
THE UNDERSTANDING ON COMMITMENTS IN FINANCIAL SERVICES 131 6.7 GATS AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS 132 (A) THE REVOLUTION IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS 132 (B)
THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS ANNEXES 133 (C) THE CONDITIONS OF COMPETITION AND
THE REFERENCE PAPER 134 1. ACCOUNTING RATES 134 2. THE POTENTIAL FOR
DISCRIMINATION AND MFN 135 3. THE REFERENCE PAPER 135 (D) THE MEXICO *
TELECOMS CASE 137 6.8 THE SERVICES AGREEMENT BEFORE THE APPELLATE BODY:
THE US* GAMBLING CASE 138 SUMMARY 141 PART III. DISPUTE RESOLUTION 143
7. DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN THE GATT, 1948-94 145 7.1 INTRODUCTION:
RESOLUTION OF LEGAL DISPUTES BETWEEN STATES 145 (A) THE WORLD COURT 146
(B) INTERSTATE ARBITRATION 147 7.2 GATT AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: THE
ORIGINAL CONCEPTION 148 7.3 EVOLUTION OF THE GATT AS A FORUM FOR
DISPUTES: ADJUDICATION AND ITS ALTERNATIVES 150 (A) THE FIRST PHASE
(1948-60) 150 (B) A PAUSE IN THE PROCESS (1963-70) 153 (C) DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT REVIVED (1970-79) 153 7.4 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN THE 1980S AND
THE URUGUAY ROUND 156 (A) MORE LAW, MORE DISPUTES, MORE DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT 156 (B) DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN THE URUGUAY ROUND 158 8.
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN THE WTO 161 8.1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM 162 (A)
FROM COMPLAINT TO FINAL REPORT 162 (B) THE EFFECT OF A DECISION AND THE
ISSUE OF SOVEREIGNTY 165 1. FINDING IN FAVOUR OF RESPONDENT 165 2.
FINDING IN FAVOUR OF COMPLAINANT 166 CONTENTS XI X (C) THE QUESTION OF
COMPLIANCE 167 (D) COMPENSATION AND RETALIATION 169 (E) THE SYSTEM IN
CONTEXT 171 8.2 A CLOSER LOOK AT THE PANELS 173 (A) SELECTION OF
PANELISTS 173 (B) CONFLICTS OF INTEREST AND THE QUESTION OF BIAS 174 (C)
CONFIDENTIALITY 176 (D) INFORMATION FOR THE PANEL 176 (E) THE USE OF
EXPERTS 177 (F) THE SUGGESTION FOR PERMANENT PANELISTS 178 8.3 THE
APPELLATE BODY 178 (A) THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE APPELLATE BODY 179 (B)
FUNCTIONING OF THE APPELLATE BODY 180 (C) THE APPEAL PROCESS AND THE
SCOPE OF REVIEW 181 8.4 THE ROLE OF THE SECRETARIAT 184 8.5 EXPANDING
THE CONTROVERSY*COUNTERCLAIMS, THIRD PARTY PARTICIPANTS, AND AMID 185
(A) COUNTERCLAIMS 185 (B) PARTICIPATION BY THIRD PARTIES 186 (C) THE
AMICUS CURIAE ISSUE 187 8.6 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND THE DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES 189 8.7 NULLIFICATION AND IMPAIRMENT 191 (A) VIOLATION
COMPLAINTS 191 (B) NON-VIOLATION COMPLAINTS 192 8.8 THE UNDERSTANDING ON
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND UNILATERAL ACTION: HEREIN OF SECTION 301 AND THE
BANANAS SAGA 195 (A) THE URUGUAY ROUND BARGAIN 195 (B) SECTION 301 AFTER
THE URUGUAY ROUND 197 (C) SECTION 301 ON TRIAL 199 (D) THE BANANAS SAGA
204 SUMMARY: A DECADE OF THE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM 211 PART IV.
THE RULES OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN DETAIL 213 9. THE QUESTION OF
SUBSIDIES 215 9.1 INTRODUCTION 216 9.2 GATT AND THE SUBSIDIES QUESTION:
ARTICLE XVI 217 9.3 GATT AND THE SUBSIDIES QUESTION: ARTICLE VI 222 9.4
THE SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING DUTIES CODE OF 1979 225 (A) THE BASIC
COMPROMISE 225 XX CONTENTS (B) PROCEDURAL ASPECTS: COUNTERVAILING DUTIES
AND REQUIRED DETERMINATIONS 226 (C) THE QUESTION OF INJURY 228 (D)
REGULATION OF SUBSIDIES 231 (E) THE SECOND TRACK 231 (F) THE STEEL
SUBSIDIES CASES 232 SUMMARY 238 9.5 THE URUGUAY ROUND AGREEMENT ON
SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES 238 (A) INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
238 (B) DEFINING A SUBSIDY: CHARGE ON THE PUBLIC ACCOUNT OR BENEFIT TO
THE RECIPIENT 239 (C) THE QUESTION OF SPECIFICITY 243 (D) CHARACTERIZING
SUBSIDIES: THE 'TRAFFIC LIGHT' APPROACH 244 1. RED AND GREEN LIGHT
SUBSIDIES 244 2. YELLOW LIGHT SUBSIDIES 246 3. 'PROHIBITED' AND
'ACTIONABLE' CONTRASTED: THE KOREA * VESSELS CASE 246 (E) MEASURING A
SUBSIDY 248 (F) EXPORT CREDITS AND THE OECD ARRANGEMENT 249 1. THE OECD
EXPORT CREDIT ARRANGEMENT 249 2. EXPORT CREDITS AND THE WTO SUBSIDIES
AGREEMENT 252 (G) BENEFIT VERSUS PUBLIC CHARGE REVISITED: SUBSIDIES AND
PRIVATIZATION 255 9.6 SUBSIDIES AND THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 258 (A) IN
THE TOKYO ROUND 258 (B) IN THE URUGUAY ROUND 259 (C) IN THE DOHA ROUND
260 CONCLUSION 260 10. DUMPING AND ANTI-DUMPING 262 10.1 INTRODUCTION
AND OVERVIEW 263 10.2 ECONOMIC ARGUMENTS: PRO AND CON 265 10.3
LEGISLATING THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF DUMPING AND ANTI-DUMPING (1947-94)
268 10.4 ESTABLISHING THE FACT AND THE MARGIN OF DUMPING 271 (A) THE
EXPORT PRICE 271 (B) NORMAL VALUE 273 1. THE BASIC RULE 273 2.
INADEQUATE HOME MARKET SALES 273 3. SALES BELOW COST 274 4. CONSTRUCTED
VALUE 27J (C) AVERAGING 276 CONTENTS XXI (D) THE QUESTION OF EXCHANGE
RATES 278 (E) NON-MARKET ECONOMIES 280 10.5 DETERMINATION OF INJURY 284
(A) THE ELEMENTS OF INJURY 284 (B) THE LINK BETWEEN IMPORTS AND INJURY
287 (C) MARGIN OF DUMPING OR MARGIN OF INJURY 289 (D) CUMULATION 290 (E)
THREAT OF INJURY 292 (F) MATERIAL RETARDATION 295 10.6 ANTI-DUMPING,
ANTITRUST, AND PUBLIC INTEREST 296 (A) COULD ANTITRUST REPLACE
ANTI-DUMPING LAWS? 296 (B) ANTI-DUMPING, COMPETITION, AND THE PUBLIC
INTEREST 298 10.7 ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION MEASURES 300 10.8 THE ANTI-DUMPING
PROCEEDING 304 (A) STANDING 304 (B) PRELIMINARY INJURY FINDING 306 (C)
PROVISIONAL MEASURES 307 (D) ASSEMBLING THE FACTS 308 (E) TRANSPARENCY
AND THE RIGHT TO BE HEARD 310 (F) PRICE UNDERTAKINGS 310 (G) JUDICIAL
REVIEW 311 10.9 ACTION ON BEHALF OF THIRD COUNTRIES 312 10.10 REVIEW AND
SUNSET 313 10.11 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 314 CONCLUSION 317 11. AGRICULTURE
318 11.1 AGRICULTURE UNDER THE GATT 1947-94 318 11.2 THE AGREEMENT OF
AGRICULTURE 321 (A) MARKET ACCESS 321 (B) EXPORT SUBSIDIES 323 (C)
DOMESTIC SUPPORTS 325 11.3 DOMESTIC SUPPORT AND EXPORT SUBSIDIES: THE EC
SUGAR REGIME 329 SUMMARY 332 11.4 AGRICULTURE AND THE DOHA ROUND 332 12.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW AND THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM, BY ROCHELLE C
DREYFUSS 337 12.1 THE MAJOR CONVENTIONS, TRIPS, AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENTS 338 (A) THE PARIS AND BERNE CONVENTIONS 338 (B) THE
INTRODUCTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTO THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM 339
(C) FURTHER MULTILATERAL AND REGIONAL AGREEMENTS 340 XXII CONTENTS 12.2
PATENTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 341 (A) THE PARIS CONVENTION 341 (B) THE
PATENT COOPERATION TREATY 343 (C) THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 343 12.3
TRADEMARKS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 345 (A) THE PARIS CONVENTION 345 (B) THE
MADRID AGREEMENT AND PROTOCOL 346 (C) THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 346 12.4
COPYRIGHT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 347 (A) THE BERNE CONVENTION 347 (B) THE
TRIPS AGREEMENT 349 (C) THE WIPO COPYRIGHT TREATY 349 12.5 OTHER FORMS
OF PROTECTED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 350 (A) THE REACH OF THE TRIPS
AGREEMENT 350 (B) OTHER MULTILATERAL AGREEMENTS 351 12.6 THE TRIPS
AGREEMENT IN PRACTICE 351 (A) PATENT PROTECTION 352 (B) TRADEMARK
PROTECTION 355 (C) COPYRIGHTS 359 12.7 THE TRIPS AGREEMENT IN
PERSPECTIVE: LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING AHEAD 361 (A) TRIPS AND THE
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 361 (B) INNOVATION AND THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 364 (C)
ACQUIRING, ENFORCING, AND NEGOTIATING WORLDWIDE RIGHTS 365 SUMMARY 368
PART V. BEYOND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 369 13. THE ENVIRONMENT AND
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 371 13.1 INTRODUCTION 372 13.2 ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATION DEFINED 375 13.3 THE GROWTH OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 376
(A) THE ENVIRONMENT AS A POPULAR CAUSE 376 (B) THE STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE
(1972) 377 (C) A FLOOD OF TREATIES 378 (D) THE RIO CONFERENCE (1992) 378
13.4 TRANSLATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT INTO POSITIVE INTERNATIONAL
LAW: TWO ILLUSTRATIONS 381 (A) THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL 381 1. CFCS AND THE
OZONE LAYER: THE ROAD TO THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL 381 2. THE MONTREAL
PROTOCOL AND ITS AMENDMENTS 384 CONTENTS XXIII 3. THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL
AND GATT 384 (B) THE BASEL CONVENTION 386 1. BACKGROUND: THE PROBLEM OF
WASTE DISPOSAL 386 2. THE BASEL CONVENTION 387 3. THE BASEL CONVENTION
AND GATT 387 CONCLUSION 388 13.5 TRADE VERSUS ENVIRONMENT: THE
TUNA/DOLPHIN CASE 388 (A) THE FACTUAL BACKGROUND 389 (B) THE RESTRICTION
AND CHALLENGE 389 (C) THE PANEL FINDINGS 391 (D) AFTERMATH OF THE
TUNA/DOLPHIN CASE 391 13.6 FROM TUNA TO SHRIMP, FROM DOLPHINS TO TURTLES
392 (A) TUNA/DOLPHIN II 392 (B) THE SHRIMP/TURTLE CASE 393 13.7 THE
SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY AGREEMENT AND THE BEEF HORMONES CASE 399 (A)
THE SPS AGREEMENT 399 (B) THE BEEF HORMONES CASE: ROUND I 400 (C) THE
BEEF HORMONES CASE: ROUND II 401 (D) BURDEN OF PROOF 401 (E) THE
PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 402 (F) RISK ASSESSMENT 404 (G) DISCRIMINATION
406 (H) LESSONS FROM THE BEEF HORMONES CASE: SOME TENTATIVE CONCLUSIONS
408 13.8 SOME CLOSING THOUGHTS AND A LOOK AHEAD 409 (A) FURTHER THOUGHTS
ON THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 410 (B) BEYOND THE WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION? 412 14. COMPETITION LAW, BY ELEANOR M FOX 417 14.1
INTRODUCTION: THE PLACE OF COMPETITION LAW IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW
418 14.2 THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF ANTITRUST LAW IN THE UNITED STATES
419 14.3 THE ADOPTION OF COMPETITION LAW IN EUROPE AND JAPAN 421 14.4
THE REACH OF NATIONAL LAW AND THE EFFECTS DOCTRINE 423 (A) PROTECTING
COMPETITION IN DOMESTIC MARKETS 423 (B) OPENING FOREIGN MARKETS 428 (C)
REGULATING MULTIJURISDICTIONAL MERGERS 430 14.5 MODERN COMPETITION LAW:
SUBSTANTIVE RULES AND PRINCIPLES 431 (A) OVERVIEW 431 (B) CARTELS AND
BOYCOTTS 432 (C) MONOPOLIZATION AND ABUSE OF DOMINANCE 434 XXIV CONTENTS
(D) VERTICAL RESTRAINTS 437 1. VERTICAL RESTRAINTS IN GENERAL 437 2.
LICENCES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 439 (E) MERGERS 442 (F) JOINT VENTURES
AND ALLIANCES 445 (G) OTHER COLLABORATIONS AMONG COMPETITORS 446 (H)
GOVERNMENT ACTION DEFENCES 446 14.6 ENFORCEMENT OF COMPETITION LAW 448
(A) THE UNITED STATES 448 1. THE JUSTICE DEPARTMENT AND THE FEDERAL
TRADE COMMISSION 448 2. PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL LAW 450 3.
ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL LAW BY STATE ATTORNEYS GENERAL 451 (B) THE
EUROPEAN UNION 451 14.7 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND COMITY 453 (A)
IMPAIRMENT OF FOREIGN MARKET ACCESS 453 (B) INTERNATIONAL CODES 454 (C)
BILATERAL COOPERATION 456 (D) REGIONAL COOPERATION 459 (E) THE PROBLEM
OF EVIDENCE 460 14.8 COMPETITION POLICY AND WORLD ECONOMIC INTEGRATION*A
LOOK AHEAD 460 PART VI. INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT 465 INTRODUCTION 467
15. THE RESPONSIBILITY OF HOST STATES TO FOREIGN INVESTORS: CUSTOMARY
INTERNATIONAL LAW 469 15.1 BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR 469 15.2 BREAKDOWN
OF THE CONSENSUS 470 (A) THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND REPUDIATION OF
PRIVATE PROPERTY 470 (B) THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION, THE SOCIAL FUNCTION OF
PROPERTY, AND THE CALVO DOCTRINE 471 15.3 THE CLASSICAL WESTERN VIEW 473
(A) JUDICIAL SOURCES 473 (B) THE HULL FORMULA 475 15.4 THE DISCONNECT
BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE 481 (A) THE HAVANA CHARTER 482 (B) THE WAVE
OF EXPROPRIATIONS (1945-70) 483 15.5 THE UN'S ATTEMPTS TO DECLARE
CUSTOMARY LAW 486 (A) PERMANENT SOVEREIGNTY OVER NATURAL RESOURCES
(1962) 486 CONTENTS XXV (B) FROM PERMANENT SOVEREIGNTY TO THE NEW
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER 489 SUMMARY 494 16. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND
INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT 495 16.1 INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL TRIBUNALS 496
(A) THE LIBYAN NATIONALIZATION CASES 496 (B) AMINOIL V KUWAIT 503 1.
BACKGROUND 503 2. THE ARBITRATION AND THE GOVERNING LAW 504 3. KUWAIT'S
DEFENCES 505 4. THE STABILIZATION CLAUSE 506 5. COMPENSATION 509 SUMMARY
510 16.2 THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 511 (A) THE ANGLO-IRANIAN
CASE (1952) 512 (B) THE BARCELONA TRACTION CASE (1970) 512 (C) THE ELSI
CASE 515 16.3 INTERNATIONAL LAW IN NATIONAL COURTS 518 (A) LITIGATION
AROUND THE WORLD 518 1. THE CLASSIC ENGLISH VIEW 518 2. THE
ANGLO-IRANIAN CASES IN NATIONAL COURTS 519 3. THE INDONESIAN TOBACCO
CASES 521 (B) THE ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE IN THE UNITED STATES 524 1. THE
SABBATINO CASE 525 2. LIMITING THE ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE 528 SUMMARY 533
SUMMARY 533 17. EVOLVING STANDARDS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ON INTERNATIONAL
INVESTMENT 535 17.1 THE ICSID CONVENTION 536 (A) ORIGINS AND PURPOSE OF
THE CONVENTION 536 (B) THE SCHEME OF THE CONVENTION AND THE QUESTION OF
CONSENT 537 (C) THE CONVENTION AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 539 (D) GRADUAL
ACCEPTANCE OF THE CONVENTION 540 17.2 THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS
TRIBUNAL 541 (A) BACKGROUND 542 (B) CONSTITUTION AND MANDATE OF THE
TRIBUNAL 543 (C) THE CLAIMS TRIBUNAL AND THE EXPROPRIATION CASES 544 1.
ELIGIBLE CLAIMANTS 545 2. AVAILABILITY OF THE FORUM 545 3. WHAT IS A
TAKING? 546 4. STANDARD OF COMPENSATION 547 5. THE QUANTUM OF
COMPENSATION 550 XXVI CONTENTS (D) THE IRAN-US CLAIMS TRIBUNAL AND
INTERNATIONAL LAW 553 17.3 BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES 554 (A)
INTRODUCTION: THE SPREAD OF BITS 554 (B) THE CONTENT OF BITS 555 1.
ADMISSION OF THE INVESTMENT 555 2. FAIR AND EQUITABLE TREATMENT 556 3.
'FULL PROTECTION AND SECURITY' 558 4. EXPROPRIATION 559 5. COMPENSATION
564 6. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 570 (C) BITS AND JURISDICTION: THE MFN
QUESTION 572 (D) DEFENCES 577 1. MEASURES OF GENERAL APPLICATION 577 2.
THE DEFENCE OF NECESSITY 580 (E) BITS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 584 17.4 THE
MULTILATERAL INVESTMENT GUARANTEE AGENCY (MIGA) 586 (A) INTRODUCTION 586
(B) COVERED RISKS 587 (C) MIGA AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 588 SUMMARY 591
PART VII. THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM 593 INTRODUCTION 595 18. THE
BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM 597 18.1 BEFORE BRETTON WOODS: GOOD AND BAD
MEMORIES 598 18.2 THE BRETTON WOODS CONFERENCE 600 18.3 THE IMF AS AN
ORGANIZATION 601 18.4 THE FUND AGREEMENT AS A CODE OF CONDUCT 605 18.5
THE IMF AND EXCHANGE CONTROLS 606 (A) CURRENT TRANSACTIONS 606 (B)
CAPITAL TRANSACTIONS 60O (C) THE QUESTION OF DISCRIMINATION 609 18.6 THE
FUND AS A POOL OF RESOURCES 610 (A) MEMBER STATES' QUOTAS 610 (B)
DRAWING ON THE FUND 610 (C) CONDITIONS FOR DRAWING 611 18.7 DRAWING
RIGHTS AND STAND-BY ARRANGEMENTS 613 (A) LIMITATIONS ON DRAWING RIGHTS
613 (B) THE ORIGINS OF STAND-BY ARRANGEMENTS 614 (C) STAND-BY
ARRANGEMENTS AND LETTERS OF INTENT 615 (D) THE LEGAL STATUS OF STAND-BY
ARRANGEMENTS 616 CONTENTS XXVII 18.8 CREATION OF RESERVES: SPECIAL
DRAWING RIGHTS IN THE IMF 618 (A) THE PROBLEM OF THE SUPPLY OF RESERVES
618 (B) CREATING RESERVES BY CONSCIOUS DECISION: THE FIRST AMENDMENT TO
THE IMF ARTICLES 618 (C) SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHTS, RECONSTITUTION, AND
LINKS TO DEVELOPMENT 619 (D) VALUATION OF SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHTS 620 (E)
INTEREST AND CHARGES 621 (F) SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL
MONETARY SYSTEM 622 18.9 THE FIXED EXCHANGE REGIME (1945-71) 622 (A) THE
PAR VALUE SYSTEM 622 (B) DEMISE OF THE PAR VALUE SYSTEM 624 (C) ATTEMPT
AT REPAIR: THE SMITHSONIAN AGREEMENT 625 19. THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY
FUND AS AMENDED 628 19.1 THE IMF IN TRANSITION 629 (A) THE OUTLINE OF
REFORM 630 (B) ACCEPTANCE OF FLOATING EXCHANGE RATES 631 (C) AMENDING
THE ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT 631 19.2 SCOPE OF THE AMENDMENTS 633 19.3 NEW
ARTICLE IV AND THE LAW OF EXCHANGE ARRANGEMENTS 634 (A) FREEDOM TO
CHOOSE 634 (B) OBLIGATIONS UNDER ARTICLE IV 635 (C) OVERSEEING THE
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM 636 19.4 SURVEILLANCE BY THE IMF 637 (A)
THE DECISION ON SURVEILLANCE 638 (B) THE REACH OF THE FUND'S
JURISDICTION 639 (C) SURVEILLANCE IN PRACTICE 640 (D) SUMMARY 643 19.5
CONDITIONALITY UNDER THE AMENDED ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT 644 (A)
CONDITIONALITY CODIFIED 644 (B) CONDITIONALITY AND THE CHANGED CLIENTELE
OF THE IMF 645 (C) EVOLUTION OF THE GUIDELINES ON CONDITIONALITY 647 1.
THE FIRST VERSION (1979-2002) 647 2. THE GUIDELINES REVISED (2002-) 649
19.6 SPECIAL FACILITIES OF THE FUND: RESOURCES BEYOND THE FORMAL LIMITS
651 (A) THE EXTENDED FUND FACILITY 652 (B) THE COMPENSATORY FINANCING
FACILITY 652 XXVIII CONTENTS (C) THE OIL FACILITY 653 (D) OTHER
FACILITIES FOR UNFORESEEN CONTINGENCIES 653 (E) SUPPLEMENTARY FINANCING
AND RELATED FACILITIES 654 (F) THE POVERTY REDUCTION FACILITIES 655 19.7
BORROWING BY THE FUND 658 (A) THE GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS TO BORROW 658 (B)
THE NEW ARRANGEMENTS TO BORROW 661 (C) BORROWING FOR SPECIAL FACILITIES
662 19.8 ENFORCEMENT OF OBLIGATIONS TO THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
663 SUMMARY 665 20. THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM AND REGIONAL
CRISES 667 INTRODUCTION 668 A. LATIN AMERICA, 1982-95 20.1 ORIGINS OF
THE CRISIS 669 20.2 THE CRISIS ERUPTS: THE CASE OF MEXICO 671 20.3 THE
RESPONSE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM: THE MEXICAN CASE CONTINUED 673 (A)
THE FIRST QUICK FIX 673 (B) MANAGING THE MEDIUM TERM 674 20.4 PRECEDENT
BECOMES PATTERN: A BRIEFER LOOK AT THE BRAZILIAN CASE 677 (A) AGAIN A
FIRST QUICK FIX 678 (B) THE TAP TURNED OFF, AND ON AGAIN 679 20.5
RESCHEDULING, RESTRUCTURING, AND THE BAKER AND BRADY PLANS 681 (A) THE
FIRST ASSESSMENT (1982-85) 681 (B) THE BAKER INITIATIVE (1985-88) 682
(C) THE BRADY INITIATIVE (1989-) 683 20.6 A NEW MEXICAN CRISIS (1994-95)
688 (A) THE COLLAPSE OF THE PESO 688 (B) THE RESPONSE OF THE
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY 689 (C) LOOKING BACK AT THE CRISIS: SUCCESS OF
THE RESCUE 692 B. SOUTH-EAST ASIA, 1997-98 20.7 THE FALLING DOMINOES 694
20.8 THE RESPONSE OF THE IMF: INTRODUCING STRUCTURAL REFORM 696 20.9 AN
INTERIM APPRAISAL 698 C. RUSSIA, 1990-2000 20.10 THE COLLAPSE OF THE
SOVIET UNION 699 CONTENTS XXIX 20.11 INTEGRATING RUSSIA INTO THE SYSTEM
702 (A) THE FIRST STEPS 702 (B) ENTER THE IMF: PHASE I 703 20.12
CONDITIONALITY MAINTAINED 706 (A) CONDITIONALITY, RUSSIAN STYLE 706 (B)
CONDITIONALITY MODIFIED: THE SYSTEMIC TRANSFORMATION FACILITY 707 20.13
ECONOMICS AND POLITICS: BETTING ON YELTSIN (1996) 711 20.14
CONDITIONALITY, CRISIS, AND CORRUPTION (1997-2000) 713 (A) BUILDING
CONFIDENCE 713 (B) LOSING CONFIDENCE 714 (C) DEFAULT 716 (D) A FRESH
START? 717 SUMMARY 718 D. ARGENTINA, 1999-2005 20.15 ON THE BRINK AND
OVER 719 (A) BACKGROUND 720 (B) THE IMF AND ARGENTINA (2000-2001) 721
20.16 CRISIS 726 (A) DEFAULT 726 (B) THE GOVERNMENT'S RESPONSE 726 20.17
A NEW REGIME IN ARGENTINA 729 (A) THE'ELECTION'OF NESTOR KIRCHNER 729
(B) DENOUEMENT: ARGENTINA PAYS OFF THE IMF 730 20.18 THE FUND IN
PERSPECTIVE OF THE ARGENTINE CRISIS 731 E. DEFAULTING STATES AND PRIVATE
CREDITORS 20.19 RESTRUCTURING DEFAULTED DEBT 733 (A) EMERGING MARKETS IN
THE 1990S 733 (B) THE SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING MECHANISM 735 (C) THE
NON-CONSENTING CREDITOR 736 (D) COLLECTIVE ACTION CLAUSES 739 20.20
ARGENTINA AND THE HOLDERS OF ITS BONDS 740 (A) THE HAIRCUT 740 (B)
ARGENTINA IN NATIONAL COURTS 741 1. LITIGATION IN GERMANY 742 2.
LITIGATION IN THE UNITED STATES 744 21. OTHER INSTITUTIONS OF THE
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM 749 21.1 THE WORLD BANK AND ITS AFFILIATES
749 (A) THE WORLD BANK 749 (B) THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION
752 (C) THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION 753 XXX CONTENTS 21.2 THE
BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS 754 (A) THE CENTRAL BANKS' BANK 754
(B) A FORUM FOR REGULATORS 756 21.3 THE PARIS CLUB 756 21.4 THE GROUP OF
TEN 760 (A) THE RISE AND DECLINE OF THE GROUP OF TEN 760 (B) WORKING
PARTY THREE 762 21.5 THE GROUP OF SEVEN AND RELATED GROUPS 763 (A)
ORIGIN OF THE G-7 763 (B) THE G-7, THE G-5, AND ATTEMPTS TO MANAGE
EXCHANGE RATES 764 (C) THE GROUP OF SEVEN IN OTHER CONTEXTS 769 22. THE
EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM AND THE RISE OF THE EURO 771 22.1 THE EUROPEAN
MONETARY SYSTEM (1972-92) 772 (A) THE ORIGIN OF THE EMS 772 (B) THE
EXCHANGE RATE MECHANISM IN OPERATION (1979-92) 773 22.2 COLLAPSE OF THE
EMS: TWO CRISES 778 (A) SEPTEMBER 1992: THE POUND AND THE LIRA 778 (B)
JULY-AUGUST 1993: THE FRENCH FRANC 779 (C) SOME LESSONS FROM THE
EXPERIENCE OF THE EMS (1979-93) 780 22.3 ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION:
THE TREATY OF MAASTRICHT 781 (A) THE VISION OF ECONOMIC UNION 781 (B)
THE TREATY OF MAASTRICHT 782 (C) FROM MAASTRICHT TO E-DAY 786 22.4 THE
STABILITY AND GROWTH PACT 787 (A) THE GOAL OF PARALLEL ECONOMIC POLICIES
787 (B) THE STABILITY PACT PUT TO THE TEST 789 CONCLUSION 793 22.5 THE
EURO AND THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK 793 (A) THE MANDATE OF THE EMU 793
(B) THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK AND THE POLITICIANS 794 (C) THE EMU AND
MEMBER STATES 797 (D) THE OUTER RING: ERM II 798 (E) THE EMU AND THE
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM 799 1. THE EMU AND THE IMF 7 " 2. THE EMU
IN OTHER INSTITUTIONAL SETTINGS 801 3. THE EURO AND NON-EUROPEAN
CURRENCIES 801 SUMMARY 802 CONTENTS XXXI 23. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY LAW
AND PRIVATE ACTIVITY WITH PETER S SMEDRESMAN 804 23.1 EXCHANGE CONTROLS,
EXCHANGE CONTRACTS, ANC (A) (B) 1 ARTICLE VILL(2)(B) THE IMF AND
EXCHANGE CONTROLS EXCHANGE CONTRACTS AND THE FUND AGREEMENT 1. 'PUBLIC
POLICY' 2. 'EXCHANGE CONTRACT' 3. '. WHICH INVOLVE THE CURRENCY' 4.
'MAINTAINED OR IMPOSED CONSISTENTLY WITH THIS AGREEMENT' 23.2 REGULATION
OF BANKS: INTERSECTION OF PUBLIC AND (A) (B) (C) SUMMARY 1 PRIVATE
INTERNATIONAL LAW THE BASEL CONCORDAT THE CONCORDAT REVISED ANOTHER
DISASTER, ANOTHER AGREEMENT: THE BCCI AFFAIR 23.3 MORE INTERNATIONAL
COORDINATION: CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BANKS INTRODUCTION (A) (B) (C)
(D) (E) SUMMARY THE SEARCH FOR CAPITAL ADEQUACY STANDARDS THE BASEL
CAPITAL ADEQUACY ACCORD OF 1988 (BASEL I) 1. DEFINING CAPITAL 2.
DEFINING ASSETS (I) BALANCE SHEET ITEMS (II) OFF-BALANCE SHEET ITEMS
(III) DIRECT CREDIT SUBSTITUTES FROM BASEL I TO BASEL II 1. NEW
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCE 2. EXPANDING CLASSES OF ASSETS
(I) SECURITIZED CREDIT INSTRUMENTS (II) DERIVATIVES 3. THE MARKET RISK
AMENDMENT 4. STRIVING FOR CONSENSUS BASEL II: AN OVERVIEW 1. THE THREE
PILLARS 2. ADOPTION OF BASEL II 3. THE HOME-HOST PROBLEM 4. THE IMF AND
BASELLL BEYOND BANKS 805 805 807 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 815 819 820
820 821 825 825 827 827 828 830 831 831 832 832 832 833 834 835 835 839
840 841 842 844 XXXII CONTENTS PART VIII. ECONOMIC CONTROLS FOR
POLITICAL ENDS 847 INTRODUCTION 849 24. UNITED NATIONS AND OTHER
COLLECTIVE SANCTIONS 853 A. UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS: THE LEGAL
FRAMEWORK 24.1 SANCTIONS BY ORDER OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL 854 24.2 THE
PREDICATE FOR MANDATORY SANCTIONS 857 24.3 THE SCOPE OF SANCTIONS 859
(A) WHAT SANCTIONS MAY BE ORDERED 859 (B) THE INCREASING USE OF
SANCTIONS 861 (C) THE PATTERN OF MANDATORY SANCTIONS 861 (D) THE
TERRITORIAL SCOPE OF SANCTIONS 862 (E) THE DURATION OF SANCTIONS 864
24.4 COMPLIANCE WITH SANCTIONS 865 24.5 ENFORCEMENT OF SANCTIONS 867
24.6 COMMON EXEMPTIONS FROM MANDATORY SANCTIONS 869 24.7 NON-BINDING
SANCTIONS UNDER UNITED NATIONS AUSPICES 869 B. IRAQ AND THE ROLE OF
SANCTIONS 24.8 THE INVASION OF KUWAIT AND THE SECURITY COUNCIL'S
RESPONSE (1990-91) 871 (A) THE FIRST RESPONSE OF THE INTERNATIONAL 871
COMMUNITY 0/ 879 (B) EXPANDING THE SANCTIONS ' (C) 'LETTING SANCTIONS
WORK' 872 24.9 THE UNITED NATIONS AND IRAQ (1991-2003) 873 (A) WAR AND
CEASEFIRE 873 (B) THE UPS AND DOWNS OF THE UN SANCTIONS PROGRAMME 8 / 1.
COMPREHENSIVE SANCTIONS 2. THE OIL-FOR-FOOD PROGRAMME 875 3. 'SMART
SANCTIONS' 87 (C) THE END GAME AND THE ROAD TO WAR 876 C. ECONOMIC
SANCTIONS AND REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS: COLLECTIVE ACTION IN THE OAS 878
24.10 THE COMPROMISE AT SAN FRANCISCO 24.11 THE OAS CHARTER AND T 24.12
THE LEADING PRECEDENTS 24.11 THE OAS CHARTER AND THE RIO TREATY 879 (A)
SANCTIONS AGAINST DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (1960) (B) SANCTIONS AGAINST
CUBA (1962- ) 88 24.13 THE OAS, THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL, AND THE HAITI
CASE (1991-94) 88 ^ SUMMARY 88 CONTENTS XXXIII PS. A NEW CYCLE? (JULY
2007) 888 ZX XON 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 AMIC SANCTIONS WITHOUT
BENEHT OF LREATY INTRODUCTION THE RANGE OF NATIONAL SANCTIONS: THE
UNITED STATES AS MODEL (A) TOTAL EMBARGO (B) ASSETS FREEZE AND FINANCIAL
CONTROLS (C) IMPORT CONTROLS (D) EXPORT CONTROLS UNITED STATES EXPORT
CONTROLS: A CLOSER LOOK (A) THE SYSTEM OF LICENCES (B) COUNTRY GROUPS
(C) MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES OF EXPORT CONTROL (D) ENFORCEMENT AND THE
BLACKLIST ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND THE JURISDICTION OF STATES (A)
JURISDICTION TO PRESCRIBE AND JURISDICTION TO ENFORCE (B) INTERNATIONAL
LAW AND THE JURISDICTION OF STATES (C) BANK DEPOSITS AND THE FREEZING OF
ASSETS (D) LIMITS ON EXPORT CONTROLS (1) PATRIAN REGULATIONS IN TERTIAN
COURTS (2) THE SIBERIAN PIPELINE CASE (E) SUMMARY ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND
THE GATT (A) INTRODUCTION (B) THE SECURITY EXCEPTION ARTICLE (C)
CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND UNITED STATES SANCTIONS (1948, 1951) (D) THE
ARGENTINE CRISIS AND THE GATT DECISION (1982) (E) THE NICARAGUA QUESTION
(1983, 1985) (F) THE HELMS-BURTON ACT: EU VERSUS USA SUMMARY AFTERWORD
INDEX OF SUBJECTS INDEX OF PERSONS 890 891 892 892 893 894 895 896 896
897 898 899 900 900 901 906 909 909 910 915 915 915 916 918 919 921 923
925 927 929 953 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Lowenfeld, Andreas F. 1930- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124162037 |
| author_facet | Lowenfeld, Andreas F. 1930- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lowenfeld, Andreas F. 1930- |
| author_variant | a f l af afl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022371325 |
| classification_rvk | PR 2353 PU 1540 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)150159214 (DE-599)BVBBV022371325 |
| dewey-full | 343.07 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 343 - Military, tax, trade & industrial law |
| dewey-raw | 343.07 |
| dewey-search | 343.07 |
| dewey-sort | 3343.07 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 2. ed., 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV022371325 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:07:16Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:56:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0199226946 9780199226948 0199226938 9780199226931 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015580488 |
| oclc_num | 150159214 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 DE-384 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-521 DE-945 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 DE-29 DE-11 DE-2070s DE-188 DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-384 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-521 DE-945 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 DE-29 DE-11 DE-2070s DE-188 DE-703 |
| physical | LIII, 956 S. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | International economic law series |
| spelling | Lowenfeld, Andreas F. 1930- Verfasser (DE-588)124162037 aut International economic law Andreas F. Lowenfeld 2. ed., 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2008 LIII, 956 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International economic law series Recht Economic sanctions Foreign trade regulation Investments, Foreign Law and legislation Money Law and legislation Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4027461-5 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4027461-5 s DE-604 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015580488&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lowenfeld, Andreas F. 1930- International economic law Recht Economic sanctions Foreign trade regulation Investments, Foreign Law and legislation Money Law and legislation Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4027461-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027461-5 |
| title | International economic law |
| title_auth | International economic law |
| title_exact_search | International economic law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | International economic law |
| title_full | International economic law Andreas F. Lowenfeld |
| title_fullStr | International economic law Andreas F. Lowenfeld |
| title_full_unstemmed | International economic law Andreas F. Lowenfeld |
| title_short | International economic law |
| title_sort | international economic law |
| topic | Recht Economic sanctions Foreign trade regulation Investments, Foreign Law and legislation Money Law and legislation Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4027461-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Recht Economic sanctions Foreign trade regulation Investments, Foreign Law and legislation Money Law and legislation Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015580488&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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