Seabed fluid flow: the impact of geology, biology, and the marine environment
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2007
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XV, 475 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0521819504 9780521819503 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Judd, Alan G. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Seabed fluid flow |b the impact of geology, biology, and the marine environment |c Alan Judd and Martin Hovland |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 475 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Fonds marins | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sédiments marins - Teneur en gaz | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Upwelling | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Écologie sous-marine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Deep-sea ecology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marine sediments |x Gas content | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ocean bottom | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ocean bottom ecology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Upwelling (Oceanography) | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804136401457905664 |
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| adam_text | SEABED FLUID FLOW THE IMPACT ON GEOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT ALAN JUDD AND MARTIN HOVLAND CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
CONTENTS PREFACE XI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XII NOTE ON THE ACCOMPANYING
WEBSITE XIII LIST OF MAPS ON THE ACCOMPANYING WEBSITE XIV LIST OF
CONTRIBUTED PRESENTATIONS ON THE ACCOMPANYING WEBSITE XV 1 INTRODUCTION
TO SEABED FLUID FLOW 1 2 POCKMARKS, SHALLOW GAS, AND SEEPS: AN INITIAL
APPRAISAL 7 2.1 THE SCOTIAN SHELF: THE EARLY YEARS 7 2.2 NORTH SEA
POCKMARKS 8 2.2.1 HISTORY OF DISCOVERY 9 2.2.2 POCKMARK DISTRIBUTION 10
2.2.3 POCKMARK SIZE AND DENSITY 10 2.2.4 POCKMARK MORPHOLOGY 11 -_
2.2.5 EVIDENCE OF GAS 15 2.3 DETAILED SURVEYS OF NORTH SEA POCKMARKS AND
SEEPS 18 2.3.1 THE SOUTH FLADEN POCKMARK STUDY AREA 18 2.3.2 TOMMELITEN:
NORWEGIAN BLOCK 1/9 25 2.3.3 NORWEGIAN BLOCK 25/7 30 2.3.4, THE HOLENE:
NORWEGIAN BLOCK 24/9 33 2.3.5 THE NORWEGIAN TRENCH 36 2.3.6 GULLFAKS 36
2.3.7 GIANT POCKMARKS: UK BLOCK 15/25 41 2.4 CONCLUSIONS 44 3 SEABED
FLUID FLOW AROUND THE WORLD 45 3.1 INTRODUCTION 45 3.2 THE EASTERN
ARCTIC 45 3.2.1 THE BARENTS SEA 45 3.2.2 HAKON MOSBY MUD VOLCANO 47 3.3
SCANDINAVIA 49 3.3.1 FJORDS IN NORTHERN NORWAY 49 3.3.2 THE NORWEGIAN
SEA 50 3.3.3 THESKAGERRAK 52 3.3.4 THE KATTEGAT 52 3.4 THE BALTIC SEA 56
3.4.1 ECKERNFORDE BAY 56 3.4.2 STOCKHOLM ARCHIPELAGO, SWEDEN 58 3.5
AROUND THE BRITISH ISLES 59 3.5.1 POCKMARKS, DOMES, AND SEEPS 60 3.5.2
FREAK SANDWAVES 60 3.5.3 METHANE-DERIVED AUTHIGENIC CARBONATE 62 3.5.4
THE ATLANTIC MARGIN 62 3.6 IBERIA 66 3.6.1 THE RIAS OF GALICIA,
NORTHWEST SPAIN 66 3.6.2 GULF OF CADIZ 67 3.6.3 IBIZA 69 3.7 AFRICA 69
3.7.1 THE NIGER DELTA AND FAN 69 3.7.2 THE CONTINENTAL SLOPE OF WEST
AFRICA 70 3.8 THE MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE 72 3.9 THE ADRIATIC SEA 72 3.9.1
SEEPS AND CARBONATES OF THE NORTHERN ADRIATIC 73 3.9.2 POCKMARKS, SEEPS,
AND MUD DIAPIRS IN THE CENTRAL ADRIATIC 73 3.10 THE EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN 74 3.10.1 OFFSHORE GREECE 75 3.10.2 MEDITERRANEAN RIDGE 76
3.10.3 THE ANAXIMANDER MOUNTAINS 79 3.10.4 ERATOSTHENES SEAMOUNT 79
3.10.5 NILE DELTA AND FAN 79 3.11 THE BLACK SEA 81 3.11.1 TURKISH COAST
81 3.11.2 OFFSHORE BULGARIA 81 3.11.3 NORTHWESTERN BLACK SEA 81 3.11.4
CENTRAL AND NORTHERN BLACK SEA 83 CONTENTS 3.11.5 THE UNDERWATER
SWAMPS OF THE EAST BLACK SEA ABYSSAL PLAIN 84 3.11.6 OFFSHORE GEORGIA
85 3.12 INLAND SEAS OF EURASIA 85 3.12.1 THE CASPIAN SEA 85 3.12.2 LAKE
BAIKAL 86 3.13 THE RED SEA 87 3.14 THE ARABIAN GULF 88 3.14.1 SETTING 88
3.14.2 SEABED FEATURES 88 3.14.3 STRAIT OF HORMUZ 90 3.15 THE INDIAN
SUBCONTINENT 91 3.15.1 THE MAKRAN COAST 91 3.15.2 THE WESTERN COAST OF
INDIA 92 3.15.3 THE EASTERN COAST OF THE SUBCONTINENT 92 3.15.4 INDIAN
OCEAN VENT FAUNA 93 3.16 SOUTH CHINA SEA 93 3.16.1 OFFSHORE BRUNEI 93
3.16.2 OFFSHORE VIETNAM 93 3.16.3 HONG KONG 93 3.16.4 TAIWAN 93 3.17
AUSTRALASIA 94 3.17.1 SAWUSEA 94 3.17.2 TIMOR SEA 94 3.17.3 NEW BRITAIN
AND THE MANUS BASINS 95 3.17.4 NEW ZEALAND 97 3.18 WESTERN PACIFIC 98
3.18.1 SILICIC DOME VOLCANISM IN THE MARIANA BACK-ARC BASIN 98 3.18.2
SERPENTINE MUD VOLCANOES NEAR THE MARIANA TRENCH 98 3.18.3 THE YELLOW
AND EAST CHINA SEAS 99 3.18.4 OFFSHORE KOREA 99 3.18.5 JAPAN 99 3.18.6
SEA OF OKHOTSK 101 3.18.7 PIIP SUBMARINE VOLCANO, EAST OF KAMCHATKA 103
3.19 OFFSHORE ALASKA 103 3.19.1 BERING SEA 103 3.19.2 GULF OF ALASKA 105
3.19.3 THE ALEUTIAN SUBDUCTION ZONE 106 3.20 BRITISH COLUMBIA 107 3.20.1
QUEEN CHARLOTTE SOUND 107 3.20.2 THE FRASER DELTA 107 3.21 CASCADIA 109
3.21.1 HYDRATE RIDGE 109 3.21.2 AXIAL SEAMOUNT 110 3.22 CALIFORNIA 111
3.22.1 NORTHERN CALIFORNIA 111 3.22.2 MONTEREY BAY 112 3.22.3 BIGSUR 114
3.22.4 SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL 115 3.22.5 MALIBU POINT 117 3.23 OCEAN
SPREADING CENTRES OF THE EAST PACIFIC 117 3.23.1 GUAYMAS BASIN, GULF OF
CALIFORNIA 117 3.24 CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA 118 3.24.1 COSTA RICA 118
3.24.2 PERU 119 3.24.3 THE ARGENTINE BASIN 120 3.24.4 THE MOUTH OF THE
AMAZON 120 3.25 THE CARIBBEAN 120 3.25.1 BARBADOS ACCRETIONARY WEDGE 121
3.25.2 BIRTH OF CHATHAM ISLAND, TRINIDAD 122 3.26 GULF OF MEXICO 122
3.27 THE EASTERN SEABOARD, USA 126 3.27.1 CAPE LOOKOUT BIGHT 126 3.27.2
ATLANTIC CONTINENTAL MARGIN 126 3.27.3 CHESAPEAKE BAY 127 3.27.4 ACTIVE
POCKMARKS, GULF OF MAINE 128 3.28 THE GREAT LAKES 129 3.28.1 RING-SHAPED
DEPRESSIONS, LAKE SUPERIOR 129 3.28.2 POCKMARK-LIKE DEPRESSIONS, LAKE
MICHIGAN 129 3.29 EASTERN CANADA 129 3.29.1 THE SCOTIAN AND LABRADOR
SHELVES, AND THE GRAND BANKS 129 3.29.2 THE LAURENTIAN FAN 131 3.29.3
THE BAFFIN SHELF 131 3.30 FINALE 132 THE CONTEXTS OF SEABED FLUID FLOW
134 4.1 INTRODUCTION 134 4.2 OCEANOGRAPHIC SETTINGS 134 4.2.1 COASTAL
SETTINGS 134 4.2.2 CONTINENTAL SHELVES 136 4.2.3 CONTINENTAL SLOPES AND
RISES 136 4.2.4 ABYSSAL PLAINS 136 4.3 PLATE TECTONICS SETTINGS 136
4.3.1 DIVERGENT (CONSTRUCTIVE) PLATE BOUNDARIES 137 CONTENTS 4.3.2
CONVERGENT (DESTRUCTIVE) PLATE BOUNDARIES 138 4.3.3 TRANSFORM PLATE
BOUNDARIES 140 4.3.4 INTRAPLATE IGNEOUS ACTIVITY 140 4.3.5 SERPENTINITE
SEAMOUNTS 142 4.4 CONCLUSION 143 5 THE NATURE AND ORIGINS OF FLOWING
FLUIDS 144 5.1 INTRODUCTION 144 5.2 HOT FLUIDS 144 5.2.1 MAGMA AND
VOLCANIC FLUIDS 144 5.2.2 GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS 145 5.2.3 HYDROTHERMAL
CIRCULATION SYSTEMS 145 5.2.4 EXOTHERMIC HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS 149 5.3
WATER FLOWS 150 5.3.1 SUBMARINE GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE (SGD) 150 5.3.2
EXPELLED PORE WATER 150 5.4 PETROLEUM FLUIDS 151 5.4.1 ORGANIC ORIGINS
151 5.4.2 MICROBIAL METHANE 153 5.4.3 THERMOGENIC HYDROCARBONS 154 5.4.4
HYDROTHERMAL AND ABIOGENIC PETROLEUM 157 5.5 DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN THE
ORIGINS 162 6 SHALLOW GAS AND GAS HYDRATES 163 6.1 INTRODUCTION 163
6.1.1 THE CHARACTER AND FORMATION OF GAS BUBBLES 163 6.2 GEOPHYSICAL
INDICATORS OF SHALLOW GAS 165 6.2.1 THE ACOUSTIC RESPONSE OF GAS BUBBLES
166 6.2.2 SEISMIC EVIDENCE OF GASSY SEDIMENTS 167 6.2.3 NOVEL GAS
DETECTION AND MAPPING 178 6.2.4 SEASONAL SHALLOW GAS DEPTH VARIATIONS
178 , 6.3 GAS HYDRATES - A SPECIAL TYPE OF ACCUMULATION 178 6.3.1 NATURE
AND FORMATION 179 6.3.2 GAS HYDRATES AND FLUID FLOW 182 6.3.3 THEBSR 183
6.3.4 OTHER HYDRATE INDICATORS 186 6.3.5 DISSOCIATION 187 7 MIGRATION
AND SEABED FEATURES 189 7.1 INTRODUCTION 189 7.2 POCKMARKS AND RELATED
FEATURES 190 7.2.1 DISTRIBUTION 191 7.2.2 POCKMARKS AND FLUID FLOW 192
7.2.3 POCKMARK ACTIVITY 194 7.3 MUD VOLCANOES AND MUD DIAPIRS 195 7.3.1
THE DISTRIBUTION OF MUD VOLCANOES AND MUD DIAPIRS 197 7.3.2 MUD-VOLCANO
MORPHOLOGY 198 7.3.3 MUD-VOLCANO EMISSION PRODUCTS 201 7.3.4 MUD-VOLCANO
ACTIVITY 202 7.4 RELATED FEATURES 205 7.4.1 SEABED DOMING 206 7.4.2
COLLAPSE DEPRESSIONS 206 7.4.3 FREAK SANDWAVES 206 7.4.4 SHALLOW MUD
DIAPIRS AND MUD VOLCANOES 206 7.4.5 RED SEA DIAPIRS 207 7.4.6 DIATREMES
208 7.4.7 SAND INTRUSIONS AND EXTRUSIONS 209 7.4.8 POLYGONAL FAULTS 211
7.4.9 GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS 212 7.5 MOVERS AND SHAKERS: INFLUENTIAL
FACTORS 213 7.5.1 THE DEEP ENVIRONMENT 214 7.5.2 DRIVING FORCES 215
7.5.3 FLUID MIGRATION 216 7.5.4 MODELLING THE PROCESSES 226 7.5.5
TRIGGERING EVENTS 228 7.5.6 ICE-RELATED INFLUENCES 237 7.6 A UNIFIED
EXPLANATION 239 ! 7;6.1 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 239 7.6.2 EXPLAINING
SEEPS 240 7.6.3 THE FORMATION OF POCKMARKS AND RELATED SEABED FEATURES
242 7.6.4 MUD VOLCANOES AND DIAPIRISM 245 7.6.5 ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS
246 7.7 FOSSIL FEATURES 247 7.8 RELATED FEATURES - LOOKING FURTHER
AFIELD 247 SEABED FLUID FLOW AND BIOLOGY 248 8.1 SEABED FLUID FLOW
HABITATS 248 8.1.1 COLD SEEPS ON CONTINENTAL SHELVES 248 8.1.2
DEEP-WATER COLD SEEPS 251 8.1.3 THE LINK BETWEEN HYDROCARBONS AND
COLD-SEEP COMMUNITIES 253 8.1.4 SHALLOW GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE SITES 253
8.1.5 . DEEP-WATER GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE SITES 255 CONTENTS 8.1.6 CORAL
REEFS AND SEABED FLUID FLOW 255 8.1.7 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS 260 8.2 FAUNA
AND SEABED FLUID FLOW 262 8.2.1 MICROBES - WHERE IT ALL BEGINS 262 8.2.2
LIVING TOGETHER: SYMBIOSIS AND SEEPS 269 8.2.3 NON-SYMBIOTIC SEEP FAUNA
273 8.3 SEEPS AND MARINE ECOLOGY 276 8.3.1 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 277
8.3.2 COMMUNITIES AS INDICATORS OF SEEP ACTIVITY AND MATURITY 278 8.3.3
DO SHALLOW-WATER COLD SEEPS SUPPORT CHEMOSYNTHETIC COMMUNITIES? 280
8.3.4 DO SEEPS CONTRIBUTE TO THE MARINE FOOD WEB? 284 8.3.5 IS FLUID
FLOW RELEVANT TO GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY? 286 8.3.6 THE DEEP BIOSPHERE AND
THE ORIGINS OF LIFE ON EARTH 287 8.4 A GLIMPSE INTO THE PAST 288 8.4.1
FOSSIL COLD-SEEP COMMUNITIES 288 9 SEABED FLUID FLOW AND MINERAL
PRECIPITATION 290 9.1 INTRODUCTION 290 9.2 METHANE-DERIVED AUTHIGENIC
CARBONATES 290 9.2.1 NORTH SEA POCKMARK CARBONATES 290 9.2.2 BUBBLING
REEFS IN THE KATTEGAT 291 9.2.3 CARBONATE MINERALOGY 291 9.2.4 OTHER
MODERN AUTHIGENIC CARBONATES 293 9.2.5 ISOTOPIC INDICATIONS OF ORIGIN
295 9.2.6 MDAC FORMATION MECHANISM 295 9.2.7 ASSOCIATED MINERALS 297
9.2.8 MDAC CHIMNEYS 299 9.2.9 SELF-SEALING SEEPS 301 9.2.10 MDAC: BLOCK
FORMATION 302 9.2.11 CARBONATE MOUNDS 302 9.2.12 FOSSIL SEEP CARBONATES
304 9.2.13 SUMMARY OF MDAC OCCURRENCES 307 9.3 OTHER FLUID-FLOW-RELATED
CARBONATES 307 9.3.1 MICROBIALITES AND STROMATOLITES 308 9.3.2 IKAITE
311 9.3.3 WHITINGS 311 9.3.4 CARBONATES AND SERPENTINITES 313 9.4
HYDROTHERMAL SEEPS AND MINERALISATION 314 9.4.1 SEDIMENT-FILTERED
HYDROTHERMAL FLUID FLOW 315 .. . . . 9.4.2 ANHYDRITE MOUNDS 316 9.4.3
HYDROTHERMAL SALT STOCKS 317 9.5 OTHER MINERAL PRECIPITATES 318 9.5.1
IRON FROM SUBMARINE GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE 318 9.5.2 PHOSPHATES ON
SEAMOUNTS, GUYOTS, AND ATOLLS 318 9.6 FERROMANGANESE NODULES 319 9.7
FINAL THOUGHTS 321 10 IMPACTS ON THE HYDROSPHERE AND ATMOSPHERE 323 10.1
INTRODUCTION 323 10.2 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS AND PLUMES 323 10.2.1 PLUMES
324 10.2.2 PLUME COMPOSITION 325 10.2.3 PLUMES AND THE COMPOSITION OF
THE OCEANS 326 10.2.4 HEATING THE OCEANS 328 10.3 SUBMARINE GROUNDWATER
DISCHARGE 329 10.3.1 DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION 329 10.3.2 WATER
QUALITY 330 10.4 SEEPS 331 10.4.1 IDENTIFYING SEEPS 331 10.4.2 ERUPTIONS
AND BLOWOUTS 333 10.4.3 QUANTIFYING SEEPS 335 10.4.4 THE FATE OF THE
SEABED FLUX 338 10.5 METHANE IN THE NORMAL OCEAN 341 10.5.1 RIVERS,
ESTUARIES, AND LAGOONS 341 10.5.2 THE OPEN OCEAN 342 10.5.3 THE
INFLUENCE OF SEABED METHANE SOURCES 344 10.6 EMISSIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERE
345 10.6.1 METHANE EMISSIONS FROM THE OCEANS 345 10.6.2 SEABED SOURCES
OF ATMOSPHERIC METHANE 347 10.7 GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE 349 10.8 LIMITING
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 350 10.8.1 QUATERNARY ICE AGES 350 10.8.2 EARLIER
EVENTS 353 10.9 AFTERWORD 353 CONTENTS 11 IMPLICATIONS FOR MAN 355 11.1
INTRODUCTION 355 11.2 SEABED SLOPE INSTABILITY 355 11.2.1 GAS-RELATED
SLOPE FAILURES: CASE STUDIES 356 11.2.2 ASSOCIATED TSUNAMIS 359 11.2.3
WHY DO SUBMARINE SLOPES FAIL? 359 11.2.4 PREDICTING SLOPE STABILITY 361
11.2.5 IMPACTS OF SLOPE FAILURES ON OFFSHORE OPERATIONS 362 11.3
DRILLING HAZARDS 362 11.3.1 BLOWOUTS 362 11.3.2 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE 366
11.3.3 DRILLING AND GAS HYDRATES 367 11.4 HAZARDS TO SEABED
INSTALLATIONS 369 11.4.1 POCKMARKS AS SEABED OBSTACLES 369 11.4.2
TRENCHING THROUGH MDAC 369 11.4.3 FOUNDATION PROBLEMS 370 11.4.4 EFFECTS
OF GAS HYDRATES 370 11.5 ERUPTIONS AND NATURAL BLOWOUTS 371 11.5.1
GAS-INDUCED BUOYANCY LOSS 372 11.6 BENEFITS 374 11.6.1 METALLIC ORE
DEPOSITS 374 11.6.2 EXPLOITING GAS SEEPS 374 11.6.3 GAS HYDRATES - FUEL
OF THE FUTURE? 375 11.6.4 TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE 376 11.6.5 BENEFITS TO
FISHING? 383 11.6.6 SEEPS, VENTS, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 383 11.7 IMPACTS OF
HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON SEABED FLUID FLOW AND ASSOCIATED FEATURES 383 11.7.1
POTENTIAL TRIGGERS 383 11.7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 384 REFERENCES
387 INDEX 442
|
| adam_txt |
SEABED FLUID FLOW THE IMPACT ON GEOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT ALAN JUDD AND MARTIN HOVLAND CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
CONTENTS PREFACE XI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XII NOTE ON THE ACCOMPANYING
WEBSITE XIII LIST OF MAPS ON THE ACCOMPANYING WEBSITE XIV LIST OF
CONTRIBUTED PRESENTATIONS ON THE ACCOMPANYING WEBSITE XV 1 INTRODUCTION
TO SEABED FLUID FLOW 1 2 POCKMARKS, SHALLOW GAS, AND SEEPS: AN INITIAL
APPRAISAL 7 2.1 THE SCOTIAN SHELF: THE EARLY YEARS 7 2.2 NORTH SEA
POCKMARKS 8 2.2.1 HISTORY OF DISCOVERY 9 2.2.2 POCKMARK DISTRIBUTION 10
2.2.3 POCKMARK SIZE AND DENSITY 10 2.2.4 POCKMARK MORPHOLOGY 11 '-_
2.2.5 EVIDENCE OF GAS 15 2.3 DETAILED SURVEYS OF NORTH SEA POCKMARKS AND
SEEPS 18 2.3.1 THE SOUTH FLADEN POCKMARK STUDY AREA 18 2.3.2 TOMMELITEN:
NORWEGIAN BLOCK 1/9 25 2.3.3 NORWEGIAN BLOCK 25/7 30 2.3.4, THE HOLENE:
NORWEGIAN BLOCK 24/9 33 2.3.5 THE NORWEGIAN TRENCH 36 2.3.6 GULLFAKS 36
2.3.7 GIANT POCKMARKS: UK BLOCK 15/25 41 2.4 CONCLUSIONS 44 3 SEABED
FLUID FLOW AROUND THE WORLD 45 3.1 INTRODUCTION 45 3.2 THE EASTERN
ARCTIC 45 3.2.1 THE BARENTS SEA 45 3.2.2 HAKON MOSBY MUD VOLCANO 47 3.3
SCANDINAVIA 49 3.3.1 FJORDS IN NORTHERN NORWAY 49 3.3.2 THE NORWEGIAN
SEA 50 3.3.3 THESKAGERRAK 52 3.3.4 THE KATTEGAT 52 3.4 THE BALTIC SEA 56
3.4.1 ECKERNFORDE BAY 56 3.4.2 STOCKHOLM ARCHIPELAGO, SWEDEN 58 3.5
AROUND THE BRITISH ISLES 59 3.5.1 POCKMARKS, DOMES, AND SEEPS 60 3.5.2
'FREAK' SANDWAVES 60 3.5.3 METHANE-DERIVED AUTHIGENIC CARBONATE 62 3.5.4
THE ATLANTIC MARGIN 62 3.6 IBERIA 66 3.6.1 THE RIAS OF GALICIA,
NORTHWEST SPAIN 66 3.6.2 GULF OF CADIZ 67 3.6.3 IBIZA 69 3.7 AFRICA 69
3.7.1 THE NIGER DELTA AND FAN 69 3.7.2 THE CONTINENTAL SLOPE OF WEST
AFRICA 70 3.8 THE MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE 72 3.9 THE ADRIATIC SEA 72 3.9.1
SEEPS AND CARBONATES OF THE NORTHERN ADRIATIC 73 3.9.2 POCKMARKS, SEEPS,
AND MUD DIAPIRS IN THE CENTRAL ADRIATIC 73 3.10 THE EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN 74 3.10.1 OFFSHORE GREECE 75 3.10.2 MEDITERRANEAN RIDGE 76
3.10.3 THE ANAXIMANDER MOUNTAINS 79 3.10.4 ERATOSTHENES SEAMOUNT 79
3.10.5 NILE DELTA AND FAN 79 3.11 THE BLACK SEA 81 3.11.1 TURKISH COAST
81 3.11.2 OFFSHORE BULGARIA 81 3.11.3 NORTHWESTERN BLACK SEA 81 3.11.4
CENTRAL AND NORTHERN BLACK SEA 83 CONTENTS 3.11.5 THE 'UNDERWATER
SWAMPS' OF THE EAST BLACK SEA ABYSSAL PLAIN 84 3.11.6 OFFSHORE GEORGIA
85 3.12 INLAND SEAS OF EURASIA 85 3.12.1 THE CASPIAN SEA 85 3.12.2 LAKE
BAIKAL 86 3.13 THE RED SEA 87 3.14 THE ARABIAN GULF 88 3.14.1 SETTING 88
3.14.2 SEABED FEATURES 88 3.14.3 STRAIT OF HORMUZ 90 3.15 THE INDIAN
SUBCONTINENT 91 3.15.1 THE MAKRAN COAST 91 3.15.2 THE WESTERN COAST OF
INDIA 92 3.15.3 THE EASTERN COAST OF THE SUBCONTINENT 92 3.15.4 INDIAN
OCEAN VENT FAUNA 93 3.16 SOUTH CHINA SEA 93 3.16.1 OFFSHORE BRUNEI 93
3.16.2 OFFSHORE VIETNAM 93 3.16.3 HONG KONG 93 3.16.4 TAIWAN 93 3.17
AUSTRALASIA 94 3.17.1 SAWUSEA 94 3.17.2 TIMOR SEA 94 3.17.3 NEW BRITAIN
AND THE MANUS BASINS 95 3.17.4 NEW ZEALAND 97 3.18 WESTERN PACIFIC 98
3.18.1 SILICIC DOME VOLCANISM IN THE MARIANA BACK-ARC BASIN 98 3.18.2
SERPENTINE MUD VOLCANOES NEAR THE MARIANA TRENCH 98 3.18.3 THE YELLOW
AND EAST CHINA SEAS 99 3.18.4 OFFSHORE KOREA 99 3.18.5 JAPAN 99 3.18.6
SEA OF OKHOTSK 101 3.18.7 PIIP SUBMARINE VOLCANO, EAST OF KAMCHATKA 103
3.19 OFFSHORE ALASKA 103 3.19.1 BERING SEA 103 3.19.2 GULF OF ALASKA 105
3.19.3 THE ALEUTIAN SUBDUCTION ZONE 106 3.20 BRITISH COLUMBIA 107 3.20.1
QUEEN CHARLOTTE SOUND 107 3.20.2 THE FRASER DELTA 107 3.21 CASCADIA 109
3.21.1 HYDRATE RIDGE 109 3.21.2 AXIAL SEAMOUNT 110 3.22 CALIFORNIA 111
3.22.1 NORTHERN CALIFORNIA 111 3.22.2 MONTEREY BAY 112 3.22.3 BIGSUR 114
3.22.4 SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL 115 3.22.5 MALIBU POINT 117 3.23 OCEAN
SPREADING CENTRES OF THE EAST PACIFIC 117 3.23.1 GUAYMAS BASIN, GULF OF
CALIFORNIA 117 3.24 CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA 118 3.24.1 COSTA RICA 118
3.24.2 PERU 119 3.24.3 THE ARGENTINE BASIN 120 3.24.4 THE MOUTH OF THE
AMAZON 120 3.25 THE CARIBBEAN 120 3.25.1 BARBADOS ACCRETIONARY WEDGE 121
3.25.2 BIRTH OF CHATHAM ISLAND, TRINIDAD 122 3.26 GULF OF MEXICO 122
3.27 THE EASTERN SEABOARD, USA 126 3.27.1 CAPE LOOKOUT BIGHT 126 3.27.2
ATLANTIC CONTINENTAL MARGIN 126 3.27.3 CHESAPEAKE BAY 127 3.27.4 ACTIVE
POCKMARKS, GULF OF MAINE 128 3.28 THE GREAT LAKES 129 3.28.1 RING-SHAPED
DEPRESSIONS, LAKE SUPERIOR 129 3.28.2 POCKMARK-LIKE DEPRESSIONS, LAKE
MICHIGAN 129 3.29 EASTERN CANADA 129 3.29.1 THE SCOTIAN AND LABRADOR
SHELVES, AND THE GRAND BANKS 129 3.29.2 THE LAURENTIAN FAN 131 3.29.3
THE BAFFIN SHELF 131 3.30 FINALE 132 THE CONTEXTS OF SEABED FLUID FLOW
134 4.1 INTRODUCTION 134 4.2 OCEANOGRAPHIC SETTINGS 134 4.2.1 COASTAL
SETTINGS 134 4.2.2 CONTINENTAL SHELVES 136 4.2.3 CONTINENTAL SLOPES AND
RISES 136 4.2.4 ABYSSAL PLAINS 136 4.3 PLATE TECTONICS SETTINGS 136
4.3.1 DIVERGENT (CONSTRUCTIVE) PLATE BOUNDARIES 137 CONTENTS 4.3.2
CONVERGENT (DESTRUCTIVE) PLATE BOUNDARIES 138 4.3.3 TRANSFORM PLATE
BOUNDARIES 140 4.3.4 INTRAPLATE IGNEOUS ACTIVITY 140 4.3.5 SERPENTINITE
SEAMOUNTS 142 4.4 CONCLUSION 143 5 THE NATURE AND ORIGINS OF FLOWING
FLUIDS 144 5.1 INTRODUCTION 144 5.2 HOT FLUIDS 144 5.2.1 MAGMA AND
VOLCANIC FLUIDS 144 5.2.2 GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS 145 5.2.3 HYDROTHERMAL
CIRCULATION SYSTEMS 145 5.2.4 EXOTHERMIC HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS 149 5.3
WATER FLOWS 150 5.3.1 SUBMARINE GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE (SGD) 150 5.3.2
EXPELLED PORE WATER 150 5.4 PETROLEUM FLUIDS 151 5.4.1 ORGANIC ORIGINS
151 5.4.2 MICROBIAL METHANE 153 5.4.3 THERMOGENIC HYDROCARBONS 154 5.4.4
HYDROTHERMAL AND ABIOGENIC PETROLEUM 157 5.5 DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN THE
ORIGINS 162 6 SHALLOW GAS AND GAS HYDRATES 163 6.1 INTRODUCTION 163
6.1.1 THE CHARACTER AND FORMATION OF GAS BUBBLES 163 6.2 GEOPHYSICAL
INDICATORS OF SHALLOW GAS 165 6.2.1 THE ACOUSTIC RESPONSE OF GAS BUBBLES
166 6.2.2 SEISMIC EVIDENCE OF GASSY SEDIMENTS 167 6.2.3 NOVEL GAS
DETECTION AND MAPPING 178 6.2.4 SEASONAL SHALLOW GAS DEPTH VARIATIONS
178 , 6.3 GAS HYDRATES - A SPECIAL TYPE OF ACCUMULATION 178 6.3.1 NATURE
AND FORMATION 179 6.3.2 GAS HYDRATES AND FLUID FLOW 182 6.3.3 THEBSR 183
6.3.4 OTHER HYDRATE INDICATORS 186 6.3.5 DISSOCIATION 187 7 MIGRATION
AND SEABED FEATURES 189 7.1 INTRODUCTION 189 7.2 POCKMARKS AND RELATED
FEATURES 190 7.2.1 DISTRIBUTION 191 7.2.2 POCKMARKS AND FLUID FLOW 192
7.2.3 POCKMARK ACTIVITY 194 7.3 MUD VOLCANOES AND MUD DIAPIRS 195 7.3.1
THE DISTRIBUTION OF MUD VOLCANOES AND MUD DIAPIRS 197 7.3.2 MUD-VOLCANO
MORPHOLOGY 198 7.3.3 MUD-VOLCANO EMISSION PRODUCTS 201 7.3.4 MUD-VOLCANO
ACTIVITY 202 7.4 RELATED FEATURES 205 7.4.1 SEABED DOMING 206 7.4.2
COLLAPSE DEPRESSIONS 206 7.4.3 FREAK SANDWAVES 206 7.4.4 SHALLOW MUD
DIAPIRS AND MUD VOLCANOES 206 7.4.5 RED SEA DIAPIRS 207 7.4.6 DIATREMES
208 7.4.7 SAND INTRUSIONS AND EXTRUSIONS 209 7.4.8 POLYGONAL FAULTS 211
7.4.9 GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS 212 7.5 MOVERS AND SHAKERS: INFLUENTIAL
FACTORS 213 7.5.1 THE DEEP ENVIRONMENT 214 7.5.2 DRIVING FORCES 215
7.5.3 FLUID MIGRATION 216 7.5.4 MODELLING THE PROCESSES 226 7.5.5
TRIGGERING EVENTS 228 7.5.6 ICE-RELATED INFLUENCES 237 7.6 A UNIFIED
EXPLANATION 239 ! 7;6.1 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 239 7.6.2 EXPLAINING
SEEPS 240 7.6.3 THE FORMATION OF POCKMARKS AND RELATED SEABED FEATURES
242 7.6.4 MUD VOLCANOES AND DIAPIRISM 245 7.6.5 ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS
246 7.7 FOSSIL FEATURES 247 7.8 RELATED FEATURES - LOOKING FURTHER
AFIELD 247 SEABED FLUID FLOW AND BIOLOGY 248 8.1 SEABED FLUID FLOW
HABITATS 248 8.1.1 COLD SEEPS ON CONTINENTAL SHELVES 248 8.1.2
DEEP-WATER COLD SEEPS 251 8.1.3 THE LINK BETWEEN HYDROCARBONS AND
COLD-SEEP COMMUNITIES 253 8.1.4 SHALLOW GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE SITES 253
8.1.5 . DEEP-WATER GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE SITES 255 CONTENTS 8.1.6 CORAL
REEFS AND SEABED FLUID FLOW 255 8.1.7 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS 260 8.2 FAUNA
AND SEABED FLUID FLOW 262 8.2.1 MICROBES - WHERE IT ALL BEGINS 262 8.2.2
LIVING TOGETHER: SYMBIOSIS AND SEEPS 269 8.2.3 NON-SYMBIOTIC SEEP FAUNA
273 8.3 SEEPS AND MARINE ECOLOGY 276 8.3.1 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 277
8.3.2 COMMUNITIES AS INDICATORS OF SEEP ACTIVITY AND MATURITY 278 8.3.3
DO SHALLOW-WATER COLD SEEPS SUPPORT CHEMOSYNTHETIC COMMUNITIES? 280
8.3.4 DO SEEPS CONTRIBUTE TO THE MARINE FOOD WEB? 284 8.3.5 IS FLUID
FLOW RELEVANT TO GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY? 286 8.3.6 THE 'DEEP BIOSPHERE' AND
THE ORIGINS OF LIFE ON EARTH 287 8.4 A GLIMPSE INTO THE PAST 288 8.4.1
FOSSIL COLD-SEEP COMMUNITIES 288 9 SEABED FLUID FLOW AND MINERAL
PRECIPITATION 290 9.1 INTRODUCTION 290 9.2 METHANE-DERIVED AUTHIGENIC
CARBONATES 290 9.2.1 NORTH SEA'POCKMARK CARBONATES' 290 9.2.2 'BUBBLING
REEFS'IN THE KATTEGAT 291 9.2.3 CARBONATE MINERALOGY 291 9.2.4 OTHER
MODERN AUTHIGENIC CARBONATES 293 9.2.5 ISOTOPIC INDICATIONS OF ORIGIN
295 9.2.6 MDAC FORMATION MECHANISM 295 9.2.7 ASSOCIATED MINERALS 297
9.2.8 MDAC CHIMNEYS 299 9.2.9 SELF-SEALING SEEPS 301 9.2.10 MDAC: BLOCK
FORMATION 302 9.2.11 CARBONATE MOUNDS 302 9.2.12 FOSSIL SEEP CARBONATES
304 9.2.13 SUMMARY OF MDAC OCCURRENCES 307 9.3 OTHER FLUID-FLOW-RELATED
CARBONATES 307 9.3.1 MICROBIALITES AND STROMATOLITES 308 9.3.2 IKAITE
311 9.3.3 WHITINGS 311 9.3.4 CARBONATES AND SERPENTINITES 313 9.4
HYDROTHERMAL SEEPS AND MINERALISATION 314 9.4.1 SEDIMENT-FILTERED
HYDROTHERMAL FLUID FLOW 315 . . . . 9.4.2 ANHYDRITE MOUNDS 316 9.4.3
HYDROTHERMAL SALT STOCKS 317 9.5 OTHER MINERAL PRECIPITATES 318 9.5.1
IRON FROM SUBMARINE GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE 318 9.5.2 PHOSPHATES ON
SEAMOUNTS, GUYOTS, AND ATOLLS 318 9.6 FERROMANGANESE NODULES 319 9.7
FINAL THOUGHTS 321 10 IMPACTS ON THE HYDROSPHERE AND ATMOSPHERE 323 10.1
INTRODUCTION 323 10.2 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS AND PLUMES 323 10.2.1 PLUMES
324 10.2.2 PLUME COMPOSITION 325 10.2.3 PLUMES AND THE COMPOSITION OF
THE OCEANS 326 10.2.4 HEATING THE OCEANS 328 10.3 SUBMARINE GROUNDWATER
DISCHARGE 329 10.3.1 DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION 329 10.3.2 WATER
QUALITY 330 10.4 SEEPS 331 10.4.1 IDENTIFYING SEEPS 331 10.4.2 ERUPTIONS
AND BLOWOUTS 333 10.4.3 QUANTIFYING SEEPS 335 10.4.4 THE FATE OF THE
SEABED FLUX 338 10.5 METHANE IN THE 'NORMAL' OCEAN 341 10.5.1 RIVERS,
ESTUARIES, AND LAGOONS 341 10.5.2 THE OPEN OCEAN 342 10.5.3 THE
INFLUENCE OF SEABED METHANE SOURCES 344 10.6 EMISSIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERE
345 10.6.1 METHANE EMISSIONS FROM THE OCEANS 345 10.6.2 SEABED SOURCES
OF ATMOSPHERIC METHANE 347 10.7 GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE 349 10.8 LIMITING
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 350 10.8.1 QUATERNARY ICE AGES 350 10.8.2 EARLIER
EVENTS 353 10.9 AFTERWORD 353 CONTENTS 11 IMPLICATIONS FOR MAN 355 11.1
INTRODUCTION 355 11.2 SEABED SLOPE INSTABILITY 355 11.2.1 GAS-RELATED
SLOPE FAILURES: CASE STUDIES 356 11.2.2 ASSOCIATED TSUNAMIS 359 11.2.3
WHY DO SUBMARINE SLOPES FAIL? 359 11.2.4 PREDICTING SLOPE STABILITY 361
11.2.5 IMPACTS OF SLOPE FAILURES ON OFFSHORE OPERATIONS 362 11.3
DRILLING HAZARDS 362 11.3.1 BLOWOUTS 362 11.3.2 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE 366
11.3.3 DRILLING AND GAS HYDRATES 367 11.4 HAZARDS TO SEABED
INSTALLATIONS 369 11.4.1 POCKMARKS AS SEABED OBSTACLES 369 11.4.2
TRENCHING THROUGH MDAC 369 11.4.3 FOUNDATION PROBLEMS 370 11.4.4 EFFECTS
OF GAS HYDRATES 370 11.5 ERUPTIONS AND NATURAL BLOWOUTS 371 11.5.1
GAS-INDUCED BUOYANCY LOSS 372 11.6 BENEFITS 374 11.6.1 METALLIC ORE
DEPOSITS 374 11.6.2 EXPLOITING GAS SEEPS 374 11.6.3 GAS HYDRATES - FUEL
OF THE FUTURE? 375 11.6.4 TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE 376 11.6.5 BENEFITS TO
FISHING? 383 11.6.6 SEEPS, VENTS, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 383 11.7 IMPACTS OF
HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON SEABED FLUID FLOW AND ASSOCIATED FEATURES 383 11.7.1
POTENTIAL TRIGGERS 383 11.7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 384 REFERENCES
387 INDEX 442 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Judd, Alan G. Hovland, Martin |
| author_facet | Judd, Alan G. Hovland, Martin |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Judd, Alan G. |
| author_variant | a g j ag agj m h mh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022355288 |
| callnumber-first | G - Geography, Anthropology, Recreation |
| callnumber-label | GC87 |
| callnumber-raw | GC87 |
| callnumber-search | GC87 |
| callnumber-sort | GC 287 |
| callnumber-subject | GC - Oceanography |
| classification_rvk | RZ 10405 TI 7300 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)71808114 (DE-599)BVBBV022355288 |
| dewey-full | 551.468 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 551 - Geology, hydrology, meteorology |
| dewey-raw | 551.468 |
| dewey-search | 551.468 |
| dewey-sort | 3551.468 |
| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:01:16Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:55:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0521819504 9780521819503 |
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| physical | XV, 475 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
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| spelling | Judd, Alan G. Verfasser aut Seabed fluid flow the impact of geology, biology, and the marine environment Alan Judd and Martin Hovland 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2007 XV, 475 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Fonds marins Sédiments marins - Teneur en gaz Upwelling Écologie sous-marine Deep-sea ecology Marine sediments Gas content Ocean bottom Ocean bottom ecology Upwelling (Oceanography) Meeressediment (DE-588)4134766-3 gnd rswk-swf Meerwasser (DE-588)4193808-2 gnd rswk-swf Meeresboden (DE-588)4129066-5 gnd rswk-swf Hydrodynamik (DE-588)4026302-2 gnd rswk-swf Meeresökologie (DE-588)4195671-0 gnd rswk-swf Gashydrate (DE-588)4282527-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4006432-3 Bibliografie gnd-content Meeresboden (DE-588)4129066-5 s Meeressediment (DE-588)4134766-3 s Meeresökologie (DE-588)4195671-0 s Gashydrate (DE-588)4282527-1 s 1\p DE-604 Meerwasser (DE-588)4193808-2 s Hydrodynamik (DE-588)4026302-2 s 2\p DE-604 Hovland, Martin Verfasser aut GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015564707&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Judd, Alan G. Hovland, Martin Seabed fluid flow the impact of geology, biology, and the marine environment Fonds marins Sédiments marins - Teneur en gaz Upwelling Écologie sous-marine Deep-sea ecology Marine sediments Gas content Ocean bottom Ocean bottom ecology Upwelling (Oceanography) Meeressediment (DE-588)4134766-3 gnd Meerwasser (DE-588)4193808-2 gnd Meeresboden (DE-588)4129066-5 gnd Hydrodynamik (DE-588)4026302-2 gnd Meeresökologie (DE-588)4195671-0 gnd Gashydrate (DE-588)4282527-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4134766-3 (DE-588)4193808-2 (DE-588)4129066-5 (DE-588)4026302-2 (DE-588)4195671-0 (DE-588)4282527-1 (DE-588)4006432-3 |
| title | Seabed fluid flow the impact of geology, biology, and the marine environment |
| title_auth | Seabed fluid flow the impact of geology, biology, and the marine environment |
| title_exact_search | Seabed fluid flow the impact of geology, biology, and the marine environment |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Seabed fluid flow the impact of geology, biology, and the marine environment |
| title_full | Seabed fluid flow the impact of geology, biology, and the marine environment Alan Judd and Martin Hovland |
| title_fullStr | Seabed fluid flow the impact of geology, biology, and the marine environment Alan Judd and Martin Hovland |
| title_full_unstemmed | Seabed fluid flow the impact of geology, biology, and the marine environment Alan Judd and Martin Hovland |
| title_short | Seabed fluid flow |
| title_sort | seabed fluid flow the impact of geology biology and the marine environment |
| title_sub | the impact of geology, biology, and the marine environment |
| topic | Fonds marins Sédiments marins - Teneur en gaz Upwelling Écologie sous-marine Deep-sea ecology Marine sediments Gas content Ocean bottom Ocean bottom ecology Upwelling (Oceanography) Meeressediment (DE-588)4134766-3 gnd Meerwasser (DE-588)4193808-2 gnd Meeresboden (DE-588)4129066-5 gnd Hydrodynamik (DE-588)4026302-2 gnd Meeresökologie (DE-588)4195671-0 gnd Gashydrate (DE-588)4282527-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fonds marins Sédiments marins - Teneur en gaz Upwelling Écologie sous-marine Deep-sea ecology Marine sediments Gas content Ocean bottom Ocean bottom ecology Upwelling (Oceanography) Meeressediment Meerwasser Meeresboden Hydrodynamik Meeresökologie Gashydrate Bibliografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015564707&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT juddalang seabedfluidflowtheimpactofgeologybiologyandthemarineenvironment AT hovlandmartin seabedfluidflowtheimpactofgeologybiologyandthemarineenvironment |