Petroleum refining: technology and economics
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| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
2007
|
| Edition: | 5. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents only Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 465 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780849370380 0849370388 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Gary, James H. |d 1921- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)135664187 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Petroleum refining |b technology and economics |c James H. Gary ; Glenn E. Handwerk ; Mark J. Kaiser |
| 250 | |a 5. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 465 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Industrie pétrochimique | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Petróleo |2 lemb | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Produits pétrochimiques | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pétrole - Raffinage | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pétrole - Raffinage - Aspect économique | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Refinerías de petróleo |2 lemb | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Petroleum |x Refining | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Kaiser, Mark J. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804136317476405248 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Petroleum refining
Autor: Gary, James H
Jahr: 2007
Table of Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Authors xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Refinery Processes and Operations 2
1.2 Historic Overview 4
1.3 Product Demand and Supply 5
1.4 U.S. Statistics 7
1.4.1 Capacity 7
1.4.2 Capacity Creep 7
1.4.3 Utilization 7
1.4.4 Industry Structure 8
1.4.5 Regional Specialization 9
1.5 World Statistics 12
1.5.1 Product Demand 12
1.5.2 Capacity 12
1.5.3 Configuration, Complexity, and Yield 12
1.5.4 Investment Patterns 15
1.6 Industry Characteristics 16
1.6.1 Each Refinery Is Unique 16
1.6.2 No Two Crude Oils Are the Same 16
1.6.3 Refinery Configuration Evolves over Time 17
1.6.4 Not All Refineries Are Created Equal 17
1.6.5 Refineries Are Capital-Intensive, Long-Lived,
Highly Specific Assets 18
1.6.6 Refined Products Are Commodities 18
1.6.7 Refined Products Are Sold in Segment Markets 18
1.6.8 Product Prices Are Volatile 18
1.6.9 Product Prices Are Correlated to Crude Oil Prices 19
1.6.10 Refineries Are Price Takers 19
1.6.11 Gravity Down, Sulfur Up 19
1.6.12 Refining Optimization Involves Multiple Trade-Offs 20
1.6.13 Petroleum Refining Is Energy Intensive 20
1.6.14 Refining Operations and Products Impact the Environment 21
1.7 Refinery Economics 21
1.7.1 Refinery Economics Is Complicated 21
1.7.2 Data Source 21
vi
Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics
1.7.3 Boom and Bust Industry
1.7.4 Refining Margins
1.7.5 Investment Decision Making ^
1.8 Cost Estimation
1.8.1 Data Sources
1.8.2 Process Technologies
1.8.3 Function Specification 25
1.8.4 Utility Requirements 25
1.8.4.1 Normalization 2^
1.8.5 Nelson-Farrar Cost Indices 27
1.8.6 Limitations of Analysis 27
1.9 Refinery Complexity 28
1.9.1 Data Source 2^
1.9.2 Unit Complexity 29
1.9.3 Refinery Complexity 29
1.9.4 Example 29
1.9.5 Generalized Complexity 30
1.10 Refinery Flow Scheme and Chapter Outline 32
1.10.1 Refinery Products and Feedstocks (Chapters 2, 3) 32
1.10.2 Crude Distillation (Chapter 4) 32
1.10.3 Coking and Thermal Processes (Chapter 5) 32
1.10.4 Catalytic Cracking (Chapter 6) 33
1.10.5 Catalytic Hydrocracking (Chapter 7) 33
1.10.6 Hydroprocessing and Resid Processing (Chapter 8) 33
1.10.7 Hydrotreating (Chapter 9) 34
1.10.8 Catalytic Reforming and Isomerization (Chapter 10) 34
1.10.9 Alkylation and Polymerization (Chapter 11) 34
1.10.10 Product Blending (Chapter 12) 35
1.10.11 Supporting Processes (Chapter 13) 35
1.10.12 Refinery Economics and Planning (Chapter 14) 35
1.10.13 Lubricating Oil Blending Stocks (Chapter 15) 36
1.10.14 Petrochemical Feedstocks (Chapter 16) 36
1.10.15 Additives Production from Refinery Feedstocks (Chapter 17) 36
1.10.16 Cost Estimation (Chapter 18) 36
1.10.17 Economic Evaluation (Chapter 19) 36
Notes 27
Chapter 2 Refinery Products 41
2.1 Low-Boiling Products 41
2.2 Gasoline 44
2.3 Gasoline Specifications 49
2.4 Distillate Fuels ^
2.4.1 Jet and Turbine Fuels 51
2.4.2 Automotive Diesel Fuels 53
2.4.3 Railroad Diesel Fuels „
Table of Contents vii
2.4.4 Heating Oils 53
2.5 Residual Fuel Oils 54
Notes 55
Chapter 3 Refinery Feedstocks 57
3.1 Crude Oil Properties 57
3.1.1 API Gravity 58
3.1.2 Sulfur Content, Wt% 58
3.1.3 Pour Point, °F (°C) 58
3.1.4 Carbon Residue, Wt% 58
3.1.5 Salt Content, lb/1000 bbl 59
3.1.6 Characterization Factors 59
3.1.7 Nitrogen Content, Wt% 59
3.1.8 Distillation Range 60
3.1.9 Metals Content, ppm 60
3.1.10 Total Acid Number 60
3.2 Composition of Petroleum 62
3.2.1 Paraffins 62
3.2.2 Olefins 62
3.2.3 Naphthenes (Cycloparaffins) 63
3.2.4 Aromatics 64
3.3 Crudes Suitable for Asphalt Manufacture 64
3.3.1 Crude Distillation Curves 65
Problems 68
Notes 68
Additional Reading 70
Chapter 4 Crude Distillation 71
4.1 Desalting Crude Oils 71
4.2 Atmospheric Topping Unit 80
4.3 Vacuum Distillation 84
4.4 Auxiliary Equipment 86
4.5 Crude Distillation Unit Products 86
4.6 Case-Study Problem: Crude Units 88
4.6.1 Statement of the Problem 90
4.6.2 General Procedure 90
Problems 93
Notes 95
Chapter 5 Coking and Thermal Processes 97
5.1 Types, Properties, and Uses of Petroleum Coke 97
5.2 Process Description—Delayed Coking 99
5.2.1 Coke Removal—Delayed Coking 102
viii
Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics
5.3 Operation—Delayed Coking 102
5.4 Process Description—Flexicoking 105
5.5 Process Description—Fluid Coking 108
5.6 Yields from Flexicoking and Fluid Coking 110
5.7 Capital Costs and Utilities for Flexicoking and Fluid Coking 111
5.8 Visbreaking Ill
5.9 Case-Study Problem: Delayed Coker 116
Problems 119
Notes 120
Additional Reading 120
Chapter 6 Catalytic Cracking 121
6.1 Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking 122
6 2 New Designs for Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking Units 133
. i
6.3 Cracking Reactions 1
6.4 Cracking of Paraffins 135
6.5 Olefin Cracking 136
6.6 Cracking of Naphthenic Hydrocarbons 136
6.7 Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cracking 136
6.8 Cracking Catalysts 136
6.9 FCC Feed Prctreating 140
6.10 Process Variables 140
6.11 Heat Recovery 142
6.12 Yield Estimation 143
6.13 Capital and Operating Costs 147
6.14 Case-Study Problem: Catalytic Cracker 147
Problems 150
Notes 153
Additional Reading 157
Chapter 7 Catalytic Hydrocracking I61
7.1 Hydrocracking Reactions 102
7.2 Feed Preparation 10^
7.3 The Hydrocracking Process 165
7.4 Hydrocracking Catalyst 168
7.5 Process Variables 169
7.5.1 Reactor Temperature 169
7.5.2 Reactor Pressure 169
7.5.3 Space Velocity 170
7.5.4 Nitrogen Content 170
7.5.5 Hydrogen Sulfide 170
7.5.6 Heavy Polynuclear Aromatics 170
7.6 Hydrocracking Yields 170
7.7 Investment and Operating Costs 173
Table of Contents ix
7.8 Modes of Hydrocracker Operation 173
7.9 Case-Study Problem: Hydrocracker 175
Problems 175
Notes 178
Additional Reading 179
Chapter 8 Hydroprocessing and Resid Processing 181
8.1 Composition of Vacuum Tower Bottoms 181
8.2 Processing Options 182
8.3 Hydroprocessing 183
8.4 Expanded-Bed Hydrocracking Processes 186
8.5 Moving-Bed Hydroprocessors 189
8.6 Solvent Extraction 190
8.7 Summary of Resid Processing Operations 192
Notes 193
Additional Reading 193
Chapter 9 Hydrotreating 195
9.1 Hydrotreating Catalysts 195
9.2 Aromatics Reduction 198
9.3 Reactions 198
9.4 Process Variables 200
9.5 Construction and Operating Costs 201
9.6 Case-Study Problem: Hydrotreaters 201
Problems 203
Notes 205
Chapter 10 Catalytic Reforming and Isomerization 207
10.1 Reactions - 208
10.1.1 Dehydrogenation Reactions 208
10.1.2 Isomerization Reactions 212
10.1.3 Hydrocracking Reactions 213
10.2 Feed Preparation 214
10.3 Catalytic Reforming Processes 214
10.3.1 Example Problem 216
10.3.1.1 Solution 216
10.4 Reforming Catalyst 217
10.5 Reactor Design 217
10.6 Yields and Costs 219
10.7 Isomerization 220
10.8 Capital and Operating Costs 225
10.9 Isomerization Yields 225
10.10 Case-Study Problem: Naphtha Hydrotreater, Catalytic Reformer, and
Isomerization Unit 225
Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics
Problems ;?29
Additional Reading
Chapter 11 Alkylation and Polymerization 231
11.1 Alkylation Reactions 231
11.2 Process Variables 234
11.3 Alkylation Feedstocks 235
11.4 Alkylation Products 235
11.5 Catalysts 236
11.6 1 lydrolluoric Acid Processes 237
11.7 Sulfuric Acid Alkylation Processes 240
11.8 Comparison of Processes 245
11.9 Alkylation Yields and Costs 246
11.10 Safety Issues 246
11.11 Polymerization 246
11.12 Case-Study Problem: Alkylation and Polymerization 250
Problems 254
Notes 255
Chapter 12 Product Blending 257
12.1 Rcid Vapor Pressure 258
12.1.1 Example 1 258
12.1.2 Example 2 259
12.2 Octane Blending 261
12.3 Blending for Other Properties 262
12.4 Case-Study Problem: Gasoline Blending 266
12.4.1 Octane Calculations for Pool Gasoline 268
12.5 Case-Study Problem: Diesel and Jet Fuel Blending 269
12.5.1 Diesel Fuel and Home Heating Oil Blend 269
12.5.2 Jet Fuel Blend 270
Problems 270
Notes 271
Chapter 13 Supporting Processes 273
13.1 1 lydrogen Production and Purification 273
13.2 Gas Processing Unit 278
13.3 Acid Gas Removal 280
13.3.1 Chemical Solvent Processes 280
13.3.2 Physical Solvent Processes 280
13.3.3 Dry Adsorbents Processes 282
13.4 Sulfur Recovery Processes 283
13.4.1 Modified Claus Process 283
Table of Contents xi
13.4.2 Carbon-Sulfur Compounds 289
13.4.3 SCOT Process 290
13.5 Ecological Considerations in Petroleum Refining 290
13.6 Wastewater Treatment 292
13.7 Control of Atmospheric Pollution 293
13.8 Noise Level Control 293
13.9 Case-Study Problem: Saturated Gas Recovery, Amine, and Sulfur
Recovery Units 293
Notes 296
Chapter 14 Refinery Economics and Planning 297
14.1 Linear Programming Overview 297
14.2 Refinery Linear Programming Models 299
14.3 Economics and Planning Applications 301
14.3.1 Crude Oil Evaluation 301
14.3.2 Monthly Production Planning 303
14.3.3 Day-to-Day Operations Optimization 303
14.3.4 Product Blending and Pricing 304
14.3.5 Shutdown Planning 304
14.3.6 Multirefinery Supply and Distribution 305
14.3.7 Yearly Budgeting 306
14.3.8 Investment Studies 306
14.3.9 Environmental Studies 307
14.3.10 Technology Evaluation 307
Problems 307
Notes 308
Additional Reading 308
Chapter 15 Lubricating Oil Blending Stocks 309
15.1 Lube Oil Processing 310
15.2 Propane Deasphalting 311
15.3 Viscosity Index Improvement and Solvent Extraction 312
15.3.1 Furfural Extraction 314
15.3.2 Phenol Extraction 314
15.3.3 NMP Extraction 315
15.4 Viscosity Index Improvement and Hydrocracking 317
15.5 Dewaxing 317
15.5.1 Solvent Dewaxing 318
15.5.2 Propane 318
15.5.3 Ketones 318
15.5.4 Ketone Dewaxing 318
15.5.5 Dilchill Dewaxing 319
15.5.6 Propane Dewaxing 319
15.5.7 Selective Hydrocracking 321
xii
Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics
15.6 Hydrofmishing 322
15.7 Finishing by Clay Contacting 322
15.8 Environmental Impacts 322
Notes 323
Chapter 16 Petrochemical Feedstocks 325
16.1 Aromatics Production 325
16.1.1 Solvent Extraction of Aromatics 325
16.1.2 Aromatics Separation 330
16.1.3 Benzene 334
16.2 Unsaturate Production .334
16.3 Saturated Paraffins 335
16.3.1 Normal Paraffins .335
16.3.2 Cycloparaffins 337
Notes 337
Chapter 17 Additives Production from Refinery Feedstocks 339
17.1 Use of Alcohols and Ethers 339
17.2 Ether Production Reactions 341
17.2.1 Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether 341
17.2.2 Tertiary Amyl Methyl Ether 342
17.3 Ether Production Processes 342
17.4 Yields 344
17.5 Costs for Ether Production 344
17.6 Production of Isobutylene 344
17.7 Commercial Dehydrogenation Processes 346
17.8 Houdry s CATOFIN 347
17.9 ConocoPhillips Petroleum s Star 348
17.10 UOP LLC OLEFLEX 348
17.11 Snamprogetti Yarsintez Process 349
17.12 Costs to Produce Isobutylene from lsobutane 349
17.13 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists Nomenclature 349
17.14 Isooctene and Isooctane Production 350
Chapter 18 Cost Estimation 353
18.1 Rule-of-Thumb Estimates 353
18.2 Cost-Curve Estimates 353
18.3 Major Equipment Factor Estimates 354
18.4 Definitive Estimates 354
18.5 Summary Form for Cost Estimates 354
18.6 Storage Facilities 355
18.7 Land and Storage Requirements 355
Table of Contents xiii
18.8 Steam Systems 356
18.9 Cooling Water Systems 356
18.10 Other Utility Systems 357
18.10.1 Offsites 357
18.10.2 Special Costs 358
18.10.3 Contingencies 358
18.10.4 Escalation 358
18.10.5 Plant Location 359
18.11 Application of Cost Estimation Techniques 359
18.11.1 Statement of Problem 359
18.11.2 Process Requirements 362
18.11.3 Catalytic Reformer 362
18.11.4 Naphtha Desulfurizer 364
18.11.5 Calculation of Direct Annual Operating Costs 365
18.11.5.1 On-Stream Time 366
18.11.5.2 Water Makeup 366
18.11.5.3 Power 366
18.11.5.4 Fuel 366
18.11.5.5 Royalties 368
18.11.5.6 Catalyst Consumption 368
18.11.5.7 Insurance 368
18.11.5.8 Local Taxes 368
18.11.5.9 Maintenance 368
18.11.5.10 Miscellaneous Supplies 368
18.11.5.11 Plant Staff and Operators 369
18.11.5.12 Calculation of Income before Income Tax 369
18.11.5.13 Calculation of Return on Investment 370
Problems 371
Notes 371
Additional Reading 371
Chapter 19 Economic Evaluation 373
19.1 Definitions 373
19.1.1 Depreciation 373
19.1.2 Working Capital 373
19.1.3 Annual Cash Flow 373
19.1.4 Sensitivity Analysis 373
19.1.5 Product and Raw Material Cost Estimation 374
19.2 Return on Original Investment 374
19.3 Payout Time 374
19.4 Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return 375
19.4.1 Expenditures Prior to Start-Up 375
19.4.2 Expenditures at Start-Up 376
19.4.3 Income after Start-Up 376
xjv Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics
19.5 Case-Study Problem; Economic Evaluation 378
19.6 Case-Study Problem: Economic Solution 382
19.6.1 Storage Costs 382
19.6.2 Investment Cost 383
19.6.3 Water Makeup Cost 383
19.6.4 Chemical and Catalysts Costs 383
19.6.5 Power Costs 383
19.6.6 Fuel 384
19.6.7 Insurance Costs 384
19.6.8 Local Taxes 384
19.6.9 Maintenance Costs 384
19.6.10 Miscellaneous Supplies Costs 384
Problems 384
Notes 385
Appendix A Definitions of Refining Terms 387
Appendix B Physical Properties 401
Appendix C U.S. Bureau of Mines Routine Analyses of Selected Crude Oils ...415
Appendix I) Economic Evaluation Example Problem 431
Appendix E Photographs 435
|
| adam_txt |
Titel: Petroleum refining
Autor: Gary, James H
Jahr: 2007
Table of Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Authors xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Refinery Processes and Operations 2
1.2 Historic Overview 4
1.3 Product Demand and Supply 5
1.4 U.S. Statistics 7
1.4.1 Capacity 7
1.4.2 Capacity Creep 7
1.4.3 Utilization 7
1.4.4 Industry Structure 8
1.4.5 Regional Specialization 9
1.5 World Statistics 12
1.5.1 Product Demand 12
1.5.2 Capacity 12
1.5.3 Configuration, Complexity, and Yield 12
1.5.4 Investment Patterns 15
1.6 Industry Characteristics 16
1.6.1 Each Refinery Is Unique 16
1.6.2 No Two Crude Oils Are the Same 16
1.6.3 Refinery Configuration Evolves over Time 17
1.6.4 Not All Refineries Are Created Equal 17
1.6.5 Refineries Are Capital-Intensive, Long-Lived,
Highly Specific Assets 18
1.6.6 Refined Products Are Commodities 18
1.6.7 Refined Products Are Sold in Segment Markets 18
1.6.8 Product Prices Are Volatile 18
1.6.9 Product Prices Are Correlated to Crude Oil Prices 19
1.6.10 Refineries Are Price Takers 19
1.6.11 Gravity Down, Sulfur Up 19
1.6.12 Refining Optimization Involves Multiple Trade-Offs 20
1.6.13 Petroleum Refining Is Energy Intensive 20
1.6.14 Refining Operations and Products Impact the Environment 21
1.7 Refinery Economics 21
1.7.1 Refinery Economics Is Complicated 21
1.7.2 Data Source 21
vi
Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics
1.7.3 Boom and Bust Industry
1.7.4 Refining Margins
1.7.5 Investment Decision Making ^
1.8 Cost Estimation
1.8.1 Data Sources
1.8.2 Process Technologies
1.8.3 Function Specification 25
1.8.4 Utility Requirements 25
1.8.4.1 Normalization 2^
1.8.5 Nelson-Farrar Cost Indices 27
1.8.6 Limitations of Analysis 27
1.9 Refinery Complexity 28
1.9.1 Data Source 2^
1.9.2 Unit Complexity 29
1.9.3 Refinery Complexity 29
1.9.4 Example 29
1.9.5 Generalized Complexity 30
1.10 Refinery Flow Scheme and Chapter Outline 32
1.10.1 Refinery Products and Feedstocks (Chapters 2, 3) 32
1.10.2 Crude Distillation (Chapter 4) 32
1.10.3 Coking and Thermal Processes (Chapter 5) 32
1.10.4 Catalytic Cracking (Chapter 6) 33
1.10.5 Catalytic Hydrocracking (Chapter 7) 33
1.10.6 Hydroprocessing and Resid Processing (Chapter 8) 33
1.10.7 Hydrotreating (Chapter 9) 34
1.10.8 Catalytic Reforming and Isomerization (Chapter 10) 34
1.10.9 Alkylation and Polymerization (Chapter 11) 34
1.10.10 Product Blending (Chapter 12) 35
1.10.11 Supporting Processes (Chapter 13) 35
1.10.12 Refinery Economics and Planning (Chapter 14) 35
1.10.13 Lubricating Oil Blending Stocks (Chapter 15) 36
1.10.14 Petrochemical Feedstocks (Chapter 16) 36
1.10.15 Additives Production from Refinery Feedstocks (Chapter 17) 36
1.10.16 Cost Estimation (Chapter 18) 36
1.10.17 Economic Evaluation (Chapter 19) 36
Notes 27
Chapter 2 Refinery Products 41
2.1 Low-Boiling Products 41
2.2 Gasoline 44
2.3 Gasoline Specifications 49
2.4 Distillate Fuels ^
2.4.1 Jet and Turbine Fuels 51
2.4.2 Automotive Diesel Fuels 53
2.4.3 Railroad Diesel Fuels „
Table of Contents vii
2.4.4 Heating Oils 53
2.5 Residual Fuel Oils 54
Notes 55
Chapter 3 Refinery Feedstocks 57
3.1 Crude Oil Properties 57
3.1.1 API Gravity 58
3.1.2 Sulfur Content, Wt% 58
3.1.3 Pour Point, °F (°C) 58
3.1.4 Carbon Residue, Wt% 58
3.1.5 Salt Content, lb/1000 bbl 59
3.1.6 Characterization Factors 59
3.1.7 Nitrogen Content, Wt% 59
3.1.8 Distillation Range 60
3.1.9 Metals Content, ppm 60
3.1.10 Total Acid Number 60
3.2 Composition of Petroleum 62
3.2.1 Paraffins 62
3.2.2 Olefins 62
3.2.3 Naphthenes (Cycloparaffins) 63
3.2.4 Aromatics 64
3.3 Crudes Suitable for Asphalt Manufacture 64
3.3.1 Crude Distillation Curves 65
Problems 68
Notes 68
Additional Reading 70
Chapter 4 Crude Distillation 71
4.1 Desalting Crude Oils 71
4.2 Atmospheric Topping Unit 80
4.3 Vacuum Distillation 84
4.4 Auxiliary Equipment 86
4.5 Crude Distillation Unit Products 86
4.6 Case-Study Problem: Crude Units 88
4.6.1 Statement of the Problem 90
4.6.2 General Procedure 90
Problems 93
Notes 95
Chapter 5 Coking and Thermal Processes 97
5.1 Types, Properties, and Uses of Petroleum Coke 97
5.2 Process Description—Delayed Coking 99
5.2.1 Coke Removal—Delayed Coking 102
viii
Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics
5.3 Operation—Delayed Coking 102
5.4 Process Description—Flexicoking 105
5.5 Process Description—Fluid Coking 108
5.6 Yields from Flexicoking and Fluid Coking 110
5.7 Capital Costs and Utilities for Flexicoking and Fluid Coking 111
5.8 Visbreaking Ill
5.9 Case-Study Problem: Delayed Coker 116
Problems 119
Notes 120
Additional Reading 120
Chapter 6 Catalytic Cracking 121
6.1 Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking 122
6 2 New Designs for Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking Units 133
. i
6.3 Cracking Reactions 1
6.4 Cracking of Paraffins 135
6.5 Olefin Cracking 136
6.6 Cracking of Naphthenic Hydrocarbons 136
6.7 Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cracking 136
6.8 Cracking Catalysts 136
6.9 FCC Feed Prctreating 140
6.10 Process Variables 140
6.11 Heat Recovery 142
6.12 Yield Estimation 143
6.13 Capital and Operating Costs 147
6.14 Case-Study Problem: Catalytic Cracker 147
Problems 150
Notes 153
Additional Reading 157
Chapter 7 Catalytic Hydrocracking I61
7.1 Hydrocracking Reactions 102
7.2 Feed Preparation 10^
7.3 The Hydrocracking Process 165
7.4 Hydrocracking Catalyst 168
7.5 Process Variables 169
7.5.1 Reactor Temperature 169
7.5.2 Reactor Pressure 169
7.5.3 Space Velocity 170
7.5.4 Nitrogen Content 170
7.5.5 Hydrogen Sulfide 170
7.5.6 Heavy Polynuclear Aromatics 170
7.6 Hydrocracking Yields 170
7.7 Investment and Operating Costs 173
Table of Contents ix
7.8 Modes of Hydrocracker Operation 173
7.9 Case-Study Problem: Hydrocracker 175
Problems 175
Notes 178
Additional Reading 179
Chapter 8 Hydroprocessing and Resid Processing 181
8.1 Composition of Vacuum Tower Bottoms 181
8.2 Processing Options 182
8.3 Hydroprocessing 183
8.4 Expanded-Bed Hydrocracking Processes 186
8.5 Moving-Bed Hydroprocessors 189
8.6 Solvent Extraction 190
8.7 Summary of Resid Processing Operations 192
Notes 193
Additional Reading 193
Chapter 9 Hydrotreating 195
9.1 Hydrotreating Catalysts 195
9.2 Aromatics Reduction 198
9.3 Reactions 198
9.4 Process Variables 200
9.5 Construction and Operating Costs 201
9.6 Case-Study Problem: Hydrotreaters 201
Problems 203
Notes 205
Chapter 10 Catalytic Reforming and Isomerization 207
10.1 Reactions - 208
10.1.1 Dehydrogenation Reactions 208
10.1.2 Isomerization Reactions 212
10.1.3 Hydrocracking Reactions 213
10.2 Feed Preparation 214
10.3 Catalytic Reforming Processes 214
10.3.1 Example Problem 216
10.3.1.1 Solution 216
10.4 Reforming Catalyst 217
10.5 Reactor Design 217
10.6 Yields and Costs 219
10.7 Isomerization 220
10.8 Capital and Operating Costs 225
10.9 Isomerization Yields 225
10.10 Case-Study Problem: Naphtha Hydrotreater, Catalytic Reformer, and
Isomerization Unit 225
Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics
Problems ;?29
Additional Reading
Chapter 11 Alkylation and Polymerization 231
11.1 Alkylation Reactions 231
11.2 Process Variables 234
11.3 Alkylation Feedstocks 235
11.4 Alkylation Products 235
11.5 Catalysts 236
11.6 1 lydrolluoric Acid Processes 237
11.7 Sulfuric Acid Alkylation Processes 240
11.8 Comparison of Processes 245
11.9 Alkylation Yields and Costs 246
11.10 Safety Issues 246
11.11 Polymerization 246
11.12 Case-Study Problem: Alkylation and Polymerization 250
Problems 254
Notes 255
Chapter 12 Product Blending 257
12.1 Rcid Vapor Pressure 258
12.1.1 Example 1 258
12.1.2 Example 2 259
12.2 Octane Blending 261
12.3 Blending for Other Properties 262
12.4 Case-Study Problem: Gasoline Blending 266
12.4.1 Octane Calculations for Pool Gasoline 268
12.5 Case-Study Problem: Diesel and Jet Fuel Blending 269
12.5.1 Diesel Fuel and Home Heating Oil Blend 269
12.5.2 Jet Fuel Blend 270
Problems 270
Notes 271
Chapter 13 Supporting Processes 273
13.1 1 lydrogen Production and Purification 273
13.2 Gas Processing Unit 278
13.3 Acid Gas Removal 280
13.3.1 Chemical Solvent Processes 280
13.3.2 Physical Solvent Processes 280
13.3.3 Dry Adsorbents Processes 282
13.4 Sulfur Recovery Processes 283
13.4.1 Modified Claus Process 283
Table of Contents xi
13.4.2 Carbon-Sulfur Compounds 289
13.4.3 SCOT Process 290
13.5 Ecological Considerations in Petroleum Refining 290
13.6 Wastewater Treatment 292
13.7 Control of Atmospheric Pollution 293
13.8 Noise Level Control 293
13.9 Case-Study Problem: Saturated Gas Recovery, Amine, and Sulfur
Recovery Units 293
Notes 296
Chapter 14 Refinery Economics and Planning 297
14.1 Linear Programming Overview 297
14.2 Refinery Linear Programming Models 299
14.3 Economics and Planning Applications 301
14.3.1 Crude Oil Evaluation 301
14.3.2 Monthly Production Planning 303
14.3.3 Day-to-Day Operations Optimization 303
14.3.4 Product Blending and Pricing 304
14.3.5 Shutdown Planning 304
14.3.6 Multirefinery Supply and Distribution 305
14.3.7 Yearly Budgeting 306
14.3.8 Investment Studies 306
14.3.9 Environmental Studies 307
14.3.10 Technology Evaluation 307
Problems 307
Notes 308
Additional Reading 308
Chapter 15 Lubricating Oil Blending Stocks 309
15.1 Lube Oil Processing 310
15.2 Propane Deasphalting 311
15.3 Viscosity Index Improvement and Solvent Extraction 312
15.3.1 Furfural Extraction 314
15.3.2 Phenol Extraction 314
15.3.3 NMP Extraction 315
15.4 Viscosity Index Improvement and Hydrocracking 317
15.5 Dewaxing 317
15.5.1 Solvent Dewaxing 318
15.5.2 Propane 318
15.5.3 Ketones 318
15.5.4 Ketone Dewaxing 318
15.5.5 Dilchill Dewaxing 319
15.5.6 Propane Dewaxing 319
15.5.7 Selective Hydrocracking 321
xii
Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics
15.6 Hydrofmishing 322
15.7 Finishing by Clay Contacting 322
15.8 Environmental Impacts 322
Notes 323
Chapter 16 Petrochemical Feedstocks 325
16.1 Aromatics Production 325
16.1.1 Solvent Extraction of Aromatics 325
16.1.2 Aromatics Separation 330
16.1.3 Benzene 334
16.2 Unsaturate Production .334
16.3 Saturated Paraffins 335
16.3.1 Normal Paraffins .335
16.3.2 Cycloparaffins 337
Notes 337
Chapter 17 Additives Production from Refinery Feedstocks 339
17.1 Use of Alcohols and Ethers 339
17.2 Ether Production Reactions 341
17.2.1 Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether 341
17.2.2 Tertiary Amyl Methyl Ether 342
17.3 Ether Production Processes 342
17.4 Yields 344
17.5 Costs for Ether Production 344
17.6 Production of Isobutylene 344
17.7 Commercial Dehydrogenation Processes 346
17.8 Houdry's CATOFIN 347
17.9 ConocoPhillips Petroleum's Star 348
17.10 UOP LLC OLEFLEX 348
17.11 Snamprogetti Yarsintez Process 349
17.12 Costs to Produce Isobutylene from lsobutane 349
17.13 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists Nomenclature 349
17.14 Isooctene and Isooctane Production 350
Chapter 18 Cost Estimation 353
18.1 Rule-of-Thumb Estimates 353
18.2 Cost-Curve Estimates 353
18.3 Major Equipment Factor Estimates 354
18.4 Definitive Estimates 354
18.5 Summary Form for Cost Estimates 354
18.6 Storage Facilities 355
18.7 Land and Storage Requirements 355
Table of Contents xiii
18.8 Steam Systems 356
18.9 Cooling Water Systems 356
18.10 Other Utility Systems 357
18.10.1 Offsites 357
18.10.2 Special Costs 358
18.10.3 Contingencies 358
18.10.4 Escalation 358
18.10.5 Plant Location 359
18.11 Application of Cost Estimation Techniques 359
18.11.1 Statement of Problem 359
18.11.2 Process Requirements 362
18.11.3 Catalytic Reformer 362
18.11.4 Naphtha Desulfurizer 364
18.11.5 Calculation of Direct Annual Operating Costs 365
18.11.5.1 On-Stream Time 366
18.11.5.2 Water Makeup 366
18.11.5.3 Power 366
18.11.5.4 Fuel 366
18.11.5.5 Royalties 368
18.11.5.6 Catalyst Consumption 368
18.11.5.7 Insurance 368
18.11.5.8 Local Taxes 368
18.11.5.9 Maintenance 368
18.11.5.10 Miscellaneous Supplies 368
18.11.5.11 Plant Staff and Operators 369
18.11.5.12 Calculation of Income before Income Tax 369
18.11.5.13 Calculation of Return on Investment 370
Problems 371
Notes 371
Additional Reading 371
Chapter 19 Economic Evaluation 373
19.1 Definitions 373
19.1.1 Depreciation 373
19.1.2 Working Capital 373
19.1.3 Annual Cash Flow 373
19.1.4 Sensitivity Analysis 373
19.1.5 Product and Raw Material Cost Estimation 374
19.2 Return on Original Investment 374
19.3 Payout Time 374
19.4 Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return 375
19.4.1 Expenditures Prior to Start-Up 375
19.4.2 Expenditures at Start-Up 376
19.4.3 Income after Start-Up 376
xjv Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics
19.5 Case-Study Problem; Economic Evaluation 378
19.6 Case-Study Problem: Economic Solution 382
19.6.1 Storage Costs 382
19.6.2 Investment Cost 383
19.6.3 Water Makeup Cost 383
19.6.4 Chemical and Catalysts Costs 383
19.6.5 Power Costs 383
19.6.6 Fuel 384
19.6.7 Insurance Costs 384
19.6.8 Local Taxes 384
19.6.9 Maintenance Costs 384
19.6.10 Miscellaneous Supplies Costs 384
Problems 384
Notes 385
Appendix A Definitions of Refining Terms 387
Appendix B Physical Properties 401
Appendix C U.S. Bureau of Mines Routine Analyses of Selected Crude Oils .415
Appendix I) Economic Evaluation Example Problem 431
Appendix E Photographs 435 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Gary, James H. 1921- Handwerk, Glenn E. 1924-2004 Kaiser, Mark J. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)135664187 (DE-588)135664225 |
| author_facet | Gary, James H. 1921- Handwerk, Glenn E. 1924-2004 Kaiser, Mark J. |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Gary, James H. 1921- |
| author_variant | j h g jh jhg g e h ge geh m j k mj mjk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022300191 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TP690 |
| callnumber-raw | TP690 |
| callnumber-search | TP690 |
| callnumber-sort | TP 3690 |
| callnumber-subject | TP - Chemical Technology |
| classification_rvk | VN 5450 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)71243846 (DE-599)BVBBV022300191 |
| dewey-full | 665.5/38 665.538 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 665 - Industrial oils, fats, waxes & gases |
| dewey-raw | 665.5/38 665.538 |
| dewey-search | 665.5/38 665.538 |
| dewey-sort | 3665.5 238 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie |
| discipline_str_mv | Chemie / Pharmazie |
| edition | 5. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV022300191 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T16:54:49Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:54:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780849370380 0849370388 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2006027841 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015510199 |
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| owner_facet | DE-92 DE-703 |
| physical | XIX, 465 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
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| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Gary, James H. 1921- Verfasser (DE-588)135664187 aut Petroleum refining technology and economics James H. Gary ; Glenn E. Handwerk ; Mark J. Kaiser 5. ed. Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 2007 XIX, 465 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Industrie pétrochimique Petróleo lemb Produits pétrochimiques Pétrole - Raffinage Pétrole - Raffinage - Aspect économique Refinerías de petróleo lemb Petroleum Refining Raffination (DE-588)4048288-1 gnd rswk-swf Erdölverarbeitung (DE-588)4152705-7 gnd rswk-swf Erdöl (DE-588)4015179-7 gnd rswk-swf Kracken (DE-588)4165408-0 gnd rswk-swf Destillation (DE-588)4011543-4 gnd rswk-swf Technologie (DE-588)4059276-5 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftlichkeit (DE-588)4066424-7 gnd rswk-swf Erdölverarbeitung (DE-588)4152705-7 s DE-604 Wirtschaftlichkeit (DE-588)4066424-7 s 1\p DE-604 Destillation (DE-588)4011543-4 s 2\p DE-604 Erdöl (DE-588)4015179-7 s 3\p DE-604 Technologie (DE-588)4059276-5 s 4\p DE-604 Kracken (DE-588)4165408-0 s 5\p DE-604 Raffination (DE-588)4048288-1 s 6\p DE-604 Handwerk, Glenn E. 1924-2004 Verfasser (DE-588)135664225 aut Kaiser, Mark J. Verfasser aut http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0620/2006027841.html Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0702/2006027841-d.html Publisher description HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015510199&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 5\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 6\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Gary, James H. 1921- Handwerk, Glenn E. 1924-2004 Kaiser, Mark J. Petroleum refining technology and economics Industrie pétrochimique Petróleo lemb Produits pétrochimiques Pétrole - Raffinage Pétrole - Raffinage - Aspect économique Refinerías de petróleo lemb Petroleum Refining Raffination (DE-588)4048288-1 gnd Erdölverarbeitung (DE-588)4152705-7 gnd Erdöl (DE-588)4015179-7 gnd Kracken (DE-588)4165408-0 gnd Destillation (DE-588)4011543-4 gnd Technologie (DE-588)4059276-5 gnd Wirtschaftlichkeit (DE-588)4066424-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4048288-1 (DE-588)4152705-7 (DE-588)4015179-7 (DE-588)4165408-0 (DE-588)4011543-4 (DE-588)4059276-5 (DE-588)4066424-7 |
| title | Petroleum refining technology and economics |
| title_auth | Petroleum refining technology and economics |
| title_exact_search | Petroleum refining technology and economics |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Petroleum refining technology and economics |
| title_full | Petroleum refining technology and economics James H. Gary ; Glenn E. Handwerk ; Mark J. Kaiser |
| title_fullStr | Petroleum refining technology and economics James H. Gary ; Glenn E. Handwerk ; Mark J. Kaiser |
| title_full_unstemmed | Petroleum refining technology and economics James H. Gary ; Glenn E. Handwerk ; Mark J. Kaiser |
| title_short | Petroleum refining |
| title_sort | petroleum refining technology and economics |
| title_sub | technology and economics |
| topic | Industrie pétrochimique Petróleo lemb Produits pétrochimiques Pétrole - Raffinage Pétrole - Raffinage - Aspect économique Refinerías de petróleo lemb Petroleum Refining Raffination (DE-588)4048288-1 gnd Erdölverarbeitung (DE-588)4152705-7 gnd Erdöl (DE-588)4015179-7 gnd Kracken (DE-588)4165408-0 gnd Destillation (DE-588)4011543-4 gnd Technologie (DE-588)4059276-5 gnd Wirtschaftlichkeit (DE-588)4066424-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Industrie pétrochimique Petróleo Produits pétrochimiques Pétrole - Raffinage Pétrole - Raffinage - Aspect économique Refinerías de petróleo Petroleum Refining Raffination Erdölverarbeitung Erdöl Kracken Destillation Technologie Wirtschaftlichkeit |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0620/2006027841.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0702/2006027841-d.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015510199&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT garyjamesh petroleumrefiningtechnologyandeconomics AT handwerkglenne petroleumrefiningtechnologyandeconomics AT kaisermarkj petroleumrefiningtechnologyandeconomics |